教育类的中英文文献对照

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普通教育学的英文译本

普通教育学的英文译本

普通教育学的英文译本English:"Standard education studies, commonly known as general education, is the field of study that focuses on the theory and practice of teaching and learning in traditional educational settings such as schools and universities. It covers a wide range of topics including educational psychology, curriculum development, classroom management, and assessment. The aim of general education is to provide students with a well-rounded education that will prepare them for future success in both their personal and professional lives. This field also emphasizes the importance of inclusive and equitable education for all students, regardless of their background or abilities. Educators in this field often work to develop and implement effective teaching methods and strategies that can meet the diverse needs of students in the classroom."中文翻译:"普通教育学,通常被称为一般教育,是一门研究传统教育环境中的教学和学习理论和实践的学科。

参考文献中文的英文对照

参考文献中文的英文对照

参考文献中文的英文对照在学术论文中,参考文献是非常重要的一部分,它可以为论文的可信度和学术性增添分数,其中包括中文和英文文献。

以下是一些常见的参考文献中文和英文对照:1. 书籍 Book中文:王小明. 计算机网络技术. 北京:清华大学出版社,2018.英文:Wang, X. Computer Network Technology. Beijing: Tsinghua University Press, 2018.2. 学术期刊 Article in Academic Journal中文:张婷婷,李伟. 基于深度学习的影像分割方法. 计算机科学与探索,2019,13(1):61-67.英文:Zhang, T. T., Li, W. Image Segmentation Method Based on Deep Learning. Computer Science and Exploration, 2019, 13(1): 61-67.3. 会议论文 Conference Paper中文:王维,李丽. 基于云计算的智慧物流管理系统设计. 2019年国际物流与采购会议论文集,2019:112-117.英文:Wang, W., Li, L. Design of Smart Logistics Management System Based on Cloud Computing. Proceedings of the 2019 International Conference on Logistics and Procurement, 2019: 112-117.4. 学位论文 Thesis/Dissertation中文:李晓华. 基于模糊神经网络的水质评价模型研究. 博士学位论文,长春:吉林大学,2018.英文:Li, X. H. Research on Water Quality Evaluation Model Based on Fuzzy Neural Network. Doctoral Dissertation, Changchun: Jilin University, 2018.5. 报告 Report中文:国家统计局. 2019年国民经济和社会发展统计公报. 北京:中国统计出版社,2019.英文:National Bureau of Statistics. Statistical Communique of the People's Republic of China on the 2019 National Economic and Social Development. Beijing: China Statistics Press, 2019.以上是一些常见的参考文献中文和英文对照,希望对大家写作有所帮助。

