产品设计中英文文献
工业产品设计外文翻译参考文献
工业产品设计外文翻译参考文献工业产品设计外文翻译参考文献(文档含中英文对照即英文原文和中文翻译)Design Without DesignersI will always remember my first introduction to the power of good product design.I was newly arrived at Apple, still learning the ways of business, when I was visited by a member of Apple's Industrial Design team. He showed me a foam mockup of a proposed product. "Wow," I said, "I want one! What is it?"That experience brought home the power of design: I was excited and enthusiastic even before I knew what it was. This type of visceral "wow" response requires creative designers. It is subjective, personal. Uh oh, this is not what engineers like to hear. If you can't put a number to it, it's not important. As a result, there is a trend to eliminate designers. Who needs them when we can simply test our way to success? The excitement of powerful, captivating design is defined as irrelevant. Worse, the nature of design is in danger.Don't believe me? Consider Google. In a well-publicized move, a senior designer at Google recently quit, stating that Google had no interest in or understanding of design. Google, it seems, relies primarily upon test results, not human skill or judgment. Want to know whether a design is effective? Try it out. Google can quickly submit samples to millions of people in well-controlled trials, pitting one design against another, selecting the winner based upon number of clicks, or sales, or whatever objective measure they wish. Which color of blue is best? Test. Item placement? T est. Web page layout? Test.This procedure is hardly unique to Google. /doc/f51636438.html, has long followed this practice. Years ago I was proudly informed that they no longer have debates about which design is best: they simply test them and use the data to decide. And this, of course, is the approach used by the human-centered iterative design approach: prototype, test, revise.Is this the future of design? Certainly there are many who believe so. This is a hot topic on the talk and seminar circuit. After all, the proponents ask reasonably, who could object to making decisions based upon data?Two Types of Innovation: Incremental Improvements and New ConceptsIn design—and almost all innovation, for that matter—there are at least two distinct forms. One is incremental improvement. In the manufacturing of products, companies assume that unit costs will continually decrease through continual, incremental improvements. A steady chain of incremental innovation enhances operations, the sourcing of parts and supply-chain management. The product design is continually tinkered with, adjusting the interface, adding new features, changing small things here and there. New products are announced yearly that are simply small modifications to the existing platform by a different constellation of features. Sometimes features are removed to enable a new, low-cost line. Sometimes features are enhanced or added. In incremental improvement, the basic platform is unchanged. Incremental design and innovation is less glamorous than the development of new concepts and ideas, but it is both far more frequent and far more important. Most of these innovations are small, but most are quite successful. This iswhat companies call "their cash cow": a product line that requires very little new development cost while being profitable year after year.The second form of design is what is generally taught in design, engineering and MBA courses on "breakthrough product innovation." Here is where new concepts get invented, new products defined, and new businesses formed. This is the fun part of innovation. As a result, it is the arena that most designers and inventors wish to inhabit. But the risks are great: most new innovations fail. Successful innovations can take decades to become accepted. As a result, the people who create the innovation are not necessarily the people who profit from it.In my Apple example, the designers were devising a new conception. In the case of Google and Amazon, the companies are practicing incremental enhancement. They are two different activities. Note that the Apple product, like most new innovations, failed. Why? I return to this example later.Both forms of innovation are necessary. The fight over data-driven design is misleading in that it uses the power of one method to deny the importance of the second. Data-driven design through testing is indeed effective at improving existing products. But where did the idea for the product come from in the first place? From someone's creative mind. Testing is effective at enhancing an idea, but creative designers and inventors are required to come up with the idea.Why Testing Is Both Essential and IncompleteData-driven design is "hill-climbing," a well-known algorithm for optimization. Imagine standing in the dark in an unknown, hilly terrain. How do you get to the top of the hill when you can't see? Test the immediate surroundings to determine whichdirection goes up the most steeply and take a step that way. Repeat until every direction leads to a lower level.But what if the terrain has many hills? How would you know whether you are on the highest? Answer: you can't know. This is called the "local maximum" problem: you can't tell if you are on highest hill (a global maximum) or just at the top of a small one.When a computer does hill climbing on a mathematical space, it tries to avoid the problem of local maxima by initiating climbs from numerous, different parts of the space being explored, selecting the highest of the separate attempts. This doesn't guarantee the very highest peak, but it can avoid being stuck on a low-ranking one. This strategy is seldom available to a designer: it is difficult enough to come up with a single starting point, let alone multiple, different ones. So, refinement through testing in the world of design is usually only capable of reaching the local maximum. Is there a far better solution (that is, is there a different hill which yields far superior results)? Testing will never tell us.Here is where creative people come in. Breakthroughs occur when a person restructures the problem, thereby recognizing that one is exploring the wrong space. This is the creative side of design and invention. Incremental enhancements will not get us there.Barriers to Great InnovationDramatic new innovation has some fundamental characteristics that make it inappropriate for judgment through testing. People resist novelty. Behavior tends to be conservative. New technologies and new methods of doing things usually take decades to be accepted - sometimes multiple decades. But the testing methods allassume that one can make a change, try it out, and immediately determine if it is better than what is currently available.There is no known way to tell if a radical new idea will eventually be successful. Here is where great leadership and courage is required. History tells us of many people who persevered for long periods in the face of repeated rejection before their idea was accepted, often to the point that after success, people could not imagine how they got along without it before. History also tells us of many people who persevered yet never were able to succeed. It is proper to be skeptical of radical new ideas.In the early years of an idea, it might not be accepted because the technology isn't ready, or because there is a lot more optimization still to be done, or because the audience isn't ready. Or because it is a bad idea. It is difficult to determine which of those reasons dominates. The task only becomes easy in hindsight, long after it becomes established.These long periods between formation and initial implementation of a novel idea and its eventual determination of success or failure in the marketplace is what defeats those who wish to use evidence as a decision criterion for following a new direction. Even if a superior way of doing something has been found, the automated test process will probably reject it, not because the idea is inferior, but because it cannot wait decades for the answer. Those who look only at test results will miss the large payoff.Of course there are sound business reasons why ignoring potentially superior approaches might be a wise decision. After all, if the audience is not ready for the new approach, it wouldinitially fail in the marketplace. That is true, in the short run. But to prosper in the future, the best approach would be to develop and commercialize the new idea to get marketplace experience, to begin the optimization process, and to develop the customer base. At the same time one is preparing the company for the day when the method takes off. Sure, keep doing the old, but get ready for the new. If the company fails to recognize the newly emerging method, its competitors will take over. Quite often these competitors will be a startup that existing companies ignored because what they were doing was not well accepted, and in any event did not appear to challenge the existing business: see "The innovator's dilemma."Gestural, multi-touch interfaces for screen-driven devices and computer games are good examples. Are these a brilliant new innovation? Brilliant? Yes. New? Absolutely not. Multi-touch devices were in research labs for almost three decades before the first successful mass-produced products. I saw gestures demonstrated over two decades ago. New ideas take considerable time to reach success in the marketplace. If an idea is commercialized too soon, the result is usually failure (and a large loss of money).This is precisely what the Apple designer of my opening paragraph had done. What I was shown was a portable computer designed for schoolchildren with a form factor unlike anything I had ever seen before. It was wonderful, and even to my normally critical eye, it looked like a perfect fit for the purpose and audience. Alas, the product got caught in a political fight between warring Apple divisions. Although it was eventually released into the marketplace, the fight crippled its integrity and it was badly executed, badly supported, and badly marketed.The resistance of a company to new innovations is well founded. It is expensive to develop a new product line with unknown profitability. Moreover, existing product divisions will be concerned that the new product will disrupt existing sales (this is called "cannibalization"). These fears are often correct. This is a classic case of what is good for the company being bad for an existing division, which means bad for the promotion and reward opportunities