语言学教程课件2 Phonetics and Phonology
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英语语言学讲义Chapter2
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--studies speech production by the speech organs Auditory Phonetics:
--studies perception of speech sounds in the human auditory and cognitive system
3. Some Rules of Phonology
2. Sequential Rules
If a word begins with a [ l ] or a [ r ],then the next must be a vowel. That is why [lbik] is an impossible combination. It violates the restrictions on the sequencing of phonemes.
Definition of Phonetics
•Prof. Hu Zhuanglin: Phonetics is the science which studies the characteristics of human sound-making, especially those sounds used in speech and provides methods for their description, classification and transcription
4
Classification of Vowels: Monophthongs
Monophthongs can be classified according to •The Highest Part of the Tongue （舌高） •The Opening of the Mouth （口腔张开度） •The Length of the Vowel （元音音长） •The Shape of the Lips （唇形）
--studies speech production by the speech organs Auditory Phonetics:
--studies perception of speech sounds in the human auditory and cognitive system
3. Some Rules of Phonology
2. Sequential Rules
If a word begins with a [ l ] or a [ r ],then the next must be a vowel. That is why [lbik] is an impossible combination. It violates the restrictions on the sequencing of phonemes.
Definition of Phonetics
•Prof. Hu Zhuanglin: Phonetics is the science which studies the characteristics of human sound-making, especially those sounds used in speech and provides methods for their description, classification and transcription
4
Classification of Vowels: Monophthongs
Monophthongs can be classified according to •The Highest Part of the Tongue （舌高） •The Opening of the Mouth （口腔张开度） •The Length of the Vowel （元音音长） •The Shape of the Lips （唇形）
英语语言学 第二章 Phonetics and Phonology
scope of phonetics
articulatory phonetics
auditory phonetics
acoustic phonetics
articulatory phonetics 发音语音学 From the speaker’s point of view： studying how a speaker uses his or her speech organ to articulate sounds （ 研究语音的产生）
当声带分离时，气流容易通过，由此产生的语 音叫清音（voiceless），如 [p, s, t]。 当声带贴近时，气流使其产生震动 （vibration），形成的声音成为浊音 （voicing），如[ b, z, d]。 当声带完全紧贴时，气流无法通过，不发出声 音。
pharyngeal cavity: Vibration of the vocal cords results in a quality of speech sounds called voicing, which is a feature of all vowels and some consonants in English.
2.1 the phonic medium of language
two media of language : speech and writing Sounds which are meaningful in human communication constitute the phonic medium of language.
2.2.2 speech
organs (发音器官)
Chapter 2 Phonetics and__ Phonology
Chapter 2 Phonetics and PhonologyThe phonic medium of language:Sounds which are meaningful in human communication constitute the phonic medium of language.Speech and writing are the two media or substances used by natural languages as vehicles for communication.Speech is more basic than writing.Language is first perceived through its sounds. Naturally, linguists are concerned only with those sounds that are produced by humans through their speech organs and have a role to play in linguistic communication. These sounds are limited in number. This limited range of sounds which are meaningful in human communication constitute the phonic medium of language; and the individual sounds within this range are the speech sounds.1 PhoneticsPhonetics studies how speech sounds are produced, transmitted, and perceived.Phonetics looks at speech sounds from three distinct but related points of view: Articulatory phonetics（发音语音学）Auditory phonetics （听觉语音学）Acoustic phonetics （声学语音学）For the purpose of this course, we will concentrate only on Articulatory Phonetics, which deals with how sounds are produced and ignore the other areas of study.Articulatory phonetics----the study of the production of speech soundsFrom the speaker’s point of view: how a speaker uses his speech organs to articulate the sounds, which results in articulatory phonetics.Auditory phonetics----the study of the perception of speech soundsFrom the hearer’s point of view:how the sounds are perceived by the hearer, which results in auditory phonetics.Acoustic phonetics----the study of the physical properties of the sounds produced in speech From the way sounds travel: how sounds travel by looking at the sound saves, the physical means by which sounds are transmitted through the air from one person to another, which results in acoustic phonetics.1.2 Speech organs (vocal organs)The parts of the human body involved in the production of speech.The three cavities of the vocal tract:the pharyn / throat (pharyngeal cavity) 咽腔,the mouth (oral cavity) 口腔,the nose (nasal cavity) 鼻腔.The air- stream coming from the lungs is modified in various ways in these cavities, resulting in the production of various sounds.发音器官的构造及其作用世界上所有的声音都是物体振动产生的声波在介质中传递的结果，因此声音的产生离不开振动的动力、振动的源头和振动的共鸣腔。
Chapter 2_Phonetics and Phonology
• • • • Glottis （声门） Larynx （喉） Windpipe （气管） Vocal cords （声带）
Voice and Voiceless
• Vibration of the vocal cords results in a quality of speech sounds called “voicing”, which is a feature of all vowels and some consonants in English. Such consonants are voiced (+V). When the vocal cords are drawn wide apart, letting air go through without causing vibration, the sounds produced in such a condition are voiceless (-V).