课程名称中英文对照

课程名称中英文对照

中文学科、专业名称英文学科、专业名称哲学 Philosophy哲学 Philosophy马克思主义哲学 Philosophy of Marxism中国哲学 Chinese Philosophy外国哲学 Foreign Philosophies逻辑学 Logic伦理学 Ethics美学 Aesthetics宗教学 Science of Religion科学技术哲学 Philosophy of Science and Technology经济学 Economics理论经济学 Theoretical Economics政治经济学 Political Economy经济思想史 History of Economic Thought经济史 History of Economic西方经济学 Western Economics世界经济 World Economics人口、资源与环境经济学 Population, Resources and Environmental Economic应用经济学 Applied Economics国民经济学 National Economics区域经济学 Regional Economics财政学(含税收学) Public Finance (including Taxation)金融学(含保险学) Finance (including Insurance)产业经济学 Industrial Economics国际贸易学 International Trade劳动经济学 Labor Economics统计学 Statistics数量经济学 Quantitative Economics国防经济学 National Defense Economics法学 Law法学 Science of Law法学理论 Jurisprudence法律史 Legal History宪法学与行政法学 Constitutional Law and Administrative Law刑法学 Criminal Jurisprudence民商法学(含劳动法学、社会保障法学) Civil Law and Commercial Law(including Science of Labour Law and Science of Social Security Law )诉讼法学 Science of Procedure Laws经济法学 Science of Economic Law环境与资源保护法学 Science of Environment and Natural Resources Protection Law国际法学(含国际公法学、国际私法学、国际经济法学、) International law (including International Public law, International Private Law andInternational Economic Law)军事法学 Science of Military Law政治学 Political Science政治学理论 Political Theory中外政治制度 Chinese and Foreign Political Institution科学社会主义与国际共产主义运动 Scientific Socialism and InternationalCommunist Movement中共党史(含党的学说与党的建设) History of the Communist Party of China (including the Doctrine of China Party and Party Building)马克思主义理论与思想政治教育 Education of Marxist Theory and Educationin Ideology and Politics国际政治学 International Politics国际关系学 International Relations外交学 Diplomacy社会学 Sociology社会学 Sociology人口学 Demography人类学 Anthropology民俗学(含中国民间文学) Folklore (including Chinese Folk Literature)民族学 Ethnology民族学 Ethnology马克思主义民族理论与政策 Marxist Ethnic Theory and Policy中国少数民族经济 Chinese Ethnic Economics中国少数民族史 Chinese Ethnic History中国少数民族艺术 Chinese Ethnic Art教育学 Education教育学 Education Science教育学原理 Educational Principle课程与教学论 Curriculum and Teaching Methodology教育史 History of Education比较教育学 Comparative Education学前教育学 Pre-school Education高等教育学 Higher Education成人教育学 Adult Education职业技术教育学 Vocational and Technical Education特殊教育学 Special Education教育技术学 Education Technology心理学 Psychology基础心理学 Basic Psychology发展与心理学 Developmental and Educational Psychology应用心理学 Applied Psychology体育学 Science of Physical Culture and Sports体育人文社会学 Humane and Sociological Science of Sports运动人体科学 Human Movement Science体育教育训练学 Theory of Sports Pedagogy and Training民族传统体育学 Science of Ethnic Traditional Sports文学 Literature中国语言文学 Chinese Literature文艺学 Theory of Literature and Art语言学及应用语言学 Linguistics and Applied Linguistics汉语言文字学 Chinese Philology中国古典文献学 Study of Chinese Classical Text中国古代文学 Ancient Chinese Literature中国现当代文学 Modern and Contemporary Chinese Literature中国少数民族语言文学 Chinese Ethnic Language and Literature比较文学与世界文学 Comparative Literature andWorld Literature外国语言文学 Foreign Languages and Literatures英语语言文学 English Language and Literature俄语语言文学 Russian Language and Literature法语语言文学 French Language and Literature德语语言文学 German Language and Literature日语语言文学 Japanese Language and Literature印度语言文学 Indian Language and Literature西班牙语语言文学 Spanish Language and Literature阿拉伯语语言文学 Arabic Language and Literature欧洲语言文学 European Language and Literature亚非语言文学 Asian-African Language and Literature外国语言学及应用语言学 Linguistics and Applied Linguistics in Foreign Languages新闻传播学 Journalism and Communication新闻学 Journalism传播学 Communication艺术学 Art艺术学 Art Theory音乐学 Music美术学 Fine Arts设计艺术学 Artistic Design戏剧戏曲学 Theater and Chinese Traditional Opera电影学 Film广播电视艺术学 Radio and television Art舞蹈学 Dance历史学 History历史学 History史学理论及史学史 Historical Theories and History of HistoricalScience考古学及博物馆学 Archaeology and Museology历史地理学 Historical Geography历史文献学(含敦煌学、古文字学) Studies of Historical Literature(including Paleography and Studies of Dunhuang)专门史 History of Particular Subjects中国古代史 Ancient Chinese History中国近现代史 Modern and Contemporary Chinese History世界史 World History理学 Natural Science数学 Mathematics基础数学 Fundamental Mathematics计算数学 Computational Mathematics概率论与数理统计 Probability and Mathematical Statistics应用数学 Applied mathematics运筹学与控制论 Operational Research and Cybernetics物理学 Physics理论物理 Theoretical Physics粒子物理与原子核物理 Particle Physics and Nuclear Physics原子与分子物理 Atomic and Molecular Physics等离子体物理 Plasma Physics凝聚态物理 Condensed Matter Physics声学 Acoustics光学 Optics无线电物理 Radio Physics化学 Chemistry无机化学 Inorganic Chemistry分析化学 Analytical Chemistry有机化学 Organic Chemistry物理化学(含化学物理) Physical Chemistry (including Chemical Physics)高分子化学与物理 Chemistry and Physics of Polymers天文学 Astronomy天体物理 Astrophysics天体测量与天体力学 Astrometry and Celestial Mechanics地理学 Geography自然地理学 Physical Geography人文地理学 Human Geography地图学与地理信息系统 Cartography and GeographyInformation System大气科学 Atmospheric Sciences气象学 Meteorology大气物理学与大气环境 Atmospheric Physics and AtmosphericEnvironment海洋科学 Marine Sciences物理海洋学 Physical Oceanography海洋化学 Marine Chemistry海洋生理学 Marine Biology海洋地质学 Marine Geology地球物理学 Geophysics固体地球物理学 Solid Earth Physics空间物理学 Space Physics地质学 Geology矿物学、岩石学、矿床学 Mineralogy, Petrology, Mineral DepositGeology地球化学 Geochemistry古生物学与地层学(含古人类学) Paleontology and Stratigraphy (including Paleoanthropology)构造地质学 Structural Geology第四纪地质学 Quaternary Geology生物学 Biology植物学 Botany动物学 Zoology生理学 Physiology水生生物学 Hydrobiology微生物学 Microbiology神经生物学 Neurobiology遗传学 Genetics发育生物学 Developmental Biology细胞生物学 Cell Biology生物化学与分子生物学 Biochemistry and Molecular Biology生物物理学 Biophysics生态学 Ecology系统科学 Systems Science系统理论 Systems Theory系统分析与集成 Systems Analysis andIntegration科学技术史 History of Science and Technology工学 Engineering力学 Mechanics一般力学与力学基础 General and Fundamental Mechanics固体力学 Solid Mechanics流体力学 Fluid Mechanics工程力学 Engineering Mechanics机械工程 Mechanical Engineering机械制造及其自动化 Mechanical Manufacture and Automation机械电子工程 Mechatronic Engineering机械设计与理论 Mechanical Design and Theory车辆工程 Vehicle Engineering光学工程 Optical Engineering仪器科学与技术 Instrument Science and Technology精密仪器及机械 Precision Instrument and Machinery测试计量技术及仪器 Measuring and Testing Technologies and Instruments材料科学与工程 Materials Science and Engineering材料物理与化学 Materials Physics and Chemistry材料学 Materialogy材料加工工程 Materials Processing Engineering冶金工程 Metallurgical Engineering冶金物理化学 Physical Chemistry of Metallurgy钢铁冶金 Ferrous Metallurgy有色金属冶金 Non-ferrous Metallurgy动力工程及工程热物理 Power Engineering and Engineering Thermophysics工程热物理 Engineering Thermophysics热能工程 Thermal Power Engineering动力机械及工程 Power Machinery and Engineering流体机械及工程 Fluid Machinery and Engineering制冷及低温工程 Refrigeration and Cryogenic Engineering化工过程机械 Chemical Process Equipment电气工程 Electrical Engineering电机与电器 Electric Machines and Electric Apparatus电力系统及其自动化 Power System and its Automation高电压与绝缘技术 High Voltage and Insulation Technology电力电子与电力传动 Power Electronics and Power Drives电工理论与新技术 Theory and New Technology of Electrical Engineering电子科学与技术 Electronics Science and Technology物理电子学 Physical Electronics电路与系统 Circuits and Systems微电子学与固体电子学 Microelectronics and Solid State Electronics电磁场与微波技术 Electromagnetic Field and Microwave Technology信息与通信工程 Information and Communication Engineering通信与信息系统 Communication and Information Systems信号与信息处理 Signal and Information Processing控制科学与工程 Control Science and Engineering控制理论与控制工程 Control Theory and Control Engineering检测技术与自动化装置 Detection Technology and Automatic Equipment系统工程 Systems Engineering模式识别与智能系统 Pattern Recognition and Intelligent Systems导航、制导与控制 Navigation, Guidance and Control计算机科学与技术 Computer Science and Technology计算机软件与理论 Computer Software and Theory计算机系统结构 Computer Systems Organization计算机应用技术 Computer Applied Technology建筑学 Architecture建筑历史与理论 Architectural History and Theory建筑设计及其理论 Architectural Design and Theory城市规划与设计(含风景园林规划与设计) Urban Planning and Design (including Landscape Planning and Design)建筑技术科学 Building Technology Science土木工程 Civil Engineering岩土工程 Geotechnical Engineering结构工程 Structural Engineering市政工程 Municipal Engineering供热、供燃气、通风及空调工程 Heating, Gas Supply, Ventilating and Air Conditioning Engineering防灾减灾工程及防护工程 Disaster Prevention and ReductionEngineering and Protective Engineering桥梁与隧道工程 Bridge and Tunnel Engineering水利工程 Hydraulic Engineering水文学及水资源 Hydrology and Water Resources水力学及河流动力学 Hydraulics and River Dynamics水工结构工程 