for the existing division. Is it a wonder companies resist? The data clearly show that although a few new innovations are dramatically successful, most fail, often at great expense. It is no wonder that companies are hesitant - resistant - to innovation no matter what their press releases and annual reports claim. To be conservative is to be sensible.The FutureAutomated data-driven processes will slowly make more and more inroads into the space now occupied by human designers. New approaches to computer-generated creativity such as genetic algorithms, knowledge-intensive systems, and others will start taking over the creative aspect of design. This is happening in many other fields, whether it be medical diagnosis or engineering design.We will get more design without designers, but primarily of the enhancement, refinement, and optimization of existing concepts. Even where new creative artificial systems are developed, whether by neural networks, genetic algorithms, or some yet undiscovered method, any new concept will still face the hurdle of overcoming the slow adoption rate of people and of overcoming the complex psychological, social, and political needs of people. T o do this, we need creative designers, creative business people, and risk takers willing to push the boundaries.New ideas will be resisted. Great innovations will come at the cost of multiple great failures.Design without designers? Those who dislike the ambiguity and uncertainty of human judgments, with its uncertain track record and contradictory statements will try to abolish the human element in favor of the certainty that numbers and data appear to offer. But those who want the big gains that creative judgment can produce will follow their own judgment. The first case will bring about the small, continual improvements that have contributed greatly to the increased productivity and lowering of costs of our technologies. The second case will be rewarded with greatfailures and occasional great success. But those great successes will transform the world.不需要设计师的设计唐·诺曼我永远也不会忘记我第一次向人们介绍优秀产品设计的魅力的经历，那时候我刚刚到苹果公司，还在逐渐的学习工作上的事务。
包装设计英文文献
Analysis of the development of baby supplies packaging design Abstract:The basic idea is that the product packaging design to convey to customers the first visual effects. Infants packaging design should include both sides, on the one hand of each parent to meet consumer mind, on the other hand also in accordance with the packaging design concept. The current infant supplies packaging design unified phenomenon exists in the shape, color, function, ect. are mostly reference design, originality factor is less difficult to raise foreign brand. This content, infant supplies packaging characteristics and basic principles, but on current trends infant supplies packaging design is analyzed in order to better guide the infant supplies packaging design, promote baby products to be better capture the market and win consumers.Keywords:Infant supplies;Package Design;Security;TrendsPackaging is linked to human life and an indispensable means of production materials. In the long history, the packaging accompanied human evolution and development, however, the "packaging design" of the term, but it is a new concept into the 21st century after the formation. In the fierce market competition, product research and development cycle becomes shorter, the new product is also accelerating the speed of updating and, therefore, the need for rapid prototyping of new product packaging and packaging design. According to statistics, China is currently the number of children reached 360 million, nearly 128.5 billion yuan of children's products in the huge market, investors profitable a huge cake. In recent years, with the enormous economic and social development, children's surge in the number of articles showing trends, corresponding, children's products packaging is also constantly guise, attracting curious eyes of children, not only brought huge economic benefits for enterprise development, more is to establish the children's products market brand.Status of children's products packaging design1、Product packaging design singleIn general, children's understanding of things and preferences caused mainly by visual stimuli, the attention and interest of goods mainly from factors affecting trade dress, fun, unique shape is the main way to attract their attention. Currently our children form a single product packaging, multi-purpose cassette, bag or bucket-style packaging, lack of interest in the form of structural modeling, a single structure is difficult to meet the children's curiosity consumer psychology.2、Packaging is inconsistent with colorOn the color itself, its rich expressiveness gives certain feelings and associations, this special feeling can be understood as a strong emotion and color rendering power. Color plays an important role in children's products packaging, perfect color performance is the key to children's products packaging design success. Gorgeous bright colors to meet the children's novelty, odd, restless, aggressive psychological characteristics, is an important means to attract children's attention. For example, in children's products packaging design combined with child familiar things, the use of children's favorite lively, vivid and bright colors can attract a wider range of children's attention, enhance their likeability and memorizing degree.3、Security is not strong packaging designChildren's healthy growth and development of future relations with society as a whole, especially in the growing number of one-child families, the healthy development of children will become increasingly important. However, some incidents product packaging mistake because children emerged in recent years caused endless reach of children adult medicines such as events, children's food packaging bag desiccant wounding, jelly cause choking incident, toys wounding more. Behind these tragic events, we found that most of the product packaging are unreasonable or norms related. Some children's products there are significant errors in the packaging structure, such as some time ago caused a big stir in the jelly incident, in large part to its size and shape are related to inappropriate packaging, especially small goblet jellyproblem is most prominent. There are manufacturers on product promotion in children's food packaging bag into a small toy, some toys, food materials would pollute built, some children's toys will be used as food ingestion, which caused the child to physical and psychological harm.4、Lack of functionalChildren's products packaging design should be the characteristics of the child's own, more cater ages they represent, advocated by some clever packaging design sense, humane way imply full of parents and children, inspired by the unique functionality of Children curious consumer psychology, and ultimately achieve purchase. Currently most of our children's products only emphasizes the function of the product itself and ignore the functional form of packaging, shape, taste generalized lack of structure makes it difficult to attract the attention of children in this particular consumer groups.Children Supplies Packaging FeaturesWith economic development, population control a wide range of success, and now most Chinese families have only one to two children of such families have the ability and very willing to let their children a better education, better living conditions, the use of more high-quality products. Such families build trends, making child-class production house, more and more types of products, promotional tools have baked. However, the inevitable cultural development and spiritual development of material culture complement each other to increase the ability for consumers to buy more and more critical eye, in addition to the product itself, the appearance, but also consumers choose a product important factor. Thus, children's products packaging design plays a pivotal role. Children's products on the market now dazzling variety. Professional increasingly fine division of various industries, while also actively promoting in-depth study of children's packaging design class field.1、Children's product packaging design should consider "visual impression" featureChildren are generally characterized by hyperactivity, fun, like fresh, spiritual power is not easy to concentrate. Unlike other consumer groups in the choice of a product when it will consider many factors such as quality, brand reputation, and so on.A survey shows that children of parents decided to buy the product influence up to 47%, while children at the time of purchase of the product and do not use too much rational thought to consider, is often looked nice, fun will buy. Such features make the product packaging design intuitive "first impression" at the Children's design is very important. And their parents in terms of safety, nutrition, have a role to intellectual development of the product could be even more loved by their parents. Therefore, summed outstanding children packing several key features: fun, safety, ease of use, nutritional, educational nature.Should be designed from the perspective of children to design product packaging, to psychological and physiological characteristics of children for the design relied upon, to understand what children are like, thinking, what is very popular among children and so on, meanwhile, should be designed up to a certain human spirit, make the purchase, using the product's parents, the child can feel cared for and care. Allowing consumers the impression that the product plus points.Personal care products such as Johnson & Johnson family of children of different ages with different design products, such as baby range of products, such as professional skin care products, diapers, bottles, etc., over three to four years old baby products, etc., packaging design the abandoned complex design thinking, a simple, unified design style crisp, white, pink, baby blue background coupled with simple text, pattern, so that the audience at the first impression they leave a clean, fresh, big brand protection psychological implications. And "because of love, so Johnson" extensive use of the ad makes commodities rose to humane care perspective, the emergence of such propaganda concept allows consumers to care for such feedback to purchase products directly touched by mental which has become Johnson & Johnson brand loyal supporters.多事的东风，又冉冉地来到人间，桃红支不住红艳的酡颜而醉倚在封姨的臂弯里，柳丝趁着风力，俯了腰肢，搔着行人的头发，成团的柳絮，好像春神足下坠下来的一朵朵的轻云，结了队儿，模仿着二月间漫天舞出轻清的春雪，飞入了处处帘栊。
