汽车专业外文翻译

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汽车专业外文翻译(中英文翻译)

附录1外文翻译Automobile Brake SystemThe braking system is the most important system in cars. If the brakes fail, the result can be disastrous. Brakes are actually energy conversion devices, which convert the kinetic energy (momentum) of the vehicle into thermal energy (heat).When stepping on the brakes, the driver commands a stopping force ten times as powerful as the force that puts the car in motion. The braking system can exert thousands of pounds of pressure on each of the four brakes.Two complete independent braking systems are used on the car. They are the service brake and the parking brake.The service brake acts to slow, stop, or hold the vehicle during normal driving. They are foot-operated by the driver depressing and releasing the brake pedal. The primary purpose of the brake is to hold the vehicle stationary while it is unattended. The parking brake is mechanically operated by when a separate parking brake foot pedal or hand lever is set.The brake system is composed of the following basic components: the “master cylinder” which is located under the hood, and is directly connected to the brake pedal, converts driver foot’s mechanical pressure into hydraulic pressure. Steel “brake lines” and flexible “brake hoses”connect the master cylinder to the “slave cylinders” located at each wheel. Brake fluid, specially designed to work in extreme conditions, fills the system. “Shoes” and “pads” are pushed by the slave cylinders to contact the “drums” and “rotors” thus causing drag, which (hopefully) slows the car.The typical brake system consists of disk brakes in front and either disk or drum brakes in the rear connected by a system of tubes and hoses that link the brake at each wheel to the master cylinder (Figure).Basically, all car brakes are friction brakes. When the driver applies the brake, the control device forces brake shoes, or pads, against the rotating brake drum or disks at wheel. Frictionbetween the shoes or pads and the drums or disks then slows or stops the wheel so that the car is braked.In most modern brake systems (see Figure 15.1), there is a fluid-filled cylinder, called master cylinder, which contains two separate sections, there is a piston in each section and both pistons are connected to a brake pedal in the driver’s compartment. When the brake is pushed down, brake fluid is sent from the master cylinder to the wheels. At the wheels, the fluid pushes shoes, or pads, against revolving drums or disks. The friction between the stationary shoes, or pads, and the revolving drums or disks slows and stops them. This slows or stops the revolving wheels, which, in turn, slow or stop the car.The brake fluid reservoir is on top of the master cylinder. Most cars today have a transparent r reservoir so that you can see the level without opening the cover. The brake fluid level will drop slightly as the brake pads wear. This is a normal condition and no cause for concern. If the level drops noticeably over a short period of time or goes down to about two thirds full, have your brakes checked as soon as possible. Keep the reservoir covered except for the amount of time you need to fill it and never leave a cam of brake fluid uncovered. Brake fluid must maintain a very high boiling point. Exposure to air will cause the fluid to absorb moisture which will lower that boiling point.The brake fluid travels from the master cylinder to the wheels through a series of steel tubes and reinforced rubber hoses. Rubber hoses are only used in places that require flexibility, such as at the front wheels, which move up and down as well as steer. The rest of the system uses non-corrosive seamless steel tubing with special fittings at all attachment points. If a steel line requires a repair, the best procedure is to replace the compete line. If this is not practical, a line can be repaired using special splice fittings that are made for brake system repair. You must never use copper tubing to repair a brake system. They are dangerous and illegal.Drum brakes, it consists of the brake drum, an expander, pull back springs, a stationary back plate, two shoes with friction linings, and anchor pins. The stationary back plate is secured to the flange of the axle housing or to the steering knuckle. The brake drum is mounted on the wheel hub. There is a clearance between the inner surface of the drum and the shoe lining. To apply brakes, the driver pushes pedal, the expander expands the shoes and presses them to the drum. Friction between the brake drum and the friction linings brakes the wheels and the vehicle stops. To release brakes, the driver release the pedal, the pull back spring retracts the shoes thus permitting free rotation of the wheels.Disk brakes, it has a metal disk instead of a drum. A flat shoe, or disk-brake pad, is located on each side of the disk. The shoes squeeze the rotating disk to stop the car. Fluid from the master cylinder forces the pistons to move in, toward the disk. This action pushes the friction pads tightly against the disk. The friction between the shoes and disk slows and stops it. This provides the braking action. Pistons are made of either plastic or metal. There are three general types of disk brakes. They are the floating-caliper type, the fixed-caliper type, and the sliding-caliper type. Floating-caliper and sliding-caliper disk brakes use a single piston. Fixed-caliper disk brakes have either two or four pistons.The brake system assemblies are actuated by mechanical, hydraulic or pneumatic devices. The mechanical leverage is used in the parking brakes fitted in all automobile. When the brake pedal is depressed, the rod pushes the piston of brake master cylinder which presses the fluid. The fluid flows through the pipelines to the power brake unit and then to the wheel cylinder. The fluidpressure expands the cylinder pistons thus pressing the shoes to the drum or disk. If the pedal is released, the piston returns to the initial position, the pull back springs retract the shoes, the fluid is forced back to the master cylinder and braking ceases.The primary purpose of the parking brake is to hold the vehicle stationary while it is unattended. The parking brake is mechanically operated by the driver when a separate parking braking hand lever is set. The hand brake is normally used when the car has already stopped. A lever is pulled and the rear brakes are approached and locked in the “on” position. The car may now be left without fear of its rolling away. When the driver wants to move the car again, he must press a button before the lever can be released. The hand brake must also be able to stop the car in the event of the foot brake failing. For this reason, it is separate from the foot brake uses cable or rods instead of the hydraulic system.Anti-lock Brake SystemAnti-lock brake systems make braking safer and more convenient, Anti-lock brake systems modulate brake system hydraulic pressure to prevent the brakes from locking and the tires from skidding on slippery pavement or during a panic stop.Anti-lock brake systems have been used on aircraft for years, and some domestic car were offered with an early form of anti-lock braking in late 1990’s. Recently, several automakers have introduced more sophisticated anti-lock system. Investigations in Europe, where anti-lock braking systems have been available for a decade, have led one manufacture to state that the number of traffic accidents could be reduced by seven and a half percent if all cars had anti-lock brakes. So some sources predict that all cars will offer anti-lock brakes to improve the safety of the car.Anti-lock systems modulate brake application force several times per second to hold the tires at a controlled amount of slip; all systems accomplish this in basically the same way. One or more speed sensors generate alternating current signal whose frequency increases with the wheel rotational speed. An electronic control unit continuously monitors these signals and if the frequency of a signal drops too rapidly indicating that a wheel is about to lock, the control unit instructs a modulating device to reduce hydraulic pressure to the brake at the affected wheel. When sensor signals indicate the wheel is again rotating normally, the control unit allows increased hydraulic pressure to the brake. This release-apply cycle occurs several time per second to “pump” the b rakes like a driver might but at a much faster rate.In addition to their basic operation, anti-lock systems have two other things in common. First, they do not operate until the brakes are applied with enough force to lock or nearly lock a wheel. At all other times, the system stands ready to function but does not interfere with normal braking. Second, if the anti-lock system fail in any way, the brakes continue to operate without anti-lock capability. A warning light on the instrument panel alerts the driver when a problem exists in the anti-lock system.The current Bosch component Anti-lock Braking System (ABSⅡ), is a second generation design wildly used by European automakers such as BWM, Mercedes-Benz and Porsche. ABSⅡsystem consists of : four wheel speed sensor, electronic control unit and modulator assembly.A speed sensor is fitted at each wheel sends signals about wheel rotation to control unit. Each speed sensor consists of a sensor unit and a gear wheel. The front sensor mounts to the steering knuckle and its gear wheel is pressed onto the stub axle that rotates with the wheel. The rear sensor mounts the rear suspension member and its gear wheel is pressed onto the axle. The sensor itself is a winding with a magnetic core. The core creates a magnetic field around thewinding, and as the teeth of the gear wheel move through this field, an alternating current is induced in the winding. The control unit monitors the rate o change in this frequency to determine impending brake lockup.The cont rol unit’s function can be divided into three parts: signal processing, logic and safety circuitry. The signal processing section is the converter that receives the alternating current signals form the speed sensors and converts them into digital form for the logic section. The logic section then analyzes the digitized signals to calculate any brake pressure changes needed. If impending lockup is sensed, the logic section sends commands to the modulator assembly.Modulator assemblyThe hydraulic modulator assembly regulates pressure to the wheel brakes when it receives commands from the control utuit. The modulator assembly can maintain or reduce pressure over the level it receives from the master cylinder, it also can never apply the brakes by itself. The modulator assembly consists of three high-speed electric solenoid valves, two fluid reservoirs and a turn delivery pump equipped with inlet and outlet check valves. The modulator electrical connector and controlling relays are concealed under a plastic cover of the assembly.Each front wheel is served by electric solenoid valve modulated independently by the control unit. The rear brakes are served by a single solenoid valve and modulated together using the select-low principle. During anti-braking system operation, the control unit cycles the solenoid valves to either hold or release pressure the brake lines. When pressure is released from the brake lines during anti-braking operation, it is routed to a fluid reservoir. There is one reservoir for the front brake circuit. The reservoirs are low-pressure accumulators that store fluid under slight spring pressure until the return delivery pump can return the fluid through the brake lines to the master cylinder.译文汽车制动系统制动系统是汽车中最重要的系统。