Hydraulic Structure Engineering水利水电工程 Hydraulic and Hydro-Power Engineering港口、海岸及近海工程 Harbor, Coastal and Offshore Engineering测绘科学与技术 Surveying and Mapping大地测量学与测量工程 Geodesy and Survey Engineering摄影测量与遥感 Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing地图制图学与地理信息工程 Cartography and Geographic Information Engineering化学工程与技术 Chemical Engineering and Technology化学工程 Chemical Engineering化学工艺 Chemical Technology生物化工 Biochemical Engineering应用化学 Applied Chemistry工业催化 Industrial Catalysis地质资源与地质工程 Geological Resources and Geological Engineering矿产普查与勘探 Mineral Resource Prospecting and Exploration地球探测与信息技术 Geodetection and Information Technology地质工程 Geological Engineering矿业工程 Mineral Engineering采矿工程 Mining Engineering矿物加工工程 Mineral Processing Engineering安全技术及工程 Safety Technology and Engineering石油与天然气工程 Oil and Natural Gas Engineering油气井工程 Oil-Gas Well Engineering油气田开发工程 Oil-Gas Field Development Engineering油气储运工程 Oil-Gas Storage and Transportation Engineering纺织科学与工程 Textile Science and Engineering纺织工程 Textile Engineering纺织材料与纺织品设计 Textile Material and Textiles Design纺织化学与染整工程 Textile Chemistry and Dyeing and Finishing Engineering服装设计与工程 Clothing Design and Engineering轻工技术与工程 The Light Industry Technology and Engineering制浆造纸工程 Pulp and Paper Engineering制糖工程 Sugar Engineering发酵工程 Fermentation Engineering皮革化学与工程 Leather Chemistry and Engineering交通运输工程 Communication and Transportation Engineering道路与铁道工程 Highway and Railway Engineering交通信息工程及控制 Traffic Information Engineering & Control交通运输规划与管理 Transportation Planning and载运工具运用工程 Vehicle Operation Engineering船舶与海洋工程 Naval Architecture and Ocean Engineering船舶与海洋结构物设计制造 Design and Construction of NavalArchitecture and Ocean Structure轮机工程 Marine Engine Engineering水声工程 Underwater Acoustics Engineering航空宇航科学与技术 Aeronautical and Astronautical Science andTechnology飞行器设计 Flight Vehicle Design航空宇航推进理论与工程 Aerospace Propulsion Theory and Engineering航空宇航器制造工程 Manufacturing Engineering of Aerospace Vehicle人机与环境工程 Man-Machine and Environmental Engineering兵器科学与技术 Armament Science and Technology武器系统与运用工程 Weapon Systems and Utilization Engineering兵器发射理论与技术 Armament Launch Theory and Technology火炮、自动武器与弹药工程 Artillery, Automatic Gun and AmmunitionEngineering军事化学与烟火技术 Military Chemistry and Pyrotechnics核科学与技术 Nuclear Science and Technology核能科学与工程 Nuclear Energy Science and Engineering核燃料循环与材料 Nuclear Fuel Cycle and Materials核技术及应用 Nuclear Technology and Applications辐射防护及环境保护 Radiation and Environmental Protection农业工程 Agricultural Engineering农业机械化工程 Agricultural Mechanization农业水土工程 Agricultural Water-Soil Engineering农业生物环境与能源工程 AgriculturalBiological Environmental andEnergy Engineering农业电气化与自动化 AgriculturalElectrification and Automation林业工程 Forestry Engineering森林工程 Forest Engineering木材科学与技术 Wood Science and Technology林产化学加工工程 Chemical Processing Engineering of ForestProducts环境科学与工程 Environmental Science and Engineering环境科学 Environmental Science环境工程 Environmental Engineering生物医学工程 Biomedical Engineering食品科学与工程 Food Science and Engineering食品科学 Food Science粮食、油脂及植物蛋白工程 Cereals, Oils and Vegetable ProteinEngineering农产品加工及贮藏工程 Processing and Storage of AgricultureProducts水产品加工及贮藏工程 Processing and Storage of Aquatic Products农学 Agriculture作物学 Crop Science作物栽培学与耕作学 Crop Cultivation and Farming System作物遗传育种学 Crop Genetics and Breeding园艺学 Horticulture果树学 Pomology蔬菜学 Olericulture茶学 Tea Science农业资源利用学 Utilization Science of Agricultural Resources土壤学 Soil Science植物营养学 Plant Nutrition植物保护学 Plant Protection植物病理学 Plant Pathology农业昆虫与害虫防治 Agricultural Entomology and Pest Control农药学 Pesticide Science畜牧学 Animal Science动物遗传育种与繁殖 Animal Genetics, Breeding and ReproductionScience动物营养与饲料科学 Animal Nutrition and Feed Science草业科学 Practaculture Science特种经济动物饲养学(含蚕、蜂等) The Rearing of Special-type EconomicAnimals (including Silkworm, Honeybees, etc.)兽医学 Veterinary Medicine基础兽医学 Basic Veterinary Medicine预防兽医学 Preventive Veterinary Medicine临床兽医学 Clinical Veterinary Medicine林学 Forestry林木遗传育种学 Forest Tree Genetics and Breeding森林培育学 Silviculture森林保护学 Forest Protection森林经理学 Forest Management野生动植物保护与利用 Wildlife Conservation and Utilization园林植物与观赏园艺 Ornamental Plants and Horticulture水土保持与荒漠化防治 Soil and Water Conservation andDesertification Combating水产学 Fisheries Science水产养殖学 Aquaculture Science捕捞学 Fishing Science渔业资源学 Science of Fisheries Resources医学 Medicine基础医学 Basic Medicine人体解剖与组织胚胎学 Human Anatomy, Histology and Embryology免疫学 Immunology病原生物学 Pathogenic Organisms病理学与病理生理学 Pathology and Pathophysiology法医学 Forensic Medicine放射医学 Radiation Medicine航空航天与航海医学 Aerospace and Nautical medicine临床医学 Clinical Medicine内科学(含心血管病学、血液病学、呼吸系病学、消化系病学、内分泌与代谢病学、肾脏病学、风湿病学、传染病学)Internal medicine (including Cardiology, Hematology,Respiratory, Gastroenterology, Endocrinology andMetabolism, Nephrology, Rheuma-tology, InfectiousDiseases)儿科学 Pediatrics老年医学 Geriatrics神经病学 Neurology精神病与精神卫生学 Psychiatry and Mental Health皮肤病与性病学 Dermatology and Venereology影像医学与核医学 Imaging and Nuclear Medicine临床检验诊断学 Clinical Laboratory Diagnostics护理学 Nursing外科学(含普通外科学、骨外科学、泌尿外科学、胸心血管外科学、神经外科学、整形外科学、烧伤外科学、野战外科学)Surgery (General Surgery, Orthopedics, Urology,Cardiothoracic Surgery, Neurosurgery, Plastic Surgery,Burn Surgery, Field Surgery)妇产科学 Obstetrics and Gynecology眼科学 Ophthalmic Specialty耳鼻咽喉科学 Otolaryngology肿瘤学 Oncology康复医学与理疗学 Rehabilitation Medicine &Physical Therapy运动医学 Sports Medicine麻醉学 Anesthesiology急诊医学 Emergency Medicine口腔医学 Stomatology口腔基础医学 Basic Science of Stomatology口腔临床医学 Clinical Science of Stomatology公共卫生与预防医学 Public Health and Preventive Medicine流行病与卫生统计学 Epidemiology and Health Statistics劳动卫生与环境卫生学 Occupational and Environmental Health营养与食品卫生学 Nutrition and Food Hygiene儿少卫生与妇幼保健学 Maternal, Child and Adolescent Health卫生毒理学 Hygiene Toxicology军事预防医学 Military Preventive Medicine中医学 Chinese Medicine中医基础理论 Basic Theories of Chinese Medicine中医临床基础 Clinical Foundation of Chinese Medicine中医医史文献 History and Literature of Chinese Medicine方剂学 Formulas of Chinese Medicine中医诊断学 Diagnostics of Chinese Medicine中医内科学 Chinese Internal Medicine中医外科学 Surgery of Chinese Medicine中医骨伤科学 Orthopedics of Chinese Medicine中医妇科学 Gynecology of Chinese Medicine中医儿科学 Pediatrics of Chinese Medicine中医五官科学 Ophthalmology and Otolaryngoloy of ChineseMedicine针灸推拿学 Acupuncture and Moxibustion and Tuina of Chinesemedicine民族医学 Ethnomedicine中西医结合医学 Chinese and Western Integrative Medicine中西医结合基础医学 Basic Discipline of Chinese and WesternIntegrative中西医结合临床医学 Clinical Discipline of Chinese and WesternIntegrative Medicine药学 Pharmaceutical Science药物化学 Medicinal Chemistry药剂学 Pharmaceutics生药学 Pharmacognosy药物分析学 Pharmaceutical Analysis微生物与生化药学 Microbial and Biochemical Pharmacy药理学 Pharmacology中药学 Science of Chinese Pharmacology军事学 Military Science军事思想学及军事历史学 Military Thought and Military History军事思想学 Military Thought军事历史学 Military History战略学 Science of Strategy军事战略学 Military Strategy战争动员学 War Mobilization战役学 Science of Operations联合战役学 Joint Operation军种战役学(含第二炮兵战役学) Armed Service Operation (includingOperation of Strategic Missile Force)战术学 Science of Tactics合同战术学 Combined-Arms Tactics兵种战术学 Branch Tactics军队指挥学 Science of Command作战指挥学 Combat Command军事运筹学 Military Operation Research军事通信学 Military Communication军事情报学 Military Intelligence密码学 Cryptography军事教育训练学(含军事体育学) Military Education and Training (includingMilitary Physical Training)军制学 Science of Military System军事组织编制学 Military Organizational System军队管理学 Military Management军队政治工作学 Science of Military Political Work军事后勤学与军事装备学 Science of Military Logistics and MilitaryEquipment军事后勤学 Military Logistics后方专业勤务 Rear Special Service军事装备学 Military Equipment管理学 Management Science管理科学与工程 Management Science and Engineering工商管理学 Science of Business Administration会计学 Accounting企业管理学(含财务管理、市场营销学、人力资源管理学) Corporate Management(including Financial Management, Marketing, and HumanResources Management)旅游管理学 Tourist Management技术经济及管理学 Technology Economy and Management农林经济管理学 Agricultural and Forestry Economics & Management农业经济管理学 Agricultural Economics & Management林业经济管理学 Forestry Economics & Management公共管理学 Science of Public Management行政管理学 Administration Management社会医学与卫生事业管理学 Social Medicine and Health Management教育经济与管理学 Educational Economy and Management社会保障学 Social Security土地资源管理学 Land Resource Management图书馆、情报与档案学 Science of Library, Information and Archival图书馆学 Library Science 情报学 Information Science 档案学 Archival Science。

