汽车外文翻译
汽车导航外文翻译中英
Automotive navigation systemAn automotive avigation system is a satellite navigation system designed for use in automobiles. It typically uses a GPS navigation device to acquire position data to locate the user on a road in the unit's map database. Using the road database, the unit can give directions to other locations along roads also in its database. Dead reckoning using distance data from sensors attached to the drivetrain, a gyroscope and an accelerometer can be used for greater reliability, as GPS signal loss and/or multipath can occur due to urban canyons or tunnels.Some sorts can be taken out of the car and used hand-held while walking. HistoryAutomotive navigation systems were the subject of extensive experimentation, including some efforts to reach mass markets, prior to the availability of commercialGPS.Most major technologies required for modern automobile navigation were already established when the microprocessor emerged in the 1970s to support their integration and enhancement by computer software. These technologies subsequently underwent extensive refinement, and a variety of system architectures had been explored by the time practical systems reached the market in the late 1980s. Among the other enhancements of the 1980s was the development of color displays for digital maps and of CD-ROMs for digital map storage.However, there is some question about who made the first commercially available automotive navigation system. There seems to be little room for doubt that Etak was first to make available a digital system that usedmap-matching to improve on dead reckoning instrumentation. Etak's systems, which accessed digital map information stored on standard cassette tapes, arguably made car navigation systems practical for the first time.[2] However, Japanese efforts on both digital and analog systems predate Etak's founding.Steven Lobbezoo developed the first commercially available satellite navigation system for cars. It was produced in Berlin from start 1984 to January 1986. Publicly presented first at the Hannover fair in 1985 in Germany, the system was shown in operation on the evening news from the first German television channel in that year. It used a modified IBM PC, a large disc for map data and a flat screen, built into the glove compartment. It was called Homer Alpine claims to have created the first automotive navigation system in 1981.However, according to the company's own historical timeline,[3] the company claims to have co-developed an analog automotive navigation product called the Electro Gyrocator, working with Honda. This engineering effort was abandoned in 1985. Although there are reports of the Electro Gyrocator being offered as a dealer option on the Honda Accord in 1981, it's not clear whether an actual product was released, whether any customers took delivery of an Electro Gyrocator-equipped Accord, or even whether the unit appeared in any dealer showrooms; Honda's own official history appears to pronounce the Electro Gyrocator as not practical.Honda claims[4] to have created the first navigation system starting in 1983, and culminating with general availability in the 1990 Acura Legend. The original analogElectro Gyrocator system used an accelerometer to navigate using inertial navigation, as the GPS system was not yet generally available. However, it appears from Honda's concessions in their own account of the Electro Gyrocator project that Etak actually trumped Honda's analog effort with a truly practical digital system, albeit one whose effective range of operation was limited by the availability of appropriately digitized street map data.TechnologyVisualizationNavigation systems may (or may not) use a combination of any of the following:▪top view for the map▪top view for the map with the map rotating with the automobile (so that "up" on the map always corresponds to "forward" in the vehicle)▪bird's-eye view for the map or the next curve▪linear gauge for distance, which is redundant if a rotating map is used ▪numbers for distance▪schematic pictograms▪voice promptsRoad databaseContentsThe road database is a vector map of some area of interest. Street names or numbers and house numbers are encoded as geographic coordinates so that the user can find some desired destination by street address .Points of interest will also be stored with their geographic coordinates. Point of interest specialties include speed cameras, fuel stations, publicparking, and "parked here".Contents can be produced by the user base as their cars drive along existing streets and communicating via the internet, yielding a free and up-to-date map.Physical Storage FormatThe Physical Storage Format (PSF) initiative is an industry grouping of car manufacturers, navigation system suppliers and map data suppliers whose objective is the standardization of the data format used in car navigation systems, as well as allow a map update capability. Standardization would improve interoperability, specifically by allowing the same navigation maps to be used in navigation systems from 19 manufacturers. Companies involved include BMW, Volkswagen, Daimler,Renault, ADIT, Aisin AW, Alpine Electronics, Navigon, Bosch, DENSO, Mitsubishi, Harman Becker, Panasonic, PTV, Continental AG, Clarion, Navteq, Tele Atlas and Zenrin.MediaThe road database may be stored in solid state read-only memory (ROM), optical media (CD or DVD), solid state flash memory, magnetic media (hard disk), or a combination. A common scheme is to have a basemap permanently stored in ROM that can be augmented with detailed information for a region the user is interested in. A ROM is always programmed at the factory; the other media may bepreprogrammed, downloaded from a CD or DVD viaa computer or wireless connection (bluetooth, Wi-Fi), or directly used utilizing a card reader.Some navigation device makers provide free map updates for their customers. These updates are often obtained from the vendor's website, which is accessed by connecting the navigation device to a PC.汽车导航系统汽车导航系统是一个设计供汽车使用的卫星导航系统。
汽车英语
目录第一部分专业外文翻译材料原文 (2)第二部分专业万文翻译材料译文 (8)参考文献 (14)专业外文翻译材料原文Automotive power transmission device between the engine and the wheel drive train car called. It should ensure that the car has a variety of driving conditions necessary for traction, speed, and to ensure coordination between the traction and speed changes and other features that make the car has good power and fuel economy; also ensure the car can reverse, and left and right drive wheels can adapt to the requirements of the differential，And power transmission can be smoothly bonded or completely, the rapid separation as required. Driveline including clutch, transmission, drive shaft, main gear, differential and axle and other parts of the drive train in different ways according to the energy transfer is divided into mechanical transmission, hydraulic transmission, hydraulic, electric transmission and so on. First, the composition of the transmission systemClutch function: 1, the clutch can gradually combined to ensure a smooth start car engines and automotive drivetrain. 2, the clutch can temporarily cut off the engine and drive train, easy engine starting and transmission shift, in order to guarantee smooth drivetrain shift work. 3, the clutch can limit the transmitted torque, to prevent overloading the driveline.Composition: active part, the driven part, the pressing means, separating means and control mechanism.Universal transmission function:in the car any angle and relative position between a pair of shafts to transmit power between changes often occur shaft.The universal drive axleDrive axle gearing (or transmission)power came through deceleration by twisting, changing the direction of power transmission power by deceleration by twisting, (when the engine is longitudinal) after changing the direction of power transmission, assigned to the left and right wheels, making the car running, and allows the drive wheels to the left and right at different speeds. Drive axle assembly is the last of its drivetrain from the main reducer, differential, axle and axle components.Transmission functions: (1)change the transmission ratio: expanding the scope of variation of torque and speed of the drive wheel to adapt to frequent changes in driving conditions, such as start, acceleration, uphill, so that the engine work in favorable conditions. (2) in the direction of rota0 tion of the engine under the same premise, so the car can travel backwards. (3) the use of neutral, interrupt the power transmission, to allow the engine to start, idling, and to facilitate the transmission shift or power output.Second, the transmission consists of：the speed change transmission mechanism and operating mechanism Most ordinary transmission gear and some planetary gear drive. Ordinary gear shift mechanism for general use gears and clutch slip. How associated gear slip displacement gear and gear points. With triple sliding gear shift, a large axial dimension; with displacement sliding gear transmission, compact structure, but smaller than the gear change. There mesh type clutch and friction points. When using the clutch is engaged, the transmission speed difference should stop or very hour, with a friction clutch for shifting in operation at any speed difference, but small carrying capacity, and can not guarantee strict two-axis synchronization. To overcome this drawback, the engagement clutch friction plate tops to, when the first gear wheel driven by the friction plates to the synchronous speed and then joined. Planetary gear transmission brake control gear available.Third, the structural characteristics of the transmission Automatic transmission automatically selects the gear .and has the following salient features: 1.Good driving performance.2.manipulate simple.3.high traffic safety.4. to reduce emissions. 5. You can extend engine and driveline life. 6.increase productivity. but the automatic transmission drawback is:Its structure is more complicated, but also more difficult to repair. Another automatic transmission transmission efficiency is not high enough, of course, by matching engine optimization, lockup, and other measures to increase the number of gears, thetransmission efficiency can be close to the efficiency of the automatic transmission manual transmission level.Fourth, the transmission Category:1), according to the gear ratio change the way: a stepped, stepless and comprehensive formula①stepped: a step-most widely used transmission, which uses a gear drive, with a number of valuation ratios.a gear train used by different: there is a fixed axis (ordinary gear transmission) and the axis of the rotary transmission (planetary gear transmission) two.b. At present, the transmission drive cars and light and medium trucks than the usual 3 to 5 forward gears and one reverse gear.c. In the heavy-duty vehicles using a modular transmission, the use of more stalls, usually made of a combination of two transmissions.