毕业设计论文外文文献翻译模块化设计：产品设计的分解与整合中英文对照
英文原文:Design for Modularity: Product Design for Decomposition and IntegrationABSTRACTIn the last few years, corporation has engaged in studies to improve their design processes, ranging from marketing to support. Recent government, academic and industrial sector initiatives have sought advance technologies for developing and managing product development environment. Many companies have established a concurrent design process for their product development and have recognized a need for tools in evaluating the level of decomposition and integration, while analyzing the impact on the final design. This article will propose a three-phase methodology for design of products while considering modularity, assembly and manufacture.KEYWORDSModularity, Group technology, Optimization, Decomposition, Classification1. IntroductionModular design is a design technique that can be used to develop complex products using similar components . Components used in a modular product must have features that enable them to be coupled together to form a complex product. Modular design can be also viewed as the process of producing units that perform discrete functions, and then the units are connected together to provide a variety of functions. Modular design emphasizes the minimization of interactions between components, which will enable components to bedesigned and produced independently from each other. Each component, designed for modularity, is supposed to support one or more function. When components are structured together, to form a product, they will support a larger or general function. This shows the importance of analyzing the product function and decomposing it into sub-functions that can be satisfied by different functional modules. Modularity can be applied in the product design, design problems, production systems, or all three. It is preferable to use the modular design in all three types at the same time.Modular products refer to products that fulfill various overall functions through the combination of distinct building blocks or modules. In the sense that the overall function, performed by the product, can be divided into sub functions that can be implemented by different modules or components. An important aspect of modular products is the creation of a basic core unit to which different elements (modules) can be fitted, thus enabling a variety of versions of the same module to be produced. The core should have sufficient capacity to cope with all expected variations in performance and usage.Most design problems can be broken down into a set of easy to manage simpler sub-problems. Sometimes complex problems are reduced into easier sub-problems, where a small change in the solution of one sub-problem can lead to a change in other sub-problems’ solutions. T his means that the decomposition has resulted in functionally dependent sub-problems. Modularity focuses on decomposing the overall problem into functionally independent sub-problems, in which interaction or interdependence between sub-problems is minimized. Thus, a change in the solution of one problem may lead to a minor modification in other problems, or it may have no effect on other sub-problems.Modularity in production systems aims at building production systems from standardized modular machines. The fact that a wide diversity of production requirements exists has led to the introduction of a variety of production machinery, and a lack of agreement on what the building blocks should be. This means that there are no standards for modular machinery. In order to build a modular production system, production machinery must be classified into functional groups from which a selection of a modularproduction system can be made to respond to different production requirements. Rogers classified production mach inery into four basic groups of “primitive” production elements. These are process machine primitives, motion units, modular fixtures, and configurable control units. It is argued that if a selection is made from these four categories, it will be possible to build a diverse range of efficient, automated and integrated production system.2．Overview of Product DevelopmentProduct development is a necessary and important part of the activities performed by a manufacturing firm. Due to changes in manufacturing technology, consumer preferences, and government regulations (to name a few influences), existing products will become less profitable over time. The sales volume of a typical product starts slowly, accelerates, becomes flat, and then steadily declines. Although there may be a few products that remain profitable for many years, firms continually develop new products that will generate more profits. Product development determines what the firm will manufacture and sell. That is, it attempts to design products that customers will buy and to design manufacturing processes that meet customer demand profitably. Poor decisions during product development lead to products that no one wants to buy and products that are expensive to manufacture in sufficient quantity.A product development process is the set of activities needed to bring a new product to market. A product development organization includes the engineers, managers, and other personnel who make process and product engineering decisions and perform these activities. (Note that, in this paper, the term new product covers the redesign of an existing product as well.)Because making good decisions requires expertise and an organization of people can be experts in only a few things, a manufacturing firm specializes in a certain class of products. It focuses its attention on the market for that class of products, the technologies available to produce that class, and the regulations relevant to that class.Like other parts of the business, a product development organization seeks tomaximize the profit of the manufacturing firm subject to the relevant regulatory and ethical constraints and other conditions that the firm’s owners impose based on their values. A product development organization does this by regularly introducing new products that the firm can manufacture, market, and sell. Fundamentally, then, a product development organization transforms information about the world (e.g., technology, preferences, and regulations) into information about products and processes that will generate profits for the firm. It performs this transformation through decision-making (Herrmann and Schmidt, 2002). Because the design problem is highly complex, product development teams decompose the problem into a product development process, which provides the mechanisms for linking a series of design decisions that do not explicitly consider profit.The following nine steps are the primary activities that many product development processes accomplish (Schmidt et al., 2002):Step 1. Identify the customer needs.Step 2. Establish the product specification.Step 3. Define alternative concepts for a design that meets the specification.Step 4. Select the most suitable concept.Step 5. Design the subsystems and integrate them.Step 6. Build and test a prototype; modify the design as required.Step 7. Design and build the tooling for production.Step 8. Produce and distribute the product.Step 9. Track the product during its life cycle to determine its strengths and weaknesses.This list (or any other description that uses a different number of steps) is an extremely simple depiction that not only conveys the scope of the process but also highlights the inherent (but unquestioned) decomposition. There are many other ways to represent product development processes and the component tasks, including the use of schedules or a design structure matrix (Smith and Eppinger, 2001).Manufacturing firms understand that design decisions (though made early in theproduct life cycle) have an excessive impact on the profitability of a product over its entire life cycle. Consequently, product development organizations have created and used concurrent engineering practices for many years (Smith, 1997, provides a historical view). Many types of tools and methods (such as cross-functional product development teams and design for manufacturing guidelines) have been created, adopted, and implemented to improve decision-making. Cooper (1994) identifies three generations of formal approaches to product development, all of which involve decomposition.It should be noted, however, that decomposition is not the only way to describe product development. As an alternative to decomposing a system design problem into subproblems, Hazelrigg (1996) proposes creating and refining system design models to express how detailed design variables affect the overall system performance. This approach suggests that a product development process would end with using the model to find the optimal design. Hazelrigg (1998) encourages this type of optimization but does not discuss the process of generating the profit maximization model.3. A Methodology for Design for ModularityA three-phase methodology is proposed for the development of complex products using the modularity concept [1,2]. The proposed methodology matches the criteria set by the design for functionality, assembly and manufacture. Some of the major benefits associated with this methodology include:·Increased design accuracy, efficiency, and the reuse of existing design for new programs.·Potential for integration of the developed methodology and technology into the engineering design activities.