英语八级英美文学整理
英语专八英美文学常识汇总
英语专八英美文学常识汇总3专八人文知识:英国地理概况the english channel: the channel is a narrow sea passage which separates england and france and connects the atlantic ocean and north sea.英吉利海峡：英吉利海峡是一道狭长的海峡，分割英法两国，连接大西洋和北海。
the dee estuary: a small sea ( in irish sea) where the dee river enters.迪河河口：是迪河流入的一个小海。
"the act of union of 1801": in 1801 the english parliament passed an act by which scotland, wales and the kingdom of england were constitutionally joined as the kingdom of great britain.1801合并法：1801年英国议会通过法令，规定英格兰、苏格兰和威尔士根据宪法合并成为大不列颠王国。
gaelic: it is one of the celtic language, and is spoken in parts of the highlands.盖尔语：是盖尔特语言的一种，在高地地区仍有人说这种语言。
the "backbone of england": it refers to the pennies, the board ridge of hills.英格兰脊梁：指的是山脉的背脊。
lead ore: british lead ores have been worked since pre-roman times. it contains silver.铅矿：自前罗马时代开始，英国的铅矿就被开发了。
(完整版)TEM8英语专八英美文学
英国文学 (English Literature )一、Old and Medieval English Literature 中古英语文学(8 世纪-14 世纪)1) The Old English Period / The Anglo-Saxon Period古英语时期(449-1066)A.Pagan poetry (异教诗歌): Beowulf 《贝奥武甫》 - 最早的诗歌；长诗 (3000 行) heroism & fatalism & Christian qualitiesthe folk legends of the primitive northern tribes; a heroic Scandinavian epic legend; 善恶有报B.Religious poetry: Caedmon (凯德蒙 610-680) : 《赞美诗》( Anthem) ,大多取材余《圣经》 (Bible )故事。
Cynewulf (基涅武甫 9C): 《十字架之梦》 ( Dream of the Rood)C.Anglo-Saxon prose : Venerable Bede (673-735) 《英吉利人教会史》 (Historian Ecclesiastica Gentis Anglorum )Alfred the Great (848-901)Father of English Prose 《盎格鲁 -撒克逊编年史》 ( Anglo-Saxon Chronicle ) 2) The Medieval Period 中世纪(1066-ca.1485 / 1500):Cavalier literature 骑士文学A. Romance 中世纪传奇故事(1200-1500): the Middle Ages; 英雄诗歌Sir Gawain and the Green Knight 《高文爵士与绿色骑士》 : Celtic legend; verse-romance; 2530 lines Geoffrey Chaucer (1340-1400): the father of English poetry; Heroic couplet( 英雄双韵体 )The Canterbury Tales; The Parliament of Fowls ；The Book of the DuchessThe House of Fame; Troilus and Criseyde; The Romaunt of the Rose《玫瑰罗曼史》William Langland (朗兰 1332-1400)： The Vision of Piers Plowman 《农夫皮尔斯之幻象》B. English ballads ( 15th C) Thomas Malory (1395-1471) : Morte d ' Arthu《r亚瑟王之死》 - 圆桌骑士二、The Renaissance Period英国文艺复兴(1500-1660) :人文主义 humanism; 十四行诗 Sonnets; 无韵诗 Blank verse; 戏剧 Drama; 斯宾塞诗体 Spenserian ；University Wits 大学才子派1)诗歌a.Thomas Wyatt ( 怀亚特 1503-1542): the first to introduce the sonnet into English literatureb.Sir Philip Sidney (雪尼爵士 1554-1586) ：代表了当时的理想 - “the complete man ”Defense of Poetry《为诗辩护》 Astrophel and Stella 《爱星者与星》 ;Arcadia 《阿卡狄亚》 : a prose romance filled with lyrics; a forerunner of the modern worldc. Edmund Spenser （斯宾塞 1552-1599 ）: the poets ' poetThe Shepherd Calendar《牧人日历》； Amoretti《爱情小唱》The Faerie Queen《仙后》： long poem for Queen Elizabeth; Allegory - nine-line verse stanza/ the SpenserianStanza Spenserian Stanza（斯宾塞诗体）: Nine lines, the first eight lines is in iambic（抑扬格）pentameter（五步诗）, and the ninth line is an iambic hexameter（六步诗） line.2）散文a.Thomas More （莫尔 1478-1535）: 欧洲早期空想社会主义创始人 Utopia《乌托邦》 : More 与海员的对话b.John Lyly （黎里 1553-160，散文家，剧作家 & 小说家）： Eupheus《尤菲绮斯》Euphuism（夸饰文体）: Abundant use of balanced sentences, alliterations（头韵） and other artificial prosodic（韵律） means.The use of odd similes（明喻） and comparisonsc. Francis Bacon （培根 1561-1626）：Essays（论说文集）： Of Studies, Of Love, Of Beauty: the first true English prose classicPhilosophical : New Instrument《新工具》 New Atlantis 《新大溪岛》 Advancement of Learning《学术的推进》 Professionals : Maxims of the Law 《法律格言》3）戏剧a. Christopher Marlowe : University Wits 大学才子派First made blank verse（无韵诗：不押韵的五步诗） the principle instrument of English drama The Jew of Malta 《马耳他的犹太人》The Tragical History of Doctor Faustus 《浮士德博士的悲剧》：根据德国民间故事书写成 ; 完善了无韵体诗。
英语专业八级英美文学重点