教育英语文献选读部分文章翻译

教育英语文献选读部分文章翻译

一、Y: 杨锐中央电视台英语频道“对话”节目主持人H: 何其莘教授北京外国语大学副校长D: Donald Holder 北大附中外籍教师Y: What do Eastern and Western family education share in shaping a child's mind and character? Y:东方和西方家庭教育分享在塑造孩子的人的心灵和品格?H: Parental guidance is probably the first thing. Both the east and west emphasize the quality of family life. Usually parents are the first teachers for a child. A child very often imitates the parents and he is likely to regard whatever the parents do as positive.H:父母的指导可能是第一件事。

东方和西方都强调家庭生活的质量。

通常父母为孩子的第一任老师。

一个孩子经常模仿父母和他可能认为不管父母做积极的。

D: I agree with Prof. He. It seems that in both families whether it's east or west, the child is the center and becomes the focus of the parents' hopes and dreams. And on both sides we also have this idea of putting pressure on the child. Especially in China, that pressure becomes even more apparent. Americans... sometimes it's a little more subtle in this side. But both sides share that a child is医生:我同意教授他。

教育类外文资料翻译

教育类外文资料翻译

毕业设计(论文)外文资料翻译题目初中科学教师成长案例分析与研究学院物理与电子信息工程学院专业物理学(师范)班级09物本学号0911******* 学生姓名郑默超指导教师黄晓虹温州大学教务处制外文资料来源及题目(注:含作者、书名、杂志名或外文数据库名等,英文文章或段落标题,原文附后)题目: Realms of beginning teachers emotional work.作者: Smeltzer Erb, Cathy Kay来源:【学位授予单位】university of toronto (canada)【学位名称】Ph.D.【学位年度】2004译成中文后题目(译文附后)新任教师情绪工作的领域指导教师审阅意见:签名:年月日原文Realms of beginning teachers emotional work.【作者】Smeltzer Erb, Cathy KayCase Study ApproachThis thesis adopts a qualitative research perspective characterized by an interpretive, naturalistic approach. Phenomenon is interpreted in a natural setting and viewed as a "complex, holistic picture" (Creswell, 1998, p. 15) that examines the multiple dimensions of a problem in all its complexity. The context of beginning teachers' emotional work is the natural setting for this thesis.Case study is the research methodology (Merriam, 1988) utilized in this thesis. Case study has a tradition of broad interdisciplinary evolution as it explores "a bounded system" (Smith, 1978) through in-depth data collection of multiple data sources (Creswell, 1998). Multiple forms of data collection, such as interviews, observations, debriefing interviews, field notes, and documents provide an in-depth view of the case. By design, case studies bring out details of participant viewpoints by using multiple data sources. Thus this holistic approach to case study research enables an examination of the complexity of all of the working parts in "an integrated system" (Stake, 1995, p.2). The context of case study research involves situating the case within its natural setting, thus aligning with the naturalistic approach of qualitative research.The primary design of this thesis will be a collective case study (Stake, 1995) involving six beginning teachers as separate case studies examined through cross-case analysis. The intent of multiple cases is to determine whether the cases follow similar themes and patterns (Yin, 1994). Multiple case study design allows for the emergence of common themes, achieved both within and among case analysis (Creswell, 1998), that might not be uncovered in a single case study (Creswell, 1994). Thus case study is an ideal methodology for a holistic, in-depth investigation (Feagin, Orum, & Sjoberg, 1991) of the emotional experience of a group of beginning teachers.Role of the ResearcherMy role as the researcher is to be an instrument of data collection that gathers data, analyzes data inductively, and interprets the meanings conveyed by participants (Patton, 1990). However, this objective role is filled with subjective tendencies in my research study that must be kept at the forefront of my thinking throughout the stages of data collection and analysis.In recent years, I have been involved on a committee that explored the possible implementation of a teacher induction program within the Southwestern Ontario school district where the site of this study is located. Also, at the invitation of a principal and vice-principal, I participated in the beginning stages of two small site-based initiatives prior to this study. One initiative was with six beginning teachers in a local elementary school. The other initiative involved approximately ten secondary teachers from the research site of this study.What I bring to this study is influenced by my own teacher experiences and from my understanding of teacher induction research. I believe that teacher induction is an essential component to effectively bringing new teachers into the profession. Clearly, I believe that the emotional dimension of new teachers' experience is an intentional part of teacher development. Belief in the content of my research study increases my commitment to understand the experience of teacher participants. My interest and commitment to new teachers allows me to go deeper into my investigation of research to understand the relationship between emotions and teacher learning.On the other hand, the belief that emotions are connected with learning to teach might subconsciously impede what questions I asked of participants, what I observed in watching these teachers in their work, or how I understood the data. Conscious awareness of my own biases was important when collecting and analyzing data to present as accurate a portrayal of these teachers' experiences as possible.As a researcher, I spent many hours observing and listening to teachers tell stories of their work. In some cases, stories were recounted with extreme positive or negative emotion. In other accounts, stories seemed more neutrally presented. Regardless of the emotion present, I was entrusted with both the sacred and the cursed moments of beginning teaching. Although not formally designed in my study, I was a mentor to these teachers. I entered my research with sensitivity to the amount of time that would be expected from participants. Without jeopardizing my research design, I remained conscious of the overwhelming demands faced by beginning teachers as reported in research literature while acquiring the data necessary for an in-depth study. I also recognized that disclosure of sensitive information to the researcher might be an issue for some participants. Late in the study, several teachers spoke appreciatively of the listening, mentoring, reflective and support mechanisms that were unintentionally structured into my role as researcher. For example:Yesterday I was feeling a sense of loss. Where's my Cathy? It's true though because there were a couple of things that happened yesterday ... I was looking for you this morning, 'cause I'm so used to sharing this stuff with somebody because normally you don't [talk about it to anyone]. [A-16-6]....I was thinking also, in many ways, this whole process with youto me, because we talk about all these things, this is for your research study, but to me you're very much my mentor. [A-23-108]The days I'm here with you I hardly see anybody else. No one else has taken the time to do this, either they're too afraid or no one's willing to provide it, or not interested. [B-13-68]These comments from participants mitigate the limitation of respondents being comfortable to disclose content of a sensitive nature to the researcher. In essence, the researcher-participant interaction evolved into a mentoring relationship in which trust and confidentiality were established during the study. It is expected that these relationships may continue beyond the scope of this study, particularly between the major participants and the researcher.Selection of Case Study ParticipantsIn qualitative research, participants are purposefully selected that will best answer the research question (Creswell, 1994). In this thesis, participants were purposefully selected from one secondary school within a Southwestern Ontario school district where the researcher had previously taught and had established contact with beginning teachers. Second-year teachers were selected based on the advice from research literature that new teachers need time to learn about a school culture and the students. Further, Grossman, Valencia, Evans, Thompson, Martin, and Place (2000) caution against relying solely on first year teacher's views. Once beginning teachers have survived the first year, they know their school culture and students, are more confident in their role as teachers, and are better able to reflectively assess their strengths and weaknesses than when they were engulfed in the overwhelming first year of teaching. Second year teachers have the advantage of one year of experience as a new teacher, yet the experience is fresh enough in their minds to accurately recall their experiences.To begin the process of selecting case study participants, I acquired written consent from school administration that this study could be conducted in their school. A vice-principal generated a list of all second-year teachers from the school database. With administration's approval, I prepared and distributed a memo to the 14 teachers identified from the database as second-year teachers. Of the 14 teachers, six indicated interest in participating in the study. Individual conversations with these six potential participants clarified the purpose and design of the study, assisted in assessing whether participants were interested in major or minor participation in the study, and assisted the researcher in assessing each individual according to the following criteria:■began his/her second year of probationary or permanent teaching in the 2001-2002 school year; ■entered the second year of teaching preferably where s/he was a first-year teacher;■was enthusiastic about participating in this research study;■was available and willing to participate in a variety of data collection procedures (interviews of 30-60 minutes in duration, classroom observations, document reviews, etc.);■consented to having interview sessions tape-recorded, transcribed and analyzed;■was willing to engage in an in-depth exploration of the emotional dimension of his/her work.Six second-year teachers met the criteria and were selected as participants. Two major participants comprised the primary cases and provided the greatest quantity of data for this thesis. A lesser volume of data were collected from four minor participants selected as secondary cases for the purpose of triangulating contextual issues and sorting out emerging concepts. A multi-case group of six was selected because it is a large enough number to give variation in representation, yet small enough for the researcher to manage prolonged engagement with each of the six participants. The group selected represented variation of subject areas, gender, age, and previous career experience.新任教师情绪工作的领域【作者】Smeltzer Erb, Cathy Kay案例研究方法本文以说明性、自然方法为特点的定性研究为视角。