Tongue
• Obstruction between the back of the tongue and the velar area results in the pronunciation of [ ] and [ ] • The narrowing of space between hard palate and the front of the tongue leads to the sound [ ] • The obstruction created between the tip of the tongue and the alveolar ridge results in the sounds [ ] and [ ] • Partial obstruction between the upper front teeth and the tip of the tongue produces the sounds [ ] and [ ] • Obstruction between the upper teeth and the lower lip leads to the production of two sounds [ ] [ ] • Obstruction between the lips creates the sounds [ ] and [ ]
Voice and Voiceless
• Vibration of the vocal cords results in a quality of speech sounds called “voicing”, which is a feature of all vowels and some consonants in English. Such consonants are voiced (+V). When the vocal cords are drawn wide apart, letting air go through without causing vibration, the sounds produced in such a condition are voiceless (-V).
Tongue
• Obstruction between the back of the tongue and the velar area results in the pronunciation of [ ] and [ ] • The narrowing of space between hard palate and the front of the tongue leads to the sound [ ] • The obstruction created between the tip of the tongue and the alveolar ridge results in the sounds [ ] and [ ] • Partial obstruction between the upper front teeth and the tip of the tongue produces the sounds [ ] and [ ] • Obstruction between the upper teeth and the lower lip leads to the production of two sounds [ ] [ ] • Obstruction between the lips creates the sounds [ ] and [ ]
Chapter 2 Phonetics and phonology
It was changed to its present title of the International Phonetic Association (IPA) in 1897.
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▪ One of the first activities of the Association was to produce a journal in which the contents were printed entirely in phonetic transcription.
▪ As there is no obstruction of air in the production of vowels, the description of the consonants and vowels cannot be done along the same lines.
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2.1 Consonants
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▪ Bilabial ▪ Labiodental ▪ Dental ▪ Alveolar ▪ Postalveolar ▪ Retroflex ▪ Palatal ▪ Velar ▪ Uvular ▪ Pharyngeal ▪ Glottal
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2.2 Vowels
▪ Cardinal Vowels, as exhibited by the vowel diagram in the IPA chart, are a set of vowel qualities arbitrarily defined, fixed and unchanging, intended to provide a frame of reference for the description of the actual vowels of existing languages.
8
▪ One of the first activities of the Association was to produce a journal in which the contents were printed entirely in phonetic transcription.
▪ As there is no obstruction of air in the production of vowels, the description of the consonants and vowels cannot be done along the same lines.
14
2.1 Consonants
18
▪ Bilabial ▪ Labiodental ▪ Dental ▪ Alveolar ▪ Postalveolar ▪ Retroflex ▪ Palatal ▪ Velar ▪ Uvular ▪ Pharyngeal ▪ Glottal
19
2.2 Vowels
▪ Cardinal Vowels, as exhibited by the vowel diagram in the IPA chart, are a set of vowel qualities arbitrarily defined, fixed and unchanging, intended to provide a frame of reference for the description of the actual vowels of existing languages.
《语言学教程》第 2 章 语音学与音位学1(课堂PPT)
语音学研究的是语音，即语音如何发出、传递和 感知，以及对语音、词语和连续性口语等的（语 音学性质的）描写和分类。
7
Phonetics studies speech sounds,
made,
how speech sounds transmitted are actually
that
and received,
is,
speech sounds,
the description and classification of
words
and connected speech，
etc.
8
语音学研究的是语音，
发出、
传递 语音如何
和感知
即
语音
以及对
词 连续性语音
的描写 和分类。
9
Phonetics studies how speech sounds are produced, transmitted, and perceived.
的规则。
以及 音节的形式 音位学以音位为起点来研究语言的语音系统。
13
音位学的定义
Phonology is the study of the sound patterns and sound systems of languages. It aims to “discover the principles that govern the way sounds are organized in languages, and to explain the variations that occur.” （Crystal, 1997: 162）
第 1 学期 第6 讲 第 2 章 语音学与音位学（1）
7
Phonetics studies speech sounds,
made,
how speech sounds transmitted are actually
that
and received,
is,
speech sounds,
the description and classification of
words
and connected speech，
etc.
8
语音学研究的是语音，
发出、
传递 语音如何
和感知
即
语音
以及对
词 连续性语音
的描写 和分类。
9
Phonetics studies how speech sounds are produced, transmitted, and perceived.