②stepless: stepless transmission ratio within a certain range can be varied by an infinite number of levels.a. Are common type and a hydraulic power (dynamic liquid) two.b. Electricity formula also used in the driveline trend widely used, its variable transmission member for DC series wound motor.c. A hydraulic drive unit is a hydraulic torque converter.③comprehensive type: integrated gearbox is defined by the torque converter and gear-type stepped transmission consisting of hydraulic mechanical transmission. Transmission ratio can be made infinitely variable within a few discontinuities between the maximum and minimum range, the current is widely used.2), by manipulating points: Forced manipulation, automatic and semi-automatic actuated actuated①. Forced actuated transmission shift lever operated directly by the driver, used for most cars.②. Robotic gearbox gear ratio selection (shift) is automatic. The driver simply manipulating the accelerator pedal, you can control the speed.③. Semi-automatic gearbox, there are two forms of manipulationa.Kind of common robotic several stalls, the rest of the stalls operated by the driver;b.The other is a preselected type, i.e., the driver in advance with the button selected gear, when the clutch pedal or the accelerator pedal is released, turned an electromagnetic device or hydraulic device to shift.3), by using the method points: manual transmission (MT), the automatic transmission (AT), manual transmission, continuously variable transmission (CVT), double-clutch gearbox and EMT, AMT sequence transmission, etc.Fifth, the transmission worksCar needs transmission, which is by the physical characteristics determined by an automobile engine. First, any engine has a speed limit, speed exceeds this maximum, the engine will explode. Secondly, if read horsepower and its application, you will know when have reached the maximum horsepower and torque, low speed range of the engine. For example, the engine may at 5,500 r / time to produce maximum horsepower. In the vehicle acceleration or deceleration, so that the presence of the transmission gear ratio between the engine and the drive wheels can be changed. By changing the gear ratio, the engine speed can be maintained below the speed limit, and the engine rotation speed zone close to optimum performance. Ideally, the range of the transmission gear ratio change is very large, and thus the engine always operates in the best performance of a single speed. This is a continuously variable transmission (CVT) of the CVT gear ratio range of the concept is virtually no limit. Past, CVT will not work with a four-speed and five-speed transmission contend in cost, size and reliability, so they are not visible in production cars. Currently, the improvement of the design of CVT has been so popular. Toyota Prius is a hybrid car using CVT.A transmission connected to the engine through a clutch. Thus, the same transmission input shaft speed and the engine.Six, synchronizerSince the transmission input shaft and the output shaft to the respective speed of rotation, there will be a "synchronous" change gear problems. Two rotation speed is not the same gear meshing force is bound to happen impact collision damage gear. Therefore, the transmission shift to adopt the old "feet clutch" approach, upshift stay a while in the neutral position, the downshift to refuel door in the neutral position, in order to reduce the speed differential gear. However, this operation is more complex and difficult to grasp accurate. So the designers to create a "synchronizer", by synchronizing allows gear to be engaging to a consistent speed and smooth engagement. There are pressure-type synchronizer, inertial and other types of self-energizing type. Currently on all synchronous transmission inertia synchronizer is used, which is mainly composed of clutch, synchronization lock ring and other components, it is characterized by relying on friction to achieve synchronization. Clutches, synchronized to be joined on the lock ring and ring gears are chamfered (locking angle), the inner cone synchronization lock ring and outer ring gear to be engaged in contact friction cone. Locking cone angle have been made in the design of appropriate choice, conical friction makes meshing gear sets to be quickly synchronized with the ring, but will produce a locking action to prevent the gear meshing before synchronization. When the inner cone synchronization lock ring and outside the ring gear to be engaged cone contact, the role of friction torque gear speed quickly reduce (or increase) to synchronous speed lock ring is equal to both synchronous rotation, gear relative to the genlock loop speed is zero, and thus the moment of inertia also disappeared, then under the force of the push, the clutch unimpeded synchronization lock ring engagement ring, and further engagement with the ring gear to be engaged and to complete shifting process. Transmission and synchronizers implementations from different manufacturers in different ways, but the basic principle is the same. Acting synchronizer is in contact with the canines before, so that the collar and the gear friction contact occurs. Thus, before the canine bonding, you can make the collar and the gear speed to achieve synchronization, as shown: blue cone axis gear engagement ring cone friction between the cone and the collar of the shaft ring and gear synchronization. Slide along the outer collar, so that theengagement gear canines. Automatic transmission fluid coupling function why no increase in torque effect: fluid coupling, only the pump and turbine, turbine oil without changing the flow direction of the guide wheel. When working pump oil to pass turbine wheel, and then through the turbine wheel return pump, oil pump through the turbine wheel return changed the direction of rotation, the flow direction and the opposite direction of rotation of the pump impeller. Engine crankshaft while being rotated, the need to overcome the resistance from the reverse of the turbine oil. Engine power has been weakened. Therefore, only the coupling fluid coupling condition, and never have increased torque conditions.When the car started and low speed high torque is required, and fluid couplings can not meet this need. So early production car with hydraulic coupling has started slow, slow-speed zone speed obvious shortcomings.In order to meet the needs of the car started and needs more torque at low speeds, and Hyundai have all switched to the torque converter. When the torque converter pump wheel fast moving, turbine load and driving resistance by the slower speed limit, between the pump and turbine produces a speed difference. This speed difference exists in the entire variable torque area. This speed difference on the formation of residual energy. That is, since the number of pump rotation is faster than the number of revolutions of the turbine, so that the oil pump to the turbine in turn drives the turbine in addition to, but also the remaining part of the energy, which is the residual energy. The difference between the number of revolutions of the pump impeller and the turbine, the greater the greater the residual energy. This residual fluid coupling in energy become an obstacle to the resistance of crankshaft rotation, and finally converted to heat, wasted. Torque converter is different, the speed difference between the pump and turbine is larger, the better residual energy only when the pump is higher than the number of vortex rotation revolutions to produce residual energy in order to increase the torque. Turbine braking (when the stall point and the starting point) of its maximum torque ratio. Fluid from the pump to turn a turbine, and then by changing the direction of the guide wheel and then return to the pump wheel, between the pump and turbine oil circulation formation. Only the presence of oil in circulation,in order to produce the torque conditions. With the increase in the number of revolutions of the turbine, the torque of the linear decline. After a critical point, the same number of turbines and rotary pumps, oil pump drive rotation of the turbine wheel in addition to, but has no residual energy, oil flow angle is changed to a minimum point, turbine oil returned toward the guide wheel on the back. Because of the one-way clutch is only responsible for the lock, turn left, turn right and not lock, so when the oil shocks on the back of the guide wheel is fixed on the one-way clutches, guide wheels began to rotate, the guide wheel starts spinning the moment is called the critical point . Prior to the critical point after coupling conditions for variable torque conditions, the critical point. Torque converter torque ratio increases with the turbo speed decreases, and decreases the number of revolutions of the turbine increases. I.e., with the running resistance torque increases, according to the running resistance of the automatic stepless variable torque in the low speed region. Torque converter transmission efficiency is increased with the number of revolutions of the turbine increases: only when the pump and turbine speed is close, will have a coupling conditions. Coupling conditions only in the car at high speed only, no coupling conditions at low speeds. As a guide wheel torque-device remains stationary while the torque conditions, the coupling conditions began to rotate. If the guide wheel rotating at the moment when they condition, it shows that the occurrence of a one-way clutch slip faults. When the guide wheel coupling conditions must be rotated, so when you do not spin, there is a one-way clutch catching fault occurred. The automatic transmission has been able to achieve automatic shift work because the driver depresses the throttle position or engine intake manifold vacuum and the traveling speed of the car can command the automatic shift system working, automatic shifting system, the control valves different working conditions will control the transmission gear mechanism and the brake is separated and combined with the release of the brake clutch, and changing the power transmission path of the transmission gear mechanism, transmission gear to achieve transformation.A conventional hydraulic automatic transmission according to changes in traveling speed of the car and the throttle opening degree, the automatic transmissiongear. Its shift control is mechanically converted vehicle speed and the throttle opening signal to control the oil pressure and the oil pressure is applied to both ends of the shift valve, to control the position of the shift valve, thereby changing the shifting actuator elements (clutches and brakes) of the oil. Thus, the work of hydraulic oil into the corresponding actuator, the clutch combination or separation, or release the brake, the control of the planetary gear transmission upshift or downshift to achieve automatic transmission.Electronically controlled hydraulic automatic transmission is added an electronic control system based on Automatic Transmission formed. It does this by monitoring the operating state sensor and switch and automobile engine, the driver's instructions to accept, and the obtained information into an electric signal is input to the electronic control unit. Electronic control unit based on these signals, the shift control valve via the solenoid valve of the hydraulic control apparatus to open or close access shift clutch and brake oil passage, thereby controlling the gear shift timing and transformation, in order to achieve automatic transmission .Torque converter utilizing flow of the liquid, the torque from the engine is transmitted to the rear planetary gear mechanism is increased, at the same time, the hydraulic control apparatus according to the travel required (throttle opening, vehicle speed) to manipulate the planetary gear system to obtain the corresponding The gear ratio and rotational direction, to achieve upshifts, downshifts, forward or backward. The above process, the torque is increased, the throttle opening degree and the vehicle speed signal to the hydraulic control means to manipulate, and change the direction of rotation than the planetary gear transmission mechanism, are performed automatically inside the transmission, the driver does not need to operate, namely, automatic shift (shift). Electronically controlled automatic transmission system: Many modern vehicles equipped with electronically controlled automatic shifting device, can more effectively control the transmission shift, to enhance driving performance, fuel consumption saving effect.专业万文翻译材料译文汽车发动机与驱动轮之间的动力传递装置称为汽车的传动系。