·Modular product design and the process of planning the production are integrated in one overall engineering process in which product features are mapped into their feasible process(es) in a one to one correspondence.In order to implement this concept successfully, the manner in which the modules areselected is critical. By establishing simple interfaces within the modules, the numbers of interactions are then reduced. The steps associated with this methodology include: Phase I - Decomposition Analysis: Design for Modularity and Classification1. Product and problem decomposition.2. Structural and modular decomposition.3. Associativity analysis between the components and specification.4. Application of group technology classification system.5. Construction of the associativity measure matrix.6. Optimum selection of modules.Phase II - Product Analysis: Design for Assembly and Functionality Analysis1. Identify the components that could be produced and assembled separately.2. Determine of the order of disassembly and assembly for each sub-component module.3. Establish the interfaces based on the analysis of the design features.4. Determine of the order, which the sub-assemblies are assembled to produce the final product.Phase III - Process Analysis: Design for Manufacture1. Family identification and template retrieval.2. Determination of the logical order of GT codes for the process of modules.3. Machine and process parameter calculation.4. Variant process planning.4. Decomposition Analysis: Design for Modularity and ClassificationPhase I of the methodology further specifications associated with this phase are illustrated as follows:4.1. Needs AnalysisThe design engineer is usually given an ill-defined problem. In many situations, the designer has to respond to the mere suggestion that there is a need for a product to performa certain function. One of the main tasks is to find out precisely what are the needs and what do customers really want. An important step in the design is to describe the product fully in terms of functional needs and physical limitations. These functional needs and physical limitations will form the product specifications. Surveying prospective purchasers or customers could collect information required to identify customer needs. Conducting a marketing study that begins by establishing target markets and customers can do this. Then customers’ wants and needs could be obtained by using several methods such as interviews and questionnaires. Also, similar products (competitive products) are investigated to find possible improvement opportunities by focusing on weakness points and desired features by customers. Next, customer wants and needs are arranged into groups and prioritized according to their importance. Needs analysis usually results in a statement of recognized needs and the expected manner in which that need should be met.4.2. Product Requirements AnalysisResults of the needs analysis step are used to identify the product requirements. The development group begins by preparing a list of functional objectives needed to meet the customer’s primary needs. Further analysis of customer needs reveals operational functional requirements that impose both functional and physical constraints on the design. Secondary customer requirements will be categorized as general functional requirements; they are ranked secondary because they will not affect the main function of the product. That is, a product may lack one or more general functional requirement and still be considered as a functional product that meets the intended function. General functional requirements should be weighted with respect to their importance.4.3. Product Concept AnalysisProduct/concept analysis is the decomposition of the product into its basic functional and physical elements. These elements must be capable of achieving the product’s functions. Functional elements are defined as the individual operations and transformations that contribute to the overall performance of the product. Physical elements are defined as the parts, components, and subassemblies that ultimately implement the product’s function.Product concept analysis consists of product physical decomposition and product functional decomposition. In product physical decomposition, the product is decomposed into its basic physical components which, when assembled together, will accomplish the product function. Physical decomposition should result in the identification of basic components that must be designed or selected to perform the product function. Product functional decomposition describes the products overall functions and identifies components functions. Also, the interfaces between functional components are identified.4.4. Product/Concept IntegrationBasic components resulting from the decomposition process should be arranged in modules and integrated into a functional system. The manner by which components are arranged in modules will affect the product design. The resulting modules can be used to structure the development teams needed. System level specifications are the oneto- one relationship between components with respect to their functional and physical characteristics. Functional characteristics are a result of the operations and transformations that components perform in order to contribute to the overall performance of the product. Physical characteristics are a result of the components’ arrangements,assemblies, and geometry that implement the product function. Physical and functional characteristics, forming the system level specifications, are arranged into a hierarchy of descriptions that begins by the component at the top level and ends with the detailed descriptions at the bottom level.Bottom level descriptions (detailed descriptions) are used to determine the relationships between components, 1 if the relationship exists and 0 otherwise. This binary relationship between components is arranged in a vector form, “System Level Specifications Vector”(SLSV). System level specifi cations identified in the previous step affects the general functional requirements in the sense that some specifications may help satisfy some general functional requirements, while other specifications might prevent the implementation of some desired general functional requirements. The impact of the SLS on GFR’s should be clearly identified which will help in developing products that willmeet, up to a satisfactory degree, the general functional requirements stated earlier. The impact will be determined based on –1 as negative impact, 0 as no impact, and 1 as positive impact. A negative impact represents an undesired effect on the general functional requirements such as limiting the degree to which the product will meet the general requirement, or preventing the product from implementing the general requirement. While a positive impact represents a desired effect that the SLS will have on the general requirements, such SLS will ensure that the product will satisfy the requirements and result in customer satisfaction. An SLS is said to have no impact if it neither prevents the implementation of the GFR, nor helps satisfying the GFR.The degree of association between components should be measured and used in grouping components into modules. Incorporating the general functional requirement weights can do this, in addition to the system level specifications vectors and their impacts on the general functional requirements to provide a similarity index between components.The similarity indices associated with components are arranged in a component vs. component matrix. Components with high degree of association should be grouped together in design modules. This can be accomplished by using an optimization model that maximizes the sum of the similarities. The optimization model will identify independent modules that can be designed simultaneously. Several models are available for optimization analysis of this model.5．Types of DecompositionA product development process follows a decomposition scheme that reflects the experience of the organization and the individuals that inhabit the organization. This relationship explains the design of many organizations and business processes, of course, and obviously applies to product development processes as performed in the real-world. (The study of contingency theory has explored the relationship of organization structure to the organization’s goals and environment.) The evolut ion of the product development process is influenced by exceptional events (such as disasters that cause managers toimplement controls or regulations designed to ensure that “it never happens again”), by executives and managers who participated in or observed different processes used by other organizations, and by natural processes of continuous improvement. These influences are resisted by the inertia of individuals in the organization (“that’s not the way we do it here”), and the implemention of innovations may fail for other reasons. Klein and Sorra (1996) argue that the implementation effectiveness depends upon implementation climate and implementation policies and practices.Holt et al. (1960) mention a three-stage process for the evolution of a decision-making system. In the first stage, when an organization is small, skilled managers make decisions as situations arise. In the second stage, the complexity of the operations increases, and the firm installs a system of decisionmaking. For routine decisions, heuristics or simple rules guide decision-making. In the third stage, the firm seeks to improve decision-making by implementing decision support tools. Often these tools help decision-makers treat problems in a more integrated fashion.In conclusion, rarely are product development processes explicitly designed to optimize profitability. Still, the never-ending quest to improve processes leads managers to change them, first hoping to improve this metric, then hoping to improve another, always seeking changes that improve all metrics simultaneously. Because different firms find themselves in different positions, they seek different things from their processes. More precisely, there exist a large set of objectives, and each organization prioritizes these objectives differently. Thus, each firm finds a different process most desirable for itself, in the same way that different families looking at the houses for sale in the same city choose different houses based on their own priorities on location, price, number of bedrooms, and so forth.Being unique, each product development organization has a unique product development process that embodies a unique decomposition. If each process has changed over time due to many different reasons, it may seem unreasonable to describe the forces that shape specific product development processes. Indeed, Blanchard and Fabrycky (1998)state that a development process is a generic template that must be “tailored” to a specific project’s need. They describe three common processe s: the waterfall model, the spiral model, and the V model. They observe that preferences among these models are subjective and that careful study is needed to select the best model for a specific project.Still, some authors have described some of the factors that make certain types of processes more or less successful. For instance, Loch and Terwiesch (1998) use an analytical model of concurrent engineering to show how uncertainty (and the speed of uncertainty reduction) affects the optimal