汽车专业毕业设计外文翻译

附录：英汉对照Automotive oxygen sensor failure andinspection of the commonThe automotive industry is currently in the international application of the sensor on one of the largest markets, and the oxygen sensor reported the number of patents, ranking the first in automotive sensors. Oxygen sensor installed in the vehicle exhaust pipe, use it to detect the oxygen content in exhaust port. Oxygen sensor and thus can be obtained in accordance with the signal, put it back to the control system tofine-tune the fuel injection, so that A / F control at best, not only greatly reduces emissions and saves energy. At present, the practical application of the oxygen sensor has zirconia dioxide oxygen sensors and the two oxygen sensors. And common oxygen sensor and a single lead, double-lead and lead of three points; single pin for Zirconia oxygen sensor; double lead for the titanium dioxide oxygen sensor;three-lead type for the heating oxygen zirconia sensors, in principle, lead the way on three of the oxygen sensor is not a substitute for use. Are one of the most widely used type of zirconia oxygen sensor.First, zirconia oxygen sensor structureIn the use of three-way catalytic converters to reduce exhaust pollution on the engine, oxygen sensors are essential components. Oxygen sensor is located in the first section of the exhaust pipe, catalytic converter at the front. There is a Oxygen Sensor zirconia (a ceramic) components manufacturers, all of its outside has a layer ofthin-plated platinum. Zirconia ceramic plated body at one end with a thin layer of platinum closed. Into the protection of the latter was set, and installed in a metal body. Further protect the protection of the role of sets played and sensor can be installed on the exhaust manifold. Ceramic exhaust external exposure, and the internal atmosphere and the environment the same.This component has a very high temperature resistance, low temperature so do not allow current through. However, when high temperature, because of the air and exhaust gas oxygen concentration difference, oxygen ions can, through this component. This raises the potential difference, platinum to enlarge. In this way,air-fuel ratio lower than the theoretical air-fuel ratio (thick), the components in the oxygen sensor in (air) outside (the atmosphere) between the oxygen concentration has a greater bad. Thus, the sensors have a relatively strong one voltage (Johnson V). On the other hand, if the rare gas mixture, air and exhaust gas oxygen concentration difference between the very small, have a sensor, there is only one relatively weak voltage (near 0 volts).Because once the mixture of air-fuel ratio deviation from the theoretical air-fuel ratio, ternary catalysts for CO, HC and NOX purification capacity will be a sharp decline, it is installed at the exhaust pipe oxygen sensor for detecting oxygen concentration in the exhaust, and ECU the issue of feedback signal, and then by theECU to control fuel injection amount of injector change, which will control the mixture at the air-fuel ratio near the theoretical value.Two, automotive oxygen sensor working principleOxygen sensor installed in the exhaust manifold, it can detect the concentration of oxygen in the exhaust, air-fuel ratio calculated, and the results sent to the ECU.For example:1, exhaust gas oxygen concentration in the high –When emissions are significant when the percentage of oxygen, ECU will accordingly determine the air-fuel ratio, and that is very dilute mixture.2, exhaust gas oxygen concentration in the low –When the percentage of oxygen in the exhaust very, ECU to determine air-fuel ratio will accordingly small, that is very strong mixture. Temperature higher than300 ℃, the ceramic materials used for the iron conductor. Under these conditions, if the percentage of oxygen sensors on both sides of the different content will have a voltage change at both ends. Two types of environment (air-side and exhaust side) of the different measurements of the oxygen content of these changes tell ECU, exhaust at the oxygen content in the remainder of the generation of harmful emissions to ensure that combustion is not appropriate percentage. Ceramic materials at temperatures lower than 300 ℃are non-linear, and thus the sensor is not a useful signal transmission. ECU has a special function, that is, heating machine at pm (open-loop operation) to stop the adjustment of the mixture. Sensors equipped with heating elements to reach operating temperature quickly. When current flows through the heating elements, it reduces the iron to make ceramics become conductors of time, and which makes the sensor can be installed in the exhaust pipe of the site later.In the three-way catalytic purifier Medium, ECU using data from the oxygen sensor to regulate the air-fuel ratio, but the method of standard Carburetor EFI device somewhat different.At EFI device, EFI's ECU fuel injection through the increase or decrease from the injected fuel volume, adjusting air-fuel ratio. If the ECU from the oxygen sensor detects the mixture too thick, it will gradually reduce the amount of fuel injection, the mixture of on-thinning. Therefore the actual air-fuel ratio becomes greater than the theoretical air-fuel ratio (more dilute). When this happens, ECU through the oxygen sensor to detect the truth, it will start a gradual increase in the volume of spray. In this way, air-fuel ratio is too low, some will Luan (more dense) until the air-fuel ratio lower than the theoretical. Thus, the cycle repeated, ECU main cloud in this way, constant changes in air-fuel ratio, the actual air-fuel ratio near the theoretical air-fuel ratio.Carburetor in the use of the device, are entered by regulating air intake air-fuel ratio of air-conditioning. Mixture theory is usually air-fuel ratio to maintain a little thick. ECU within the air-fuel ratio oxygen sensor has been the information, and manipulation, according to the actual air-fuel ratio EBCU (electronically controlled intake valve) regulator into the carburetor air intake volume. If mixture is too strong, it allows more air to enter to-thinning: If mixture is too thin, it allows less air to enter,so that moreThird, the common automotive oxygen sensor faultOnce the oxygen sensor fails, the electronic fuel injection system will enable the computer should not be the oxygen concentration in the exhaust pipe of the information, and therefore should not be on the air-fuel ratio feedback control, the engine will increase fuel consumption and exhaust pollution, engine idle speed instability, lack of fire, such as fault-surge situation. Therefore, it is necessary to troubleshoot in a timely manner or replaced.1, oxygen sensor poisoningOxygen sensor poisoning and are often more difficult to control emerging as a fault, in particular, are often the use of leaded petrol cars, even the new oxygen sensor, and can only be the work of thousands of kilometers. If only minor lead poisoning, and then use a box of unleaded petrol, will be able to eliminate the surface of oxygen sensor lead to the resumption of normal work. But often because of excessive exhaust temperature, which lead intrusion in their internal and impede the spread of oxygen ions to oxygen sensor failure can only be replaced at this time.In addition, the oxygen sensor silicon poisoning happened is common. In general, gasoline and lubricants containing silicon compounds generated by combustion silica, silicon rubber seal gasket improper use of silicone emitting gas,will cause the oxygen sensor failure, and therefore want to use good quality fuel and lubricants .Right to choose the repair and installation of rubber gaskets, coated on the sensor not to require the use of factory and other than the anti-solvent, etc.2, carbon depositionNot because of engine combustion, in the carbon deposition formed on the surface of oxygen sensor, oxygen sensor or the internal into the sediment, such as oil or dust will impede or block the external air into the oxygen sensor internal to oxygen sensor signal output inaccurate, ECU should not timely correct air-fuel ratio. Soot produced, mainly for increased fuel consumption, emission levels were significantly increased. At this point, if the sediment removal will restore normal working.3, oxygen sensor ceramic fragmentsCeramic oxygen sensor hardware and crisp, with a hard object by knocking or washing with a strong air currents blowing all its fragmentation and possible failure. Therefore, be particularly careful when handling and found that the timely replacement of problem.4, heater resistance wire blownThe heating-type oxygen sensor, if the resistance heater wire ablation, it is difficult to make sensors to reach normal operating temperature and the loss of role.5, oxygen sensor breaking off the internal circuits.Four, automotive oxygen sensor method1, oxygen sensor heater resistance checkUnplug the oxygen sensor wiring harness plug, use a multimeter resistance measurement file in the oxygen sensor heater terminal access-chu-chu with Ground between access resistance and its resistance to 4-40Ω (refer to specific modelspecification). Such as not meeting the standard, should be the replacement of oxygen sensor.2, oxygen sensor voltage feedback measurementMeasurement of oxygen sensor feedback voltage should unplug the oxygen sensor wiring harness plug, the control circuit models, the feedback from the oxygen sensor voltage output terminal on a thin wire leads, and then plug harness plugs well, in the engine operation , measured from the pinout on the feedback voltage (some models can also be inner socket fault detection by a voltage of oxygen sensor feedback, such as the production of Toyota cars can be a series of fault detection from the socket terminal OX1 or OX2 directly measured oxygen sensor feedback voltage). Oxygen sensor feedback on the test voltage, it is best to use with low-range (typically 2V) and high impedance (resistance greater than 10MΩ) multimeter pointer type. Detection of specific methods are as follows: 1) hot cars engine to normal operating temperature (or after the start-up speed of 2500r/min running 2min); 2) will file a negative voltage multimeter table T then fault detection within the socket or the battery negative electrode E1 is fault detection table T then the socket jack OX1 or OX2, or receive oxygen sensor wiring harness plug on the No. | round; 3) to allow the engine to maintain speed around 2500r/min operation voltage meter at the same time check whether the pointer back and forth between 0-1V swing, with a note of voltage meter pointer 10s the number of swing. Under normal circumstances, with the feedback control, the oxygen sensor feedback voltage will be 0.45V at changing up and down, 10s in the number of feedback voltage changes should not be less than 8 times. If less than 8 times, then oxygen sensor feedback control system or not working properly because the surface of oxygen sensor are possible there is carbon deposition, so that lower sensitivity. In this regard, should be allowed to 2500r/min engine speed operation of about 2min, to clear the surface of the carbon deposition oxygen sensor, and then check the feedback voltage. If the removal of carbon deposition may change after the voltage meter pointer is still slow, then oxygen sensor damaged, or have computer feedback control circuit fault. 4) check whether the damaged oxygen sensor Unplug the oxygen sensor wiring harness plug, so that oxygen sensor is no longer connected with the computer, feedback control system is in a state ofopen-loop control. The multimeter voltage pen table file is directly related to oxygen sensor feedback voltage output terminal connected to the negative form of good Ground pen. Measurement of engine operation at the feedback voltage, the first intake pipe was torn off and then up at the mandatory crankcase ventilation hose vacuum tube or other artificially dilute the mixture to form, at the same time watch voltage meter, the pointer should be dropped readings. Was torn off and then connected to the pipeline, and then unplug the water temperature sensor connector, a 4-8KΩ in place of the resistance temperature sensor, the formation of artificially dense mixture, at the same time watch voltage meter, the indicator reading should be increased. Can also be used, or a sudden release the accelerator pedal down approach to change the concentration of the mixture, in sudden pedal down to accelerate, the mixture变浓, feedback voltage should be increased; sudden release when the accelerator pedal,mixed gas-thinning, feedback voltage should be decreased. If the oxygen sensor feedback voltage without the above changes show that the oxygen sensor has been damaged. In addition, the titanium dioxide-type oxygen sensor using the above method at the time, if a good oxygen sensor output voltage to 2.5V as the center should be up and down fluctuations. Otherwise, the sensor can be removed and exposed to the air, cooling the resistance value after the measurement. If a large resistance value that sensor is ok, or should replace the sensor. 5) oxygen sensor to check the color appearance Removed from the exhaust pipe on oxygen sensors, sensors to check whether the shell to plug up the vents, ceramic core whether or not broken. If damaged, replace the oxygen sensor should be. By observing the top part of the oxygen sensor can also determine the color breakdown:①light gray top: This is the normal color of the oxygen sensor; ②white top: pollution from silicon, oxygen sensor must be replaced at this time; ③brown top: pollution by lead, if serious, we must replace the oxygen sensor; ④black top: caused by carbon deposition, carbon deposition in the exclusion of engine failure, the general oxygen sensor can automatically clear up the accumulatedcarbon. Conclusion: for energy conservation and the prevention of pollution from motor vehicles, most developed countries in the West aerobic sensors installed on my car is loaded oxygen sensor must be used. China's automobile industry with foreign countries, one of the main gap, but also in automotive sensors. Therefore, we can come to promote the use of oxygen sensor is very optimistic about the prospects.汽车氧传感器的常见故障及检查汽车行业是目前在国际上应用传感器最大的市场之一,而氧传感器申报的专利数,居汽车传感器的首位。