英美文学重点（１）Old English 450-1066 <Beowulf>Medieval English 1066 - middle 14th centuryGeoffrey Chaucer - the father of English poetry<The Canterbury Tales> first time to use ’heroic couplet’The Renaissance - rebirth or revivalHumanism - the essence of the Renaissance, the dignity of human being & the importance of the present lifeEdmund Spenser - the poets’ poet <The Faerie Queene>Christopher Marlowe - University Wits, the pioneer of English dramaBlank verse, hyperbole夸张<Dr. Faustus> the human passion for knowledge, power and happiness<The Passionate Shepherd to His Love> pastoral lifeWilliam Shakespeare - above all writers in the past and in the present timeFour tragedies - Hamlet, Othello, King Lear & Macbeth<Sonnet 18> eternal or immortal beauty<The Merchant of Venice> to praise the friendship between Antonio and Bassanio, to idealize Portia a heroine of great beauty, wit and loyalty, to expose the insatiable greed and brutality <Hamlet> hesitate between fact and fiction, language and action, too sophisticated to degrade his nature to the conventional role of a stage revenger To be, or not to be - to live on in this world or to die; to suffer or to take action Soliloquy or monologue - fully reveal the inner conflict of the characters Francis Bacon - brevity, compactness & powerfulness, hisessays is an important landmark in the development of English proseInductive method 归纳法in place of deductive method 演绎法<Of Studies> uses and benefits of study - studies serve for delight, for ornament, and for ability. Studies perfect nature, and are perfected by experience. Different ways adopted by different people to pursue studies - studies and experience are complementary 互补to each other. The correct attitude to reading books - to weigh and consider. How studies exert influence over human character - reading maketh a full man, conference a ready man, and writing an exact man.John DonneMetaphysical poetry - break away from love poetry, a seemingly unfocused diversity of experiences and attitudes, and a free range of feelings and moodsConceits, syllogism 三段论<The Sun Rising> the busy sun is always ready to interfere with other things and everywhere<Death, Be Not Proud> whatever you are, you can not escape from death. When you are living, you are always in the shadow of death. Death only lasts a moment, our life after death is eternal. The more pleasure the death gives people, not only the pleasure of the rest & the sleep, because ’whom the gods love die young’. Though death is usually considered powerful, it actually provides a rest for a man’s body and a birth for his soul.John Milton<Paradise Lost> the only generally acknowledged epic in English literature since Beowulf. The conflict is between human love and spiritual duty. In heaven, Satan led a rebellion against God with his unconquerable will.<Paradise Regained><Samson Agonistes> the most perfect example of the verse drama after the Greek style in English.Neoclassicism - a revival of interest in the old classical works, order, logic, restrained emotion抑制情感& accuracyEnlightenment - a progressive intellectual movement, reason (rationality), equality & scienceGothic novel - mystery, horror & castlesJohn Bunyan<The Vanity Fair> from <The Pilgrim’s Progress>, a religious allegory, pursue the truthAlexander Pope<An Essay on Criticism> a poem written in heroic couplets, criticize the present poem lack of true taste & call on people to turn to the old Greek and Roman writers for guidance, ’true wit’ is best set in a plain (simple & clear) style.Daniel Defoe - the first writer study of the lower-class people<Robinson Crusoe>, praise the human labor and the Puritan fortitude 清教徒坚韧Jonathan Swift - a master satiristIn his opinion, human nature is seriously and permanently flawedProper words in proper places<A Modest Proposal><Gulliver’s Travels>, four parts - Lilliput, Brobdingnag, Flying Island & HouyhnhnmHenry Fielding - Father of English novel, Prose HomerComic epic in prose<The History of Tom Jones, a Foundling>Samuel Johnson - first combine an English dictionary, last neoclassicist enlightener<A Dictionary of the English Language><To the Right