amount to overlap activities and the optimal frequency of meetings used to coordinate the concurrent activities. More generally, Pich, Loch, and De Meyer (2002) identify three project management strategies (instructionism, learning, and selectionism) that handle uncertainty in different ways. Accordingly, project managers must determine the adequacy of what is known about the world and the effects of different actions and must determine whether any inadequacy is due to ambiguity or complexity. The paper proposes some simple rules suggesting when to use each strategy.6. Summary and ConclusionsThis article has presented a new methodology for modular design. The complete process is a three-phase process, but only phase I of the methodology is presented. The method illustrates the significance of the group technology coding and classification and the optimization in modular design.This synthesis contributes to a theory of design describes how design happens in practice and explains this behavior. The fundamental axioms include the profit maximization objective, bounded rationality (including limited time and resources available for product development), and the presence of uncertainty.Extending this theory of design will require better understanding of the advantages and drawbacks of different decompositions. Also useful will be understanding the relationship between the effort spent to solve a design subproblem and the quality of the resulting solution.It will be interesting to see how improvements in information technology and decision support systems increase the amount of information that one decision-maker can process and how these improvements change the balance between decomposition and integration. 中文翻译：模块化设计：产品设计的分解与整合摘要:在过去的几年里，公司进行了研究，以改善他们的设计流程，从市场营销支持。
产品设计英文论文
产品设计英⽂论⽂THE HONG KONG POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY THE UNIVERSITY OF WARWICK – WARWICK MANUFACTURING GROUP INTEGRATED GRADUATEDEVELOPMENT SCHEMEPost Module Assignment PRODUCT DESIGN & DEVELOPMENTMANAGEMENTName: YU XI RUIStudent ID: 10406342012/6/7CONTENT(Total 3,351 Words)PART AQUESTION THREE 3 1INTRODUCTION 31.1 Understanding of question 31.2 Scope of My Answer 3 2GREEN DESIGN 42.1 Objectives for Green Design 42.2 Main Contents of Green Design 42.3 Green Design Procedures 53 SYSTEMS THINKING 63.1 Modular Design 63.2 Cycle Design 64 SOME GREEN DESIGN METHODS AND TOOLS 75 CONCLUSION 11PART B 13 1STRENGTHS 13 2WEAKNESS 14 3LEARNING POINTS 14 REFERENCES 15PART AQuestion 3During the module you have been introduced to many management techniques and influencing considerations to the effective management of design.There are many different drivers for new product development. In some circumstances more of a‘push’management technique may be used, such as designing green products or health/lifestyle choices –Select one such area and discuss how these considerations can be captured in a product development process.1INTRODUCTION1.1Understanding of the questionNowadays, more and more diverse drivers for new product development occurred. ‘Push’management technique is no longer a best choice for companies. Designing green products reflects rethinking of environment ecological damage caused by modern science and technology, and also reflects the return of the designer ethics and social responsibility.How the environment considerations can be captured in a product development process is becoming the first priority for designers and managers. Green design is not only a kind of design methods but also a philosophy for every area in the life.1.2Scope of my answer1. A brief introduction of green design.1)Objectives for green design2)Main contents of green design3)Green design procedures2.Two major systems thinking3.Introduce various methods and tools for green design and the different functionsof various methods.2GREEN DESIGN2.1Objectives for Green DesignIn the long river of human history, the industrial design created the modern living environment and style, while at the same time it speeds up the depletion of energy and materials and brings great damages to ecological balance.The green design is the design to fully consider the impact on resources and the environment the whole process of product life cycle, and also to consider the product's features, quality, cycle time and cost, while optimizing all relevant factors in order to minimize the overall negative impact on the environment during the product and its manufacturing process, to make the indicators of the product stay in line with the requirements of the green products.Important consideration for environmental attributes throughout the life cycle of the product (disassembly, recyclability, maintainability, reuse, etc.) should be approached.2.2Main contents of Green DesignGreen product design include green material selection design, green manufacturing process design, product recyclability design, product design for disassembly, green packaging design, green logistics design, green service design, and green recycle design.1.Green material selection and management.The so-called green materials refer to renewable, recyclable, and low environmental pollution, low energy and materials resume. Therefore, good environmental compatibility materials and parts, non-toxic, harmless and non-radioactive materials should be preferred first. The used materials should be easy to reuse, recycling, remanufacturing or easily degraded in order to improve resource utilization and achieve sustainable development.2.Recyclability of the products design.During design process designers should take full account of the possibility of product parts recycling, recycling methods, cost recovery and other issues to save material, conserve energy, and minimize environmental pollution.Recyclable design includes diverse aspects.1)The recyclable material identification and marking.2)Recycling process methods.3)Structural design of recyclability.4)The economic analysis and evaluation of recyclability.3.Assembly and disassembly of the product design.Under the premise of meeting the functional requirements and operation requirements, structure and shape and types of parts and material composition of should be minimized as little as possible in order to reduce assembly and disassembly cost. And easy disassembly linking methods should be used and the number of demolition of parts of the fastener should be minimized.4.Description and modeling of green products.Accurate and comprehensive description of green products, the establishment of green product evaluation model is the key to green design.5.Cost analysis of green products.Green products cost analysis should consider the cost of dealing with pollutants, the cost of disassembly, reuse costs in order to achieve the win-win purpose of economic benefits and environmental quality.2.3Green Design Procedures1.Market research.Network-based survey, supplemented by field trips is used to collect customers' requirements and creativity by the form of a questionnaire or design contest, and grasp the approximate price of the target object. Collecting information about science, technology and law from patents and news is conducive to product material selection, process and structure design, and investigating the corporate culture, production capacity, equipment, and green degree.2.The raw material selection.The green material is a kind of material owns good environmental compatibility under the premise of the general functional requirements satisfaction. Green material ownsmaximum utilization of resources and minimal environmental impact in various stages of preparation, use and disposal life cycle.In order to facilitate the effective recycling of the product, it is necessary to minimize the types of materials in the product and consider the compatibility between the materials. Good compatibility between the materials which means that these materials can be recycled together can greatly reduce the workload of the demolition and classification.The designers should maximize the use of natural materials for production material, extensive use of waste, garbage, waste and other waste. Selecting abandoned materials as much as possible could reduce the pressure of the landfill.Purchase of locally produced materials, and reflect the design of provincialism. Avoid the use of the material that may the release pollutants. Maximize the use of renewable materials, and minimum use of non-renewable materials.3.Environment consideration in design.Structure design should use the principle of ergonomics to make users feel comfortable and happy, no sense of oppression; should also avoid hazards of electromagnetic radiation, noise, toxic gases, irritant gases and liquids. Environmental performance of products must also be taken into account; Regarding environmental performance as the design objective is one of the main features of green design which is different from traditional designs.As different products have different environmental performance, the design should meet the requirement separately based on product characteristics and the using environment.Extended life of the product can play a role in environmental protection, the designer on the basis of analysis of product features and economy, use a variety of advanced design theory and tools in order to make products designed to meet current and future market demand for a long time.The environment consideration should aim at improving ecological environment and upgrades the living equality. Multiple functional products could better meet the requirement of environment consideration.Reducing redundant design in the design process can help control the damage to environment, such as less of a box, less a difficult recovery of nylon rope or metal edge, and less the color of the design work.4.Production.Green design in production concludes green manufacturing process design, product recyclability design, product design for disassembly, green packaging design, and green logistics design and so on.1)Green manufacturing process designUsing low energy consumption and zero-damage environment technology during the consumption is quite necessary. Highly toxic materials such as formaldehyde, halide solvents or aromatic hydrocarbons may not be used in product formulation and production process; product shall not contain mercury and its compounds, pigments and additives.2)Product recyclability designIn modeling stage of the product design, its internal structure design should be as simplistic, miniaturization and standardization as possible.Simplifying the surface technology of the product is another way of product recyclability design. At present, for the aesthetic needs some of the products use plating, painting and other process on its surface. Emissions of toxic gases bring a great impact on the environment, and the damage to the human body is staggering. 