汽车英语外文翻译
外文翻译:Piston Engine OperationCustomer’s ConcernInternal combustion engines come in a variety of sizes and power ratings . They supply the mechanical energy needed to put compact , mid-size , and full-size vehicles in motion . Four-cylinder engines power smaller vehicles and provide better fuel economy than larger engines . More powerful six-and eight-cylinder engines are used to power most medium-and full-size vehicles . Ten-and twelve-cylinder engines provide high-performance power for sport models and workhorse power for heavy-duty pickup trucks .Engine construction may differ by manufacturer ,but all piston engines operate on the same principles . A good understanding of these principles will be important in your career as an automotive technician .Technician’s ChallengeAs an automotive technician , you need to find answers to these questions:1 . How does an internal combustion engine produce power ? How does it convert heat into motion ? How is fuel burned inside the engine ?2 . What are the basics of engine construction ？What parts make up an engine ? What is a cylinder , piston , crankshaft , and camshaft ?3 . What is the purpose of the air induction , fuel , ignition , lubricating ,cooling , and exhaust systems ? How do they work together ?Objectives:●Describe the function of the pistons .●Describe the purpose of the connecting rods and crankshaft .●Diagnose abnormal exhaust color , odor , and sound ；determine necessaryaction .Types of EnginesAutomotive engines are internal combustion engines . See Fig. 1-1 . An engine is a machine that turns heat energy into mechanical energy . An internal combustion engine burns fuel internally . The heat produced from burning a fuel creates the power that moves the vehicle .Most automotive engines are called reciprocating engines because their pistons move up and down inside the cylinders , See Fig. 1-2. A piston is a cylindrical plugthat fits inside the cylinder , It receives and transmits motion as a result of pressure changes applied to it .There are two types of internal combustion piston engines : spark-ignition (gasoline) and compression ignition (diesel) .Internal combustion piston engines differ in :●The type of fuel they use .●The way ignition of the air/fuel mixture occurs .Spark-Ignition EngineMost spark-ignition engines run on liquid fuels , such as gasoline , alcohol , or a gasoline/alcohol blend . Some spark-ignition engines run on gaseous fuels , such as propane or natural gas .Air and fuel enter the engine cylinders to create a combustible mixture . The pistons compress (squeeze) the mixture to about one-eighth of its original volume . The ignition system produces a spark at the spark plug, igniting the compressed mixture . As the mixture burns, temperature and pressure increase in the cylinder , The high pressure forces the piston down in the cylinder . This causes the crankshaft to rotate . Gears and shafts carry this motion to the wheels that drive the vehicle . Compression-ignition EngineA diesel ( compression ignition ) engine runs on a light fuel oil similar to kerosene . In this type of engine , the piston compresses only air . Compressing air to about one-twentieth of its original volume raises its temperature to 1,000°F （538°C）or higher . The fuel is injected ( sprayed ) into the cylinder , where it is ignited by the heated air . As the mixture burns , the pressure forces the piston down in the cylinder .Engine ConstructionSpark and compression-ignition engines are similar in construction . Both have engine blocks and cylinder heads . Both have pistons that move up and down in the cylinders . The cylinders , or cylinder bores , are machined openings through the engine block . A cylinder head covers the top of the cylinders . The bottom of each cylinder is open . The pistons are connected through this opening to the crankshaft .The two travel limits for a piston are defined as top dead center ( TDC ) and bottom dead center ( BDC ) . A piston stroke takes place when the piston moves from TDC to BDC or from BDC to TDC .see fig 1-3The Engine BlockThe engine block , also called the cylinder block , is a precision metal casting . See Fig.1-4.The block contains the :●Cylinders , or cylinder bores .●Pistons and connecting rod assemblies .●Camshaft , for engines that do not have an overhead camshaft design.●Crankshaft.Figure 1-5 shows the events that take place in the cylinder of a spark-ignition engine . The piston has completed its intake stroke . It is at its lower limit of travel , bottom dead center . See Fig. 1-5(a). The space above the piston contains the air/fuel mixture .Next , the piston moves up the cylinder toward top dead center . See Fig.1-5(b). This motion compresses the mixture . As the piston nears top dead center , an electric spark ignites the mixture . The mixture burns rapidly . This creates heat and high pressure that push the piston down in the cylinder . See Fig. 1-5( c ).This downward movement creates power . At the bottom of the power stroke , the piston begins the exhaust stroke and moves up in the cylinder .The exhaust valves open , and the burned gases are pushed from the cylinder . See Fig. 1-5( d ).Piston and Piston Rings Figure 1-6 shows a piston and piston rings . Pistons are usually made of an aluminum alloy , which is aluminum mixed with other metals . They are slightly smaller than the cylinders so that they can move up and down freely .The small gap between the piston and cylinder wall is known as piston clearance . See Fig. 1-7 . Piston clearance provides the sliding fit . If not properly sealed , this gap allows some of the compressed air/fuel mixture and combustion gases to leak past the piston . This leakage is called blowby . Blowby reduces power , wastes fuel , and pollutes the air . The piston rings seal the gap between the piston and the cylinder wall . Each ring fits into ring grooves cut into the piston . There are two types of piston rings:●Compression rings form a sliding seal between the piston and the cylinder wall .They reduce or control blowby of combustion gases .●Oil rings , or oil-control rings , scrape excess oil from the cylinder wall and returnit to the crankcase .Crankshaft The reciprocating motion of the pistons must be changed to rotary motion . Rotary motion is what turns the vehicle’s drive wheels . The connecting rodsand the crankshaft make this conversion possible . A piston pin connecting rod each piston to the small end of the connecting rod. The connecting rod connects the piston to the crankshaft. See Fig. 1-8.The rod cap and rod bolts attach the connecting rod to the connecting rod journal. The journal holds a split bearing ( two halves ) , or connecting rod bearing , in place in the cap and rod . See Fig. 1-9. A slight clearance allows the connecting rod journal to turn inside the bearing . Oil fills this clearance to lubricate the bearing and prevent metal-to-metal contact. As the crankshaft turns , the connecting rod journal moves in a circle .As the piston moves up and down in the cylinder its connecting rod journal moves in a circle around the centerline of the crankshaft. On the down stroke the centerline of the crankshaft. On the down stroke the connecting rod moves to one side, as its lower end follows the movement of the crankshaft rod journal. As the piston reaches BDC, the connecting rod journal continues to move up the connecting rod pushes the piston up on the next stroke. In this way, the crankshaft changes the reciprocating motion of the piston to rotary motion at the drivetrain .The Cylinder HeadFigure 1-10 shows a cylinder head . The cylinder head is bolted to the top of the engine block . The cylinder head contains the :●Intake valves ,exhaust valves , and connecting parts .●Camshaft for engines with overhead camshaft design●Combustion chamber ( the upper portion of the cylinder located in the head ) .Hot Gases Are Really CoolA diesel engine would have no power without hot air to ignite the fuel within its cylinders . When a diesel engine piston moves up on the compression stroke , it compresses the air above it , This causes the air pressure and temperature increases so much that a light spray of fuel ignites as soon as it mixes with the highly compressed air in the top of the cylinder !Increasing the pressure for a gas ( air ) trapped in a container increases the temperature . Increasing the temperature increases the pressure . Gas pressure also decreases with decreasing temperature .Safety First: Personal Protection Use eye protection . Wear gloves and clothing with long sleeves .Caution Do not heat an empty bottle in the microwave . Always put some waterinside the bottle . Never heat the bottle with the top sealed .Exploring Temperature and PressureMeets NATEF Science Standards for understanding the relationship between pressure and temperature and the effect of how adding heat causes vaporization .Here’s a simple experiment that you may want to try at home .It’s just the reverse of what happens to the air within an engine’s cylinder on the compression stroke .1 . Remove the lid from the plastic bottle and rinse it thoroughly.2 . Add 4 tablespoons of water to the bottle . Heat it a microwave oven for 1 minute .3 . Remove the warm bottle from the oven. Screw on the lid tightly.4 . Run cold water over the bottle for a minute or so , Observe what happens . Results and Analysis As you probably observed , when the warm plastic bottle is cooled , it collapses . Can you explain why ?Materials and Equipment(1)Small plastic bottle with a screw-on top(2)Microwave oven and sink or water hose(3) 4 tablespoons of waterFig. 