汽车专业外文文献英文翻译

外文文献原稿和译文原稿A New Type Car -- Hybrid Electric VehicleWith skyrocketing fuel prices and changes in weather patterns, many car manufacturers claimed to develop the kind of vehicles that will increase the mileage and reduce the emissions. Hybrid car is a kind of vehicle which can meet above requirements. A hybrid car features a small fuel-efficient gas engine combined with an electric motor that assists the engine.The reasons of building such a complicated machine are twofold: to reduce tailpipe emissions and to improve mileage. Firstly, hybrid cars are good for the environment. They can reduce smog by 90 percent and they use far less gasoline than conventional cars. Meanwhile, hybrid cars burn less gasoline per mile, so they release fewer greenhouse gases. Secondly, hybrid cars are economical. Hybrid cars, which run on gas and electricity, can get up to 55 to 60 miles per gallon in city driving, while a typical SUV might use three times as much gas for the same distance! There are three reasons can mainly account for that: 1) Hybrid engines are much smaller than those on conventional cars. A hybrid car engine is to accommodate the 99% of driving time when a car is not going up hills or accelerating quickly. When extra acceleration power is needed, it relies on the battery to provide additional force. 2) Hybrid gasoline engine can shut off when the car is stopped and run off their electric motor and battery.3) Hybrid cars often recover braking energy. Electric motors could take the lost kinetic energy in braking and use it to charge the battery. Furthermore, hybrids are better than all-electric cars because hybrid car batteries recharge as you drive so there is no need to plug in. Most electric cars need to be recharged every 50-100miles. Also, most electric cars cannot go faster than 50-60 mph, while hybrids can.Hybrid cars bridge the gap between electric and gasoline-powered cars by traveling further and driving faster and hybrid gas-electric cars are proving to be a feasible alternative at a time of high gas prices. So, in my opinion, hybrid cars will have a bright future.How Does Hybrid Electric Vehicle Work？You probably own a gasoline or diesel-engine car. You may have heard ofelectric vehicles too. A hybrid vehicle or hybrid electric vehicle (HEV) is a combination of both. Hybrid vehicles utilize two or more sources of energy for propulsion. In the case of HEVs, a combustion engine and an electric motor are used.How it works depends on the type of drive train it has. A hybrid vehicle can either have a parallel or series or parallel-series drive train.Parallel HybridThe parallel hybrid car has a gas tank, a combustion engine, transmission, electric motor, and batteries.A parallel hybrid is designed to run directly from either the combustion engine or the electric motor. It can run using both the engine and the motor. As a conventional vehicle, the parallel hybrid draws its power from the combustion engine which will then drive the transmission that turns the wheels. If it is using the electric motor, the car draws its power from the batteries. The energy from the batteries will then power the electric motor that drives the transmission and turns the wheel.Both the combustion engine and the electric motor are used at the same time during quick acceleration, on steep ascend, or when either the engine or the motor needs additional boost.Since the engine is directly connected to the wheels in a parallel drive train, it eliminates the inefficiency of converting mechanical energy into electrical energy and back. This makes a very effective vehicle to drive on the highway.Series HybridThe series hybrid car also has a gas tank, a combustion engine, transmission, electric motor, and batteries with the addition of the generator. The generator can be the electric motor or it can be another separate component.The series configuration is the simplest among the 3. The engine is not connected to the transmission rather it is connected to the electric motor. This means that the transmission can be driven only by the electric motor which draws its energy from the battery pack, the engine or the generator.A hybrid car with a series drive train is more suited for city driving conditions since the engine will not be subjected to the varying speed demands (stop, go, and idle) that contributes to fuel consumption.Series-Parallel HybridThe series-parallel configuration solves the individual problems of the parallel and series hybrid. By combining the 2 designs, the transmission can be directly connected to the engine or can be separated for optimum fuel consumption. The Toyota Prius and the Ford Escape Hybrid use this technology.Honda’s hybridFor those of you who have toyed with the idea of buying a hybrid but were discouraged by the price, you are not alone. In fact, despite the growing concern for the environment, not to mention the skyrocketing price of gas, hybrid cars still only represent a small percentage of global car sales, and a major reason for this is the cost.Hybrids are considered the wave of the future because they not only reduce emissions, addressing the issue of climate change, but they get great gas mileage, animportant consideration with the current price of oil. It should be noted that hybrids can also improve the power of the engine, which compromises any advantages in fuel efficiency and emissions. Whatever the application, however, the technology makes the cars more expensive.Because of this, they are the vehicle of choice for only a small niche of people who can afford them, and they currently enjoy a special status amongst the image conscious celebrity-set. For most average consumers, however, they are not an option.That may soon change.Honda Motor Corporation, one of the largest car manufacturers in the world and a leader in fuel efficient technology, has unveiled it’s plan to introduce a low-cost hybrid by 2009. If they can pull it off, they hope to make the hybrid a more mainstream car that will be more appealing to the general public, with the ultimate goal of achieving greater sales and broader appeal than their current incarnation.This, of course, is making Detroit nervous, and may signal a need for American car makers to start making greener and more fuel efficient vehicles, something they could afford to ignore in the past because hybrid cars weren’t worth their attention (due to such a small market share) while gas-guzzling SUVs have such high profit margins.Honda, meanwhile, has had to confront a growing need to compete with Toyota, which has not only grown to be the world’s largest automaker, but makes the car that has become synonymous with the hybrid movement, the Prius. Honda is therefore faced with the seemingly insurmountable task of challenging Toyota’s dominance in the market.Concurrently, Toyota is racing to lower production costs on the Prius, as well, which would hopefully result in a lower cost to the consumer. All eyes are on a potentially favorable car buyers market in 2009.In the meantime, with even adamant global warming naysayers warming up (no pun intended) to the possibilities of an ecological disaster on the horizon, maybe it’s time that we got over our need to drive huge SUVs and start moderating our fuel consumption.Then again, as gas prices hovering around $4.00 and with no ceiling in sight, we may have little choice in the matter.Engine Operating PrinciplesMost automobile dngines are internal combustion, reciprocating 4-stroke gasoline engines, but other types have been used, including the diesel, the rotary ( Wankel ) , the 2-srtoke, and stratified charge.Reciprocating means up and down or banck and forth, It is the up and down action of a piston in the cylinder blick, or engine block. The blick is an iron or aluminum casting that contains engine cylinders and passges called water jackets for coolant circulation. The top of the block is covered with the cylinder head. Which forms the combustion chanber. The bottom of the block is covered with an oil pan or oil sump.Power is produced by the linear motion of a piston in a cylinder. However, this linear motion must be changed into rotary motion to turn the wheels of cars of trucks. The piston is attached to the top of a connecting rod by a pin, called a piston pin or wrist pin. The bottom of the connecting rod is attached to the crankshaft. The connecting rod transmits the up-and-down motion of the piston to the crankshaft, which changes it into rotary motion.The connecting rod is mounted on the crankshaft with large beaings called rod bearings. Similar bearings, called main bearings, are used to mount the crankshaft in the block. Shown in Fig. 1-1The diameter of the cylinder is called the engine bore. Displacement and compression ratio are two frequently used engine specifications. Displacement indicates engine size, and compression ratio compares the total cylinder volume to compression chamber volume.The term stroke is used to describe the movement of the iston within the cylinder, as well as the distance of piston travel. Depending on the type of engine the operating cycle may require either two or four strokes to complete. The 4-stroke engine is also called Otto cycle engine, in honor of the German engineer, Dr. Nikolaus Otto, who first applied the principle in 1876. In the 4-stroke engine, four strokes of the piston in the cylinder are required to complete one full operating cycle. Each stroke is named after the action it performs intake, compression, power, and exhaust in that order, shown in Fig1-2.1、Intake strokeAs the piston moves down, the vaporized mixture of fuel and air enters the cylinder through open intake valve. To obtain the maximum filling of the cylinder the intake valve opens about 10°before t.b.c., giving 20°overlap. The inlet valve remains open until some 50°after b.d.c. to take advantage of incoming mixture.2、 Compression strokeThe piston turns up, the intake valve closes, the mixture is compressed within the combustion chamber, while the pressure rise to about 1Mpa, depending on various factors including the compression ratio, throttle opening and engine speed. Near the top of the stroke the mixture is ignited by a spark which bridges the gap of the spark plug.3、 Power strokeThe expanding gases of combustion produces a rise in pressure of the gas to some 3.5Mpa, and the piston is forced down in the cylinder. The exhaust valve opens near the bottom of the stroke.4、Exhust strokeThe piston moves back up with the exhaust valve open some 50°before b.d.d., allowing the pressure within the cylinder to fall and to reduce ‘back’pressure on the piston during the exhaust stroke, and the burned gases are pushed out to prepare for the next intake stroke.The intake valve usually opens just before the exhaust stroke. This 4-stroke cycle is continuously repeared in every as long as the engineremains running.A 2-stroke engine also goes through four actions to complete one operatingcycle.However, the intake and the compression actions are combined in one seroke, and the power and exhaust actions are combined in the other stroke. The term2-stroke cycle or 2-stroke is preferred to the term 2-cycle, which is really not accurate.In automobile engines, all pistons are attached to a single crankshaft. The more cylinders an engine has, the more power strokes produced for cach revolution. This means that an 8-cylinder engine runs more smoothly bdcause the power atrokes are closer together in time and in degrees of engine rotation.The cylinders of multi-cylinder automotive engines arranged in one of three ways. 1、Inline engines use a single block of cylinder.Most 4-cylinder and any 6-cylinder engines are of this design. The cylinders do not have to be vertical. They can be inclined either side.2、V-type engines use two equal bands of cylinders, usually inclined 60degrees or 90degrees from the cach other. Most V-type engines have 6 or 8 cylinders, although V-4 and V-12 engines have been built.3、Horizontally opposed or pancake engines have two equal banks of cylinders 180degreeas apart. These space saving engine designs are often air-cooled, and are found in the Chevrolet Carvair, Porsches, Subaus, and V olkswagens. Subaus design is liquid cooled.Late-model V olkswagen vans use a liquid-cooled version of the air cooled VWhorizontally opposed engine.译文新型汽车----混合动力汽车在油价飞涨的今天，汽车制造商被要求发展一种排放低，行驶里程长的汽车。