3)Green packaging designGreen packaging materials should be first priority. Advocated biodegradable plastic bags are a good representative, which is made of biodegradable and degradable materials and buried underground in a disused become the food of microorganisms in the soil and degrade quickly which helps solving "white pollution "problem. Simplify the packaging, putting multiple products of the same class into one box, which also reduce the number of the released product specifications.For example, in 2008, Hewlett-Packard Company reduces 97% of the raw material usage and space occupy in laptop computer package, thus reducing the loading volume of the box and transportation costs.5.After sale service.Improving transport efficiency and moderate expansion of production networks could be best way in transportation; immediately remove the packaging and shipped back to re-use after delivery.Modular production components, coupled with the structure easy to demolish, maintenance and services throughout the network, and create excellent service for consumers.Recycling - give priority to reuse of recycled parts, to maximize the utilization of materials recycling, innovative waste treatment process in order to diminish its impact on the environment.3SYSTEMS THINKINGIn the future "Green Design", the modular design and Cycle design will bring further benefits on the basis of currently use. 3.1Modular DesignThe modular design means that for the products with the same functionality but with different specifications or different functions designing a set of common functional modules.Through the selection and combination of modules different products can be constituted to meet different needs. The modular design could both solve the contradiction between the production cycle and cost and be convenient for maintenance, thus contributing to demolition and recycling of waste products and reduce pollution and finally provide the necessary conditions to enhance the competitiveness of their products.3.2Cycle DesignCycle design known as recycling design (Design for Recovering Recycling), that is, means or method of generalized recovery.During product design, giving full consideration to the possibility of recycling of product parts and materials, the recovery value, the recycling method of recycling thestructural technical is one of ways to take effective and adequate use of parts and material resource and energy in order to minimize environmental pollution.The cycle design is associated with the modular design; it mainly means that during the product design designers should fully take a series of related problems in the recycling of parts and materials into account.4SOME GREEN DESIGN METHODS AND TOOLS1)Quality Function Deployment.Quality Function Deployment is a tool of converting customer requirements into product design specifications.The implementation of this method depends on marketing, design engineering, manufacturing and other functional departments combined into inter-departmental working group.QFD has two major functions.Expand the quality: converting the customer requirements into product design. Function deployment: converting the design requirements into the appropriate parts, process and production requirements.2)PUGH concept convergence.PUGH concept convergence is a method to convert all initial concepts into final concept, and assess every concept value according to different requirements and conditions. Using PUGH concept convergence can help3)Design V alidation and Optimization.Design V alidation and Optimization is a tool for direct analysis of thin-walled parts of the CAD solid model which brings a significant decrease in model preparation time. The time savings give more in-depth analysis for more design iterations as well as perform. A lot of tools and software can be used to achieve Design V alidation and Optimization.4)Environmental Life Cycle Assessment (LCA).Main applications of Environmental Life Cycle Assessment are to assess the environmental load caused by a product, process and production activity through thequantitative research of energy and material use and waste emissions.LCA is a kind of evaluation method of assessing the impact of energy materials use and waste emissions as well as evaluating the environment improvements.There are three steps in LCA. First, to identify and quantify energy and material consumption and environmental releases throughout the life cycle stages, and then to evaluate the consumption and release of the environmental impact, the final thing is identification and evaluation of the opportunity to reduce these impacts. Environmental Life Cycle Assessment focuses on the environmental impact of ecological health, human health and resource consumption areas.5)Cycle logistics systemCycle logistics system is a circulatory system of the space and time location mobile of objects and their derivatives.The flow systems include two different channels: one is production - distribution - consumption, to meet the needs of consumers, which is the main channel of the logistics flows, known as forward logistics or arterial logistics; the other is the logistics flow for reasonable disposal of derivative material, such as recycling, sorting, purification, purification, returned to the business or maintenance, packaging, reprocessing, reuse and waste disposal, etc.6)Mass balance analysisIn the general large-scale production, mass balance analysis is used for detailed records of energy consume and materials consume and flow of materials. Then analyze the recorded figures in order to find major problems during the production. Ideally, mass balance is based on measurement of inventory, outflow and inflow of materials.7)Green IndicesHow to evaluate the total environmental impacts of numerous elements? How to recognize the major factors damaged environment? Green indices are ranking systems that attempt to convert all aspects of environmental impacts into one scale. Green indices are widely used all over the world which bring great benefits to both enterprises and government. Economic has increased with improving of green indices.5CONCLUSIONDuring whole product life cycle taking full consideration on product function, equality, development cycle and costs as well as environment impact could be the first priority to minimize the damage to the environment.Green design is a scientific design style which considers the ecological balance relationship between human and environment.The objective of green design is to take better consideration on environment factors during whole product life cycle and to bring better management philosophy to the modern companies and even to bring new life philosophy to people.Five main aspects of green design have been summarized previously, Green material selection and management, Recyclability of the products design, Assembly and disassembly of the product design, Description and modeling of green products, and Cost analysis of green products. In order to achieve the green design products, designers and engineers should focus on these five aspects of green design.Green design procedures are about some major steps to achieve green design products. First, comprehensive market research on customers’requirement, relative technology and laws would be the first thing to do. Secondly, the raw material selection should be considerable. Third, environment consideration in design period is the vital thing in green design. Fourth,some green consideration in production period is quite necessary. Last, improving after sale service to be more green design style is also important.Two different systems thinking of green design include modular design and cycle design.Seven relate tools and methods have been stated previously, Quality Function Deployment, PUGH concept convergence, Design V alidation and Optimization,Environmental Life Cycle Assessment, Cycle logistics system, Mass balance analysis, and Green Indices.In conclusion, there are several ways to improve the product equality and environmental friendly level. Green design is not only a design method but also a life style.The develop trends of green design:1)Standardized;2)Integrated, parallel, intelligent;3)Basic research and support tools development for green design;4)The development of the emerging industry related to green design.5)Green design and manufacturing has become the trend of industrial developmentin the world, gradually showing their own unique advantages.Green manufacturing is a complex process, in the coming days, there are several aspects of the technology need further study.(1) Life cycle of electronic product is short and is difficult to recycle. Therefore, the recycling problems require further study.(2) An improvement must be made to strengthen the monitoring of the dangerous materials and process engineering.(3) Further develop material recycling processes and more effective waste management systems in order to improve recycling and reduce the remaining amount.