Honorable the Earl of Chesterfield>Richard Brinsley Sheridan - the only important English dramatist of the 18th century<The Rivals> and <The School for Scandal> are regarded as important links between the masterpieces of Shakespeare and those of Bernard Shaw.Thomas Gray---------------英美文学重点（２）<To the Right Honorable the Earl of Chesterfield>Richard Brinsley Sheridan - the only important English dramatist of the 18th century<The Rivals> and <The School for Scandal> are regarded as important links between the masterpieces of Shakespeare and those of Bernard Shaw.Thomas GrayThe Graveyard School <Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard>Romantic - emotion over reason, spontaneous emotion, a change from the outer world of social civilization to the inner world of the human spirit, poetry should be free from all rules, imagination, nature, commonplaceThe romantic period began with the publication of Wordsworth and Coleridge’s <Lyrical Ballads>William Blake -engraver雕刻家<The Chimney Sweeper> from <Songs of Innocence> a happy and innocence world from children’s eye<The Chimney Sweeper> from <Songs of Experience> a world of misery, poverty, disease, war and repression with a melancholy 忧郁的tone from men eyes Childhood, paradoxes, a pairing of opposites<The Tyger>William Wordsworth - the leading figure of the English romantic poetry, simple, spontaneous, worshipper of nature’Lake Poets’ - William Wordsworth, Samuel Taylor Coleridge & Robert SoutheyHe defines the poet as a ’man speaking to men’, and poetryas ’the spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings, which originates in ’emotion recollected in tranquillity’.<I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud> the poet is very cheerful with recalling the beautiful sights. In the poem on the beauty of nature, the reader is presented a vivid picture of lively and lovely daffodils 水仙and poet’s philosophical ideas and mystical thoughts.<Composed upon Westminster Bridge, September 3, 1802> the sonnet describes a vivid picture of a beautiful morning in London, silent, bright, glittering, smokeless & mildly. It is so touching a sight that the poet expressed his religion piety 虔诚for nature.<She Dwelt Among the Untrodden Ways><The Solitary Reaper> thanks to poet’s rich imaginati on, the mass of associations, this commonplace happening becomes a striking event, the poet succeeds in making the reader’s share his emotion. The poem also shows the poet’s passionate love of nature.Samuel Taylor Coleridge - supernatural, remotePoet can be divided into two groups - the demonic (supernatural) & the conversationalThe demonic group includes 3 masterpieces - <The Rime of the Ancient Mariner>,<Chrisabel>, <Kubla Khan> George Gordon Byron ’Byronic hero’ is a proud, mysterious rebel figure of noble origin, against tyrannical rules or moral principles. Such a hero appears first in <Childe Harold’s Pilgrimage>.<Song for the Luddites> ’will die fighting, or live free’ the Luddites destroyed the machines in their protest against unemployment. The poet’s great sympathy of the workers in their struggle against the capitalists is clearly shown.<The Isles of Greece> from <Don Juan> (the masterpiece of Byron, a long satirical poem), song by a Greek singer at the wedding of Don Juan and Haidee. ’Fill high the bowl with Samian wine’?Percy Bysshe Shelley<Men of England><Ode to the West Wind> terza rima, destructive-constructive potential, hopeful, ’I fall upon the thorns of life! I bleed!’, ’If Winter comes, can Spring be far behind?’John Keats4 great odes - <Ode on Melancholy>, <Ode on a Grecian Urn>, <Ode to a Nightingale>,<Ode to Psyche><Ode on a Grecian Urn> the contrast between the permanence of art and the transience 短暂of human passion, ’Heard melodies are sweet, but those unheard are sweeter’, ’Beauty is truth, truth beauty’Jane Austen<Pride and Prejudice>The Victorian PeriodDarwin’s <The Origin of Species> and <The Descent of Man> shook the traditional faith, everything is created by GodUtilitarianism 功利主义was widely accepted and practiced Critical realists were all concerned about the fate of the common peopleCharles Dickens - one of the greatest critical realist writers of the Victorian AgeCharacter-portrayal is the most distinguishing feature of his worksA mingling of humor and pathos 悲伤<A Tale of Two Cities><Oliver Twist>The Bronte Sisters - Charlotte, Emily & AnneEmily, a rather reserved and simple girl, was very much a child of nature.