汽车英语

目录第一部分专业外文翻译材料原文 (2)第二部分专业万文翻译材料译文 (8)参考文献 (14)专业外文翻译材料原文Automotive power transmission device between the engine and the wheel drive train car called. It should ensure that the car has a variety of driving conditions necessary for traction, speed, and to ensure coordination between the traction and speed changes and other features that make the car has good power and fuel economy; also ensure the car can reverse, and left and right drive wheels can adapt to the requirements of the differential，And power transmission can be smoothly bonded or completely, the rapid separation as required. Driveline including clutch, transmission, drive shaft, main gear, differential and axle and other parts of the drive train in different ways according to the energy transfer is divided into mechanical transmission, hydraulic transmission, hydraulic, electric transmission and so on. First, the composition of the transmission systemClutch function: 1, the clutch can gradually combined to ensure a smooth start car engines and automotive drivetrain. 2, the clutch can temporarily cut off the engine and drive train, easy engine starting and transmission shift, in order to guarantee smooth drivetrain shift work. 3, the clutch can limit the transmitted torque, to prevent overloading the driveline.Composition: active part, the driven part, the pressing means, separating means and control mechanism.Universal transmission function:in the car any angle and relative position between a pair of shafts to transmit power between changes often occur shaft.The universal drive axleDrive axle gearing (or transmission)power came through deceleration by twisting, changing the direction of power transmission power by deceleration by twisting, (when the engine is longitudinal) after changing the direction of power transmission, assigned to the left and right wheels, making the car running, and allows the drive wheels to the left and right at different speeds. Drive axle assembly is the last of its drivetrain from the main reducer, differential, axle and axle components.Transmission functions: (1)change the transmission ratio: expanding the scope of variation of torque and speed of the drive wheel to adapt to frequent changes in driving conditions, such as start, acceleration, uphill, so that the engine work in favorable conditions. (2) in the direction of rota0 tion of the engine under the same premise, so the car can travel backwards. (3) the use of neutral, interrupt the power transmission, to allow the engine to start, idling, and to facilitate the transmission shift or power output.Second, the transmission consists of：the speed change transmission mechanism and operating mechanism Most ordinary transmission gear and some planetary gear drive. Ordinary gear shift mechanism for general use gears and clutch slip. How associated gear slip displacement gear and gear points. With triple sliding gear shift, a large axial dimension; with displacement sliding gear transmission, compact structure, but smaller than the gear change. There mesh type clutch and friction points. When using the clutch is engaged, the transmission speed difference should stop or very hour, with a friction clutch for shifting in operation at any speed difference, but small carrying capacity, and can not guarantee strict two-axis synchronization. To overcome this drawback, the engagement clutch friction plate tops to, when the first gear wheel driven by the friction plates to the synchronous speed and then joined. Planetary gear transmission brake control gear available.Third, the structural characteristics of the transmission Automatic transmission automatically selects the gear .and has the following salient features: 1.Good driving performance.2.manipulate simple.3.high traffic safety.4. to reduce emissions. 5. You can extend engine and driveline life. 6.increase productivity. but the automatic transmission drawback is:Its structure is more complicated, but also more difficult to repair. Another automatic transmission transmission efficiency is not high enough, of course, by matching engine optimization, lockup, and other measures to increase the number of gears, thetransmission efficiency can be close to the efficiency of the automatic transmission manual transmission level.Fourth, the transmission Category:1), according to the gear ratio change the way: a stepped, stepless and comprehensive formula①stepped: a step-most widely used transmission, which uses a gear drive, with a number of valuation ratios.a gear train used by different: there is a fixed axis (ordinary gear transmission) and the axis of the rotary transmission (planetary gear transmission) two.b. At present, the transmission drive cars and light and medium trucks than the usual 3 to 5 forward gears and one reverse gear.c. In the heavy-duty vehicles using a modular transmission, the use of more stalls, usually made of a combination of two transmissions.②stepless: stepless transmission ratio within a certain range can be varied by an infinite number of levels.a. Are common type and a hydraulic power (dynamic liquid) two.b. Electricity formula also used in the driveline trend widely used, its variable transmission member for DC series wound motor.c. A hydraulic drive unit is a hydraulic torque converter.③comprehensive type: integrated gearbox is defined by the torque converter and gear-type stepped transmission consisting of hydraulic mechanical transmission. Transmission ratio can be made infinitely variable within a few discontinuities between the maximum and minimum range, the current is widely used.2), by manipulating points: Forced manipulation, automatic and semi-automatic actuated actuated①. Forced actuated transmission shift lever operated directly by the driver, used for most cars.②. Robotic gearbox gear ratio selection (shift) is automatic. The driver simply manipulating the accelerator pedal, you can control the speed.③. Semi-automatic gearbox, there are two forms of manipulationa.Kind of common robotic several stalls, the rest of the stalls operated by the driver;b.The other is a preselected type, i.e., the driver in advance with the button selected gear, when the clutch pedal or the accelerator pedal is released, turned an electromagnetic device or hydraulic device to shift.3), by using the method points: manual transmission (MT), the automatic transmission (AT), manual transmission, continuously variable transmission (CVT), double-clutch gearbox and EMT, AMT sequence transmission, etc.Fifth, the transmission worksCar needs transmission, which is by the physical characteristics determined by an automobile engine. First, any engine has a speed limit, speed exceeds this maximum, the engine will explode. Secondly, if read horsepower and its application, you will know when have reached the maximum horsepower and torque, low speed range of the engine. For example, the engine may at 5,500 r / time to produce maximum horsepower. In the vehicle acceleration or deceleration, so that the presence of the transmission gear ratio between the engine and the drive wheels can be changed. By changing the gear ratio, the engine speed can be maintained below the speed limit, and the engine rotation speed zone close to optimum performance. Ideally, the range of the transmission gear ratio change is very large, and thus the engine always operates in the best performance of a single speed. This is a continuously variable transmission (CVT) of the CVT gear ratio range of the concept is virtually no limit. Past, CVT will not work with a four-speed and five-speed transmission contend in cost, size and reliability, so they are not visible in production cars. Currently, the improvement of the design of CVT has been so popular. Toyota Prius is a hybrid car using CVT.A transmission connected to the engine through a clutch. Thus, the same transmission input shaft speed and the engine.Six, synchronizerSince the transmission input shaft and the output shaft to the respective speed of rotation, there will be a "synchronous" change gear problems. Two rotation speed is not the same gear meshing force is bound to happen impact collision damage gear. Therefore, the transmission shift to adopt the old "feet clutch" approach, upshift stay a while in the neutral position, the downshift to refuel door in the neutral position, in order to reduce the speed differential gear. However, this operation is more complex and difficult to grasp accurate. So the designers to create a "synchronizer", by synchronizing allows gear to be engaging to a consistent speed and smooth engagement. There are pressure-type synchronizer, inertial and other types of self-energizing type. Currently on all synchronous transmission inertia synchronizer is used, which is mainly composed of clutch, synchronization lock ring and other components, it is characterized by relying on friction to achieve synchronization. Clutches, synchronized to be joined on the lock ring and ring gears are chamfered (locking angle), the inner cone synchronization lock ring and outer ring gear to be engaged in contact friction cone. Locking cone angle have been made in the design of appropriate choice, conical friction makes meshing gear sets to be quickly synchronized with the ring, but will produce a locking action to prevent the gear meshing before synchronization. When the inner cone synchronization lock ring and outside the ring gear to be engaged cone contact, the role of friction torque gear speed quickly reduce (or increase) to synchronous speed lock ring is equal to both synchronous rotation, gear relative to the genlock loop speed is zero, and thus the moment of inertia also disappeared, then under the force of the push, the clutch unimpeded synchronization lock ring engagement ring, and further engagement with the ring gear to be engaged and to complete shifting process. Transmission and synchronizers implementations from different manufacturers in different ways, but the basic principle is the same. Acting synchronizer is in contact with the canines before, so that the collar and the gear friction contact occurs. Thus, before the canine bonding, you can make the collar and the gear speed to achieve synchronization, as shown: blue cone axis gear engagement ring cone friction between the cone and the collar of the shaft ring and gear synchronization. Slide along the outer collar, so that theengagement gear canines. Automatic transmission fluid coupling function why no increase in torque effect: fluid coupling, only the pump and turbine, turbine oil without changing the flow direction of the guide wheel. When working pump oil to pass turbine wheel, and then through the turbine wheel return pump, oil pump through the turbine wheel return changed the direction of rotation, the flow direction and the opposite direction of rotation of the pump impeller. Engine crankshaft while being rotated, the need to overcome the resistance from the reverse of the turbine oil. Engine power has been weakened. Therefore, only the coupling fluid coupling condition, and never have increased torque conditions.When the car started and low speed high torque is required, and fluid couplings can not meet this need. So early production car with hydraulic coupling has started slow, slow-speed zone speed obvious shortcomings.In order to meet the needs of the car started and needs more torque at low speeds, and Hyundai have all switched to the torque converter. When the torque converter pump wheel fast moving, turbine load and driving resistance by the slower speed limit, between the pump and turbine produces a speed difference. This speed difference exists in the entire variable torque area. This speed difference on the formation of residual energy. That is, since the number of pump rotation is faster than the number of revolutions of the turbine, so that the oil pump to the turbine in turn drives the turbine in addition to, but also the remaining part of the energy, which is the residual energy. The difference between the number of revolutions of the pump impeller and the turbine, the greater the greater the residual energy. This residual fluid coupling in energy become an obstacle to the resistance of crankshaft rotation, and finally converted to heat, wasted. Torque converter is different, the speed difference between the pump and turbine is larger, the better residual energy only when the pump is higher than the number of vortex rotation revolutions to produce residual energy in order to increase the torque. Turbine braking (when the stall point and the starting point) of its maximum torque ratio. Fluid from the pump to turn a turbine, and then by changing the direction of the guide wheel and then return to the pump wheel, between the pump and turbine oil circulation formation. Only the presence of oil in circulation,in order to produce the torque conditions. With the increase in the number of revolutions of the turbine, the torque of the linear decline. After a critical point, the same number of turbines and rotary pumps, oil pump drive rotation of the turbine wheel in addition to, but has no residual energy, oil flow angle is changed to a minimum point, turbine oil returned toward the guide wheel on the back. Because of the one-way clutch is only responsible for the lock, turn left, turn right and not lock, so when the oil shocks on the back of the guide wheel is fixed on the one-way clutches, guide wheels began to rotate, the guide wheel starts spinning the moment is called the critical point . Prior to the critical point after coupling conditions for variable torque conditions, the critical point. Torque converter torque ratio increases with the turbo speed decreases, and decreases the number of revolutions of the turbine increases. I.e., with the running resistance torque increases, according to the running resistance of the automatic stepless variable torque in the low speed region. Torque converter transmission efficiency is increased with the number of revolutions of the turbine increases: only when the pump and turbine speed is close, will have a coupling conditions. Coupling conditions only in the car at high speed only, no coupling conditions at low speeds. As a guide wheel torque-device remains stationary while the torque conditions, the coupling conditions began to rotate. If the guide wheel rotating at the moment when they condition, it shows that the occurrence of a one-way clutch slip faults. When the guide wheel coupling conditions must be rotated, so when you do not spin, there is a one-way clutch catching fault occurred. The automatic transmission has been able to achieve automatic shift work because the driver depresses the throttle position or engine intake manifold vacuum and the traveling speed of the car can command the automatic shift system working, automatic shifting system, the control valves different working conditions will control the transmission gear mechanism and the brake is separated and combined with the release of the brake clutch, and changing the power transmission path of the transmission gear mechanism, transmission gear to achieve transformation.A conventional hydraulic automatic transmission according to changes in traveling speed of the car and the throttle opening degree, the automatic transmissiongear. Its shift control is mechanically converted vehicle speed and the throttle opening signal to control the oil pressure and the oil pressure is applied to both ends of the shift valve, to control the position of the shift valve, thereby changing the shifting actuator elements (clutches and brakes) of the oil. Thus, the work of hydraulic oil into the corresponding actuator, the clutch combination or separation, or release the brake, the control of the planetary gear transmission upshift or downshift to achieve automatic transmission.Electronically controlled hydraulic automatic transmission is added an electronic control system based on Automatic Transmission formed. It does this by monitoring the operating state sensor and switch and automobile engine, the driver's instructions to accept, and the obtained information into an electric signal is input to the electronic control unit. Electronic control unit based on these signals, the shift control valve via the solenoid valve of the hydraulic control apparatus to open or close access shift clutch and brake oil passage, thereby controlling the gear shift timing and transformation, in order to achieve automatic transmission .Torque converter utilizing flow of the liquid, the torque from the engine is transmitted to the rear planetary gear mechanism is increased, at the same time, the hydraulic control apparatus according to the travel required (throttle opening, vehicle speed) to manipulate the planetary gear system to obtain the corresponding The gear ratio and rotational direction, to achieve upshifts, downshifts, forward or backward. The above process, the torque is increased, the throttle opening degree and the vehicle speed signal to the hydraulic control means to manipulate, and change the direction of rotation than the planetary gear transmission mechanism, are performed automatically inside the transmission, the driver does not need to operate, namely, automatic shift (shift). Electronically controlled automatic transmission system: Many modern vehicles equipped with electronically controlled automatic shifting device, can more effectively control the transmission shift, to enhance driving performance, fuel consumption saving effect.专业万文翻译材料译文汽车发动机与驱动轮之间的动力传递装置称为汽车的传动系。