(4) Much efforts need to be made to enhance public awareness about the risk, technology and the environment. The government needs to play a role of master to take the implementation of green column.PART BI am one of the members in Group F during the final case study. At the beginning of the case study, our group did not find an appropriate market gap that both realistic and creative. But after revision of our methods, our group found the best way for designing. Finally our group decided to design the hiking sticks with camera holding equipments for younger, the result is quite good.Strengths:1.Rational process management. Proceeding step by step may bring great benefitsfor both efficiency and effectiveness. First of all, the finding the reasonable market gap is the first priority. At the beginning, the brainstorming tool has been used in our group. Then the more reasonable ones were chosen for further consideration. Only one of it was selected for conceptual design and then five detail conceptual designs was chosen for PUGH concept convergence. Finally, the final concept came out from the integration of five concepts. The design process management in our group is under control, we followed the steps all the time during the case study. The rational process management reduces the probability of appearing early error in design process.2.Clear roles and responsibility. Every people in our group work on their own jobquite well. The people in our group were divided into three different parts based on personal background, conceptual design panel, data compilation panel, technical Support panel.3.Great internal communication. There is a summarizing discussion every time eachpanel finishes their own job. Therefore the communication inside the group is efficient, and everybody knows the progress and could contribute to the group.4.Knowledge management. The tools like PUGH concept convergence, QualityFunction Deployment, lean NPI, and Design V alidation and Optimization, has been used during new product development process.5.Good detail design. Our group make a great effort on detail design. We try ourbest to figure out the minimal detail of the hiking stick.Weaknesses:1.Bad time management.In the beginning, our group spent much time doing brainstorming and conceptual design. At last we do not have enough time to evaluate every concept design carefully, the final concept can be considered more detailed./doc/e663b9e480eb6294dd886cac.html ck of knowledge in customer requirement capture and market value.At the beginning of market gap finding, majority of our findings is not reasonable.Some problems in market cannot be solved without technology improvement, and some of them have perfect solutions which are difficult to make some revolutions, thereby the total progress has been delayed.Learning points:1.The NPI and Lean NPI tools are learned to use in real situation.2.Quality Function Deployment are learned to use in the product developmentprocess.3.PUGH concept convergence should displayed twice for organizing the conceptand create a final concept.4.Customer requirements should drive the design process. Market oriented andcustomer requirementsREFERENCES1.Ken Y eang, Arthur Spector: Green design: from theory to practice.2009.2.Tom Dixon: Green design: creative, sustainable designs for thetwenty-first century. 20093.Dorothy Mackenzie: Green design: design for the environment. 19914.Paul Burall: Green design. 19915.Green Products by Design: Choices for a Cleaner Environment. OTAProject, OTA-E-54.6.Johannes Behrisch, Mariano Ramirez, Damien Giurco: Representationof Ecodesign Practice: International Comparison of Industrial Design Consultancies. ISSN 2071-10507.Regional: Mainstreaming Environmental Considerations in Economicand Development Planning Processes in Selected Pacific Developing Member Country. Technical Assistance Consultant’s Report,Project Number: 38031.8.Environmental Impact of Products: Analysis of the life cycleenvironmental impacts related to the final consumption of the EU-25 Main report. IPTS/ESTO project, EUR 22284 EN。
产品设计中英文文献
产品设计中英文文献该文献旨在探讨产品设计领域中的创新，并通过对专利数据的实证分析来评估产品设计创新的趋势和模式。
该研究发现，产品设计创新主要集中在功能性和视觉外观方面，并呼吁企业在产品设计中努力保护知识产权。
2. Norman, D. A., & Verganti, R. (2024). Incremental and radical innovation: Design research versus technology and meaning change. Design Issues, 30(1), 78-96.。
该文献讨论了产品设计创新中的渐进性和根本性变革，并比较了设计研究与技术和意义变革之间的差异。
研究结果表明，设计研究在根本性变革方面发挥了更大的作用，并提出了在创新过程中整合设计和技术的框架。
该研究探讨了设计思维对产品创新的影响，并通过对南非消费品行业的实证研究提供了证据。
研究结果表明，采用设计思维方法来进行产品创新能够提高企业的竞争力和市场份额。
4. Cross, N. (2024). Engineering design methods: Strategies for product design. John Wiley & Sons.该书提供了一种系统的工程设计方法，用于指导产品设计过程。
通过详细讨论各种设计方法和策略，该书为设计师提供了实用的指导，帮助他们在产品设计中做出明智的决策。
5. Ulrich, K. T., & Eppinger, S. D. (2024). Product design and development. McGraw-Hill.该书是一本广泛使用的产品设计和开发教材，涵盖了产品设计和开发的各个方面。
从市场研究到概念生成和原型制作，该书提供了一套系统的方法和工具，帮助设计师在产品设计过程中取得成功。
以上是一些与产品设计相关的英文文献，这些文献涵盖了产品设计创新、设计思维、工程设计方法等方面的研究，可供研究者参考和借鉴。
产品设计中英文文献
中文译文产品设计，语义和情绪反应摘要本文探讨了人体工程学理论与语义和情感内容的设计问题。
其目的是要找到以下问题的答案：如何设计产品引发人心中的幸福；怎样的产品属性能够帮助你们沟通积极的情绪，最后，如何通过产品唤起某种情绪。
换言之，这是对“意义”——可以成为一个产品，旨在与用户在情感层面上进行“沟通”的调查。
1、介绍当代生活是促进社会和技术变革的代名词。
同样，产品设计通过材料技术，生产技术，信息处理技术等工序的发展而正在迅速转变。
在技术方面正在发生变化的速度和规模超出任何期望。
数字革命的对象是逐步转向与我们互动成更小，更聪明的黑盒子，使我们很难理解这一机制或工作方法（博尔茨2000年）。
因此，在设计时比以前不同的框架，参照社会变革，资源和能源节约，新出现的环境问题，以及客户导向的趋势（大平1995年，琼斯1997年）。
因此，无论是通过广告和营销推动战略，或潮流，时尚和社会活动，从消费产品的用户的期望也已改变。
功能性，吸引力，易于被使用中，可负担性，可回收性和安全性，预计所有已经存在于一个产品属性。
用户希望有更多的日常用品。
最近设计的趋势表明了用户对激励对象的倾向，提高他们的生活，帮助触发情绪，甚至唤起梦想（詹森1999年，阿莱西2000年）。
詹森预计，梦会快到了，下面的数据为基础的社会，所谓的信息社会（1999年）。
他还说，作为信息和智力正成为电脑和高科技，社会领域将放在一个人的能力还没有被自动然而新的价值：情绪。
功能是越来越多的产品中理所当然的，同时用户也可以实现在寻找一个完全不同的欣赏水平。
想象，神话和仪式（即情感的语言）会对我们的行为产生影响，从我们的购买决定，我们与他人（詹森1999年）的沟通。
此外，哈立德（2001：196）指出这是决定购买，可瞬间的，因此客户的需求可以被创建，速度非常快，而其他需要长期建立了'。
因此，情感和'影响'一般，都收到了最后一个（Velásquez1998）几年越来越多的关注。
Design is for Living——查尔斯·伊姆斯的产品设计解读
ｒ Ｕ、 ｅｓｉ０ ｑｎ ■ ｌ ｓ ｔ· ｏｒ ＿ Ｌ ０ ｉ ｖ● Ｉ ｎｑ 查 尔斯 ·伊姆斯 的 产 品设计解读
１９４０年 ，伊姆斯 在和小沙里宁进行 家具设 计合作 的过程中遇到 了蕾 （Ｒａｙ Ｋａｉｓｅｒ Ｅａｍｅｓ），蕾帮助他们完成了纽约现代艺术博物馆举办 的 “家
庭陈设中的有机设计 ”竞赛 ，伊 姆斯和沙里宁的设 计，通 过胶合板成型技 术制作复杂的座椅曲面，获得了比赛 的头 奖。
１９４１年 ，伊姆斯 和蕾结 婚并 搬到加利 福利亚 ，他 们继续 利用胶合板 成 型技术进行家具设计。１９４９年 ，伊姆斯夫妇 在／ｊｎ，）、Ｉ１设计并建造了 自己的 住宅 Ｃａｓｅ Ｓｔｕｄｙ Ｈｏｕｓｅ，设计 和材ｆ￣ａ％ Ｕ新运用使 这所住宅远近 闻名 。今 天，它被公认为是世界上最重 要的战后住宅之一。
一 宣 尔斯 ·伊姆 斯
查尔斯．伊姆斯 （Ｃｈａｒｌｅｓ Ｅａｍｅｓ，１９０７—１９７８）是美国最杰出、最 有影响 的家具 与室 内设 计大师之一，同时他 还是 建筑师 、发明家 、工艺 师、科学 家、电影人、教 授，卓越的设计 涵盖了家具 、建筑 、影像与平 面设计。
１９０７年 ，伊姆斯 出生于密苏里州圣路易斯市 ，上学 时对工程和建 筑有 极大的兴趣 。当时的华盛顿大学推 崇古典学 院派 ，伊姆 斯却被完全反古典 的赖特 的设 计所吸引。在华盛顿大学就读两年后 ，因为对赖特 的崇 拜伊姆 斯被华盛顿大学扫地 出门，开始在一家建筑事务所工作。１９３０年 ，伊姆斯建 立了自己的工作室 ，但由于１９２９年的美国经济危机 ，建筑设计市场惨淡，伊 姆斯只得 将业务范 围扩大到玩 具、家具 、灯具 、陶瓷等设计方向 ，他的才华 引起了老沙里宁的注意 ，老沙里宁帮助他在克兰布鲁克学院完成 了学业。
工业设计产品设计论文中英文外文翻译文献
中英文外文翻译文献原文：DESIGN and ENVIRONMENTProduct design is the principal part and kernel of industrial design. Product design gives uses pleasure. A good design can bring hope and create new lifestyle to human.In spscificity,products are only outcomes of factory such as mechanical and electrical products,costume and so on.In generality,anything,whatever it is tangibile or intangible,that can be provided for a market,can be weighed with value by customers, and can satisfy a need or desire,can be entiled as products.Innovative design has come into human life. It makes product looking brand-new and brings new aesthetic feeling and attraction that are different from traditional products. Enterprose tend to renovate idea ofproduct design because of change of consumer's lifestyle , emphasis on individuation and self-expression,market competition and requirement of individuation of product.Product design includes factors of society ,economy, techology and leterae humaniores.Tasks of product design includes styling, color, face processing and selection of material and optimization of human-machine interface.Design is a kind of thinking of lifestyle.Product and design conception can guide human lifestyle . In reverse , lifestyle also manipulates orientation and development of product from thinking layer.With the development of science and technology ,more and more attention is paid to austerity of environmental promblems ,such as polluting of atmosphere,destroy of forest, soilerosion,land desertification, water resource polluting, a great deal of species becaming extinct,exhansting of petroleum , natural gas and coal and so on . A designer should have a strong consciousness of protecting environment and to make his\her design to be based on avoiding destroying environment and saving natural recourse.Nowadays ,greenhouse effects,destroyed ozone layers and acid rain are three global environmental questions.Greenhouse effect is phenomena of the atmosphere becoming warmer . The forming principle of greenhouse effect is that the Sun shortwave radiation can penetrate into ground through atmosphere ,long wave radiation emitted from ground after ground is warmed ,is absorbed by carbon dioxide of atmosphere , and then atmosphere gets warmer.The carbon dioxide in the atmosphere changes the earth to a large greenhouse like a thick layer of glass . Methane ,ozone,chlorine,Fluorine, hydrocarbon and aqueous vapor also make some contribution to greenhouse effects. With rapid increase of population and rapid development of industry ,more and more carbon dioxide of atmosphere enters into atmosphere. Because forest is cun down in a large amount also ,carbon dioxide increases gradally ,and the greenhouse effects are strengthened constantly .The results of the greenhouse effects are very serious. The great changes will take place in the natural ecology ,such as desert expanding ,land corroding aggravating, forest retreating to the polarregion, calamity of drought and waterlog serious and rainfall increasing. The temperate zone will be wetter in water and will be droughtier in summer . Tropical zone will become wetter and subtropical zone will become more arid . All of these above will forces the existing irrigation works to be adjusted. Coastal regions will be threatened seriously .Because the temperature is rising , ice-cubes will be melted at the two poles so to the sea level will be rising and a lot of cities and ports will be submerged.The ozone layer destroyed shocked academia and the wholeinternational aommunity .American scientists,Monila and Rowland , pointed out that it is human activities bring ozone hole of today . arch-criminal that we now well know is freon and Kazakhstan dragon.Acid rain has already become a kind of air pollution phenomenon in extensive range,crossing over national boundaries at present. Acid rain destroys soil, makes lake acid and endangers growing of abimals and plants. It also stimulates people's skin, brings out the skin disease, causes lung hydronces, lung harden ,and corrodes the metal product,paint ,leather, fabrics and building with carbonate .In a word , the environment of human life has already worsened day by day. The reasons of the worsening mostly come from the human own bad life style, disrespecting the objective law, eager for quick success,use of the earth resource without scientific plan ,and lack of consciousness pratecting the environment in design . So they destroy home by themselves,which not only harm human on contemporary, but also seriously influence existence of descendants.The environmental question is caused by people's bad design and life style to a great extent , which puts forward a serious question for a designer that designers should undertake the historical important task of environment protection.Industry has brought the disaster to world while creates a large amount of wealth for mankind . Industry design has accelerated theconsumpition of the resource and energy resource and has caused enormous destruction to the ecological balance of the earth while creating modern life style and living environment for mankind.So as industry designers, setting