吴定柏《美国文学大纲》笔记和考研真题详解(现实主义)【圣才出品】
吴定柏《美国文学大纲》笔记和考研真题详解(自然主义)【圣才出品】
第7章自然主义7.1 复习笔记Ⅰ. Overview1. Background2. Emergence3. Major Features4. American NaturalistsⅡ. Stephen Crane (1871-1900)1. Life2. Literary Career3. Major FeaturesⅢ. Theodore Dreiser (1871-1945)1. Life2. Literary Career3. Major FeaturesⅣ. Frank Norris (1870-1902)1. Life2. Literary CareerⅤ. Jack London (1876-1916)1. Life2. Literary CareerⅥ. SummaryⅠ. Overview1. BackgroundSince people were interested in Darwinian thought, the writers found a way to explain human behavior according to Darwin’s natural selection.Ⅰ. 概述1. 背景人们对达尔文思想感兴趣，作家们用达尔文的自然选择论来解释人类的行为。
2. EmergenceUnder the French influence, some writers ushered in a literary movement called Naturalism in America.2. 出现受法国的影响，一些作家在美国开始发起一场自然主义的文学运动。
3. Major Features(1) Humans are controlled by laws of heredity and environment.(2) The universe is godless, indifferent and hostile to human desires.3. 主要特征(1) 人类受遗传法则和环境的控制。
吴定柏《美国文学大纲》笔记和考研真题详解（9-16章）【圣才出品】
吴定柏《美国文学大纲》笔记和考研真题详解（9-16章）【圣才出品】第9章1945年之前的现代小说9.1复习笔记Ⅰ.Overview1.Background2.Lost Generation3.Modern FictionⅡ.Ernest Hemingway(1899-1961)1.Life2.Literary Career/doc/0f18413888.html,mentⅢ.Francis Scott Fitzgerald(1896-1940)1.Life2.Literary Career/doc/0f18413888.html,mentⅣ.Sinclair Lewis(1885-1951)1.Life2.Literary Career/doc/0f18413888.html,mentⅤ.John Steinbeck(1902-1968)1.Life2.Literary Career3.The Grapes of WrathⅠ.Overview1.Background①After the war,the voices of new groups of Americans were heard.They were poor,or immigrants,or Jews,or blacks.②During this period there occurred in America areexamination of the structure of literature and of the nature of the critical activity itself.Ⅰ.概述1.背景①战后，很多美国的新作家来自穷人，移民，犹太人或黑人。
②这一时期，美国重新审视了文学结构和评论活动本身。
Lost Generation were cut off from their past.Without a meaningful future to fall on,they were lost in disillusionment and existential voids.2.迷惘的一代迷惘的一代与过去分割。
吴定柏《美国文学大纲》(第2版)(章节题库 美国的女性作家)【圣才出品】
第12章美国的女性作家Ⅰ.Fill in the blanks.1.Author:_____Title:_____（南京大学2007研）Well,and what if she was?She still had ears.It was like Cornelia to whisper around doors.She always kept things secret in such a public way.She was always being tactful and kind.Cornelia was dutiful;that was the trouble with her.Dutiful and good:“So good and dutiful.”said Granny,“that I’d like to spank her.”【答案】Katherine Anne Porter;The Jilting of Granny Weatherall【解析】题目节选自凯瑟琳的《被遗弃的老祖母》。
2.The Southern Renaissance was the reinvigoration of American Southern literature that began in the1920s and1930s with the appearance of,among others, novelist_____,playwright_____,and short-story writer Katherine Anne Porter.（天津外国语2010研）【答案】journalist,essayist【解析】南方文艺复兴开始于20世纪20年代，代表作家包括福克纳，凯瑟琳·安·波特，尤多拉·韦尔蒂，卡森·麦卡勒斯等。
3.The New Criticism first emerged in1920s as a reaction against the prevailing time-honored critical tendency to focus on the theme often in disregard of the form of the work.The name is given by John Crowe Ransom’s collection ofcritical essays_____.【答案】The New Criticism【解析】“新批评”一词，源于美国文艺批评家约翰·克劳·兰塞姆（John Crowe Ransom）1941年出版的《新批评》（The New Criticism）一书。
吴定柏《美国文学大纲》(第2版)(章节题库 垮掉的一代)【圣才出品】
第11章垮掉的一代Ⅰ.Fill in the blanks.1.Gary Snyder has been placed next to Allen Ginsberg among the Beat Generation. He seems to think that the job of the poet is to catch sight of_____,which resides nowhere but in_____.【答案】the poetic;the natural world【解析】加里·斯奈德（Gary Snyder），二十世纪美国著名诗人、“垮掉派”代表人物之一。