学位论文-—汽车专业翻译中英文(全)the automobile in america

The Automobile in the United StatesHistory 389, section 3. George Mason University. Spring 2010Science and Technology I, room 224. Tuesdays and Thursdays, 12 – 1:15 pm.Course Blackboard site: General advice: /teachingProfessor Zachary M. SchragE-mail: zschrag@ (please include ―389‖ in subject header).Office: Robinson B 357A. Tel. 703/594-1844. Office Hours: Mondays, 2-4 pm.While I greatly enjoy meeting students individually, department meetings and other commitments occasionally force me to cancel scheduled office hours, so please let me know in advance if you are coming to office hours. If you would like to meet some other time, please send me an e-mail with two or three proposed times.Course DescriptionThis course examines the biography of one of the most important characters in twentieth-century U.S. history: the automobile. Embracing the histories of business, policy, labor, the environment, technology, and culture, this course seeks a holistic understanding of the role of the car in American life. It will examine the invention and adoption of the automobile, the rise of assembly-line manufacturing, the evolution of roadside architecture, and the challenges posed by oil shortages. It seeks to draw a variety of students and encourage them to think about one of the fundamental interactions between humans and machines in the history of the nation and in their own lives.GoalsIn this course, students will:∙Reflect on the significance of the automobile in shaping the America we know today, including their own daily lives.∙Use the automobile to understand the interconnections among technology, business, labor, culture, and politics.∙Practice critical reading of primary and secondary sources, including texts, images, music, and motion pictures.∙Practice research skills using sources in electronic databases, on paper, and in the world around us.∙Practice skills of writing, editing, and revision.Readings∙Kathleen Franz. Tinkering: Consumers Reinvent The Early Automobile.University of Pennsylvania Press, 2005. ISBN-10: 0812238818∙Stephen Meyer. The Five Dollar Day: Labor Management and Social Control in the Ford Motor Company, 1908-1921. State University of New York Press, 1981. ISBN-10: 0873955099∙Chester Liebs. Main Street to Miracle Mile: American Roadside Architecture. The Johns Hopkins University Press; Reprint edition, 1995. ISBN-10: 0801850959∙Tom McCarthy. Auto Mania: Cars, Consumers, and the Environment. Yale University Press (2009), Paperback. ISBN-10: 0300158483. ISBN-13: 9780300158489∙Gordon Harvey. Writing With Sources: A Guide for Students. Second edition. Hackett, 2008. ISBN13: 9780872209442∙Zachary M. Schrag, ―Guidelines for History Students,‖/teaching/teaching.html.CollaborationThis course is designed to encourage the kind of collaboration that makes scholarship so much fun. While you are responsible for your own essays, you will get a great deal of help from each other identifying and interpreting primary and secondary sources, and revising your work.You must credit your classmates for the help that they give you, since a scholar should be proud of the use she has made of others’ work. Citation need not be terribly formal, but I suggest the following forms for citing work by your classmates:∙Joanna Student, "Lincoln’s Imagery," 26 January 2010, History 389 Discussion Board.For a document posted by a student, but written by someone else:∙Lisa Rein, ―Daring to Dream of Reducing Tysons Traffic,‖ Washington Post, 10 December 2009 (posted by Joanna Student).Online ComponentsExcept for the peer-editing, this course is designed to be paperless; all assignments except for the essay drafts should be posted on Blackboard, . You will also receive essay comments electronically.AssignmentsPlease note than 105 percentage points are available, to allow for illness, family emergencies, and other mishaps.Attendance and Participation (15 percent)Much of this course is discussion based, which means that each student’s learning de pends on the other students’ being prepared, punctual, and active. The participation grade is designed to encourage you to help other students learn, and to prepare you for a lifetime of meetings.The participation grade is based on your prompt arrival and active participation in discussions. The highest participation grades will go to students who animate class discussions by asking questions of their peers. The most valuable contributions often begin with the words, ―I don’t understand.‖ Answering such qu estions, and questions posed by the instructor, is also helpful.You should be in your seat, ready to take notes at 12 noon; chronic tardiness will lower your grade. To be counted as on time, you must sign in by 12 noon. To be counted present, you must sign the late attendance sheet. If you need to leave early, please speak to me before class. If you leave early without notifying me, you will be counted absent.You are expected to attend class twice a week. To allow for family and medical emergencies, up to two weeks’ absence is excused. After that, absence for any reason will sharply lower your grade, until you have missed half the course. At that point, you will receive no credit for participation. Chronic absence or tardiness will also affect the grades on your written work.At the end of each unit, you will submit a participation memo, explaining your contribution to the class discussions and your plans for future discussions.Reading Responses (8 percent. 1 percent each)On twelve occasions during the course, you are assigned short responses. They are due at 9 am on the day indicated.On discussion days for which you submit a response, you should be prepared to be called on to describe your findings to the class.There are two kinds of responses:Reading responses (1 point each)On eight occasions, you are assigned responses to the readings. Questions will be posted on Blackboard:.1. Choose one of the questions for that day’s reading and write a one-paragraph response, roughly 125 – 175 words. Write your response as if it were part of a longer essay. Begin with a clear topic sentence (See /teaching/topicsentences.html) that makes an argument rather than just stating facts. Then support that argument with specific facts and quotations from the reading. Use parentheses to indicate page numbers. I suggest you compose your response in a word processor or text editor, then paste it into the discussion board. Research responses (9 percent. 3 points each)On three occasions, you are asked to complete small research assignments. You will be assigned to a group, which will determine specific deadlines. Points are based on the ability of your choice of documents and analysis to spark class discussion.Specific assignments will be posted on Blackboard. All research assignments require the following steps:1. Find a document or image according to the specific assignment instructions.2. Write a one-paragraph analysis of the document or image following the examples at ―Document Analysis‖ </teaching/documentanalysis.html> or ―Image Analysis‖3. Post the document on the appropriate Blackboard discussion, along with the document as an attachment.Essays (60 percent. 15 percent each)On four occasions, you are assigned six-ten paragraph essays (roughly 800-1200 words). Please keep in mind the instructions at /teaching/index.html, especially those on thesis statements and topic sentences.The essays require the following steps:1. Read the essay question, posted on Blackboard.2. Assemble evidence from the assigned readings, from the documents you and your classmates have gathered, and from music and films played in class. Each essay should contain a mix of evidence from primary and secondary sources from the appropriate unit. Evidence from other units of the course may be helpful as well.3. Develop a thesis statement that answers the question and can be supported by your evidence. See /teaching/thesistemplate.html for a suggested form.4. Write a rough draft of your essay. Bring two copies to class.5. Share your rough draft with two of your classmates during the peer editing session. If you do not receive helpful comments, demand them.6. Revise the draft according to the helpful comments you received.Peer Editing InstructionsYour job as a peer editor is not to correct spelling and minor errors, or to provide uncritical encouragement. Rather, it is to demand that your peers teach you something you did not know before.Your comments should begin with one of the following forms, or a close approximation:1. Your paper corrected a misconception I had. Before reading it, I thought _________. But you showed me . . .2. Your paper answered a question I had. Before reading it, I could not understand why_________. But you showed me . . .3. Your paper explained the significance of _________. Before reading it, I couldn’t understand why _________ was important. But you showed me . . .4. For the most part, this paper did not teach me anything that wasn’t pretty obvious from listening to the lecture and reading the book. But I was struck by your comment that ―_________.‖ This comment [insert phrase 1, 2, or 3]. Could you expand this point into a thesis for the whole essay?Final Exam (10 percent)The final exam will be an in-class essay exam that will ask you to reflect on the course as a whole and to analyze primary documents.Extra Credit (1 percent each; up to 3 percent)The goal of this assignment is to get you to think about the course in relation to your daily life. For each week of the course, you may write a two-paragraph journal entry. Up to three entries will count toward course credit, but you may only submit one per week. The first paragraph should describe something that happened to you or that you witnessed involving ground transportation. It can be something that just happened, a news story or article you saw, or a story from your past—but make it something you’re willing to share with the class. The second paragraph should explain how that event or item illustrates or complicates the themes of the course.ScheduleWeek 1January 19 Introduction—Cars and ChoicesUnit 1: What is a car? 1878-1940January 21 Lecture: The Invention of the Car.Week 2January 26 Discussion. Reading 1 due: Tinkering, 1-73January 28 Workshop: reading primary sources.Read: ―How to Read a Primary Source,‖ ―Document Analysis,‖ and ―ImageAnalysis.‖ /teaching/Week 3February 2 Discussion. Group 1.Research 1 due:early automobiles (Harper’s) February 4 Discussion: Reading 2 due: Tinkering,74-102; 130-166Week 4February 9 Discussion. Group 2.Research 2 due:early automobiles (NYPL brochures) February 11 Peer Editing. Essay 1 draft dueUnit 2: Are cars democratic? 1908-1945Week 5February 16 Lecture: Making the Model T.Essay 1 final due.February 18 Discussion: Reading 3 due: Five Dollar Day, 1-65.Week 6February 23 Discussion: Industry filmsFebruary 25 Discussion Group 3.Research 3 due:(ProQuest historical newspapers). Week 7March 2 Discussion: Reading 4 due: Five Dollar Day, 67-147.March 4 Peer Editing. Essay 2 draft dueSPRING BREAKUnit 3: How should we build for cars? 1945-1973Week 8March 16 Lecture: The Automotive Landscape. Essay 2 final dueMarch 18 Discussion: Reading 5 due: Main Street to Miracle Mile, vi-73Week 9March 23 Discussion: Group 1.Research 4 due Postcards/photosMarch 25 Discussion: Group 2.Research 5 due Postcards/photosWeek 10March 30 Discussion: Group 3.Research 6 due:Photographs/photosApril 1 Peer Editing. Essay 3 draft due.Unit 4: Are cars sustainable? 1955-2010Week 11April 6 Film: Who Killed the Electric Car? Essay 3 final dueApril 8 Discussion: Reading 6 due: Auto Mania, 99-147Week 12April 13 Discussion: Groups 1 and 3.Research 7 due:Car AdsApril 15 Discussion: Reading 7 due: Auto Mania, 148-92Week 13April 20 Discussion: Reading 8 due Auto Mania, 193-252April 22 Discussion: Group 2.Research 8 due Government documents Week 14April 27 Peer Editing. Essay 4 draft dueConclusionApril 29 Exam Review. Essay 4 final due.Final Exam: Tuesday, May 11, 10:30 am – 1:15 pm.在美国汽车历史389，第3节。

汽车专业外文翻译(修正)