教育类的中英文文献对照

教育类的中英文文献对照

对菲律宾学校辅导员学习观的探索艾伦 B.I.贝尔纳多著[摘要]学生学习改革是学校改革的重中之重,辅导员在学生的学习和进步中起着推动作用.然而,辅导员对学习过程有着怎样的理解呢?在这个研究中,我们调查了115个菲律宾学校的辅导员.就学习过程和影响学习的因素,他们对42个州的看法和做法表明了态度.一个对42个州的回应分析报告阐释了三个因素:(F1)社会认知构建主义,(F2)以教师或课程为中心的行为主义,(F3)个别差异.研究的主要成果是菲律宾学校辅导员的学习观对引导并促进学生的学习和进步起着很大影响.[关键词]学习观,学习概念,学校辅导员,学生学习,菲律宾世界上许多不同地区的学校改革都将重点放在学生学习上.特别是,大多数学校改进项目都将学生能接受高质量的教育和技能作为自己的目标,以帮助学生活跃于当今竞争激烈的全球经济社会(如:Lee & Williams, 2006).在这方面,学校改革项目吸取了当代一些学习理论和研究(如:Bransford, Brown, & Cocking, 1999; Lambert & McCombs, 1998).其中中心思想是学校改进的重点应致力于保证学生高质量的学习或接受有明确目标和标准的课程.例如,教科书(Chien & Young, 2007),计算机与教育技术(Gravoso, 2002; Haertnel & Means, 2003; Technology in Schools Task Force, 2003),教育评估体系(Black & Wiliam, 2004; Cheung & Ng, 2007; Clark, 2001; Stiggins, 2005)被重新考虑,因为这些支撑性的技术和资料影响着学生学习的进步.同样地,学校财政资源的管理和分配也被评估,以验证它们是否被充分调动起来促进学生学习.(Bolam, 2006; Chung & Hung, 2006; Retna, 2007)从这方面来说,一些支持者号召在改革中对学校辅导员进行测试(Herr, 2002).在美国,House and Hays (2002) 提出学校辅导员在引导学生进步中应扮演积极的领导角色.与此同时,美国学校辅导员协会在1997年倡导,“学校辅导员计划视是为了促进和加强学习过程”.为了回应这个提议,一些人推荐了所谓的最好办法,让学校辅导员全面参与到促进学生学习中来.(如:Rowell & Hong, 2002; Sink, 2005).提高学生的学习也是菲律宾学校改革的主题之一(Bernardo & Garcia, 2006; Bernado & Mendoza, 2009).然而,尽管学校辅导员在学生学习中的作用引起人们的重新思考,但这股浪潮并不十分明显.在菲律宾,学校辅导员通常被叫做指导员.他们在学生学习中所起的合作者作用在菲律宾学校辅导员作用讨论中并没被强调.并且,这些作用在菲律宾学校辅导员讨论(Abrenica, 2001; Salazar-Cleme.a, 2000)和辅导员教育计划(Almeda-Estanislao, 2007; Guarino, 2007; Pabition, 2003)中也没被提及.事实上,没有任何出版物系统研究过辅导员在学生学习和进步中所起的作用(Pabition, 2001, is a rare example).本研究将通过调查菲律宾学校辅导员有关学生学习过程的观念或信念,以主动探究他们在促进学生学习中可能起的作用. “什么是学习,为何学习”一直是各类教育利益相关者研究的重点.例如,有的侧重于学生学习概念的研究(Purdie & Hattie,2002),因为这些概念涉及到学生的学习行为和策略(Entwistle & Peterson, 2004; Pillay, Purdie, Boulton-Lewis, 2000).同样,一些研究侧重讨论教师(Boulton-Lewis, Smith, McCrindle, Burnett, & Campbell, 2001; Kane, Sandretto, & Heath, 2002; Samuelowicz & Bain, 2001))和职前教师(Bernardo, 2008; Cliff, 1998)对学习的理解和信仰,因为据说这些认知可以指导教师在课堂上的行为(Calderhead, 1996),甚至关系到学生成就(Gao & Watkins, 004).本研究旨大规模探讨菲律宾学校辅导员对学习所持的信念.不像学生和教师,学校辅导员不是学校学习的直接参与者.然而,学校辅导员对自身在促进学生的学习方面的认识,很可能受制于他们对学习概念的理解.学校辅导员要想成为学生学习的有效帮助者,就必须客观深刻的理解学习过程以及促进或妨碍学生学习的因素.在这项研究中,我们调查了菲律宾六个不同地区的学校辅导员,要求他们评估有关学习过程不同看法,并表明他们的立场.我们用主成分分析法分析他们的回答,以揭示他们的学习观结构.我们还讨论了在众多的学习观中,辅导员将倾向于选择哪种.方法参与者116个来自全国不同地区的学校辅导员参与了这项研究,研究主要采用调查问卷的方式.其中男性10人,女性103人,还有三人为注明性别.参与者大多比较年轻,20多岁的占43.1%,三十多岁的占30.2%.大多数被调查者是刚参加工作的辅导员;50.9%的受访者有五年或以下的工作经历,仅26.7%的人有五到十五年的工作经历.大约有一半或54.9%的参与者只有学士学位,其余的具有硕士以上学位.工具调查问卷中有42个涉及学习过程和影响学习过程的因素.看法来自于当代的各种学习理论和学习原则.问卷中的题目按随机顺序排列.与会者被要求表明是否同意问卷中的每个声明,每题有从0(非常不同意)到7(非常同意)八个不同选项.问卷还包括调查学校辅导员的教育和专业背景及其他一些人口统计信息.结果为探讨辅导员学习观结构,我们采用探索性因素分析法对他们的反应进行了分析.首先,对42个项目的内部一致性和该项目相关性进行计算.该项目相关性介于0.27~0.66之间,信度α=.94.Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin充分抽样调查指数是0.815,这表明数据是可行的.然后,采用主成分分析法分析42个项目中的原始数据,得到三个主要因素.我们应用旋转矩阵(正交因子旋转斜职位)分析组成因子.该模式有三个因素矩阵占总数的42.30%. 因素负荷量的判别方法是,其中一个因素至少占0.40,而其他因素不能多于0.35.因素1的测试(特征值=12.62; 方差=30.06%)表明,大多数人的学习观念与认知建构主义观点是一致的.这些条目强调实现更高层次的认知知识和技能,同时积极参与更复杂的新旧知识构建.一些样本项目包括:“学习各种材料,包括能够有效地计划如何理解一个复杂的技能或概念”和“学习多种材料,包括改变或重新构建大脑的信息框架”.另一方面,因素2(特征值= 3.26; 方差= 7.77%)指出与行为主义相一致的学习观.这也表明,学习过程受先天能力的限制,但也受到更加传统的引导教学的影响.其中的条目显示了学习者的被动,和教学过程中外部引导的重要性.一些样本项目包括:“学习复杂的材料,包括通过反复练习强化复杂技能,这种方法省力高效”,“学习各种资源,包括按意愿模仿生活中模范人物的行为”.最后,因素3(特征值=1.88; 方差= 4.48%),是指个体差异影响因素,如发育,动机,社会和个人认知.这些条目大多是指个人、群体或社会因素会影响学习效果.示例项目包括:“在学习过程,所学任务或概念与生活有无关联影响着学生的学习兴趣”,“学习过程受到学生成功期望值的影响”.代表三个不同因素的项目被分为三块,分别表示每个因素.社会认知的建构主义信念量表有17个项目(男= 5.72,标准差= 0.72,信度α= .92).行为主义信念量表包括9项(男= 5.14,标准差= 0.98,信度α= 0.83).最后,个体差异信念量表包括9项(男= 5.64,标准差= 0.78,信度α= .82).参与者对不同项目的反应在三个因素中密切相关.社会认知建构主义与行为主义相关(r =0 .48,p<0.0001),也与个体差异相关(r = 0.67,p<0.0001).行为主义信念也与个体差异信念相关(r = 0.50,p<0.0001).这三个因素的描述性统计表明,辅导员没有明确的偏好,各个信念也没有大的差别.其他描述性统计分析显示,这三个因素与教育,职业,或个人(性别,年龄,工龄,教育专业,教育成就)无必然联系.讨论这样说来,如果这种信念不是正式顾问教育课程的产品,那探究这种信念如何出现将是一件有趣的事情.也许,这些信念来自于菲律宾学校顾问的个人学习经验或个人的阅读资料和研究.菲律宾学校学生的个人学习经验会塑造学习概念,这和信仰结构的第三因素的特点相符合.因素3里的条目表明了个体差异,发展和社会因素影响菲律宾学校顾问学习理念的学习构成和重要视角.这个因素表明了菲律宾学校顾问的一个重要倾向:考虑与不同个人或者不同情境因素有关的学习过程,这些因素为特定的个人学习经历下定义.这个学习概念的形成揭示了,这个概念在一个程度上注意到了每个学生不同的学习经历,专注影响每一位学生学习的发展的、社会的、甚至文化因素.这样一种构想最可能关系到菲律宾学校顾问进行心理评估的核心功能,该评估突显出个体差异.基本的咨询技巧也同样需要顾问去探究特定的因素,这些因素决定那些不被看好的学生、荣誉学生和其他顾问在职业生涯中遇到的特殊学生的学习结果和经历.即使这项研究的结果只是初步探测,但是它提示了有用的类别或构建,来用于研究菲律宾顾问推动和促进菲律宾籍学生的学习的更方面能力.前面的讨论凸显了与第三因素相关的学习观念是如何与学校顾问的基本职能和功能相密切联系.与前两个因素或视角相对应的学习理念也可能与处理学生的学习需求的特定选择相关.那些强烈坚信社会构建主义学习信念的学校顾问很可能对一些学习问题进行概念,这些问题关于学习策略的积极使用,计划和其他的自律的学习模式,以及影响学生学习能力和动机的个人和社会因素.此外,社会建构主义学习理念可能与是开发更强的机构和学生自主决定的努力相联系.另一方面,那些坚信行为学习理念的顾问倾向于对学习问题从以下方面概念:适当的内部和外部的强化有效的学习行为,他们会把注意力集中在分析教师、父母、同辈、甚至是学生们自己如何应对各种有效和无效的学生学习行为.因此,行为主义学习信念可能改变特定的外部事件,并影响到以扬长避短为目的的学生学习环境.在这一点上面,学校顾问的学习信念和专业实践的关系仍然是推测性的,因为这项研究并没有试图收集关于专业操作的数据.未来的研究可以聚焦于这重要的一点,同样的,一些对教师和学生的学习理念相关的研究与教师实践(Calderhead,1996;高和沃特金斯,2004年)和学生学习行为(·恩特威斯尔&彼得森,Purdie,2003;Pillay,Boulton-Lewis,2000年)相关.这项研究的一个重要贡献在于它提供了一个有用的工具,这具有很高的内部一致性的价值.该工具可用于研究学校顾问不同的学习理念如何联系学生的学业表现(例如,失败,成绩不良等)、咨询及其它帮助学生提高学习成绩,甚至建立自己的专业职能的策略.由于世界不同地区的学校顾问在积极推动和促进学生的学习,那么考虑学校顾问提及的过程有关的认知, 这是很重要的.从菲律宾学校顾问的例子,研究表明了对学习过程下定义的角度,可以提供相关的专业职能,加强学习.这项研究的结果走出了一个小但重要的一步,其能够更加有效地对菲律宾学校顾问如何发挥其功能去提高学生的学习方法下定义.Exploring Filipino School Counselors’Beliefs about LearningAllan B. I. Bernardo[Abstract]School reform efforts that focus on student learning require school counselors to take on important new roles as advocates of student learning and achievement. But how do school counselors understand the process of learning? In this study, we explore the learning beliefs of 115 Filipino school counselors who indicated their degree of agreement with 42 statements about the process of learning and the factors that influence this process. A principal components analysis of the responses to the 42 statements suggested three factors: (F1) social-cognitive constructivist beliefs, (F2) teacher-/curriculum-centered behaviorist beliefs, and (F3) individual difference factors. The preliminary results are briefly discussed in terms of issues related to how Filipino school counselors’ conceptions of learning may guide their strategies for promoting student learning and achievement.[Key words] beliefs about learning, conceptions of learning, school counselors, student learning, PhilippinesSchool reform efforts in different parts of the world have focused on students’ learning. In particular, most school improvement programs now aim to ensure that students acquire the high-level knowledge and skills that help them to thrive in today’s highly competitive global economy (e.g., Lee & Williams, 2006). In this regard, school reform programs draw from various contemporary theories and research on learning (e.g., Bransford, Brown, & Cocking, 1999; Lambert & McCombs, 1998). The basic idea is that all school improvement efforts should be directed at ensuring students achieve high levels of learning or attainment of well-defined curricular objectives and standards. For example, textbooks (Chien & Young, 2007), computers and educational technology (Gravoso, 2002; Haertnel & Means, 2003; Technology in Schools Task Force, 2003), and educationalassessment systems (Black & Wiliam, 2004; Cheung & Ng, 2007; Clark, 2001; Stiggins, 2005) are being reconsidered as regards how they can effectively provide scaffolds and resources for advancing student learning. Likewise, the allocation and management of a school’s financial resources are assessed in terms of whether these are effec tively mobilized and utilized towards improving student learning (Bolam, 2006; Chung & Hung, 2006; Retna, 2007).In this regard, some advocates have also called for an examination of the role of school counselors in these reform efforts (Herr, 2002). In the United States, House and Hayes (2002) challenged school counselors to take proactive leadership roles in advocating for the success of all students in schools. In this line, the American School Counselor Association (1997) has advocated that “the purpose of a counseling program in a school setting is to promote and enhance the learning process.” In response to this thrust, many have documented and advocated best practices that would allow school counselors to fulfill their new roles in enhancing student learning (e.g., Rowell & Hong, 2002; Sink, 2005).The improvement of student learning has also been an important theme in school reform efforts in the Philippines (Bernardo & Garcia, 2006; Bernardo & Mendoza, 2009). However, the push for rethinking the roles of school counselors in improving student learning has not been as pronounced. School counselors, who are often called guidance counselors in the Philippines, and their functions and competencies as collaborators in the promotion of student learning in achievement have not been highlighted in discussions on the functions of Philippine school counselors (Abrenica, 2001; Salazar-Cleme.a, 2000). These functions and competencies are also not mentioned in discussions on the perceived competencies of Philippine school counselors (Almeda-Estanislao, 2007; Guarino, 2007; Pabiton, 2003), or in the counselor education programs (Wong-Fernandez, 2000, 2001). In fact, there is hardly any published research that looks into the role of school counselors in improving student learning and achievement (Pabiton, 2001, is a rare example).The present study aims to initiate inquiry into the possible roles of Philippine school counselors in promoting student learning, by looking into school counselors’ conceptions or beliefs regarding the learning process. Conceptions and beliefs aboutlearning has been an important focus of research among various education stakeholders. For example, research has focused on students’ conceptions of learning (Purdie & Hattie, 2002) as these con ceptions are related to the students’ learning behaviors and strategies (Entwistle & Peterson, 2004; Pillay, Purdie, Boulton-Lewis, 2000). Similarly, research has also focused on conceptions and beliefs about learning of teachers (Boulton-Lewis, Smith, McCrindle, Burnett, & Campbell, 2001; Kane, Sandretto, & Heath, 2002; Samuelowicz & Bain, 2001) and pre-service teachers (Bernardo, 2008; Cliff, 1998) as these cognitions are said to guide teachers practices in the classroom (Calderhead, 1996) and may even be related to student achievement (Gao & Watkins, 2004). This study aims to extend this line of inquiry by exploring the beliefs about learning of school counselors in the Philippines.School counselors are not the direct participants in the learning processes in schools, unlike students and teachers. Nevertheless, how school counselors conceive of their roles in promoting student learning is likely to be shaped by their own conceptions regarding the learning process. If school counselors are to be effective agents in facilitating students learning, they should have a deep and principled understanding of the processes of learning, and the factors that may promote or hinder these processes. In this study, we inquired into the beliefs about learning of practicing school counselors in six different regions of the Philippine by asking them to assess different statements regarding the learning process and indicate their agreement with such statements. Their responses were analyzed using principal components analysis in order to reveal the structure of their beliefs about learning, and possible options for school counselors in relation to the various dimensions of the learning beliefs are discussed.MethodParticipantsOne-hundred sixteen school counselors from six different regions of the country participated in the study by answering a questionnaire on conceptions of learning. Ten of the participants were male, 103 female, and three did not indicate their gender. Most