<Jane Eyre><Wuthering Heights>Alfred Tennyson - invents dramatic monologue, Poet Laureate 桂冠诗人, a real artist-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------<Break, Break, Break> the death of his best friend, his sadness feeling are contrasted with the carefree, innocent joys of the children and the unfeeling movement of the ship and the sea waves<Crossing the Bar> we can feel his fearlessness towards death, his faith in God and an afterlife. ’Crossing the bar’ means leaving this world and entering the next world<Ulysses> not endure the peaceful commonplace everyday life, old as he is, he persuades his old followers to go with him and to set sail again to pursue a new world and new knowledge, dramatic monologue, ’Myself not least, but honour’d of them all’ means I am not the least important, buthonoured by all of themRobert Browning - the most original poet, who improve and mature the dramatic monologue<The Ring and the Book> his masterpiece<My Last Duchess> this dramatic monologue is the duke’s speech addressed to the agent who comes to negotiate the marriage, the duke is a self-conceited, cruel and tyrannical man<Meeting at Night><Parting at Morning>George Eliot:As a woman of exceptional 特有的intelligence and life experience, she shows a particular concern for the destiny of women<Middlemarch> a sharp contrast is set between the cold, lifeless, dull house and Dorothea who is full of youthful life and vigorThomas Hardy - both a naturalistic and a critical realist writerLocal-colored,Wessex, ’novels of character and environment’<Tess of the D’Urbervilles> experience is as to intensity, and not as to durationAmerican Romantic PeriodStarted with W ashington Irving’s <The Sketch Book> and ended with Whitman’s <Leaves of Grass>, also called ’the American Renaissance’Free expression of emotion, escapes from society, and return to nature New England TranscendentalismWashington Irving - father of the American short stories, the American GoldsmithPerfected the best classic style that American literature ever producedFirst novel <A History of New York><The Sketch Book> contains German folk tales <Rip Van >, <The Legend of Sleepy Hollow>Ralph Waldo Emerson - the spokesman of New England Transcendentalism movement<The American Scholar>, <Self - Reliance>, <The Over-Soul><The Poet> a reflection upon the aesthetic problems in terms of the present state of literature in America<Experience> a discussion about the conflict between idealism and ordinary lifeAmerican Puritanism, European Romanticism, intuitive knowledge, over-soul, individual, nature<Nature> is regarded as the Bible of New England TranscendentalismNathaniel HawthorneInterior of the heart, there is evil in every human heart, which may remain latent, perhaps, through the whole life, but circumstances may rouse it to activity<The Scarlet Letter><Young Goodman Brown>Walt WhitmanOpenness, freedom, individualismI - me, my nation (society), Free verse, Envelope structure, Catalogue (Listing)A new ideal, a new world, a new life-style<There Was a Child Went Forth> how a child is greatly influenced by his growing environments<Cavalry Crossing a Ford> a scene of the American Civil War, all the movements described in this picture are frozen.