保修对服务质量感知有影响吗？来自汽车维修和服务行业的研究Syed Saad Andaleeb；Amiya K Basu摘要检验了汽车维修行业中顾客总体满意度评价与它的五个评价因素——公平感知，同情心，敏感因素，可靠性和方便性五个因素之间的关系。

特别地，本文研究了担保对评价服务质量的影响。

并对之进行了调查。

结果发现，当服务没有担保时，同情心才是重要的。

公平和安全性也是重要的，当有担保时，这两项因素会得到提高。

有没有担保，敏感性和方便性都是重要的，并且不受担保的影响。

关键词：服务质量评估，顾客满意度SERVQUAL最近几年，服务业得到了大幅度的发展，并带动了世界经济。

这种趋势照目前看来，还会继续下去。

提供服务通常要求与大量的顾客进行联系。

市场必须提供非常好的服务才能取得成功，在当今这个以顾客为导向的市场上，竞争越来越激烈，为了存活下去，也必须提供很好的服务。

认识到服务的重要性，学术研究开始调查服务质量的观念是怎么建立和衡量的。

Parasuraman等在1988年识别出了影响服务质量的五个参数：同情心，敏感性，可靠性，方便和实用性，并且建议找出现有服务质量和顾客期望的服务质量之间的差距，并且把两者进行比率化，得出一个比率值。

这个模型就叫做SERVQUAL。

提出了一个服务质量评价的一般措施，这之后被广泛用于服务行业。

在此之后，大量的研究者在此基础上做了许多有用的研究，有的精炼了这个模型（Parasuraman等于1991年），有的在此基础上重新进行构建（Brown等于1993年，Peter 等也于1993年），甚至有的学者引入了新的模型（Carman于1990年）。

总结以上的变化如下：（1）在顾客观察到的服务质量和期望的服务质量之间，需要重点考察感知这个因素；（2）服务质量评估的参量需要进行一些特殊的范围修订；（3）为了解决特别的服务冲突部分，引入了一个新的参量。

本文整合了以上建议，并且聚焦于一个特殊的领域：美国汽车修理和维护行业。

汽车行业英文术语

汽车行业英文术语The automotive industry is a complex and dynamic field that is constantly evolving with new technologies and trends. Understanding the various English technical terms used in this industry is crucial for professionals and enthusiasts alike. In this article, we will explore and explain some common English terms used in the automotive industry.1. EngineThe engine is the heart of a vehicle, responsible for converting fuel into mechanical energy to power the car. In the automotive industry, there are various types of engines, including:- Internal Combustion Engine: An engine that burns fuel inside a combustion chamber to produce power.- Electric Motor: A motor that runs on electricity and powers electric vehicles.2. TransmissionThe transmission is a crucial component in a vehicle that transfers power from the engine to the wheels. There are different types of transmissions, such as:- Manual Transmission: Requires the driver to manually shift gears using a clutch pedal.- Automatic Transmission: Shifts gears automatically without the need for manual input.- CVT (Continuously Variable Transmission): Offers seamless shifting without fixed gear ratios.3. SuspensionThe suspension system in a vehicle helps to absorb shocks and bumps from the road, providing a smooth and comfortable ride. Common suspension terms include:- Coil Spring: A type of spring used in suspension systems to absorb and distribute impacts.- Shock Absorber: A component that dampens and controls the motion of the suspension.- Strut: A structural component that forms part of the suspension system and supports the vehicle's weight.4. BodyThe body of a vehicle refers to the main structure that encloses the passenger compartment and cargo area. Some key body terms include:- Chassis: The frame on which the vehicle's body is mounted.- Hood: The front cover of the engine compartment.- Fender: The panel that surrounds the wheel well and protects the body from debris.5. ElectronicsModern vehicles are equipped with a wide range of electronic systems and components. Some important electronic terms in the automotive industry include:- ECU (Engine Control Unit): A computer that controls engine functions and performance.- ABS (Anti-lock Braking System): A safety system that prevents the wheels from locking up during braking.- GPS (Global Positioning System): A navigation system that provides location information and directions.6. SafetySafety is a top priority in the automotive industry, and there are various terms related to vehicle safety, such as:- Airbags: Inflatable cushions that protect occupants in the event of a collision.- Crumple Zone: A structural feature that absorbs impact energy and protects passengers.- Traction Control: A system that helps prevent wheel spin and loss of control.7. EnvironmentalAs environmental concerns become more prominent, the automotive industry has been focusing on eco-friendly solutions. Some environmental terms include:- Hybrid Vehicle: A vehicle that uses a combination of an internal combustion engine and electric motor.- Zero Emission: Refers to vehicles that produce no harmful emissions during operation.- Regenerative Braking: A system that converts braking energy into usable electricity.In conclusion, understanding the various English technical terms used in the automotive industry is essential for professionals and enthusiasts to communicate effectively and stay informed about the latest developments in the field. By familiarizing oneself with these terms, individuals can better navigate the complexities of the automotive industry and stay ahead of the curve.。

汽车专业--毕业设计外文翻译

英文资料SuspensionSuspension is the term given to the system of springs, shock absorbers and linkages that connects a vehicle to its wheels. Suspension systems serve a dual purpose –contributing to the car's roadholding/handling and braking for good active safety and driving pleasure, and keeping vehicle occupants comfortable and reasonably well isolated from road noise, bumps, and vibrations,etc. These goals are generally at odds, so the tuning of suspensions involves finding the right compromise. It is important for the suspension to keep the road wheel in contact with the road surface as much as possible, because all the forces acting on the vehicle do so through the contact patches of the tires. The suspension also protects the vehicle itself and any cargo or luggage from damage and wear. The design of front and rear suspension of a car may be different.Leaf springs have been around since the early Egyptians.Ancient military engineers used leaf springs in the form of bows to power their siege engines, with little success at first. The use of leaf springs in catapults was later refined and made to work years later. Springs were not only made of metal, a sturdy tree branch could be used as a spring, such as with a bow.Horse drawn vehiclesBy the early 19th century most British horse carriages were equipped with springs; wooden springs in the case of light one-horse vehicles to avoid taxation, and steel springs in larger vehicles. These were made of low-carbon steel and usually took the form of multiple layer leaf springs.[1]The British steel springs were not well suited for use on America's rough roads of the time, and could even cause coaches to collapse if cornered too fast. In the 1820s, the Abbot Downing Company of Concord, New Hampshire developed a system whereby the bodies of stagecoaches were supported on leather straps called "thoroughbraces", which gave a swinging motion instead of the jolting up and down of a spring suspension (the stagecoach itself was sometimes called a "thoroughbrace")AutomobilesAutomobiles were initially developed as self-propelled versions of horse drawn vehicles. However, horse drawn vehicles had been designed for relatively slow speeds and their suspension was not well suited to the higher speeds permitted by the internal combustion engine.In 1903 Mors of Germany first fitted an automobile with shock absorbers. In 1920 Leyland used torsion bars in a suspension system. In 1922 independent front suspension was pioneered on the Lancia Lambda and became more common in mass market cars from 1932.[2]Important propertiesSpring rateThe spring rate (or suspension rate) is a component in setting the vehicle's ride height or its location in the suspension stroke. Vehicles which carry heavy loads will often have heavier springs to compensate for the additional weight that would otherwise collapse a vehicle to the bottom of its travel (stroke). Heavier springs are also used in performance applications where the loading conditions experienced are more extreme. Springs that are too hard or too soft cause the suspension to become ineffective because they fail to properly isolate the vehicle from the road. Vehicles that commonly experience suspension loads heavier than normal have heavy or hard springs with a spring rate close to the upper limit for that vehicle's weight. This allows the vehicle to perform properly under a heavy load when control is limited by the inertia of the load. Riding in an empty truck used for carrying loads can be uncomfortable for passengers because of its high spring rate relative to the weight of the vehicle. A race car would also be described as having heavy springs and would also be uncomfortably bumpy. However, even though we say they both have heavy springs, the actual spring rates for a 2000 lb race car and a 10,000 lb truck are very different. A luxury car, taxi, or passenger bus would be described as having soft springs. Vehicles with worn out or damaged springs ride lower to the ground which reduces the overall amount of compression available to the suspension and increases the amount of body lean. Performance vehicles can sometimes have spring rate requirements other than vehicle weight and load.Mathematics of the spring rateSpring rate is a ratio used to measure how resistant a spring is to being compressed or expanded during the spring's deflection. The magnitude of the spring force increases as deflection increases according to Hooke's Law. Briefly, this can be stated aswhereF is the force the spring exertsk is the spring rate of the spring.x is the displacement from equilibrium length i.e. the length at which the spring is neither compressed or stretched.Spring rate is confined to a narrow interval by the weight of the vehicle,load the vehicle will carry, and to a lesser extent by suspension geometry and performance desires.Spring rates typically have units of N/mm (or lbf/in). An example of a linear spring rate is 500 lbf/in. For every inch the spring is compressed, it exerts 500 lbf. Anon-linear spring rate is one for which the relation between the spring's compression and the force exerted cannot be fitted adequately to a linear model. For example, the first inch exerts 500 lbf force, the second inch exerts an additional 550 lbf (for a total of 1050 lbf), the third inch exerts another 600 lbf (for a total of 1650 lbf). In contrast a 500 lbf/in linear spring compressed to 3 inches will only exert 1500 lbf.The spring rate of a coil spring may be calculated by a simple algebraic equation or it may be measured in a spring testing machine. The spring constant k can be calculated as follows:where d is the wire diameter, G is the spring's shear modulus (e.g., about 12,000,000 lbf/in² or 80 GPa for steel), and N is the number of wraps and D is the diameter of the coil.Wheel rateWheel rate is the effective spring rate when measured at the wheel. This is as opposed to simply measuring the spring rate alone.Wheel rate is usually equal to or considerably less than the spring rate. Commonly, springs are mounted on control arms, swing arms or some other pivoting suspension member. Consider the example above where the spring rate was calculated to be500 lbs/inch, if you were to move the wheel 1 inch (without moving the car), the spring more than likely compresses a smaller amount. Lets assume the spring moved 0.75 inches, the lever arm ratio would be 0.75 to 1. The wheel rate is calculated by taking the square of the ratio (0.5625) times the spring rate. Squaring the ratio is because the ratio has two effects on the wheel rate. The ratio applies to both the force and distance traveled.Wheel rate on independent suspension is fairly straight-forward. However, special consideration must be taken with some non-independent suspension designs. Take the case of the straight axle. When viewed from the front or rear, the wheel rate can be measured by the means above. Yet because the wheels are not independent, when viewed from the side under acceleration or braking the pivot point is at infinity (because both wheels have moved) and the spring is directly inline with the wheel contact patch. The result is often that the effective wheel rate under cornering is different from what it is under acceleration and braking. This variation in wheel rate may be minimized by locating the spring as close to the wheel as possible.Roll couple percentageRoll couple percentage is the effective wheel rates, in roll, of each axle of the vehicle just as a ratio of the vehicle's total roll rate. Roll Couple Percentage is critical in accurately balancing the handling of a vehicle. It is commonly adjusted through the use of anti-roll bars, but can also be changed through the use of different springs.A vehicle with a roll couple percentage of 70% will transfer 70% of its sprung weight transfer at the front of the vehicle during cornering. This is also commonly known as "Total Lateral Load Transfer Distribution" or "TLLTD".Weight transferWeight transfer during cornering, acceleration or braking is usually calculated per individual wheel and compared with the static weights for the same wheels.The total amount of weight transfer is only affected by 4 factors: the distance between wheel centers (wheelbase in the case of braking, or track width in the case of cornering) the height of the center of gravity, the mass of the vehicle, and the amount of acceleration experienced.The speed at which weight transfer occurs as well as through which components it transfers is complex and is determined by many factors including but not limited to roll center height, spring and damper rates, anti-roll bar stiffness and the kinematic design of the suspension links.Unsprung weight transferUnsprung weight transfer is calculated based on the weight of the vehicle's components that are not supported by the springs. This includes tires, wheels, brakes, spindles, half the control arm's weight and other components. These components are then (for calculation purposes) assumed to be connected to a vehicle with zero sprung weight. They are then put through the same dynamic loads. The weight transfer for cornering in the front would be equal to the total unsprung front weight times theG-Force times the front unsprung center of gravity height divided by the front track width. The same is true for the rear.Suspension typeDependent suspensions include:∙Satchell link∙Panhard rod∙Watt's linkage∙WOBLink∙Mumford linkage∙Live axle∙Twist beam∙Beam axle∙leaf springs used for location (transverse or longitudinal)The variety of independent systems is greater and includes:∙Swing axle∙Sliding pillar∙MacPherson strut/Chapman strut∙Upper and lower A-arm (double wishbone)∙multi-link suspension∙semi-trailing arm suspension∙swinging arm∙leaf springsArmoured fighting vehicle suspensionMilitary AFVs, including tanks, have specialized suspension requirements. They can weigh more than seventy tons and are required to move at high speed over very rough ground. Their suspension components must be protected from land mines and antitank weapons. Tracked AFVs can have as many as nine road wheels on each side. Many wheeled AFVs have six or eight wheels, to help them ride over rough and soft ground. The earliest tanks of the Great War had fixed suspensions—with no movement whatsoever. This unsatisfactory situation was improved with leaf spring suspensions adopted from agricultural machinery, but even these had very limited travel. Speeds increased due to more powerful engines, and the quality of ride had to be improved. In the 1930s, the Christie suspension was developed, which allowed the use of coil springs inside a vehicle's armoured hull, by redirecting the direction of travel using a bell crank. Horstmann suspension was a variation which used a combination of bell crank and exterior coil springs, in use from the 1930s to the 1990s.By the Second World War the other common type was torsion-bar suspension, getting spring force from twisting bars inside the hull—this had less travel than the Christie type, but was significantly more compact, allowing the installation of larger turret rings and heavier main armament. The torsion-bar suspension, sometimes including shock absorbers, has been the dominant heavy armored vehicle suspension since the Second World War.中文翻译悬吊系统(亦称悬挂系统或悬载系统)是描述一种由弹簧、减震筒和连杆所构成的车用系统，用于连接车辆与其车轮。