of the participants are relatively young; 43.1% of the participants were in their 20s, and 30.2% were in their 30’s. Most of the participants are also relatively new in their present positionsas counselors; 50.9% of the participants have been in their present positions for five years for less and 26.7% have been in their positions for 6 to 15 years. About half or 54.9% of the participants have only a bachelor’s degree, and the rest have master’s degrees. InstrumentA questionnaire was designed to include 42 statements regarding the learning process and factors that affect this process. The statements were derived from different contemporary theories and principles regarding learning. The items were arranged in one random sequence in the questionnaire. The participants were asked to indicate whether they agree or disagree with each statement in the questionnaire, using a scale from 0 (very strongly disagree) to 7 (very strongly agree). The questionnaire also included questions referring to the school counselors’ educational and professional background and some other demographic information.ResultsTo explore the structure of the school counselors’ beliefs about learning, their responses were analyzed using an exploratory factor analysis. First, the internal consistency of the entire 42-item scale was computed and the item-total correlations were computed. The item-total correlations ranged from .27 to .66, Cronbach’s α = .94. The Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin measure of sampling adequacy was .815 indicating that the data are factorable. The raw data on the 42 items were then analyzed using principal components analysis, and the scree plot suggested three factors. The component matrix was rotated using the promax rotation (orthogonal factors are rotated to oblique positions). The pattern matrix with three factors accounted for 42.30% of the variance. The factor loadings were determined by considering items with loading of at least .40 in one factor and not more than .35 in either of the other factors.An examination of the items in Factor 1 (Eigenvalue = 12.62; % of variance = 30.06) indicates that most of the items refer to conceptions of learning that are consistent with cognitive constructivist views of learning. These items emphasize the importance of attaining higher level cognitive knowledge and skills, and the importance of active processes that relate old and new knowledge in the process of constructing more complexknowledge representations. Some sample items include: “Learning complex material involves being able to effectively plan how to understand a comp lex skill or concept” and “Learning complex material involves changing or reorganizing how one represents information in the mind.”On the other hand, the items in Factor 2 (Eigenvalue = 3.26; % of variance = 7.77) refer to conceptions of learning consistent with behaviorist conceptions of learning, that also suggest that learning processes are constrained by innate capabilities but are shaped by more traditional instructional processes. The items in this factor also suggest a passive role of the learner, and the importance of external instructional processes in advancing learning. Some sample items include: “Learning complex material involves the consistent practice and reinforcement of complex skills so that this is executed fast and without error” and “L earning complex material involves the imitation of desired behaviors from models in the environment.”Finally, the items in Factor 3 (Eigenvalue = 1.88; % of variance = 4.48) refer to factors that influence individual differences in learning, such as developmental, motivational, social, and individual cognitive styles. Most of the items in this factor refer to one or more personal or social factors that may influence the outcomes of the learning process. Example items include: “The learning process is infl uenced by whether the task and concepts to be learned are relevant to the learner’s personal interest” and “The learning process is influenced by the learner’s expectations for success and failure in learning.”The different items that loaded into the three factors were combined form three scales that represented each of the three factors. The social-cognitive constructivist beliefs scale consisted of 17 items (M=5.72, SD = .72, Cronbach’s α = .92). The behaviorist beliefs scale consisted of 9 items (M = 5.14, SD = .98, Cronbach’s α = .83). Finally, individual difference beliefs scale consisted of another 9 items (M = 5.64, SD = .78, Cronbach’s α = .82). The participants’ responses to the items in the three factors were highly related. Social-cognitive constructivists beliefs were correlated with behaviorist beliefs (r = .48, p < .0001), and with individual difference beliefs (r = .67, p < .0001). Behaviorist beliefs were also correlated with individual difference beliefs (r = .50,p< .0001). The descriptive statistics for the three factors suggest that there is no clear preference for one set of beliefs or another, nor is there a clear distinction made among the beliefs. Other descriptive statistical analysis revealed that the responses for the three factors were not associated with any of the educational, professional, or demographic variables such as sex, age, years in the profession, educational concentration/major, or educational attainment.DiscussionThis exploratory study reveals that Filipino school counselors’ beliefs about learning are organized in terms of fairly coherent systems of principles and factors that are consistent with both traditional (behaviorist) and contemporary (constructivist) approaches to understanding learning. One could speculate that the beliefs are organized in ways that reflect formal instruction regarding theories of learning, however, research on the guidance and counseling or counselor education curriculum in the Philippines (Wong-Fernandez, 2000, 2001) indicates that such concepts are not given emphasis at all. Thus, it is unlikely that the Filipino counselors’ beliefs about learning merely replicate the structure of formal courses on learning.In this regard, it would be interesting to inquire into how such beliefs actually emerge if it is not likely to be a product of the formal counselor education curriculum. Perhaps, the beliefs emerge from reflections about the Filipino school counselors’ personal learning experiences or personal readings and studies. That the personal experiences of Filipino school counselors may shape their conceptions of learning seems consistent with the features of the third factor in the structure of their beliefs. The items in Factor 3 indicate that ideas regarding individual difference, developmental and social factors that influence learning comprise and important dimension of the Filipino school counselors’ beliefs about learning. The factor indicates an important predisposition among Filipino school counselors to think about the learning process in relation to the various personal and contextual factors that define the specific experiences of each learner. This conceptualization of learning reveals a degree of sensitivity to the distinctiveness in the learning experiences of each student, and mindfulness about the various developmental,social, and even cultural factors that influence the learning of each individual student. Such a conceptualization most likely relates to the Filipino school counselors’ core function of psychological assessment, which highlights individual difference variables. Basic counseling techniques also require the school counselors to inquire into specific factors that determine the learning outcomes and experiences of underachieving students, honor students, and other distinct cases that the school counselors are likely to encounter in their professional practice.Even as the results of the study are exploratory and preliminary, the results indicate useful categories or constructs to begin studying aspects of the Filipi no counselors’ capacity to engage the function of promoting and enhancing Filipino students’ learning. The preceding discussion highlights how learning beliefs associated with the third factor are likely to be associated with some fundamental competencies and functions of school counselors. Learning beliefs corresponding to the first two factors or dimensions may also be related to specific options for dealing with students’ learning needs. School counselors who hold strong social-cognitive constructivist learning beliefs are likely to conceptualize learning problems in terms of the use of active learning strategies, planning and other self-regulatory learning approaches, and possible personal and social factors that influence the students’ ability and motiv ation to implement these strategies. Moreover, social-cognitive constructivist learning beliefs might be associated with efforts to develop stronger agency and self-determination on the part of the student. On the other hand, school counselors who hold strong behaviorist learning beliefs are likely to conceptualize learning problems in terms of problems with appropriate internal and external reinforcements to effective learning behaviors, and are likely to focus on analyzing how teachers, parents, peers, and even the students themselves respond to various effective and ineffective learning behaviors of the student. Thus, behaviorist learning beliefs might be associated with interventions that will involve changing certain external contingencies in the studen ts’ learning environment for the purpose of shaping and strengthening good learning behaviors and extinguishing bad ones.The relationship between school counselors’ learning beliefs and their professionalapproaches and practices remains speculative at this point, as the study did not attempt to gather data on these professional practices. Future research studies can focus on this important point, in the same way that some research on teachers’ and students’ beliefs about learning are associated with teacher practices (Calderhead, 1996; Gao & Watkins, 2004) and student learning behaviors (Entwistle & Peterson, 2004; Pillay, Purdie, Boulton-Lewis, 2000). One important contribution of the study is that it provides a useful instrument with high internal consistency values for doing so. The instrument may be used to study how school counselors’ different conceptualizations of learning may be related to their attributions for students’ academic performance (e.g., failure, underachievement, etc.), to the counseling and other intervention strategies they adopt for helping students improve on their learning achievement levels, and even to how they construct their professional functions vis-à-vis student learning.As school counselors in different parts of the world strive to define more active roles in promoting and enhancing student learning, it is important to consider the relevant cognitions that school counselors might have related to the process. In the case of Filipino school counselors, the study indicates dimensions of conceptualizations about the learning process that may provide the foundation for concretizing the school counselors’ professional functions related to enhancing learning. The results of this study represent a small but important step towards more effectively conceptualizing approaches for how Filipino school counselors may engage this function of enhancing learning among Filipino students.。