1-9 Crankshaft with one piston and connecting rod assembly . This shows how the piston attaches through the connecting rod to the rod journal on the crankshaft .What is the function of the crankshaft ?Each cylinder has one or more intake valves and exhaust valves . See Fig.1-11. The intake valve controls the flow of the air/fuel mixture into the cylinder . The exhaust valve controls the flow of exhaust gas from the cylinder , The valves fit in the intake and exhaust ports of the cylinder head .Most cylinders have two ports , or holes , in the combustion chamber area of the cylinder head . One port is the intake port ; the other is the exhaust port . The air/fuel mixture enters the cylinder through the intake port . Burned gases leave the cylinder through the exhaust port . Some engines have multiple intake and exhaust ports and valves .When a valve closes , it seals tightly against the valve seat . A valve seat is the surface against which the valve face comes in contact to provide a seal against leakage . In the closed position , the valve moves off its seat ,the port is open . The air/fuel mixture or exhaust gas can then pass through the port .The timing of valve opening and closing will vary with engine design . The intake valve opens before the intake stroke begins and closes after it ends . Theexhaust valve opens before the exhaust stroke begins and closes after it ends , This valve overlap improves engine “breathing,”or the flow of air/fuel mixture and exhaust gases into and out of the cylinders.第一章活塞式发动机的工作客户的关注内燃发动机在各种尺寸和额定功率上的要求。
汽车车辆底盘外文文献翻译、中英文翻译、外文翻译
ChassisChassis include the clutch , the transmission, the drive shaft, the final drive assembly, the front suspension, the rear suspension, the steering system ,the brake system, the wheels and tires.1.clutchThe engine produces the power to drive the vehicle . The drive line or drive train transfer the power of the engine to the wheels . The drive train consists of the parts from the back of the flywheel to the wheels . These parts include the clutch , the transmission ,the drive shaft ,and the final drive assembly .The clutch which includes the flywheel ,clutch disc , pressure plate , springs , pressure plate cover and the linkage necessary to operate the clutch is a rotating mechanism between the engine and the transmission . It operates through friction which comes from contact between the parts . That is the reason why the clutch is called a friction mechanism . After engagement, the clutch must continue to transmit all engine torque to transmission depending on the friction without slippage . The clutch is also used to disengage the engine from the drive train whenever the gears in the transmission are being shifted from gear ratio to another .To start the engine or shift the gears , the driver has to depress the clutch pedal with the purpose of disengagement the transmission from the engine . At that time , the driven members connected to the transmission input shaft are either stationary or rotating at a speed that is slower of faster than the driving members connected to engine crankshaft . There is no spring pressure on the clutch assembly parts . So there is no friction between the driving members and driven members . As the driver lets loose the clutch pedal , spring pressure increase on the clutch parts . Friction between the parts also increases . The pressure exerted by the springs on the driven members is controlled by the driver through the clutch pedal and linkage . The positive engagement of the driving and driven members is made possible the friction between the surfaces of the members . When full spring pressure is applied , the speed of the driving and driven members should be the same . At the moment , the clutch must actas a coupling device and transmit all engine power to the transmission , without slipping .However , the transmission should be engaged to the engine gradually in order to operate the car smoothly and minimize torsional shock on the drive train because an engine at idle just develop little power . Otherwise , the driving members are connected with the driven members too quickly and the engine would be stalled .The flywheel is a major part of the clutch . The flywheel mounts to the engine‟s crankshaft and transmits engine torque to the clutch assembly . The flywheel , when coupled with the clutch disc and pressure plate makes and breaks the flow of power the engine to the transmission .The flywheel provides a mounting location for the clutch assembly as well . When the clutch is applied , the flywheel transfers engine torque to the clutch disc . Because of its weight , the flywheel helps to smooth engine operation . The flywheel also has a large ring gear at its outer edge , which engages with a pinion gear on the starter motor during engine cranking .The clutch disc fits between the flywheel and the pressure plate . The clutch disc has a splined hub that fits over splines on the transmission input shaft . A splined hub has grooves that match splines on the shaft . These splines fit in the grooves . Thus , the two parts held together . However , back –and –forth movement of the disc on the shaft is possible . Attached to the input shaft , the disc turns at the speed of the shaft .The clutch pressure plate is generally made of cast iron . It is round and about the same diameter as the clutch disc . One side of the pressure plate is machined smooth . This side will press the clutch disc facing are against the flywheel . The outer side has shapes to facilitate attachment of spring and release mechanism . The two primary types of pressure plate assemblies are coil spring assembly and diaphragm spring .In a coil spring clutch the pressure plate is backed by a number of coil springs and housed with them in a pressed –steed cover bolted to the flywheel . The spring push against the cover . Neither the driven plate nor the pressure plate is connected rigidly to the flywheel and both can move either towards it o away . When the clutch pedal is depressed a thrust pad riding on a carbon or ball thrust bearing is forced towards the flywheel . Levers pivoted sothat they engage with the thrust pad at one end and the pressure plate tat the other end pull the pressure plate back against its springs . This releases pressure on the driven plate disconnecting the gearbox from the engine .Diaphragm spring pressure plate assemblies are widely used in most modern cars . The diaphragm spring is a single thin sheet of metal which yields when pressure is applied to it . When pressure is removed the metal spring back to its original shape . The center portion of the diaphragm spring is slit into numerous fingers that act as release levers . When the clutch assembly rotates with the engine these weights are flung outwards by centrifugal plate and cause the levers to press against the pressure plate . During disengagement of the clutch the fingers are moved forward by the release bearing . The spring pivots over the fulcrum ring and its outer rim moves away from the flywheel . The retracting spring pulls the pressure plate away from the clutch plate thus disengaging the clutch .When engaged the release bearing and the fingers of the diaphragm spring move towards the transmission . As the diaphragm pivots over the pivot ring its outer rim forces the pressure plate against the clutch disc so that the clutch plate is engaged to flywheel .The advantages of a diaphragm type pressure plate assembly are its compactness , lower weight , fewer moving parts , less effort to engage , reduces rotational imbalance by providing a balanced force around the pressure plate and less chances of clutch slippage .The clutch pedal is connected to the disengagement mechanism either by a cable or , more commonly , by a hydraulic system . Either way , pushing the pedal down operates the disengagement mechanism which puts pressure on the fingers of the clutch diaphragm via a release bearing and causes the diaphragm to release the clutch plate . With a hydraulic mechanism , the clutch pedal arm operates a piston in the clutch master cylinder . This forces hydraulic fluid through a pipe to the cutch release cylinder where another operates the clutch disengagement mechanism by a cable .The other parts including the clutch fork , release bearing , bell – housing , bell housing cover , and pilot bushing are needed to couple and uncouple the transmission . The clutch fork , which connects to the linkage , actually operates the clutch . The release bearing fits between the clutch fork and the pressure plate assembly . The bell housing covers the clutchassembly . The bell housing cover fastens to the bottom of the bell housing . This removable cover allows a mechanic to inspect the clutch without removing the transmission and bell housing . A pilot bushing fits into the back of the crankshaft and holds the transmission input shaft .2.AUTOMATIC TRANSMISSIONThe modern automatic transmission is by far , the most complicated mechanical component in today‟s automobile . It is a type of transmission that sifts itself . A fluid coupling or torque converter is used instead of a manually operated clutch to connect the transmission to the engine .There are two basic types of automatic transmission based on whether the vehicle is rear wheel drive or front wheel drive . On a rear wheel drive car , the transmission is usually mounted to the back of the engine and is located under the hump in the center of the floorboard alongside the gas pedal position . A drive shaft connects the transmission to the final drive which is located in the rear axle and is used to send power to the rear wheels . Power flow on this system is simple and straight forward going from the engine , through the torque converter , then trough the transmission and drive shaft until it reaches the final drive where it is split and sent to the two rear transmission .On a front wheel drive car , the transmission is usually combined with the final drive to form what is called a transaxle . The engine on a front wheel drive car is usually mounted sideways in the car with the transaxle tucked under it on the side of the engine facing the rear of the car . Front axles are connected directly to the transaxle and provide power to front wheels . In this example , power floes from the engine , through the torque converter to a larger chain that sends the power through a 180 degree turn to the transmission that is along side the engine . From there , the power is routed through the transmission to the final drive where it is split and sent to the two front wheels through the drive axles .There are a number of other arrangements including front drive vehicles where the engine is mounted