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ECQFD在电动汽车环保和可持续发展设计上的应用S. Vinodh •Gopinath Rathod【摘要】环保意识被视为在竞争激烈的市场情况下的生存至关重要的概念。

对于注入环保意识，在产品设计的早期阶段是重要的。

本文提出了其中的重点是环保意识的质量功能展开（ECQFD）应用到电动汽车的研究。

ECQFD包括四个阶段。

ECQFD第一和第二阶段关心的是鉴定的重要部件，电动汽车是提高环保意识至关重要。

ECQFD第三和第四阶段是用来分析哪些设计变更中的电动车设计方案制定方面是最有效改善环境。

研究结果表明，它可在早期的产品设计和开发阶段的应用，以确保可持续性。

【关键词】质量功能展开、产品设计、质量功能展开环保意识、环保设计简介今天,低碳经济已经成为所有组织的目标。

挑战和机会是开发产品和过程更安全、更少毒素,高效节能,使用较少的水和减少温室气体排放。

环境问题,例如全球变暖和废弃物处理几十年来变得越来越严重。

随着的环保意识的增强，从全球变暖到当地废物处置，组织和政府面临着越来越大的压力,减少生产和消费产生的有害物质对环境的影响。

对产品规划，国际化和一体化的生态影响可以概念化迫切需要更广泛的市场营销战略环境框架。

公众对环境的关注，促进了环保的市场价值和公众对环境改善看法的重要性。

环境问题的上涨,在利益相关者的企业,企业应回应战略环境营销活动设计来满足环保需求的扩大过程、产品和包装(Pujari和赖特1996)。

制造业正面临一个新的重大挑战，由于可持续发展能源和自然资源被逐渐耗竭。

可持续发展的关键问题重新被发达的社会群体和所有主要组织所关注，汽车行业正面临着一个新的经济、科技和政治环境。

汽车制造商已经明确承诺供应市场更安全、更环保的产品并不断投资于研发，旨在进一步产品的改进。

今天,混合动力汽车的袭击,因为在市场上的联合工程和环境绩效。

电动汽车的电动马达和内燃机，他们是交替使用orcan相互补充,从而不断优化之间的平衡环境保护和动力性。

质量功能展开(QFD)是用于分析一个产品产品或产品结构,以实现这些功能，是一种设计工具，适用于早期的产品开发。

随着可持续发展的逐渐被关注，导致许多公司在研究如何解决他们的环境问题。

为了实现持续改进、环保意识设计(环保设计)或环境设计器正在成为一个越来越重要的话题。

在此背景下,环保意识的质量功能展开(ECQFD)已经应用于电动汽车调查研究。

ECQFD包括四个阶段。

第一阶段和第二阶段专注于产品设计考虑与环境和传统的要求。

在这个过程中，设计工程师将从环境角度来看提高设计的产品。

ECQFD第三和第四阶段使设计工程师检查设计改进的可能性，并确定组件的改善率和效果。

方法论在这项研究中所采用的方法如图所示。

1、研究基于QFD开始文献回顾以及对保护环境方面的应用。

其次是通过ECQFD模型及其应用于电动汽车让环保意识落实到产品的设计。

第一阶段是关于ECQFD在电动车上面的应用。

第二阶段是有关工程指标(EM)项目产品组件。

在第三阶段估计项目设计变更对电磁效应的影响。

第四阶段的目的如何将电磁设计对环境的要求变成影响。

继以推导出实用的推论。

个案研究已经启用的ECQFD环境意识设计应用已经说明了这一节。

公司的案件案例研究了位于印度的组织，进行电动车辆生产(EVM）的班加罗尔,卡纳塔克邦。

EVM成立至今，一直致力于生产环境友好型和经济的电动车上面。

(VOC)和环境电磁本部分介绍类型的需求必须考虑环境的属性的观点，通过整个产品生命周期和其他相关因素,整合环境项目形成一套行之有效的VOC和电磁环境。

对于回收和政府规定，通过工程学的角度来看，他们被视为挥发性有机化合物。

环境挥发性有机化合物环境挥发性有机化合物经常被选择用于覆盖大部分的环境问题的产品,所以设计师还要考虑环境问题，把他们纳入产品的开发。

他的优势在于容易驾驶,全自动驱动(没有离合器和无齿轮);无内胎轮胎。

最低运行成本，侧面碰撞梁钢网架，每次充电范围在80公里，容易在家或办公室充电，易于去公园;进出门;高端的知名度;可折叠后座椅;更多的行李空间、维护自由交流电机;自动特性、耗电少,速度80公里/小时,更好上下坡;盘式制动器,增加改进再生制动力矩;增加室内空间;防滑,色彩镶板,气候控制席位,快速加速和无维修发电机组。

环境电磁环境电磁包括高转矩异步电机、交流马达控制器和再生制动350微处理器,高频开关电源充电器;以微处理器为基础的电池管理系统;功率电池(铅酸电池);许多材料的类型、零件的数量;“零排放”;动力传动性能;能源效率;再生材料的价格，少的轮胎磨损，物理寿命和体积识别进行改进的目标。

ECQFD一期第一阶段描述ECQFD在电动汽车上的应用。

表1说明电磁挥发性有机化合物的部署。

一般VOC项目基于市场调查,揭示了“客户的权重为基础”。

“9”的评级表明,这是非常重要的,“3”表明,它是很重要的," 1 "表明相对重要。

VOC对于环境的重要程度是建立在产品的生命周期的概念上的。

挥发性有机化合物和电磁干扰项目之间的映射点表明这两个因素关系的强度影响设计师的决定。

相似的挥发性有机化合物的物品,“9”表示强烈关系,“3”表示中等关系,“1 ”表明相对关系。

在这里,在之间的映射点的环境挥发性有机化合物的物品和环境电磁项目、价值观的关系的力量提供给设计师,使他们做出决策。

例如,EM价值观念,如“350单片机和再生制动性能训练”、“动力传动系统”和“交流马达控制器”的原始分为“0.12”、“0.10”和“0.08”,分别是相对重要的,以满足客户的要求:“容易驾驶”、“全自动驱动(没有离合器和无齿轮)”、“容易在家里或办公室充电”和“免维护交流电机”。