中西方教育差异文献

中西方教育差异文献

中西方教育差异文献1. "Chinese Education: Selected Documents" by Ruth Hayhoe这本书搜集了一系列关于中国教育的文献,涵盖了教育体制、课程改革和教育政策等方面的内容。

2. "Chinese Learners and Western Education" by David Watkins本书研究了中国学生在西方教育体系中的经历和适应情况,探讨了中西方教育差异对学生学习和发展的影响。

3. "The Globalisation of Chinese Education: Perspectives from the Field" by Jane Knight该书从实地研究的角度分析了中国教育的全球化趋势,比较了中西方教育体系的异同,并探讨了全球化对中国教育的影响。

4. "Cultures of Schooling: Pedagogies for Cultural Difference and Social Access" by Mary Kalantzis and Bill Cope这本书讨论了中西方文化差异对教育的影响,并提供了一些跨文化教育的教学策略和方法。

5. "Educational Trends in a Changing China: Comparative Perspectives on Education Reforms and Practices" edited by Shibao Guo and Yan Guo该书汇集了多位学者的研究,比较了中国教育改革和实践与其他国家的差异,深入探讨了中西方教育制度的异同。

6. "Chinese Education and Society: A Bibliographic Guide" byMarjorie Bingham Wescoat这本书提供了关于中国教育和社会的文献索引,为研究者提供了研究中国教育的重要参考资源。

西方教育经典文献

西方教育经典文献

西方教育经典文献西方教育经典文献对于教育理论和实践都有重要的影响,下面列举了10个西方教育经典文献,以展示其对教育领域的重要贡献。

1. 《论教育》(On Education) - 约翰·洛克约翰·洛克是西方教育理论的奠基人之一,他在《论教育》中提出了教育的目标、方法和原则,强调个性化教育和培养学生自主性。

2. 《修辞学》(Rhetoric) - 亚里士多德亚里士多德的《修辞学》是一部关于演讲和说服的经典著作,对教育者如何培养学生的说服能力和表达能力提供了重要指导。

3. 《人的教育》(Émile) - 让-雅克·卢梭让-雅克·卢梭的《人的教育》是一本关于儿童教育的重要著作,强调儿童的自然发展和自主性,提出了个性化培养和培养良好习惯的教育方法。

4. 《民主与教育》(Democracy and Education) - 约翰·杜威约翰·杜威的《民主与教育》是一本关于教育哲学的经典著作,强调教育与民主社会的关系,提出了以学生为中心、注重实践和体验的教育理念。

5. 《教育的目的》(The Aims of Education) - 阿尔弗雷德·诺斯·怀特黑德阿尔弗雷德·诺斯·怀特黑德的《教育的目的》是一本关于教育目标和价值观的著作,探讨了教育的终极目标和培养全面发展的个体的重要性。

6. 《学校与社会》(School and Society) - 约翰·杜威约翰·杜威的《学校与社会》是一本关于教育改革的著作,强调教育应该与社会紧密结合,为学生提供与现实生活相关的学习经验。

7. 《教育哲学》(Philosophy of Education) - 尤金·费尔达尤金·费尔达的《教育哲学》是一本系统介绍教育哲学的经典教材,包括教育的本质、目的、方法和价值观等内容。

8. 《教育与民主的信仰》(The Beliefs of Educators and Civic Education) - 约翰·迪沃西约翰·迪沃西的《教育与民主的信仰》是一本关于公民教育的重要著作,强调教育是培养公民素质和参与民主政治的重要手段。

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对菲律宾学校辅导员学习观的探索艾伦 B.I.贝尔纳多著[摘要]学生学习改革是学校改革的重中之重,辅导员在学生的学习和进步中起着推动作用。

然而,辅导员对学习过程有着怎样的理解呢?在这个研究中,我们调查了115个菲律宾学校的辅导员。

就学习过程和影响学习的因素,他们对42个州的看法和做法表明了态度。

一个对42个州的回应分析报告阐释了三个因素:(F1)社会认知构建主义,(F2)以教师或课程为中心的行为主义,(F3)个别差异。

研究的主要成果是菲律宾学校辅导员的学习观对引导并促进学生的学习和进步起着很大影响。

[关键词]学习观,学习概念,学校辅导员,学生学习,菲律宾世界上许多不同地区的学校改革都将重点放在学生学习上。

特别是,大多数学校改进项目都将学生能接受高质量的教育和技能作为自己的目标,以帮助学生活跃于当今竞争激烈的全球经济社会(如:Lee & Williams, 2006)。

在这方面,学校改革项目吸取了当代一些学习理论和研究(如:Bransford, Brown, & Cocking, 1999; Lambert & McCombs, 1998)。

其中中心思想是学校改进的重点应致力于保证学生高质量的学习或接受有明确目标和标准的课程。

例如,教科书(Chien & Young, 2007),计算机与教育技术(Gravoso, 2002; Haertnel & Means, 2003; Technology in Schools Task Force, 2003),教育评估体系(Black & Wiliam, 2004; Cheung & Ng, 2007; Clark, 2001; Stiggins, 2005)被重新考虑,因为这些支撑性的技术和资料影响着学生学习的进步。