<Song of Myself> Whitman is a man bubbling with energy and laden with ideas, spontaneous expression of his original ideasHerman Melville - a master of allegory and symbolism, like Hawthorne<Moby-Dick> the first American prose epic, Ishmael both as a character and a narrator, the captain, Ahab is a monomaniacRealistic period - the Gilded Age, the poor poorer and the rich richer, people’s attention was now directed to the interesting features of everyday existenceLocal colorism, social Darwinism, bestiality, beyond man’s controlMark Twain - the true father of American literatureLocal colorist, vernacular, simple sentence, ’the damned human race’ Th e Gilded Age3 boyhood books <Life on the Mississippi>, <The Adventures of Tom Sawyer>,<Adventures of Huckleberry Finn><Adventures of Huckleberry Finn> Huck’s inner conflict about whether or not he should write a letter to tell Miss Watson where Jim is.Henry James - international theme, psychological realistStream of consciousness, interior monologue, free association<Daisy Miller> the narrator is an American expatriate, named Winterbourne. Daisy is the most innocent girl. The clash is between two different cultures.Emily DickinsonBased on her own experiences, her sorrows and joys<This is my letter to the World> express Dickinson’s anxiety about her communication with the outside world.<I heard a Fly buzz - when I died - > description of a moment of death<I like to see it lap the Miles> Dickinson makes the train part of nature by animalizing it, like a horse.<Because I could not stop for Death - > personify death and immortality so as to make her message strongly feltTheodore Dreiser - America’s literary naturalists Case history including everything Determinism (heredity biological & environment), survival of the fittest, the jungle law Trilogy of Desire - <The Financier>, <The Titan>, <The Stoic> <Sister Carrie> ’who shall cas t the first stone?’The modern period - the second American Renaissance, the expatriate movement, the Lost Generation, a transformation from order to disorderSeize the day, enjoy the present, spiritual wasteland, collective unconscious, psychoanalysisImagist movement, Jazz AgeEzra Pound - a leading spokesman of the ’Imagist Movement’<The Cantos><In a Station of the Metro> Pound attempts to produce the emotion he felt when he walked down into a Paris subway station and suddenly saw a number of faces in the dim light. To capture the emotions, Pound uses the image of petals on wet, black boughs.<The River - Merchant’s Wife: A Letter><A Pact> agreement with Whitman’s free verseRobert Lee Frost - four times awarded Pulitzer Prize, pastoral life and scene<After Apple-Picking><The Road Not Taken><Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening>Eugene O’Neill - founder of the American drama, won the Pulitzer Prize four times<The Hairy Ape>F. Scott Fitzgerald - spokesman of the Jazz Age, Dollar Decade, 1920sA double vision of the Jazz Age, both an insider and an outsiderAmerican Dream<The Great Gatsby>Ernest Hemingway - awarded the Nobel PrizeIceberg style, Code hero, the lost generation, grace under pressure<Indian Camp> from <In Our Time> birth and death coexistWilliam Faulkner - awarded a Nobel PrizeSouth, imprisonment in the pastStream of consciousness, multiple points of viewYoknapatawpha Country<A Rose for Emily> Emily is regarded as the symbol of tradition and theold way of life. Thus her death is like the falling of a monument.最常考作家Emily Dickinson F. Scott Fitzgerald Henry James Mark TwainNathaniel Hawthorne Thomas Hardy Washington Irving William Shakespeare 次常考作家Alexander Pope Charles Dickens Daniel Defoe Emily Bronte Eugene O’Neill Ezra Pound Heminway Jane Austen John Keats John MiltonMelville Percy Bysshe Shelly Robert Browning Theodore DreiserWhitman William Faulkner William Wordsworth一般作家Charlotte Bronte Emerson Enlightenment Francis Bacon Henry Fielding James Joyce John Bunyan Jonathan Swift Robert FrostSamuel Johnson Samuel Taylor Coleridge William Blake。
英语专八英美文学常识汇总