front to back instead of sideways and there are other systems that drive all four wheels but the two systems described here are by far the most popular . A much lesspopular rear and is connected by a drive shaft to the torque converter which is still mounted on the engine . This system is found on the new Corvette and is used in order to balance the weight evenly between the front and rear wheels for improved performance and handling . Another rear drive system mounts everything , the engine , transmission and final drive in the rear . This rear engine arrangement is popular on the Porsche.The modern automatic transmission consists of many components and systems that designed to work together in a symphony of planetary gear sets , the hydraulic system, seals and gaskets , the torque converter , the governor and the modulator or throttle cable and computer controls that has evolved over the years into what many mechanical inclined individuals consider to be an art from . Here try to used simple , generic explanation where possible to describe these systems .1）Planetary gear setsAutomatic transmission contain many gears in various combinations . In a manual transmission , gears slide along shafts as you move the shift lever from one position to another , engaging various sizes gears as required in order to provide the correct gear ratio . In an automatic transmission , how ever , the gears are never physically moved and are always engaged to the same gears . This is accomplished through the use of planetary gear sets .The basic planetary gear set consists of a sun gear , a ring and two or more planet gears , all remaining in constant mesh . The planet gears are connected to each other through a common carrier which allows the gears to spin on shafts called “pinions” which are attached to the carrier .One example of a way that this system can be used is by connecting the ring gear to the input shaft coming from the engine , connecting the planet carrier to the output shaft , and locking the sun gear so that it can‟t move . In this scenario , when we turn the ring gear , the planets will “walk” along the sun gear ( which is held stationary ) causing the planet carrier to turn the output shaft in the same direction as the input shaft but at a slower speed causing gear reduction ( similar to a car in first gear ) .If we unlock the sun gear and lock any two elements together , this will cause all three elements to turn at the same speed so that to output shaft will turn at the same rate of speed asthe input shaft . This is like a car that is third or high gear . Another way we can use a planetary gear set is by locking the planet carrier from moving , then applying power to the ring gear which will cause the sun gear to turn in opposite direction giving us reverse gear .The illustration in Figure shows how the simple system described above would look in an actual transmission . The input shaft is connected to the ring gear , the output shaft is connected to the planet carrier which is also connected to a “Multi-disk” clutch pack . The sun gear is connected to drum which is also connected to the other half of the clutch pack . Surrounding the outside of the drum is a band that can be tightened around the drum when required to prevent the drum with the attached sun gear from turning .The clutch pack is used , in this instance , to lock the planet carrier with the sun gear forcing both to turn at the same speed . If both the clutch pack and the band were released , the system would be in neutral . Turning the input shaft would turn the planet gears against the sun gear , but since noting is holding the sun gear , it will just spin free and have no effect on the output shaft . To place the unit in first gear , the band is applied to hold the sun gear from moving . To shift from first to high gear , the band is released and the clutch is applied causing the output shaft to turn at the same speed as the input shaft .Many more combinations are possible using two or more planetary sets connected in various way to provide the different forward speeds and reverse that are found in modern automatic transmission .2）Clutch packA clutch pack consists of alternating disks that fit inside a clutch drum . Half of the disks are steel and have splines that fit into groves on the inside of the drum . The other half have a friction material bonded to their surface and have splines on the inside edge that fit groves on the outer surface of the adjoining hub . There is a piston inside the drum that is activated by oil pressure at the appropriate time to squeeze the clutch pack together so that the two components become locked and turn as one .3）One-way ClutchA one-way clutch ( also known as a “sprag” clutch ) is a device that will allow a component such as ring gear to turn freely in one direction but not in the other . This effect is just like thatbicycle , where the pedals will turn the wheel when pedaling forward , but will spin free when pedaling backward .A common place where a one-way clutch is used is in first gear when the shifter is in the drive position . When you begin to accelerate from a stop , the transmission starts out in first gear . But have you ever noticed what happens if you release the gas while it is still in first gear ? The vehicle continues to coast as if you were in neutral . Now , shift into Low gear instead of Drive . When you let go of the gas in this case , you will feel the engine slow you down just like a standard shift car . The reason for this is that in Drive , one-way clutch is used whereas in Low , a clutch pack or a band is used .4）Torque ConverterOn automatic transmission , the torque converter takes the place of the clutch found on standard shift vehicles . It is there to allow the engine to continue running when the vehicle comes to a stop . The principle behind a torque converter is like taking a fan that is plugged into the wall and blowing air into another fan which is unplugged . If you grab the blade on the unplugged fan , you are able to hold it from turning but as soon as you let go , it will begin to speed up until it comes close to speed of the powered fan . The difference with a torque converter is that instead of using air it used oil or transmission fluid , to be more precise .A torque converter is a lager doughnut shaped device that is mounted between the engine and the transmission . It consists of three internal elements that work together to transmit power to the transmission . The three elements of the torque converter are the pump , the Turbine , and the Stator . The pump is mounted directly to the torque housing which in turn is bolted directly to the engine‟s crankshaft and turns at engine speed . The turbine is inside the housing and is connected directly to the input shaft of the transmission providing power to move the vehicle . The stator is mounted to a one-way clutch so that it can spin freely in one direction but not in the other . Each of the three elements has fins mounted in them to precisely direct the flow of oil through the converter .With the engine running , transmission fluid is pulled into the pump section and is pushed outward by centrifugal force until it reaches the turbine section which stars it running . The fluid continues in a circular motion back towards the center of the turbine where it entersthe stator . If the turbine is moving considerably slower than the pump , the fluid will make contact with the front of the stator fins which push the stator into the one way clutch and prevent it from turning . With the stator stopped , the fluid is directed by the stator fins to re-enter the pump at a “help” angle providing a torque increase . As the speed of the turbine catches up with the pump , the fluid starts hitting the stator blades on the back-side causing the stator to turn in the same direction as the pump and turbine . As the speed increase , all three elements begin to turn at approximately the same speed . Sine the …80s , in order to improve fuel economy , torque converters have been equipped with a lockup clutch which locks the turbine to the pump as the vehicle reaches approximately 40-50 mph . This lockup is controlled by computer and usually won‟t engage unless the transmission is in 3rd or 4th gear .5）Hydraulic SystemThe hydraulic system is a complex maze of passage and tubes that sends that sends transmission fluid and under pressure to all parts of the transmission and torque converter and . Transmission fluid serves a number of purpose including : shift control ,general lubrication and transmission cooling . Unlike the engine ,which uses oil primary for lubrication ,every aspect of a transmission …s function is dependant on a constant supply of fluid is send pressure . In order to keep the transmission at normal operating temperature , a portion of the fluid is send to through one of two steel tubes to a special chamber that is submerged in anti-freeze in the radiator . Fluid passing through this chamber is cooled and then returned to the transmission through the other steel tube . A typical transmission has an avenge of ten quarts of fluid between the transmission , torque converter , and cooler tank , In fact , most of the components of a transmission are constantly submerged in fluid including the clutch packs and bands . The friction surfaces on these parts are designed to operate properly only when they are submerged in oil .6）Oil PumpThe transmission oil pump ( not to confused with the pump element inside the torque converter ) is responsible for producing all the oil pressure that is required in the transmission . The oil pump is mounted to front of the transmission case and is directly connected to aflange on the engine crankshaft , the pump will produce pressure whenever the engine is running as there is a sufficient amount of transmission fluid available . The oil enters the pump through a filter that is located at bottom of the transmission oil pan and travels up a pickup tube directly to the oil pump . The oil is then sent , under pressure to the pressure regulator , the valve body and the rest of the components , as required .7）Valve BodyThe valve body is the control center of the automatic transmission . It contains a maze of channels and passages that direct hydraulic fluid to the numerous valves which when activate the appropriate clutch pack of band servo to smoothly shift to the appropriate gear for each driving situation . Each of the many valves in the valve body has a specific purpose and is named for that function . For example the 2-3 shift valve activates the 2nd gear up-shift or the 3-2 shift timing valve which determines when a downshift should occur .The most important valve and the one that you have direct control over is the manual valve. The manual valve is directly connected to the gear shift handle and covers and uncovers various passages depending on what position the gear shift is paced in . When you place the gear shift