他喜欢沉浸于自然，在大自然中，他既是劳动者也是思考者，因此他的诗“更加接近于事物的本色以对抗我们时代的失衡、紊乱及愚昧无知”。
2.Such literary and cultural developments in the early twentieth century,as “Angry Young Men”in England,“__________”in America and“Nouveau Roman”in France seem to share the belief that the world is absurd and life meaningless,which may be labeled as______developments.（人大2001研）【答案】Beat Generation;counter-cultural【解析】20世纪早期，随着文学和文化的发展，在英国出现了“愤怒的青年”，美国出现了“垮掉的一代”，在法国出现了“新小说派”。
他们都认为世界是荒诞的，而生命则毫无意义。
因此，他们被贴上了“反文化”的标签。
3.Write down the name of the author of the following work.（厦门大学2011研）“In my hungry fatigue,and shopping for images,I went into the neon fruitsupermarket,dreaming of your enumerations!”【答案】Alan Ginsberg【解析】该段引自美国“垮掉的一代”的诗人金斯堡的《加利福尼亚超市》，并首次发表在其作品集Howl and Other Poems（《嚎叫和其他诗》）中，诗中描述了作者经过加利福尼亚一家超市时的所见所想。
吴定柏《美国文学大纲》笔记和考研真题详解(超验主义)【圣才出品】
第3章超验主义3.1 复习笔记Ⅰ. Overview1. Growth and Development2. Major Concepts3. Significance4. WeaknessesⅡ. Ralph Waldo Emerson (1803-1882)1. Life2. Literary Achievements3. “The American Scholar”Ⅲ. Henry David Thoreau (1817-1862)1. Life2. Relations with Emerson3. Walden4. General commentⅠ. Overview1. Growth and Development①New England Transcendentalism was in essence, romantic idealism on Puritan soil.②The Transcendental Club, was formed in 1836 and published their journal The Dial.Ⅰ. 概述1. 产生和发展①新英格兰超验主义从本质上说是清教徒基础上的浪漫唯心主义。
②超验主义俱乐部成立于1836年，并发表了他们的期刊《日晷》。
2. Major Concepts①It stressed the power of intuition. As romantic idealism, it placed spirit first and matter second.②It took nature as symbolic of spirit or God. It emphasized the significance of the individual.2. 主要概念①它强调直觉的力量。
作为浪漫唯心主义，它认为精神第一，物质第二。
②它把自然当作精神或上帝的象征，强调个人的重要性。
吴定柏《美国文学大纲》笔记和典型题（含考研真题）详解（现代诗歌）【圣才出品】
吴定柏《美国⽂学⼤纲》笔记和典型题（含考研真题）详解（现代诗歌）【圣才出品】第8章现代诗歌8.1 复习笔记Ⅰ. Overview1. Background2. Modernism3. Imagism(1) Emergence(2) Major features(3) CommentⅡ. Ezra Loomis Pound (1885-1972)1. Life2. Literary CareerⅢ. Thomas Stearns Elliot (1888-1968)1. Life2. Literary CareerⅣ. Wallace Stevens (1879-1955)1. Life2. Literary Career3. Views of Poetry4. Major FeaturesⅤ. E. A. Robinson (1869-1935)1. Life2. Literary Career3. CharacteristicsⅥ. Robert Lee Frost (1874-1963)1. Life2. Literary Career3. CommentⅦ. Contemporary American PoetryⅠ. Overview1. BackgroundIn the 20th century, two characteristic strains in American poetry are introspection and social criticism. But they were often combined together.Ⅰ. 概述1. 背景20世纪，美国诗歌有两⼤类型，即内省和社会批判。
但是两种类型经常结合在⼀起。
2. Modernism(1) Modernism dramatized severance from the past while using the past, its valuesand artistic forms in new literary production.(2) Modernists had a sense of fragmentation in social communities and the individual himself.(3) The distinctive feature of literary modernism was its strong break withtraditional forms and techniques of expression.2. 现代主义(1) 现代主义与过去相隔离，但同时也在新的⽂学作品中使⽤过去的观点和艺术形式。
吴定柏《美国文学大纲》(第2版)(章节题库 现代诗歌)【圣才出品】
第8章现代诗歌Ⅰ.Fill in the blanks.1.The most significant American poem of the twentieth century was_____.【答案】The Waste Land【解析】《荒原》（The Waste Land）是现代英美诗歌的里程碑，是象征主义文学中最有代表性的作品，是艾略特的成名作和影响最深远的作品。
2.Edwin Arlington Robinson produced a large body of works and was honored with the_____Prize in1922,1925and1928.【答案】Pulitzer【解析】美国诗人埃德温·阿林顿·罗宾逊(Edwin Arlington Robinson)一生创作了很多作品，他于1922年、1925年和1928年三次赢得普利策奖。
3.Robert Frost’s second volume of poems was_____.【答案】North of Boston【解析】罗伯特·弗罗斯特（Robert Frost）是20世纪最受欢迎的美国诗人，1914年他出版了他个人的第二部诗集《波士顿以北》（North of Boston）这本诗集获得很高的评价。