3专八人文知识:英国地理概况the english channel: the channel is a narrow sea passage which separates england and france and connects the atlantic ocean and north sea.英吉利海峡：英吉利海峡是一道狭长的海峡，分割英法两国，连接大西洋和北海。
the dee estuary: a small sea ( in irish sea) where the dee river enters.迪河河口：是迪河流入的一个小海。
"the act of union of 1801": in 1801 the english parliament passed an act by which scotland, wales and the kingdom of england were constitutionally joined as the kingdom of great britain.1801合并法：1801年英国议会通过法令，规定英格兰、苏格兰和威尔士根据宪法合并成为大不列颠王国。
gaelic: it is one of the celtic language, and is spoken in parts of the highlands.盖尔语：是盖尔特语言的一种，在高地地区仍有人说这种语言。
the "backbone of england": it refers to the pennies, the board ridge of hills.英格兰脊梁：指的是山脉的背脊。
lead ore: british lead ores have been worked since pre-roman times. it contains silver.铅矿：自前罗马时代开始，英国的铅矿就被开发了。
英语专八英美文学常识汇总
The Canadian Shield加拿大地盾：The Canadian Shield is a semicircle band of rocky highlands and plateaus around the Hudson Bay from the northern shores of Quebec to the Arctic shores of the Northwest Territories. The Shield covers almost half of the Canadian territory.
铅矿：自前罗马时代开始，英国的铅矿就被开发了。内含银。
china clay: the deposits of china clay in cornwall are of great economic value.
瓷土：康沃尔的瓷土沉淀带来了巨大的经济价值。
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本文针对英语专业八级考试的人文知识部分，总结了美国国家的主要地理概况，希望对同学们有所帮助。The Fall Line瀑布线：A point where water-falls or rapids suddenly drop from a higher level to the lower one.
瀑布线指的是瀑布急速地从高处向低处流泻的点。
The Appalachian Range阿巴拉契亚山脉：1200 miles long，consists of the Piedmont Plateau, Appalachian Plateaus and Appalachian Range.
英语专八英美文学常识(English Literature)
英国文学(English Literature)一、Old and Medieval English Literature中古英语文学(8世纪-14世纪)1) The Old English Period / The Anglo-Saxon Period古英语时期(449-1066)a. pagan poetry(异教诗歌): Beowulf《贝奥武甫》- 最早的诗歌；长诗(3000行) heroism & fatalism & Christian qualitiesthe folk legends of the primitive northern tribes; a heroic Scandinavian epic legend; 善恶有报b. religious poetry: Caedmon(凯德蒙610-680): the first known religious poet; the father of English songCynewulf(基涅武甫9C): The Christc. 8th C, Anglo-Saxon prose: Venerable Bede(673-735); Alfred the Great(848-901)2) The Medieval Period中世纪(1066-ca.1485 / 1500):a. Romance中世纪传奇故事(1200-1500): the Middle Ages; 英雄诗歌无名诗人- Sir Gawain and the Green Knight《高文爵士与绿色骑士》: Celtic legend; verse-romance; 2530 lines~ 14th C,Age of Chaucer:* Geoffrey Chaucer(乔叟1340-1400): 文风：vivid and exact language, his poetry is full of vigor and swiftnessthe father of English poetry; the father of English fiction; 首创“双韵体”;首位用伦敦方言写作英国作家The Canterbury Tales:pilgrims stories 受Boccaccio(薄伽丘) - Decameron《十日谈》启发The House of Fame; Troilus and Criseyde; The Romaunt of the Rose《玫瑰罗曼史》(译作)* William Langland(朗兰1332-1400)：The Vision of Piers Plowman《农夫皮尔斯之幻象》: 普通人眼中的社会抗议b. 15th C, English ballads: Thomas Malory (1395-1471) :Morte d’Arthur《亚瑟王之死》- 圆桌骑士二、The Renaissance Period英国文艺复兴(1500-1660): humanism十四行诗，文艺复兴，无韵诗，伊丽莎白戏剧1) 诗歌Henry Howard(霍华德1516-1547)a. Thomas Wyatt (怀亚特1503-1542): the first to introduce the sonnet into English literatureb. Sir Philip Sidney(雪尼爵士1554-1586)：代表了当时的理想- “the complete man”Defense of Poetry《为诗辩护》Astrophel and Stella; Arcadia《阿卡狄亚》: a prose romance filled with lyrics; a forerunner of the modern worldc.Edmund Spenser(斯宾塞1552-1599): the poets’ poet; non-dramatic poet of伊丽莎白时代- long allegorical romance文风：a perfect melody, a rare sense of beauty and a splendid imagination. The Shepherd CalendarThe Faerie Queen《仙后》：long poem for Queen Elizabeth; Allegory - nine-line verse stanza/ the Spenserian Stanza Spenserian Stanza(斯宾塞诗体): Nine lines, the first eight lines is in iambic(抑扬格) pentameter(五步诗),and the ninth line is an iambic hexameter(六步诗) line.2) Prose 散文a. Thomas More(莫尔1478-1535): 欧洲早期空想社会主义创始人Utopia《乌托邦》: More与海员的对话b. John Lyly (黎里1553-160，剧作家&小说家)：EupheusEuphuism(夸饰文体): Abundant use of balanced sentences, alliterations(头韵) and other artificial prosodic(韵律) means.The use of odd similes(明喻) and comparisonsc. Francis Bacon (培根1561-1626)：英国首位散文家，中世纪至现代欧洲时期; 近代唯物主义哲学奠基人和近代实验科学先驱the trumpeter of a new age;Essays(论说文集)：Of Studies, Of Love, Of Beauty: the first true English prose classic3) 戏剧a. Christopher Marlowe(马洛1564-1593): University Wits 大学才子派Edward II；The Jew of Malta《马耳他的犹太人》first made blank verse(无韵诗：不押韵的五步诗) the principle instrument of English dramaThe Tragical History of Doctor Faustus《浮士德博士的悲剧》：根据德国民间故事书写成; 完善了无韵体诗。