in Drive , for instance , the manual valve directs fluid to the clutch pack ( s ) that activates 1st gear . It also sets up to monitor vehicle speed and throttle position so that it can determine the optimal time and the force for the 1-2 shift . On computer controlled transmission , you will also have electrical solenoids that are mounted in the valve body to direct fluid to the appropriate clutch packs or bands under computer control to more precisely control shift points .8）Seals and GasketsAn automatic transmission has many seals and gaskets to control the flow of hydraulic fluid and to keep it from leaking out . There are two main external seals : the front seal and the rear seal . The front seal seals the point where the torque converter mounts to the transmission case . This seal allows fluid to freely move from the converter to the transmission but keeps the fluid from leaking out . The rear seal keeps fluid from leaking past the output shaft .A seal is usually made of rubber ( similar to the rubber in a windshield wiper blade )and is used to keep oil from leaking past a moving part such as a spinning shaft . In some cases , the rubber is assisted by a spring that holds he rubber in close contact with the spinning shaft .A gasket is a type of seal used to seal two stationary parts that are fasted together . Some common gasket materials are : paper , cork , rubber , silicone and soft metal .Aside from the main seals , there are also a number of other seals and gasket that vary from transmission to transmission . A common example is the rubber O-ring that seals the shaft for the shift control lever . This is the shaft that you move when you manipulate the gear shifter . Another example that is common to most transmission is the oil pan gasket . In fact , seals are required anywhere that a device needs to pass through the transmission case with each one being a potential source for leaks .9）Computer ControlsThe computer uses sensors on the engine and transmission to detect such things as throttle position , vehicle speed , engine speed , engine load , stop light switch position , etc . to control exact shift points as well as how soft or firm the shift should be . Some computerized transmission even learn your driving style and constantly adapt to it so that every shift is timed precisely when you would need it .Because of computer controls , sports models are coming out with the ability to take manual control of the transmission as through it were a stick shift lever through a special gate , then tapping it in one direction or the other in order to up-shift at will . The computer monitors this activity to make sure that the driver dose not select a gear that could over speed the engine and damage it .Another advantage to these “ smart” transmission is that they have a self diagnostic mode which can detect a problem early on and warn you with an indicator light on the dash .A technician can then plug test equipment in and retrieve a list of trouble codes that will help pinpoint where the problem is .3．The Differential SystemWhen a vehicle is cornered the inner wheel moves through a shorter distance than theouter wheel . This means that the inner wheel must slow down and the outer wheel must speed up . During this period it is desirable that each driving maintains its driving action . The differential performs these two tasks . The principle of the bevel type differential can be seen if the unit is considered as two discs and a lever .When the vehicle is traveling straight , the lever will divide the diving force equally and both discs will move the same amount .When the vehicle corners , the driving will still be divided equally but the inner disc will now move through a smaller distance ;this will cause the lever to pivot about its center which will prize forward the outer disc to give it a greater movement . This action shows that the torque applied to each driving wheel is always equal – hence the differential is sometimes called a torque equalizer .4．Brake SystemThe breaking system is the most important system in cars . If the brakes fail , the result can be disastrous . Brakes are actually energy conversion devices , which convert the kinetic energy ( momentum ) of the vehicle into thermal ( heat ) . When stepping on the brakes , the driver commands a stopping force ten times as powerful as the force that puts the car in motion . The braking system can exert thousands of pounds of pressure on each of the four brakes .The brake system is composed of the following basic components : the “master cylinder” which is located under the hood , and is directly connected to the brake pedal , converts driver foot‟s mechanical pressure into hydraulic pressure . Steel “brake lines” and flexible “brake hoses” connect the master cylinder to the “slave cylinders” located at each wheel . Brake fluid , specially designed to work in extre me condition , fills the system . “Shoes” and “Pads” are pushed by the salve cylinders to contact the “drum” and “rotors” thus causing drag , which ( hopefully ) slows the car .The typical brake system consists of disk brakes in front and either disk or drum brakes in the rear connected by a system of tubes and hoses that link the brake at each wheel to the master cylinder .Stepping on the brake pedal , a plunger is actually been pushing against in the master cylinder which forces hydraulic oil ( brake fluid ) through a series of tubes and hoses to the braking unit at each wheel . Since hydraulic fluid ( or any fluid for that matter ) cannot be compressed , pushing fluid through a pipe is just like pushing a steel bar through pipe . Unlike a steel bar , however , fluid can be directed through many twists and turns on its way to its destination , arriving with the exact same motion and pressure that it started with . It is very important that the fluid is pure liquid and that there are no air bubbles in it . Air can compress , which causes a sponginess to the pedal and severely reduced braking efficiency . If air is suspected , then the system must be bled to remove the air . There are “bleeder screws” at each wheel and caliper for this purpose .On a disk brakes , the fluid from the master cylinder is forced into a caliper where it pressure against a piston . The piton , in-turn , squeezes two brake pads against the disk ( rotor ) which is attached to the wheel , forcing it to slow down or stop . This process is similar to the wheel ,causing the wheel to stop . In either case , the friction surface of the pads on a disk brake system , on the shoes on a drum brake convert the forward motion of the vehicle into heat . Heat is what causes the friction surfaces ( lining ) of the pads and shoes to eventually wear out and require replacement .Brake fluid is a special oil that has specifics properties . It is designed to withstand cold temperatures without thickening as well as very high temperatures without boiling . ( If the brake fluid should boil , it will cause you to have a spongy pedal and the car will be hard to stop ) .The brake fluid reservoir is on top of the master cylinder . Most cars today have a transparent reservoir so that you can see the level without opening the cover . The brake fluid lever will drop slightly as the brake pads wear . This is a normal condition and no cause for concern . If the lever drops noticeably over a short period of time or goes down to about two thirds full , have your brakes checked as soon as possible . Keep the reservoir covered expect for the amount of time you need to fill it and never leave a can of brake fluid uncovered . Brake fluid must maintain a very high boiling point . Exposure to air will cause the fluid to absorb moisture which will lower that boiling point .。
外文音译命名法的例子
音译法音译法就是模仿外文商标的发音而进行汉译的方法。
这种方法应用非常普遍，其特点是翻译快捷、简便，并能保留原名的音韵之美，让人体验到正宗的异国情调，同时也满足部分消费者追崇“洋味”的心理。
他们往往认为这种商标更能体现自己的身份和地位。
通常是若原语商标构不成意义,或属新奇型或专有独用型,多采用音译法。
如大家熟知的一些品牌：Motorola摩托罗拉，Nokia诺基亚，Sony索尼等代表的系列产品;Ford福特，Audi奥迪，BUICK别克，LINCOLN 林肯等轿车;adidas阿迪达斯，CHANEL夏奈尔，Pierre Cardin皮尔卡丹等服装;ROLEX劳利士，OMEGA欧米茄等手表;BOSS波士，ELIXIR 怡丽丝尔，BVLGARI宝格丽，LANC?ME兰蔻等化妆品;Levi's李维斯(牛仔服);ALIDA阿俪达(高级女鞋);Finbid芬必得(药品);Corona科罗娜，(啤酒);MacLaren麦克拉伦(婴儿车);Cartier卡地亚(珠宝手饰)等。
直译法直译法就是根据外文商标的语言，直接把词意翻译成汉语的方法。
译文的目的语与原文的始发语表达的形式和内容往往相同。
这也是一种应用广泛的方法，其特点是“不失真”，能保留原名传递的意义、信息、情感等，直接传达原文的语义，让消费者更能体会到原商标的涵义，甚至引发联想而产生兴趣、好感，利于商品的销售。
一般说来，如果商标原名本身具有某种特定的涵义或某种象征意义，就应尽可能地考虑直译。
如英国汽车Lotus，直译为“莲花”，能给人以许多美好的联想：莲“出淤泥而不染，濯清莲而不妖”的高洁、质朴，莲“香远益清”的芳香，“亭亭的风姿”，“姣姣的风韵”，“清水出芙蓉，天然去雕饰”不施粉黛的天生丽质，无与伦比的脱俗气质等等;床上用品Fair Lady译为“贵妇人”，给人一种高雅的感觉;轿车Crown译为“皇冠”，暗示轿车的显贵，若音译为“克朗”，感觉就相差甚远。
汽车专业外文翻译----当今汽车面临的挑战
中文2380字当今汽车面临的挑战自上世纪下半叶，中东石油危机导致世界性油荒，以及石油系不可再生资源，迫使世界上几乎所有著名汽车制造厂商都在加速研制“低油耗、低价格，小排量、小车身”一般发展中国家老百姓都能买得起的轿车。
事实上“二低二小”轿车（国人谓之“经济型轿车”）并不是临时应付穷人的权宜之计，而是为了节约能源、减少污染、少占行车空间及停车用地，在有经济效益的同时，社会效益的意义更大。
发达国家几十年来一直没有停止过此类车的研发和生产，汽车大国日、英、德、法、意、韩的低排量汽车市场一直占据汽车市场50%左右。
波兰、捷克和前南斯拉夫等国的市场比例更高，经济型轿车达到80%以上。
早在上世纪的五十年代，日本政府就公布了“轻四轮法”，规定此档车不仅可以享受减税、减保险金、免征过桥、过渡费、简化车照、驾照手续等等。
到了本世纪的今天，德国大众汽车公司已推出节能型奥迪A2百公里油耗3L的LuPo型轿车。
意大利菲亚特汽车公司将在2002年出品的1.2L“Punto”轿车，百公里油耗2.9L，售价1.2万马克（约人民币5.2万元）。
此外福特的Fiesta 、雷诺Clio、日产Micra等微型轿车都是风靡世界的流行车型。
由此可见，价格低廉、油耗低、小排量、轻污染、轻便灵活、用途广泛的经济型轿车已成为全球汽车市场最受欢迎的车型之一，各国政府不仅在用车政策上网开一面，而且在各方面都加以大力鼓励与有力扶持。
经济型轿车在汽车分类中可分为A级车和B级车，A 级车的发动机排量通常在1.0L以下，车身总长度一般不超过3.5M，两门，如韩国大宇Matiz、日本铃木Alto等。
B级车的发动机排量通常在1.0-1.5L之间，车长不超过3.75M，四门，性能比也较强，并有更多的车型变化，如雷诺Clio、标致206等。
目前，西欧所产的A级的B级车总量约在430多万辆，预计到2005年将达到500万辆。
在当今亚洲地区A+B级车合计超过了300万辆，预计到2005年合计生产量将达到400万辆。
汽车导航外文翻译中英对照