的规则。
以及 音节的形式 音位学以音位为起点来研究语言的语音系统。
13
音位学的定义
Phonology is the study of the sound patterns and sound systems of languages. It aims to “discover the principles that govern the way sounds are organized in languages, and to explain the variations that occur.” （Crystal, 1997: 162）
第 1 学期 第6 讲 第 2 章 语音学与音位学（1）
英语语言学概论第二章phonology(共14张PPT)
2.3.1 Coarticulation (协同发音)
Map PK Lamb
[mæp]
[læm]
A nasal + a vowel
Soft palate: from the lowered position to the raised position
Proceeding influenced following (perseverative)
Broad and narrow transcriptions
Velarization rule (软腭化): A vowel + a nasal
the
string,
the
two
sound
combinations
are
phonemic contrast, complementary distribution
when simultaneous or overlapping articulations are involved.
Broad and narrow transcriptions
[pi:k]
Peak
[pʰi:k]
Broad
Narrow
1. Broad transcription (宽式音标): The transcription of sounds with letter-symbols only. [ _ ]
said to form a minimal pair.
Pill/bill; pill/till; till/kill; kill/dill/; dill/gill
big/peg; peak/leap
Minimal pairs
Four requirements for identifying minimal pairs:
英语语言学教程Chapter 2 精品PPT课件
Its main principles were that
there should be a separate letter for each distinctive sound, and
that the same symbol should be used for that sound in any language in which it appears.
The alphabet was to consist of as many Roman alphabet letters as possible, using new letters and diacritics only when absolutely necessary.
These principles continue to be followed today.
Questions for the students:
Do you know that human beings are capable of making all kinds of sounds, but only some of these sounds have become units in the language system?
Chapter 2 Speech Sounds
Teaching aims: Let the students have the general idea about phonetics and phonology.
Teaching difficulties: Manner of articulation ; (发音方法） Place of articulation ; （发音部位） The criteria of vowel description （元音的描述 ）; Broad and narrow transcription （宽式 / ; 窄式标音） allophone（音位变体）; minimal pairs（最小对立位）; assimilation（同化）
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Phonology phonetics and phonology ideas and concepts theories and approaches
2.1 Phonetics
The field study Speech sounds and non-speech sounds Pulmonic and non-pulmonic speech
Position of the vocal folds: voicing (initial & the widest aperture)
Position of the vocal folds: glottal stop
Description of speech sounds
We use Phonetic Alphabets to describe speech sounds
mouth Soft palate in lowered position Uvula: the loose hanging end of the soft palate Pharynx Blade of the tongue: including the tip, the part
Diacritics: any mark in sound description additional to letters or other basic elements. [¨], [˜]
Narrow description: detailed Broad description: general
opposite the teeth ridge
Speech Organs 2
Front of the tongue: the part opposite the hard palate
Back of the tongue: the part opposite the soft palate
The International Phonetic Alphabet (Revised to 2005)
Classification of speech sounds
Consonants Vowels Place of articulation: Manner of articulation: Openness, backness, rounding
vowel [j] [w]
(lateral approximant) trills taps (flaps)
The place of articulation refers to the point where a consonant is made.
Practically consonants may be produced at any place between the lips and the vocal folds.
The categories of consonant, therefore, are established on the basis of several factors.
Consonants may be divided into two groups in terms of 2 dimensions: the place of articulation and the manner of articulation.
Epiglottis: this is drawn over the windpipe when swallowing
Windpipe
Food passage
Vocal cords or vocal lips: The upper extremity of the windpipe (Adam’s apple) which contains and protects the vocal cords
We can analyze speech sounds from various perspectives and the two major areas of study are phonetics and phonology.
Phonetics The field of study The way of sound description
Eleven places of articulation are distinguished on the IPA chart:
Place of articulation
bilabial 双唇音 dental齿音 labiodental 唇齿音 alveolar齿龈音 post-alveolar后齿龈音 retroflex卷舌音 palatal 颚音 velar 软颚音 uvular pharyngeal 咽音 glottal 喉音
The manner of articulation refers to ways in which articulation can be accomplished:
the articulators may close off the oral tract for an instant or a relatively long period;
The idea of establishing a phonetic alphabet was first proposed by the Dician Otto Jespersen (1860-1943) in 1886
International Phonetic alphabets (IPA): a unique written representations (a list of symbols) of every sound in every language
Postalveolar: the crown with the rear edge of the alveolar ridge 后齿龈音
Prepalatal: the tip is held behind the lower teeth.前鄂音
Retroflex: the lower surface of the tongue blade and the tongue tip curled back.卷舌音
Consonants
In the production of consonants at least two articulators are involved.