英美文学知识点总结(适用于英语专八)
英美文学知识点总结(适用于英语专八)Old English Literature (450-1066)XXX the first English nal epic.中世纪英语文学 (1066-1500)XXX XXX–1400) XXX Langland (1330?-1400?) is known for his 14th-century English long narrative poem Piers Plowman.文艺复兴 (16-17世纪)XXX (1564-1616) XXX 38 plays。
154 s。
and two long narrative poems。
Venus and Adonis and The Rape of Lucrece。
His greatest tragedies include King Lear。
Macbeth。
Hamlet。
Othello。
and Romeo and Juliet。
Some of his great comedies include A Midsummer Night’s Dream。
As You Like It。
The Merchant of Venice。
XXX such as Richard III。
Henry IV。
Henry V。
and Henry VII.XXX most famous for his epic poems Paradise Lost。
Paradise Regained。
and Samson.In the 18th century。
Alexander Pope was XXX。
He was known for his satirical epigrams and XXX。
Some of his major works include the mock XXX Criticism.XXX XXX middle-class people.XXX Fielding was an English novelist who is best known for his novel The History of Tom Jones.Jonathan Swift was an Anglo-Irish XXX.XXX writer of Comedies of Manners.XXX。
英语专八英美文学常识汇总
3专八人文知识:英国地理概况the english channel: the channel is a narrow sea passage which separates england and france and connects the atlantic ocean and north sea.英吉利海峡：英吉利海峡是一道狭长的海峡，分割英法两国，连接大西洋和北海。
?the dee estuary: a small sea ( in irish sea) where the dee river enters.?迪河河口：是迪河流入的一个小海。
"the act of union of 1801": in 1801 the english parliament passed an act by which scotland, wales and the kingdom of england were constitutionally joined as the kingdom of great britain.?1801合并法：1801年英国议会通过法令，规定英格兰、苏格兰和威尔士根据宪法合并成为大不列颠王国。
?gaelic: it is one of the celtic language, and is spoken in parts of the highlands.?盖尔语：是盖尔特语言的一种，在高地地区仍有人说这种语言。
?the "backbone of england": it refers to the pennies, the board ridge of hills.?英格兰脊梁：指的是山脉的背脊。
?lead ore: british lead ores have been worked since pre-roman times. it contains silver.?铅矿：自前罗马时代开始，英国的铅矿就被开发了。
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美国文学第一阶段独立革命之前（十七世纪中期之前）（before the revolution of independence）第一节美国本土文学（美国印第安传统文学）印第安传统文学的主要内容和形式：在各种典仪上咏颂的祝词，在劳作中吟唱的歌曲，时代交口相传的部落神话故事和英雄故事，刻写在山河岩壁上的象形史诗。
第二节北美殖民时期文学（十六世纪末-----十七世纪中）（colonial settlement）这一时期的文学作品主要是一些英国的殖民地官员或者传道士、冒险家们以日记或游记等形式记录的新大陆的风土人情、自然景色和民间生活等。
John Smith 约翰·史密斯《关于弗吉尼亚的真实叙述》A True Relation of Virginia（被认为是美国文学史上的“第一部作品”）第三节请教思想的表述（Puritanism）他们的作品主要是以传布清教主义思想的布道文为主第二阶段独立革命时期（十七世纪中期-------十八世纪末）（around the revolution of independence）独立革命前后的美国文学，标志着北美文学产生后的第一次大转折该期文学特色：充满浓烈的政治性和思辨性。
主题多为爱国主义及对于独立民主自由的热切呼唤。
Benjamin Franklin 本杰明·富兰克林《穷查理历书》Poor Richard’s Almanac《自传》The AutobiographyThomas Paine 托马斯·潘恩《常识》Common Sense 《美国危机》The America Crisis《人的权利》Rights of Human《理性时代》The Age of ReasonPhilip Freneau 菲利普·弗伦诺（18世纪最杰出的美国诗人，被誉为“the poet of the American revolution）《英国囚船》The British Prison Ship 《美国的荣耀蒸蒸日上》The Rising Glory of America《印第安人殡葬地》（lyric）The Indian Burying Ground 《野金银花》The Wild Honey Suckle第三阶段浪漫主义时期（18世纪末---19世纪中后期）（American Romanticism）该时期主题多为传统文化与现代文明之间的冲突、“对久远与遥远故事的兴趣”以及对死亡、潜意识的剖析等。