ECQFD二期第二阶段是有关的EM项目在产品元件的部署。

每一种产品的相对重要性是在一个类似的方式在第二阶段被表示。

正如表二,可以发现,“能源管理体系”、“交流电机”和“交流马达控制器”的是重要组成部分。

从改进现有的系统环境的角度来看,其结果比较关心的质量功能展开的结果和不环境挥发性有机化合物和环境电磁物品。

第二阶段的结果表明,交流电机、交流马达控制器,能量吸收保险杠，是重要的能源管理系统的一部分。

改进设计的评价方法提高设计工程师对产品环境问题的认识，在评估环境方面也是改变设计的一种有效的过程中的重要部件。

ECQFD III期在第三阶段，评价他们设计变化对项目的影响。

一般来说,设计工程师可以使了几种替代方案。

有两种选择，设计工程师来决定他们的重点。

一种方法源于挥发性有机化合物，另一种方法是研究在第二阶段最重要的组件。

在这里,从环境的角度为主，来决定设计改进方案。

选项一•已在交流电机应该尽可能的降低使用数量。

•交流电动机物理寿命必须尽可能长。

•应尽可能使用再生材料提高保险杠吸收能量率。

•采用无内胎轮胎的材料类型应该尽量少。

•以微处理器为基础的能源管理体系,应实行能源管理系统。

选择二•能源管理系统应包括350微处理器为基础的再生式制动。

•能源利用效率的能量管理系统应该尽可能多的在一起。

•交流电机消散能量效率应很高。

•交流电机应具有高转矩交流感应电机。

•能量吸收保险杠应该有350微处理器为基础的再生式制动。

研究结果及讨论ECQFD使设计工程人员能够选择最有效的环保意识的设计方案。

为了切实验证ECQFD应用的有效性,对公司高管进行EMV调查问卷。

受访者的设计、生产和质量管理部门的EMV。

这些人员拥有对公司精通的生产实践经验。

作为ECQFD过程的结果,改变了环境意识在电动车的早期阶段的影响。

到目前，已经整合能源管理及能量吸收保险杠以350一个以微处理器为基础的再生式制动。

结论环保要求必须考虑等于成本和质量的传统要求。

在产品开发过程中出现的所有阶段引入环境的要求，产品的生命周期使EMV发展环保意识的电动汽车。

ECQFD已经制定了纳入质量功能展开（挥发性有机化合物和EM）的环境因素来处理环境和传统的产品质量，共同在产品设计的早期阶段实现可持续发展。

ECQFD使组织设计环保意识的产品。

设计工程师可以识别出电动车更重要的组件,以使其更加环保的帮助ECQFD第一阶段和第二阶段。

ECQFD阶段第三类和第四类被用来分析，关于环境的改善，电动车设计方案中的那些变更是最有效的。

ECQFD所产生的设计方案使组织更倾向于环保意识的产品。

在本研究中，ECQFD应用于电动汽车。

今后,该方法可以推广到多个产品,为确保可持续发展。

同时,可以做细化的ECQFD框架提高效益。

Application of ECQFD for enabling environmentallyconscious design and sustainable development in anelectric vehicleS. Vinodh • Gopinath RathodAbstract Environmental consciousness is regarded as a vital concept for survival in the competitive market scenario. The need for infusing environmental consciousness during early stage of product design is important. This article reports a study which is focused on the application of Environmentally Conscious Quality Function Deployment (ECQFD) to an electric vehicle. ECQFD consists of four phases. ECQFD phases I and II are concerned with the identification important parts of electric vehicle that are vital for improving the environmental consciousness. ECQFD phases III and IV are used to analyze which design changes among the formulated design options of electric vehicle are most effective with regard to environmental improvement. The study results indicate that it could be applied in early product design and development stages for ensuring sustainability.Keywords Quality Function Deployment、Product design、Environmentally Conscious Quality Function Deployment、Design for EnvironmentIntroductionToday, carbon footprint reduction is expected of all organizations.The challenge and the opportunity is to develop products and processes that are safer, less toxic, more energy efficient, use less water and produce fewer green house gases. Environmental problems such as the global warming and the waste processing have been quite serious over a couple of decades. With growing awareness of environmental issues from global warming to local waste disposal, organizations and government face increasing pressure to reduce the environmental impacts involved in the production and consumption of goods and services. Impact of ecological imperatives on product planning and their internalization and integration can be conceptualized in the broader framework ofstrategic environmental marketing. Public concern on environment has promoted the market value of a clean image and the importance of the public’s perception of the environmental friendliness (Pun 2006). With the rise in environmental concerns among the stakeholders of businesses, firms are responding with strategic environmental marketing activities designed to meet the growing demand for environmentally friendly processes, products and packaging (Pujari and Wright 1996. Manufacturing industries are confronted with a new major challenge on sustainable development due to energy and natural resources being depleted. With the question of sustainable development posed as a key concern in developed societies and for all major organizations, the automotive industry is facing a new economic, technological and political environment. Automobile manufacturers have clearly committed themselves to supply the market with ever safer and more environmentally friendly products and are continuously investing enormously in Research & Development aimed at further product improvements. Today, hybrid and electric vehicles are hit in the market because of the combination of engineering and environmental performance. An electric vehicle associates an electric motor and an internal combustion engine. They are used alternatively orcan complement one another, so as to continually optimize the trade-off between environmental protection and drivability. Quality Function Deployment (QFD) is used to analyze functions required for a product or the product structure to realize these functions, is a design tool applicable to the early stage of product development (Akao and Mazur 2003). The grow ing interest in ‘sustainable development’ has led many companies to examine the ways in which they deal with environmental issues (Bevilacqua et al.2007). To achieve sustainable improvement, environmentally conscious design (eco-design) or Design for Environment (DfE) is becoming an increasingly important topic (Byggeth and Hochschorner 2006). In this context, Environmentally Conscious Quality Function Deployment (ECQFD) has been applied to an electric vehicle in thisresearch study. ECQFD consists of four phases. ECQFD phases I and II are concerned with the identification of components that are focused on product design considering both environmental and traditional requirements. With this process, design engineers will improve the design of their product from an environmental perspective. ECQFDphases III and IV enable design engineers to examine the possibility of design improvements for components and to determine the improvement rate and effect of design Changes.MethodologyThe methodology followed during this study is shown in Fig. 1. As shown in Fig. 1, the study started with the literature review on QFD, and its application on environmentally friendlier aspects. This is followed by the adoption of ECQFD model and its application to electric vehicle for enabling environmentally conscious product design. Phase I is concerned with the application of ECQFD for the electric vehicles. Phase II is concerned with the deployment of Engineering Metrics (EM) items to product components. In phase III, the effect of a set of design changes on EM items has been estimated. The goal of phase IV was to translate the effect of design changes on EM into environmental quality requirements. This is followed by the derivation of practical inferences.Case studyThe application of ECQFD for enabling environmentally conscious design has been illustrated in this section.About the case companyThe case study has been conducted in an Electric Vehicle Manufacturing (EVM) organization located in Bangalore, Karnataka, India. EVM has been established to manufacture environment-friendly and cost-effective electric vehicles.(VOC) and environmental EMThis section describes the kind of requirements and attributes that must be considered from the environmental point of view through a whole product life cycle, and integrates those environmental items into a set of feasible environmental VOC and EM, and their correlation factors. The voice of recyclers and government regulations are treated as VOC and were expressed by means of engineering terms as EM. Environmental VOCEnvironmental VOC are selected to cover most of the environmental problems so that designers have only to consider them to incorporate environmental aspects intoproduct development.It represents the Easy to drive, Fully automatic drive (no clutch and no gear); Tubeless tyres; Range of 80 km per charge; Least running cost; Steel space frame with side impact beams; Easy to charge at home or office; Easy to park; Large doors easy entry/exit; High seats for superior visibility; Rear foldable seats—more luggage room; Rear de-fogger; Maintenance free AC motor; Automatic hill holding; Hill resistant feature; Less power consumption; Speed up to 80 km/h; Better slope negotiation; Disc brakes, with increased regenerative braking; Improved torque; Increased interior space; Scratch proof, colour impregnated panels; Climate controlled seats; Quick acceleration (pick-up) and Maintenance free power units.Environmental EMEnvironmental EM includes High torque AC induction motor; AC motor controller; 350 A microprocessor with regenerative braking; High frequency switch mode type battery charger; Microprocessor based battery management system; Power pack (lead acid batteries); Number of types of material; Number of parts; Zero emission; Power train performance; Energy efficiency; Rate of recycled materials; Less wear and tear of tyres; Physical life time and V olume.Identifying the target for design improvements ECQFD phase IPhase I describes the application of ECQFD to the design of electric vehicle. Table 1 shows the deployment of VOC to EM. Generally VOC items are weighed based on a market survey to reveal the ‘‘customer weights’’. A rating of ‘‘9’’ indicates that it is very important, ‘‘3’’ indicates it is important and ‘‘1’’ indicates it is relatively important. The degree of importance of environmental VOC is dependent on the concept of product life cycle.The mapping points between VOC and EM items are indicated by means of numbers indicating both factors call ed ‘‘relational strength’’ determined by the designer. Similar to the weighing of VOC item, ‘‘9’’ indicates strong relationship, ‘‘3’’ indicates medium relationship and ‘‘1’’ indicates certain strength. Here, at the mapping points between the environmental VOC items and environmental EM items, the values of relational strength are provided for the designer to enable decision making. For example,EM values such as ‘‘350 A microprocessor with regenerative braking’’, ‘‘Power train performance’’ and‘‘AC motor controller’’ with raw scores of ‘‘0.12’’,‘‘0.10’’ and ‘‘0.08’’, respectively, are relatively important to satisfy the customer requirements: ‘‘Easy to drive’’,‘‘Fully automatic drive (no clutch and no gear)’’, ‘‘Easy to charge at home or office’’ and ‘‘M aintenance free AC motor’’.ECQFD phase IIPhase II is concerned with the deployment of EM items to product components. The relative importance of each product component is obtained in a similar manner as phase I. As shown in Table 2, it is found that ‘‘En ergy Management System’’, ‘‘AC Motor’’ and ‘‘AC Motor Controller’’ are the important components. To improve existing systems from environment perspective, the results obtained are concerned with the QFD results without the environmental VOC and environmental EM items.The results of phase II reveal that the important components are Energy Management System; AC Motor; AC Motor Controller; and Energy Absorbing Bumper. Evaluation method of design improvement When design engineers improve their product from the view point of the environment, evaluating the effects of design changes on environmental aspects is an effective process after identifying the important components. ECQFD phase IIIIn phase III, the effect of a set of design changes on EM items is estimated. In general, design engineers can make several alternative plans. There are two options for design engineers to decide their focus. One method originates from target VOC. Another method is examining the most important components identified in phase II. Here, priority has been assigned to the environmental aspects and the design improvement plan has been set mainly from the viewpoint of the environment.Option I• Number of parts used in a AC Motor should be as minimum as possible.• Physical lifetime of the AC motor must be as long as possible.• The rate of recycled materials used in the energy absorbing bumpers should be as much as possible.• Number of types of materials used in the tubeless tyres should be as less as possible.• Microprocessor based energy management system should be implemented in energy management system.Option II• Energy management system should include 350 A microprocessor based regenerative braking.• The energy efficiency of energy management system should be as much as possible. • The AC motor should dissipate high rate of energy efficiency.• The AC motor should have high torque AC induction motor.• Energy absorbing bumpers should have 350 A microprocessor based regenerative braking.Results and discussionsECQFD enables the design engineers to select the most effective environmentally conscious design option. In order to practically validate the effectiveness of applyingECQFD, a questionnaire-based validation was conducted with the executives of EMV. The respondents were executives of the design, production and quality control departments of EMV. These executives possess excellent knowledge about the company’s manufacturing practices. As a result of the ECQFD process, changes were made to effect environmental consciousness at the early stages of electrical vehicle. Efforts have been taken to integrate energy management and energy absorbing bumpers with 350 A microprocessor based regenerative braking.ConclusionsEnvironmental requirements must be considered equal to the traditional requirements of cost and quality. The introduction of environmental requirements into the product development process at all stages of a product’s life enables the EMV to develop environmentally conscious electric vehicle. ECQFD has been developed by incorporating environmental aspects (VOC and EM) into QFD to handle environmental and traditional product quality requirements together to be used in the early stage of product design for enabling sustainability. ECQFD enables the organization to design environmentally conscious product. Design engineer can identify the components that should be given more importance in electric vehicle in order to make it more黄石理工学院毕业设计（论文）外文文献翻译environmental friendly with the help of ECQFD phases I and II.ECQFD phases III and IV were used to analyze which design changes among the identified design options of electric vehicle are most effective with regard to environmental improvement. The design options generated by ECQFD enable the organization to bring environmentally conscious product. ECQFD has been applied for electric vehicle in this study. In future, the methodology could be extended to several products for ensuring sustainability. Also, refinement could be done in the framework of ECQFD for enhancing the effectiveness.11。