Automotive navigation systemAn automotive avigation system is a satellite navigation system designed for use in automobiles. It typically uses a GPS navigation device to acquire position data to locate the user on a road in the unit's map database. Using the road database, the unit can give directions to other locations along roads also in its database. Dead reckoning using distance data from sensors attached to the drivetrain, a gyroscope and an accelerometer can be used for greater reliability, as GPS signal loss and/or multipath can occur due to urban canyons or tunnels.Some sorts can be taken out of the car and used hand-held while walking. HistoryAutomotive navigation systems were the subject of extensive experimentation, including some efforts to reach mass markets, prior to the availability of commercialGPS.Most major technologies required for modern automobile navigation were already established when the microprocessor emerged in the 1970s to support their integration and enhancement by computer software. These technologies subsequently underwent extensive refinement, and a variety of system architectures had been explored by the time practical systems reached the market in the late 1980s. Among the other enhancements of the 1980s was the development of color displays for digital maps and of CD-ROMs for digital map storage.However, there is some question about who made the first commercially available automotive navigation system. There seems to be little room for doubt that Etak was first to make available a digital system that usedmap-matching to improve on dead reckoning instrumentation. Etak's systems, which accessed digital map information stored on standard cassette tapes, arguably made car navigation systems practical for the first time.[2] However, Japanese efforts on both digital and analog systems predate Etak's founding.Steven Lobbezoo developed the first commercially available satellite navigation system for cars. It was produced in Berlin from start 1984 to January 1986. Publicly presented first at the Hannover fair in 1985 in Germany, the system was shown in operation on the evening news from the first German television channel in that year. It used a modified IBM PC, a large disc for map data and a flat screen, built into the glove compartment. It was called Homer Alpine claims to have created the first automotive navigation system in 1981.However, according to the company's own historical timeline,[3] the company claims to have co-developed an analog automotive navigation product called the Electro Gyrocator, working with Honda. This engineering effort was abandoned in 1985. Although there are reports of the Electro Gyrocator being offered as a dealer option on the Honda Accord in 1981, it's not clear whether an actual product was released, whether any customers took delivery of an Electro Gyrocator-equipped Accord, or even whether the unit appeared in any dealer showrooms; Honda's own official history appears to pronounce the Electro Gyrocator as not practical.Honda claims[4] to have created the first navigation system starting in 1983, and culminating with general availability in the 1990 Acura Legend. The original analogElectro Gyrocator system used an accelerometer to navigate using inertial navigation, as the GPS system was not yet generally available. However, it appears from Honda's concessions in their own account of the Electro Gyrocator project that Etak actually trumped Honda's analog effort with a truly practical digital system, albeit one whose effective range of operation was limited by the availability of appropriately digitized street map data.TechnologyVisualizationNavigation systems may (or may not) use a combination of any of the following:▪top view for the map▪top view for the map with the map rotating with the automobile (so that "up" on the map always corresponds to "forward" in the vehicle)▪bird's-eye view for the map or the next curve▪linear gauge for distance, which is redundant if a rotating map is used ▪numbers for distance▪schematic pictograms▪voice promptsRoad databaseContentsThe road database is a vector map of some area of interest. Street names or numbers and house numbers are encoded as geographic coordinates so that the user can find some desired destination by street address .Points of interest will also be stored with their geographic coordinates. Point of interest specialties include speed cameras, fuel stations, publicparking, and "parked here".Contents can be produced by the user base as their cars drive along existing streets and communicating via the internet, yielding a free and up-to-date map.Physical Storage FormatThe Physical Storage Format (PSF) initiative is an industry grouping of car manufacturers, navigation system suppliers and map data suppliers whose objective is the standardization of the data format used in car navigation systems, as well as allow a map update capability. Standardization would improve interoperability, specifically by allowing the same navigation maps to be used in navigation systems from 19 manufacturers. Companies involved include BMW, Volkswagen, Daimler,Renault, ADIT, Aisin AW, Alpine Electronics, Navigon, Bosch, DENSO, Mitsubishi, Harman Becker, Panasonic, PTV, Continental AG, Clarion, Navteq, Tele Atlas and Zenrin.MediaThe road database may be stored in solid state read-only memory (ROM), optical media (CD or DVD), solid state flash memory, magnetic media (hard disk), or a combination. A common scheme is to have a basemap permanently stored in ROM that can be augmented with detailed information for a region the user is interested in. A ROM is always programmed at the factory; the other media may bepreprogrammed, downloaded from a CD or DVD viaa computer or wireless connection (bluetooth, Wi-Fi), or directly used utilizing a card reader.Some navigation device makers provide free map updates for their customers. These updates are often obtained from the vendor's website, which is accessed by connecting the navigation device to a PC.汽车导航系统汽车导航系统是一个设计供汽车使用的卫星导航系统。
汽车专业外文翻译(中英文翻译)
附录1外文翻译Automobile Brake SystemThe braking system is the most important system in cars. If the brakes fail, the result can be disastrous. Brakes are actually energy conversion devices, which convert the kinetic energy (momentum) of the vehicle into thermal energy (heat).When stepping on the brakes, the driver commands a stopping force ten times as powerful as the force that puts the car in motion. The braking system can exert thousands of pounds of pressure on each of the four brakes.Two complete independent braking systems are used on the car. They are the service brake and the parking brake.The service brake acts to slow, stop, or hold the vehicle during normal driving. They are foot-operated by the driver depressing and releasing the brake pedal. The primary purpose of the brake is to hold the vehicle stationary while it is unattended. The parking brake is mechanically operated by when a separate parking brake foot pedal or hand lever is set.The brake system is composed of the following basic components: the “master cylinder” which is located under the hood, and is directly connected to the brake pedal, converts driver foot’s mechanical pressure into hydraulic pressure. Steel “brake lines” and flexible “brake hoses”connect the master cylinder to the “slave cylinders” located at each wheel. Brake fluid, specially designed to work in extreme conditions, fills the system. “Shoes” and “pads” are pushed by the slave cylinders to contact the “drums” and “rotors” thus causing drag, which (hopefully) slows the car.The typical brake system consists of disk brakes in front and either disk or drum brakes in the rear connected by a system of tubes and hoses that link the brake at each wheel to the master cylinder (Figure).Basically, all car brakes are friction brakes. When the driver applies the brake, the control device forces brake shoes, or pads, against the rotating brake drum or disks at wheel. Frictionbetween the shoes or pads and the drums or disks then slows or stops the wheel so that the car is braked.In most modern brake systems (see Figure 15.1), there is a fluid-filled cylinder, called master cylinder, which contains two separate sections, there is a piston in each section and both pistons are connected to a brake pedal in the driver’s compartment. When the brake is pushed down, brake fluid is sent from the master cylinder to the wheels. At the wheels, the fluid pushes shoes, or pads, against revolving drums or disks. The friction between the stationary shoes, or pads, and the revolving drums or disks slows and stops them. This slows or stops the revolving wheels, which, in turn, slow or stop the car.The brake fluid reservoir is on top of the master cylinder. Most cars today have a transparent r reservoir so that you can see the level without opening the cover. The brake fluid level will drop slightly as the brake pads wear. This is a normal condition and no cause for concern. If the level drops noticeably over a short period of time or goes down to about two thirds full, have your brakes checked as soon as possible. Keep the reservoir covered except for the amount of time you need to fill it and never leave a cam of brake fluid uncovered. Brake fluid must maintain a very high boiling point. Exposure to air will cause the fluid to absorb moisture which will lower that boiling point.The brake fluid travels from the master cylinder to the wheels through a series of steel tubes and reinforced rubber hoses. Rubber hoses are only used in places that require flexibility, such as at the front wheels, which move up and down as well as steer. The rest of the system uses non-corrosive seamless steel tubing with special fittings at all attachment points. If a steel line requires a repair, the best procedure is to replace the compete line. If this is not practical, a line can be repaired using special splice fittings that are made for brake system repair. You must never use copper tubing to repair a brake system. They are dangerous and illegal.Drum brakes, it consists of the brake drum, an expander, pull back springs, a stationary back plate, two shoes with friction linings, and anchor pins. The stationary back plate is secured to the flange of the axle housing or to the steering knuckle. The brake drum is mounted on the wheel hub. There is a clearance between the inner surface of the drum and the shoe lining. To apply brakes, the driver pushes pedal, the expander expands the shoes and presses them to the drum. Friction between the brake drum and the friction linings brakes the wheels and the vehicle stops. To release brakes, the driver release the pedal, the pull back spring retracts the shoes thus permitting free rotation of the wheels.Disk brakes, it has a metal disk instead of a drum. A flat shoe, or disk-brake pad, is located on each side of the disk. The shoes squeeze the rotating disk to stop the car. Fluid from the master cylinder forces the pistons to move in, toward the disk. This action pushes the friction pads tightly against the disk. The friction between the shoes and disk slows and stops it. This provides the braking action. Pistons are made of either plastic or metal. There are three general types of disk brakes. They are the floating-caliper type, the fixed-caliper type, and the sliding-caliper type. Floating-caliper and sliding-caliper disk brakes use a single piston. Fixed-caliper disk brakes have either two or four pistons.The brake system assemblies are actuated by mechanical, hydraulic or pneumatic devices. The mechanical leverage is used in the parking brakes fitted in all automobile. When the brake pedal is depressed, the rod pushes the piston of brake master cylinder which presses the fluid. The fluid flows through the pipelines to the power brake unit and then to the wheel cylinder. The fluidpressure expands the cylinder pistons thus pressing the shoes to the drum or disk. If the pedal is released, the piston returns to the initial position, the pull back springs retract the shoes, the fluid is forced back to the master cylinder and braking ceases.The primary purpose of the parking brake is to hold the vehicle stationary while it is unattended. The parking brake is mechanically operated by the driver when a separate parking braking hand lever is set. The hand brake is normally used when the car has already stopped. A lever is pulled and the rear brakes are approached and locked in the “on” position. The car may now be left without