Washington Irving 华盛顿·欧文the first prose stylist of American Romanticism / “Father of American Literature”《纽约史》A History of New York《见闻札记》The Sketch Book---标致美国浪漫主义的开始《瑞普·凡·温克尔》Rip Van Winkle 《睡谷的传说》The Legend of Sleepy Hollow《旅行者的故事》Tales of Traveler 《阿尔罕伯拉》The AlhambraJames Fenimore Cooper 詹姆斯·费尼莫尔·库珀《间谍》The Spy《领航者》The Pilot“皮袜子故事系列”: 《杀鹿者》The Deerslayer《最后的莫希干人》The Last Mohicans 《拓荒者》The Pioneers《探路人》The Pathfinder《大草原》The PrairieHenry Wadsworth Longfellow 亨利·沃慈沃斯·朗费罗（美国第一个写叙述诗的诗人）《夜吟》Voices of the Night《人生礼赞》A Psalm of LifeWilliam Cullen Bryant 威廉·柯伦·布莱恩特（强调美国人个人意识，关注自然）《泉》The Fountain 《白蹄鹿》The White-Footed Deer 《森林赋》The Forest Hymn《似水流年》The Flood of Years 《死亡随想》ThanatopsisRalph Waldo Emerson 拉尔夫·沃尔多·爱默生带领进入超验主义（Transcendentalism ，19世纪中期）与梭罗一并为超验主义代表《论自然》Nature----the manifesto of American transcendentalism《美国学者》The American Scholar-----America’s Declaration of Intellectual Independence《论自立》Self Reliance 《超验主义者》The Transcendentalist《神学院演说》Divinity School AddressHenry David Thoreau 亨利·大卫·梭罗《瓦尔登湖》W alden 《论市民之不服从》Civil DisobedienceEdgar Allan Poe 埃德加·爱伦·坡《怪诞奇异故事集》Tales of the Grotesque and Arabesque---他的第一部短篇故事集“美国侦探小说之父”《致海伦》To Helen《乌鸦》The Raven《厄舍古屋的倒塌》The Fall of the House of UsherNathaniel Hawthorne 纳塞尼尔·霍桑《古屋青苔》Mosses from an Old Manse《红字》The Scarlet Letter---象征主义手法《有七个尖叫阁的房子》The House of the Seven Gables《福谷传奇》The Blithedale Romance 《玉石雕像》The Marble FaunHerman Melville 赫尔曼·迈尔维尔《白鲸》Moby Dick----first American prose epic 《泰比》TypeeWalt Whitman 沃尔特·惠特曼《草叶集》Leaves of Grass---标志着美国浪漫主义的结束《自我之歌》Song of MyselfEmily Dickinson 艾米莉·狄金森《这是我给世界的一封信》This is my letter to the World（爱情，死亡，生命）《我死时听到一只苍蝇叫》I Heard a Fly Buzz When I Died第四阶段现实主义时期（19世纪中期—20世纪初期）American Realism南北战争是美国文学从浪漫主义转向现实主义的起点。
第一个构成部分是废奴小说，被看做是浪漫主义向现实主义小说发展的过度。
威廉·豪威尔斯—站在大贵族大资产阶级立场—温和现实主义；马克·吐温—站在底层社会角度—乡土小说。
美国建国以来继浪漫主义文学之后美国文学的第二个高潮。
Harriet Reecher Stowe 哈利特·比切·斯托《汤姆叔叔的小屋》Uncle Tom’s CabinWilliam Dean Howells 威廉·迪恩·豪威尔斯《塞拉斯·拉帕姆的发迹》The Rise of Silas Lapham《一个现代的例证》A Modern Instance《新财富的危害》三部小说A Hazard of New FortunesMark Twain 马克·吐温《卡拉维拉斯县有名的跳蛙》The Celebrated Jumping Frog of Calaveras Country “the true father of our national literature”《傻瓜出国记》The International Abroad 《镀金时代》The Gilded Age《汤姆·索亚历险记》The Adventure of Tome Sawyer《王子和贫儿》The Prince and The Pooper海明威称“所有现代美国文学的蓝本“----《哈克贝利·赞恩历险记》The Adventures of Huckleberry FinnO·Henry 欧·亨利《警察与赞美诗》The Cop and the AnthemHenry James 亨利·詹姆斯psychological realism创始人《黛西·米勒》Daisy Miller 《鸽翼》The Wings of the Dove《贵妇人的画像》The Portrait of a Lady 《大使们》The AmbassadorsJack London 杰克·伦敦《狼之子》The Son of the Wolf 《野性的呼唤》The Call of the Wild《白獠牙》White Fang 《马丁·伊登》Martin Eden 《海狼》The Sea WolfTheodore Dreiser 西奥多·德莱赛《嘉莉妹妹》Sister Carrie《珍妮姑娘》Jennie Gerhardt《欲望三部曲》Trilogy of Desire《金融家》The Financier《天才》T he “Genius”《美国悲剧》An American TragedySherwood Anderson 舍伍德·安德森《俄亥俄州瓦恩斯堡镇》Winesbury. OhioStephen Crane 斯蒂芬·克兰《红色英雄勋章》The Red Badge of Courage《街头女郎梅姬》Maggie: A Girl of the Streets第五阶段现代主义时期（20世纪初--）Modernism第一节现代诗歌带自省和社会批判的趋势Ezra Pound 艾慈拉·庞德《在地铁站》In a Station of the Metro《比萨诗章》Pison Cantos现代美国诗歌之父Robert Lee Frost 罗伯特·弗罗斯特《新罕普什尔》New HampshireWallace Stevens 华莱士·史蒂文斯《秋天的晨曦》The Auroras of AutumnThomas Stearns Eliot 托马斯·斯特恩斯·艾略特《圣灰星期三》Ash Wednesday 《大教堂谋杀案》Murder in the Cathedral 诗人、剧作家、文学评论家《荒原》The Waste Land 《空心人》The Hollow Man《圣林》The Sacred Wood《小老头》Gerontion第二节现代小说一战后，在20年代，以海明威为代表的“迷茫一代”（lost generation/beat generation垮掉的一代）文学和以福克纳为代表的“南方文学”是其中最主要的流派Ernest Hemingway 欧内斯特·海明威《永别了，武器》A Farewell to Arms 《哀钟为谁而鸣》For Whom the Bell Tolls “迷茫一代”代表《太阳照常升起》The Sun Also Rises 《老人与海》The Old Man and the Sea《午后之死》Death in the AfternoonAllen Ginsberg 艾伦·金斯堡《嚎叫》HowlJack Kerouac 杰克·克鲁亚克《在路上》On the RoadJohn Updike 约翰·厄普代克《兔子系列》The Rabbits Series“ sweet lonesome singer of Protestant mediocrity “William Faulkner 威廉·福克纳《在我弥留之际》As I Lay Dying《八月之光》Light in August20世纪南方文学最出色的作家《喧嚣与骚动》The Sound and The Fury----运用意识流《押沙龙，押沙龙！》Absalom,Absalom!Eugene Galdstone O` Nell 尤金·奥尼尔《长夜漫漫路迢迢》Long Day’s Journey Into Night英国文学第一阶段中古英国文学（8世纪—14世纪）（old and medieval English literature）《贝奥武甫》Beowulf---- 公元前700年左右史诗；英国古英语诗歌的开始Geoffrey Chaucer 杰弗里·乔叟《坎特伯雷故事集》The Canterbury Tales 《特罗勒斯和科丽西德》Troilus and Criseyde “father of modern English poetry”《玫瑰罗曼史》The Romance of the Rose 《声誉之堂》The House of FameWilliam Langland 威廉·兰格伦《农夫皮尔斯之幻想》The Vision of Piers PlowmanThe Gawain-Poet ( 无名诗人) 《高文爵士与绿色骑士》Sir Gawain and the Green Knight第二阶段文艺复兴时期（14世纪---17世纪中期）（renaissance period）文艺复兴时期的主要诗体是十四行诗和对白体无韵诗，十四行诗是先锋，但主体是对白体无韵诗。