For example, the initial sound in bad involves both lips and its final segment involves the blade (or the tip) of the tongue and the alveolar ridge.
voiced and voiceless: some consonants and all vowels
Speech organs 1
Lips Teeth Alveolar ridge: convex part of the mouth,
immediately behind the teeth Hard palate: concave part of the roof of the
Consonants and vowels
Consonants are produced ‘by a closure in the vocal tract, or by a narrowing which is so marked that air cannot escape without producing audible friction’.
sounds Speech organs Description of speech sounds Classification of speech sounds
The field of study
Phonetics: the scientific study of speech sounds, concerning with defining and classifying speech sounds.
Speech is a chain with three stages: production of the message, the transmission of the message and the reception of the message
So phonetics are in three branches: Articulatory Phonetics is the study of the production of speech sounds. Acoustic Phonetics is the study of the physical properties of speech sounds. Perceptual or Auditory Phonetics is concerned with the perception of speech sounds.
Speech sounds and non-speech sounds
We make sounds by means of the air out of or into our body. So we have: Pulmonic and non-pulmonic speech sounds in our speech. Pulmonic egressive airstream vs nonpulmonic ingressive airstream
Chapter Two: Speech sounds: phonetics and phonology
2.1 Phonetics
The field study Speech sounds and non-speech sounds Pulmonic and non-pulmonic speech
Position of the vocal folds: voicing (initial & the widest aperture)
Position of the vocal folds: glottal stop
Description of speech sounds
We use Phonetic Alphabets to describe speech sounds
mouth Soft palate in lowered position Uvula: the loose hanging end of the soft palate Pharynx Blade of the tongue: including the tip, the part
Diacritics: any mark in sound description additional to letters or other basic elements. [¨], [˜]
Narrow description: detailed Broad description: general
opposite the teeth ridge
Speech Organs 2
Front of the tongue: the part opposite the hard palate
Back of the tongue: the part opposite the soft palate
The International Phonetic Alphabet (Revised to 2005)
Classification of speech sounds
Consonants Vowels Place of articulation: Manner of articulation: Openness, backness, rounding
vowel [j] [w]
(lateral approximant) trills taps (flaps)
The place of articulation refers to the point where a consonant is made.
Practically consonants may be produced at any place between the lips and the vocal folds.
The categories of consonant, therefore, are established on the basis of several factors.
Consonants may be divided into two groups in terms of 2 dimensions: the place of articulation and the manner of articulation.
Epiglottis: this is drawn over the windpipe when swallowing
Windpipe
Food passage
Vocal cords or vocal lips: The upper extremity of the windpipe (Adam’s apple) which contains and protects the vocal cords
We can analyze speech sounds from various perspectives and the two major areas of study are phonetics and phonology.
Phonetics The field of study The way of sound description
Eleven places of articulation are distinguished on the IPA chart:
Place of articulation
bilabial 双唇音 dental齿音 labiodental 唇齿音 alveolar齿龈音 post-alveolar后齿龈音 retroflex卷舌音 palatal 颚音 velar 软颚音 uvular pharyngeal 咽音 glottal 喉音
The manner of articulation refers to ways in which articulation can be accomplished:
the articulators may close off the oral tract for an instant or a relatively long period;
The idea of establishing a phonetic alphabet was first proposed by the Dician Otto Jespersen (1860-1943) in 1886
International Phonetic alphabets (IPA): a unique written representations (a list of symbols) of every sound in every language
Postalveolar: the crown with the rear edge of the alveolar ridge 后齿龈音
Prepalatal: the tip is held behind the lower teeth.前鄂音
Retroflex: the lower surface of the tongue blade and the tongue tip curled back.卷舌音
Consonants
In the production of consonants at least two articulators are involved.
For example, the initial sound in bad involves both lips and its final segment involves the blade (or the tip) of the tongue and the alveolar ridge.
voiced and voiceless: some consonants and all vowels
Speech organs 1
Lips Teeth Alveolar ridge: convex part of the mouth,
immediately behind the teeth Hard palate: concave part of the roof of the
Consonants and vowels
Consonants are produced ‘by a closure in the vocal tract, or by a narrowing which is so marked that air cannot escape without producing audible friction’.
sounds Speech organs Description of speech sounds Classification of speech sounds
The field of study
Phonetics: the scientific study of speech sounds, concerning with defining and classifying speech sounds.
Speech is a chain with three stages: production of the message, the transmission of the message and the reception of the message
So phonetics are in three branches: Articulatory Phonetics is the study of the production of speech sounds. Acoustic Phonetics is the study of the physical properties of speech sounds. Perceptual or Auditory Phonetics is concerned with the perception of speech sounds.
Speech sounds and non-speech sounds
We make sounds by means of the air out of or into our body. So we have: Pulmonic and non-pulmonic speech sounds in our speech. Pulmonic egressive airstream vs nonpulmonic ingressive airstream
Chapter Two: Speech sounds: phonetics and phonology