fear of its rolling away. When the driver wants to move the car again, he must press a button before the lever can be released. The hand brake must also be able to stop the car in the event of the foot brake failing. For this reason, it is separate from the foot brake uses cable or rods instead of the hydraulic system.Anti-lock Brake SystemAnti-lock brake systems make braking safer and more convenient, Anti-lock brake systems modulate brake system hydraulic pressure to prevent the brakes from locking and the tires from skidding on slippery pavement or during a panic stop.Anti-lock brake systems have been used on aircraft for years, and some domestic car were offered with an early form of anti-lock braking in late 1990’s. Recently, several automakers have introduced more sophisticated anti-lock system. Investigations in Europe, where anti-lock braking systems have been available for a decade, have led one manufacture to state that the number of traffic accidents could be reduced by seven and a half percent if all cars had anti-lock brakes. So some sources predict that all cars will offer anti-lock brakes to improve the safety of the car.Anti-lock systems modulate brake application force several times per second to hold the tires at a controlled amount of slip; all systems accomplish this in basically the same way. One or more speed sensors generate alternating current signal whose frequency increases with the wheel rotational speed. An electronic control unit continuously monitors these signals and if the frequency of a signal drops too rapidly indicating that a wheel is about to lock, the control unit instructs a modulating device to reduce hydraulic pressure to the brake at the affected wheel. When sensor signals indicate the wheel is again rotating normally, the control unit allows increased hydraulic pressure to the brake. This release-apply cycle occurs several time per second to “pump” the b rakes like a driver might but at a much faster rate.In addition to their basic operation, anti-lock systems have two other things in common. First, they do not operate until the brakes are applied with enough force to lock or nearly lock a wheel. At all other times, the system stands ready to function but does not interfere with normal braking. Second, if the anti-lock system fail in any way, the brakes continue to operate without anti-lock capability. A warning light on the instrument panel alerts the driver when a problem exists in the anti-lock system.The current Bosch component Anti-lock Braking System (ABSⅡ), is a second generation design wildly used by European automakers such as BWM, Mercedes-Benz and Porsche. ABSⅡsystem consists of : four wheel speed sensor, electronic control unit and modulator assembly.A speed sensor is fitted at each wheel sends signals about wheel rotation to control unit. Each speed sensor consists of a sensor unit and a gear wheel. The front sensor mounts to the steering knuckle and its gear wheel is pressed onto the stub axle that rotates with the wheel. The rear sensor mounts the rear suspension member and its gear wheel is pressed onto the axle. The sensor itself is a winding with a magnetic core. The core creates a magnetic field around thewinding, and as the teeth of the gear wheel move through this field, an alternating current is induced in the winding. The control unit monitors the rate o change in this frequency to determine impending brake lockup.The cont rol unit’s function can be divided into three parts: signal processing, logic and safety circuitry. The signal processing section is the converter that receives the alternating current signals form the speed sensors and converts them into digital form for the logic section. The logic section then analyzes the digitized signals to calculate any brake pressure changes needed. If impending lockup is sensed, the logic section sends commands to the modulator assembly.Modulator assemblyThe hydraulic modulator assembly regulates pressure to the wheel brakes when it receives commands from the control utuit. The modulator assembly can maintain or reduce pressure over the level it receives from the master cylinder, it also can never apply the brakes by itself. The modulator assembly consists of three high-speed electric solenoid valves, two fluid reservoirs and a turn delivery pump equipped with inlet and outlet check valves. The modulator electrical connector and controlling relays are concealed under a plastic cover of the assembly.Each front wheel is served by electric solenoid valve modulated independently by the control unit. The rear brakes are served by a single solenoid valve and modulated together using the select-low principle. During anti-braking system operation, the control unit cycles the solenoid valves to either hold or release pressure the brake lines. When pressure is released from the brake lines during anti-braking operation, it is routed to a fluid reservoir. There is one reservoir for the front brake circuit. The reservoirs are low-pressure accumulators that store fluid under slight spring pressure until the return delivery pump can return the fluid through the brake lines to the master cylinder.译文汽车制动系统制动系统是汽车中最重要的系统。
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As the world energy crisis, and the war and the energy consumption of oil -- and are full of energy, in one day, someday it will disappear without a trace. Oil is not in resources. So in oil consumption must be clean before finding a replacement. With the development of science and technology the progress of the society, people invented the electric car. Electric cars will become the most ideal of transportation.In the development of world each aspect is fruitful, especially with the automobile electronic technology and computer and rapid development of the information age. The electronic control technology in the car on a wide range of applications, the application of the electronic device, cars, and electronic technology not only to improve and enhance the quality and the traditional automobile electrical performance, but also improve the automobile fuel economy, performance, reliability and emissions purification. Widely used in automobile electronic products not only reduces the cost and reduce the complexity of the maintenance. From the fuel injection engine ignition devices, air control and emission control and fault diagnosis to the body auxiliary devices are generally used in electronic control technology, auto development mainly electromechanical integration. Widely used in automotive electronic control ignition system mainly electronic control fuel injection system, electronic control ignition system, electronic control automatic transmission, electronic control (ABS/ASR) control system, electronic control suspension system, electronic control power steering system, vehicle dynamic control system, the airbag systems, active belt system, electronic control system and the automatic air-conditioning and GPS navigation system etc. With the system response, the use function of quick car, high reliability, guarantees of engine power and reduce fuel consumption and emission regulations meet standards.The car is essential to modern traffic tools. And electric cars bring us infinite joy will give us the physical and mental relaxation. Take for example, automatic transmission in road, can not on the clutch, can achieve automatic shift and engine flameout, not so effective improve the driving convenience lighten the fatigue strength. Automatic transmission consists mainly of hydraulic torque converter, gear transmission, pump, hydraulic control system, electronic control system and oil cooling system, etc. The electronic control of suspension is mainly used to cushion the impact of the body and the road to reduce vibration that car getting smooth-going andstability. When the vehicle in the car when the road uneven road can according to automatically adjust the height. When the car ratio of height, low set to gas or oil cylinder filling or oil. If is opposite, gas or diarrhea. To ensure and improve the level of driving cars driving stability. Variable force power steering system can significantly change the driver for the work efficiency and the state, so widely used in electric cars. VDC to vehicle performance has important function it can according to the need of active braking to change the wheels of the car, car motions of state and optimum control performance, and increased automobile adhesion, controlling and stability. Besides these, appear beyond 4WS 4WD electric cars can greatly improve the performance of the value and ascending simultaneously. ABS braking distance is reduced and can keep turning skills effectively improve the stability of the directions simultaneously reduce tyre wear. The airbag appear in large programs protected the driver and passenger's safety, and greatly reduce automobile in collision of drivers and passengers in the buffer, to protect the safety of life.Intelligent electronic technology in the bus to promote safe driving and that the other functions. The realization of automatic driving through various sensors. Except some smart cars equipped with multiple outside sensors can fully perception of information and traffic facilities and to judge whether the vehicles and drivers in danger, has the independent pathfinding, navigation, avoid bump, no parking fees etc. Function. Effectively improve the safe transport of manipulation, reduce the pilot fatigue, improve passenger comfort. Of course battery electric vehicle is the key, the electric car battery mainly has: the use of lead-acid batteries, nickel cadmium battery, the battery, sodium sulfide sodium sulfide lithium battery, the battery, the battery, the flywheel zinc - air fuel cell and solar battery, the battery. In many kind of cells, the fuel cell is by far the most want to solve the problem of energy shortage car. Fuel cells have high pollution characteristics, different from other battery, the battery, need not only external constantly supply of fuel and electricity can continuously steadily. Fuel cell vehicles (FCEV) can be matched with the car engine performance and fuel economy and emission in the aspects of superior internal-combustion vehicles.Along with the computer and electronic product constantly upgrading electric car, open class in mature technology and perfected, that drive more safe, convenient and flexible, comfortable. Now, the electric car from ordinary consumers distance is still very far away, only a few people in bandwagon. Electric cars with traditional to compete in the market, the carwill was electric cars and intelligent car replaced. This is the question that day after timing will come. ABS, GPS, and various new 4WD 4WS, electronic products and the modern era, excellent performance auto tacit understanding is tie-in, bring us unparalleled precision driving comfort and safety of driving.随着世界能源危机的持续，以及战争和能源-----石油的消耗及汽车饱有量的增加，能源在一天一天下降，终有一天它会消失的无影无踪。