up environmental awareness incarnates their morals and social sense of responsibility. Designers must be responsible for their own designs, and must take human health and blessedness , and harmonically coexisting of nature with the human as the rules necessarily obeyed in their own design.Designers must also master the necessary knowledege in material, craft, chemical industry, manufacturing,ect.,in order to be possible for avoiding to danger to environment causing by his design.The concept of "Sustainable development design"has epoch-maling meanings of humanity and real development of the world .It reflects the designer's morals and responsibility , and has already become the trend of designing development in the 21st century .Hence ,mankind's development made of traditional industrial civilization was turned to one of the modern ecological civilization. It is the coordination of social progress,economic growth and environmental protestion.Sustainable development is a kind concept of brand-new ethics,morals and values that people should follow. Its essence lies in fully utilizing the modern science and technongy ,exploiting green resources ,development constantly, impelling harmonious developmentbetween human and nature and pramoting inter-harmony of population ,resource and environment .Solving the problem of sustainable development is a change of technological innovation and behavior made.Sustainable development strategy is to solve the problem of meeting contemporary people's demands in maximum under the precondition of un-hurting several generations' demands of the future . It will realize the unity of the present interests and long-term interest and leave the development space for descendants.The question of the strategic consideration of sustainable development should include circulation, green energy and ecological efficiency.Green design comes from introspection on environmental and ecological disruption caused by design of modern technology and culture. Green design focuses on the balance relation of persons and natural ecology . Designers should consider the environmental benefits at every decision of the disign process, and try their best to reduce the destruction to environment.For industry design, the core of green design is "3R",namely Reduce,Recycle and Reuse.It is necessary not only to reduce consunption of substance and energy sources,and reduce letting of harmful substance,but also to classified reclaim, recycle and reuse products andparts conveniently.Green design is not only technical ,but also an innovative idea. It requires designer to give up some rat-fuck method excessively emphasizing at the style of products, and to focus on the real innovative. He or she would design the form of the products with more responsible method and make the products lengthen their wervice life as much as possible through succinct and permanent modeling.For materials,stock and regeneration of raw materials, consumption and pollution of environmental energy during obtaining materials,machining performance in follow-up manufacturing,low consumption and low pollution of energy ,and reclaimable during discarded should be considered.Problems of manufacturing are that pollution should be reduced or died out during beginning of manufacturing.Consideration on packing, transporting , sale, ect. is meant the environmental performance of packaging, green packing ,good performance of transportation ,decreasing self weight , reducing energy consumption , localized production and reducing consimption of work flow.Consideration on the use of product concerns with waste of energy and resources while produces are used , the modularization of environmental performance , recombined ability , and the mades of using product while products are renewed , as well as other factors.Easy disassembled feature , convenient decomposition and classification , reclaaimable and reusable features of materials, and recombined feature of parts or removes for other use should all be considered during the period while products are renewed , as well as other factors.Easy disassembled feature, convenient decomposition and classification , reclaimable and reusable features of materials, and recombined feature of parts or removed for other use should all be considered during the period while products are discarded .Clean energy souces should be Considered , such as solar ernergy , water, electricity and wind power .Clean materials concern with low pollution , innocuity, disaggregation and reclaimable . Clean manufacturing process is meant production with energy saving and environment protection while used, and reclaimable while discarded.Regeneration and reuse of parts are powerful measure of sustainable strategy. The fact has proved that through disassembly and analysis the proportion of reusable material would be higher after improving design and retread.For example , in a scrap car , metal meterial accounts for 80%.Among them , nonferrous metal accounts for 3%~4.7%. 45%of output of steel comes from scrap steeel in world and 25% output of steel comes from scrap steel in our country.Product Lifecycle Management is meant all life course of product from people's demand for product to be washed out , including the main stages of demand analysis, praduct planning , conceptual design , produce design , digitized simulation, proceess preparation , process planning,production testing and quaality control , sell and distribution, use \maintaining and maintain, as well as scrap and reclaiming . Advanced management idea and first-class information technology are taken into industrial and commercial operation in modern enterprises , which makes enterprises be able to adjust management means and management ways effectively in digital economic era , inoder to exert enterprise's unprecedented competition advantage . Helping enterprise to carry on products innovation , to win the market , and to obtain additional profit would improve the value of the enterprise products.译文：设计与环境产品设计是工业设计的主体和核心。
- 1、下载文档前请自行甄别文档内容的完整性，平台不提供额外的编辑、内容补充、找答案等附加服务。
- 2、"仅部分预览"的文档,不可在线预览部分如存在完整性等问题,可反馈申请退款(可完整预览的文档不适用该条件!)。
- 3、如文档侵犯您的权益，请联系客服反馈,我们会尽快为您处理(人工客服工作时间：9:00-18:30)。
中文译文产品设计，语义和情绪反应摘要本文探讨了人体工程学理论与语义和情感内容的设计问题。
其目的是要找到以下问题的答案：如何设计产品引发人心中的幸福；怎样的产品属性能够帮助你们沟通积极的情绪，最后，如何通过产品唤起某种情绪。
换言之，这是对“意义”——可以成为一个产品，旨在与用户在情感层面上进行“沟通”的调查。
1、介绍当代生活是促进社会和技术变革的代名词。
同样，产品设计通过材料技术，生产技术，信息处理技术等工序的发展而正在迅速转变。
在技术方面正在发生变化的速度和规模超出任何期望。
数字革命的对象是逐步转向与我们互动成更小，更聪明的黑盒子，使我们很难理解这一机制或工作方法（博尔茨2000年）。
因此，在设计时比以前不同的框架，参照社会变革，资源和能源节约，新出现的环境问题，以及客户导向的趋势（大平1995年，琼斯1997年）。
因此，无论是通过广告和营销推动战略，或潮流，时尚和社会活动，从消费产品的用户的期望也已改变。
功能性，吸引力，易于被使用中，可负担性，可回收性和安全性，预计所有已经存在于一个产品属性。
用户希望有更多的日常用品。
最近设计的趋势表明了用户对激励对象的倾向，提高他们的生活，帮助触发情绪，甚至唤起梦想（詹森1999年，阿莱西2000年）。
詹森预计，梦会快到了，下面的数据为基础的社会，所谓的信息社会（1999年）。
他还说，作为信息和智力正成为电脑和高科技，社会领域将放在一个人的能力还没有被自动然而新的价值：情绪。
功能是越来越多的产品中理所当然的，同时用户也可以实现在寻找一个完全不同的欣赏水平。
想象，神话和仪式（即情感的语言）会对我们的行为产生影响，从我们的购买决定，我们与他人（詹森1999年）的沟通。
此外，哈立德（2001：196）指出这是决定购买，可瞬间的，因此客户的需求可以被创建，速度非常快，而其他需要长期建立了'。
因此，情感和'影响'一般，都收到了最后一个（á1998）几年越来越多的关注。
'影响'是指消费者的心理反应产品的符号学的内容。
情绪和影响途径，可以研究在许多不同的层次，都提供不同的见解。
正如á指出，一些模型已经被提出来的领域和多种环境。
一些例子，他给包括情绪来创建逼真的品质和性格（贝茨1994年，克莱恩和布隆伯格1999年，埃利奥特1992年，赖利1996）系统合成剂，大约在叙事情感（艾略特等人在á1998年）。
原因，在情绪处理系统，依靠调解社会互动（在á1998年），该模型和体系结构，行为和学习情绪的影响（ñ1997年，北野1994年，与自我萨尔瓦多，纳塞尔等人在á1998年。
）。
不同的做法不同领域工作的最好的，并决定按照一方或另一方在很大程度上取决于具体目标和这些模型的目的。
设计导演的情感内容可以被看作是当前的设计实践，研究和教育的核心认为。
正如保罗（2002年），在设计与情感协会主席说：“它不再是足够的，设计良好的产品或服务，我们都希望设计经验，并产生愉悦或兴奋的感觉。
““...但什么我们能真正了解这些经验和产品的能力，唤起的情绪？可以情感互动设计，如何设计和工业处理这个新的设计模式？“这项研究的目的是揭示在设计产品符号学性质的情绪反应，以及有关的方案，探讨影响产品设计之间的关系和人类的经验。
2、在物理和认知水平的产品语意产品语意的开发和引进了和奶油（1984年：在莱利2001年），被看作是人为的形状象征性的特质研究其使用认知和社会背景，定义。
因此，根据这个定义，产品语意关注的是用户与产品的一方面，而且对象的重要性，另一方面对业务和承担社会环境的关系。
有意或无意，使所有出厂产品通过形状，形态，颜色，纹理等，他们与用户沟通，从来没有中立的声明内容相关。
人们普遍认识到，可视化是重要的，当涉及到评估的外观，功能，生产的可行性，产品语意，人体工程学和（约翰森2000年）社会因素方面的一个产品的可行性。
不管设计师如何使用颜色，形状，形式，并在设计产品的质地，邮件是通过发送通过一个产品结构的一部分，语言与意义，所谓的语义处理。
这意味着，设计师和不仅要知道什么样的信息（），他们希望传递和反应排序（县），可以预期从正在接收用户，而且形成的符号和属性的语言。
一个产品告诉我们，一些本身和在某些情况下，还对人类生命，谁拥有它。
通过它的设计和功能，产品表现值，其重要性和价值的个人然后解释有一定的关系在接受或拒绝等方面的社会背景下，喜欢或不喜欢。
然而，该产品可以通过加强其语意内容和表达，这其中一个或削弱创造积极或消极的看法，情感，价值观以及在个人（öm 1996）协会的方式这个角色。
我们遇到的产品有不同的功能，例如技术，实用和语义。
莫诺（在öm 1996）定义了四种产品的语义功能：•来形容- 产品形态描述的事实（例如它的目的=定义的任务），使用方式，处理。
•为了表达- 产品形态，表达了产品的价值和品质。
•要信号- 产品形态敦促用户在一个特定的方式作出反应，例如要小心，要在他/她的工作精度。
•确定- 确定产品的形态（如目的=建立的相似性），来源，性质和产品领域（与系统，家庭，产品种类等，以及各部分的功能和位置连接）。
语义功能提供了可能性与沟通，通过一个明确的信息产品的设计师。
这意味着设计师必须明确向他/她什么，什么应该不应该通过产品（öm 1996）沟通。
黄油（和黄油1984:4），谁第一个提出了短语产品语义学'，声称设计师和一个对如何使用设计功能可以'神秘化复杂的技术，提高工件之间的相互作用的认识和他们的用户和自我表达，提高的机会。
据öm（1996年），语义功能应该使产品的理解。
无论是整个产品的各个部分，并应传达预期的信息，让用户知道产品应如何处理看它而已。
例如，一个滚花旋钮说'把我';一个按钮的设计可以说'按我'，就像是杰克平面的形式，邀请特定的手柄;茶壶或瓷壶，上面写着'抱着我这里，我会为你倒'，一个椅子轻轻欢迎您轻松的姿势;形状或形式，表示'我朝这个方向'或'我进入那你身体的一部分适合。
用户的反应是什么东西，以及如何处理这事应该是一种有效和直接的（语义）的程度，产品的设计是自我指导的迹象。
复杂的产品需要一本手册，但简单的产品应该是自我指导。
在那些图片，标签或说明适用于简单的事情，需要的时候，箭头或标签，以区别于推拉;设计师都未能通过沟通的对象（诺曼1988年）的形式。
然而，可理解性的要求是不相同的背景。
在某些情况下，如öm（1996）提到，该产品甚至是不可理解应该有一定的用户群，例如医药瓶，医药柜，儿童，以防止他们访问这些。
在公共让人误解，但是，信息产品应进行自我指导。
用户组集中在这里应该能够识别产品的用途，能使用它，并积极地使用，而无需额外的信息（如手册，文字）需要它。
正在设计，在美国最重要的趋势之一，产品语意是一种方法，开发一个产品的视觉语汇，以便使它们成为主要的视觉线索（有时触觉和听觉），这成为可立即识别工具集设计人员沟通，通过他们的产品，帮助反映功能及相关文化协会（1990年）。
换句话说，产品语意是试图找出适当的视觉，触觉和听觉信息，并将其纳入产品设计中。
了解人们如何融入陌生的产品是至关重要的语义在工业设计（格里芬1999年）的应用。
它结合了诸如艺术，人体工程学，符号学，通讯，逻辑，哲学和心理学的各种学科。
当产品语义应用得当，产品可以更情感和精神上的用户，雄辩和形状或细节表现让他们作出与客观对象的情感联系，否则，舒适。
这些成为直观的产品，用户都知道它是如何工作以及它没有说明一样。
两个诺曼（1988年）的基本原则，以协助建设一个心理模型的产品用户第一，提供了一个很好的概念模型，二，取得重要特征明显作为传播者。
3、和反射的意义格林里芬（1999年），解释和解码，不熟悉产品的语义内容的过程涉及到两个不同的反应。
第一个基于知识和对社会和文化背景有关，而第二个反应是情绪化。
意义被解释的基础上，从以往的经验得出的关联。
此外，情绪是密切相关的人的心理。
如果我们看一个简单的这些因素，激活情感心理的定义，我们可以看到，情绪不受情况或事件，而是由我们的思想，信念，价值观和有关的情况或事件的态度引起的。
的情绪反应是不是自动响应一个对象，事情，或一种情况。
这是一个自动回复（在我们的大脑深处）到我们的情况或对象关联的想法。
4、幸福和乐在产品使用为了消遣，快乐和快乐的一些一般定义可以给予如下：•快感：在愉快的情绪伴随着期望，收购或管有或需要的好东西。
相关词幸福，幸福，快乐和激情。
•幸福：一个幸福美满的状态。
•乐趣：一个愉快或满足的经验;的福祉，成功引起的情感，或由一个藏有什么愿望的前景。
四个不同的类别，产品的使用乐趣，约旦给予（1997）：1、生理愉悦- 与接触，手持产品。
2、社会的乐趣- 与社会关系和通讯产品启用。
3、心理愉悦- 产品时获得帮助用户建立一个任务。
4、公司，快乐- 相关的值，一个代表产品，其使用或支持。
满意是一个属性的可用性尼尔森的定义（1993年），是多么惬意的相关产品使用。
可用性和功能性是无可否认的产品非常重要的属性，但不是他们自己的快乐和传达足够的幸福'给用户。
事实证明，积极的情绪有重要作用，例如在决策，激励和社会互动（1999年，艾辛河1993年，马卡拉1999）基于任务的活动所需。
越来越多的功能是在产品批准（商品）采取和用户的东西多看。
5、情绪反应或影响系统方案在情感反应系统，在固有的心理结构，价值观念和程序，承担相似的，其中神经系统之间的相互作用涉及杏仁核，海马，前额叶皮质和被认为有调解情绪，比如分配方面的一些基础情绪价不同的刺激，活化的情绪行为和情感学习（达马西奥1994年，勒社1996年，1995年，在á，1998）。
工作从不同的理论家（埃克曼1992年，约翰逊莱尔德和奥特利1992年，1998年）和随后的设计标准上的一个以前的研究基础，以良好的设计与评估获奖产品（和公园2001年），六个不同类型的影响方案涉及'快乐的感受，喜悦，或唤起梦想已经确定了这样如下：感官，乐趣，可爱，熟悉，转喻和颜色。
6、结论和未来计划情感内容的设计得到了越来越多的人体工程学设计科学的重要性。
到目前为止，有预测，评价和衡量这一人类产品的现象没有直接的方法。
本文表明，更多的知识是在分析了三人之间关系的基本需要：情感，用户和产品设计。
人们对产品的情绪反应，似乎不同世代之间变化，社会团体，民族和文化。
的属性和设计师可以用它来提高产品的感受和期望很可能是在童年时代的社会，当他们的主要信仰，价值观和思想正在形成隐藏的情绪。