同样地,学校财政资源的管理和分配也被评估,以验证它们是否被充分调动起来促进学生学习。

(Bolam, 2006; Chung & Hung, 2006; Retna, 2007)从这方面来说,一些支持者号召在改革中对学校辅导员进行测试(Herr, 2002)。

在美国,House and Hays (2002) 提出学校辅导员在引导学生进步中应扮演积极的领导角色。

与此同时,美国学校辅导员协会在1997年倡导,“学校辅导员计划视是为了促进和加强学习过程”。

为了回应这个提议,一些人推荐了所谓的最好办法,让学校辅导员全面参与到促进学生学习中来。

(如:Rowell & Hong, 2002; Sink, 2005)。

提高学生的学习也是菲律宾学校改革的主题之一(Bernardo & Garcia, 2006; Bernado & Mendoza, 2009)。

然而,尽管学校辅导员在学生学习中的作用引起人们的重新思考,但这股浪潮并不十分明显。

在菲律宾,学校辅导员通常被叫做指导员。

他们在学生学习中所起的合作者作用在菲律宾学校辅导员作用讨论中并没被强调。

并且,这些作用在菲律宾学校辅导员讨论(Abrenica, 2001; Salazar-Cleme.a, 2000)和辅导员教育计划(Almeda-Estanislao, 2007; Guarino, 2007; Pabition, 2003)中也没被提及。

事实上,没有任何出版物系统研究过辅导员在学生学习和进步中所起的作用(Pabition, 2001, is a rare example)。

本研究将通过调查菲律宾学校辅导员有关学生学习过程的观念或信念,以主动探究他们在促进学生学习中可能起的作用。

“什么是学习,为何学习”一直是各类教育利益相关者研究的重点。

例如,有的侧重于学生学习概念的研究(Purdie & Hattie,2002),因为这些概念涉及到学生的学习行为和策略(Entwistle & Peterson, 2004; Pillay, Purdie, Boulton-Lewis, 2000)。

同样,一些研究侧重讨论教师(Boulton-Lewis, Smith, McCrindle, Burnett, & Campbell, 2001; Kane, Sandretto, & Heath, 2002; Samuelowicz & Bain, 2001))和职前教师(Bernardo, 2008; Cliff, 1998)对学习的理解和信仰,因为据说这些认知可以指导教师在课堂上的行为(Calderhead, 1996),甚至关系到学生成就(Gao & Watkins, 004)。

本研究旨大规模探讨菲律宾学校辅导员对学习所持的信念。

不像学生和教师,学校辅导员不是学校学习的直接参与者。

然而,学校辅导员对自身在促进学生的学习方面的认识,很可能受制于他们对学习概念的理解。

学校辅导员要想成为学生学习的有效帮助者,就必须客观深刻的理解学习过程以及促进或妨碍学生学习的因素。

在这项研究中,我们调查了菲律宾六个不同地区的学校辅导员,要求他们评估有关学习过程不同看法,并表明他们的立场。

我们用主成分分析法分析他们的回答,以揭示他们的学习观结构。

我们还讨论了在众多的学习观中,辅导员将倾向于选择哪种。

方法参与者116个来自全国不同地区的学校辅导员参与了这项研究,研究主要采用调查问卷的方式。

其中男性10人,女性103人,还有三人为注明性别。

参与者大多比较年轻,20多岁的占43.1%,三十多岁的占30.2%。

大多数被调查者是刚参加工作的辅导员;50.9%的受访者有五年或以下的工作经历,仅26.7%的人有五到十五年的工作经历。

大约有一半或54.9%的参与者只有学士学位,其余的具有硕士以上学位。

工具调查问卷中有42个涉及学习过程和影响学习过程的因素。

看法来自于当代的各种学习理论和学习原则。

问卷中的题目按随机顺序排列。

与会者被要求表明是否同意问卷中的每个声明,每题有从0(非常不同意)到7(非常同意)八个不同选项。

问卷还包括调查学校辅导员的教育和专业背景及其他一些人口统计信息。

结果为探讨辅导员学习观结构,我们采用探索性因素分析法对他们的反应进行了分析。

首先,对42个项目的内部一致性和该项目相关性进行计算。

该项目相关性介于0.27~0.66之间,信度α=.94.Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin充分抽样调查指数是0.815,这表明数据是可行的。

然后,采用主成分分析法分析42个项目中的原始数据,得到三个主要因素。

我们应用旋转矩阵(正交因子旋转斜职位)分析组成因子。

该模式有三个因素矩阵占总数的42.30%. 因素负荷量的判别方法是,其中一个因素至少占0.40,而其他因素不能多于0.35。

因素1的测试(特征值=12.62; 方差=30.06%)表明,大多数人的学习观念与认知建构主义观点是一致的。

这些条目强调实现更高层次的认知知识和技能,同时积极参与更复杂的新旧知识构建。

一些样本项目包括:“学习各种材料,包括能够有效地计划如何理解一个复杂的技能或概念”和“学习多种材料,包括改变或重新构建大脑的信息框架”。

另一方面,因素2(特征值= 3.26; 方差= 7.77%)指出与行为主义相一致的学习观。

这也表明,学习过程受先天能力的限制,但也受到更加传统的引导教学的影响。

其中的条目显示了学习者的被动,和教学过程中外部引导的重要性。

一些样本项目包括:“学习复杂的材料,包括通过反复练习强化复杂技能,这种方法省力高效”,“学习各种资源,包括按意愿模仿生活中模范人物的行为”。

最后,因素3(特征值=1.88; 方差= 4.48%),是指个体差异影响因素,如发育,动机,社会和个人认知。

这些条目大多是指个人、群体或社会因素会影响学习效果。

示例项目包括:“在学习过程,所学任务或概念与生活有无关联影响着学生的学习兴趣”,“学习过程受到学生成功期望值的影响”。

代表三个不同因素的项目被分为三块,分别表示每个因素。

社会认知的建构主义信念量表有17个项目(男= 5.72,标准差= 0.72,信度α= .92)。

行为主义信念量表包括9项(男= 5.14,标准差= 0.98,信度α= 0.83)。

最后,个体差异信念量表包括9项(男= 5.64,标准差= 0.78,信度α= .82)。

参与者对不同项目的反应在三个因素中密切相关。

社会认知建构主义与行为主义相关(r =0 .48,p<0.0001),也与个体差异相关(r = 0.67,p<0.0001)。

行为主义信念也与个体差异信念相关(r = 0.50,p<0.0001)。

这三个因素的描述性统计表明,辅导员没有明确的偏好,各个信念也没有大的差别。

其他描述性统计分析显示,这三个因素与教育,职业,或个人(性别,年龄,工龄,教育专业,教育成就)无必然联系。

讨论这样说来,如果这种信念不是正式顾问教育课程的产品,那探究这种信念如何出现将是一件有趣的事情。

也许,这些信念来自于菲律宾学校顾问的个人学习经验或个人的阅读资料和研究。

菲律宾学校学生的个人学习经验会塑造学习概念,这和信仰结构的第三因素的特点相符合。

因素3里的条目表明了个体差异,发展和社会因素影响菲律宾学校顾问学习理念的学习构成和重要视角。

这个因素表明了菲律宾学校顾问的一个重要倾向:考虑与不同个人或者不同情境因素有关的学习过程,这些因素为特定的个人学习经历下定义。

这个学习概念的形成揭示了,这个概念在一个程度上注意到了每个学生不同的学习经历,专注影响每一位学生学习的发展的、社会的、甚至文化因素。

这样一种构想最可能关系到菲律宾学校顾问进行心理评估的核心功能,该评估突显出个体差异。

基本的咨询技巧也同样需要顾问去探究特定的因素,这些因素决定那些不被看好的学生、荣誉学生和其他顾问在职业生涯中遇到的特殊学生的学习结果和经历。

即使这项研究的结果只是初步探测,但是它提示了有用的类别或构建,来用于研究菲律宾顾问推动和促进菲律宾籍学生的学习的更方面能力。

前面的讨论凸显了与第三因素相关的学习观念是如何与学校顾问的基本职能和功能相密切联系。

与前两个因素或视角相对应的学习理念也可能与处理学生的学习需求的特定选择相关。

那些强烈坚信社会构建主义学习信念的学校顾问很可能对一些学习问题进行概念,这些问题关于学习策略的积极使用,计划和其他的自律的学习模式,以及影响学生学习能力和动机的个人和社会因素。

此外,社会建构主义学习理念可能与是开发更强的机构和学生自主决定的努力相联系。

另一方面,那些坚信行为学习理念的顾问倾向于对学习问题从以下方面概念:适当的内部和外部的强化有效的学习行为,他们会把注意力集中在分析教师、父母、同辈、甚至是学生们自己如何应对各种有效和无效的学生学习行为。

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