4.In1915,_____published his Prufrock and Other Observations.【答案】Thomas Stearns Eliot【解析】1917年T·S·艾略特（Thomas Stearns Eliot）出版了他的第一本诗集《普鲁弗洛克及其他观感》（Prufrock and Other Observations）。
Ⅱ.Multiple Choice1.The following excerpt is taken from a poem by_______.（大连外国语2007研）A.Carl SandburgB.Wallace StevensonC.T.S.EliotD.Ezra PoundWhile my hair was still cut straight across my foreheadI played about the front gate,pulling flowers.You came by on bamboo stilts,playing horse,You walked about my seat,playing with blue plums.And we went on living in the village of Chokan:Two small people,without dislike or suspicion.At fourteen I married My Lord you.I never laughed,being bashful.Lowering my head,I looked at the wall.Called to,a thousand times,I never looked back.【答案】D【解析】题中诗句选自美国著名诗人Ezra Pound的诗歌The River-Merchant’s Wife:ALetter。
吴定柏《美国文学大纲》(第2版)(考研真题精选 作品分析)【圣才出品】
四、作品分析Passage1（北二外2017研）Read the following poem and write an essay based on your analysis of the poem. Remember to start your essay with a statement,then support your ideas with-supporting details,and finally come to a conclusion.NatureKey:(1)It is the opening verse of Nature published in1849.This opening verse revealsEmerson’s approach,in both philosophy and his writing,of starring from one point and moving outward.It also introduces many of the themes and images to follow in Nature and throughout his other writings,such as the circle of“chain of countless rings”and“the eye”to represent continuity and vision,the interconnectedness of all things in nature,and humanity as nature’s highest “form.”Nature is,according to biographer Richardson,“a modern version of Plato,and American version of Kant.”(2)As an exhibition of Emerson’s philosophical tenets,Emerson’s sense ofmankind’s destined arrival in the evolutionary process and the affinity of man’s still emerging mind with the laws of universe.The principal motif of thispoem,as previously mentioned,harkens all the way through Nature,which provides the evidence that Emerson’s endorsement of the theory of evolution.Along with other poems,such as“Wealth”,and“Fate”,Emerson expressed his trust in entire universe.As the following text of“nature”has ascribed to the notions mentioned in this poem,such as“an original relation to the universe”,“transparent eye-ball”and a person who striving to be a“great man”.(3)However,the idea of Emerson’s Nature,was criticized as the epitome ofTranscendentalist individualism and self-absorption.Despite such criticisms, both the message of ones with nature and the first-person stream of consciousness style defined a new literary genre as well as a new philosophy and would later be echoed in the works of other writers of the era,such as Emily Dickinson or Walt Whitman.Passage2（南开大学2012研）Questions1to4are based on the several stanzas from Edgar Allen Poe’s poem The Raven.Questions:1.In stanzaⅠ,what is the speaker doing when he first hear the tapping?What does he seek to borrow,’in stanza2?2.What does the speaker say“to still the beating”of his heart?What does the speaker see when he open the door?3.What does the speaker whisper?4.Paraphrase the first five stanzas of the poem.Key:1.He is thinking deeply about some“quaint and curious volume of forgotten lore”weakly and wearily,nodding and nearly napping.He seeks to borrow sorrow from his books,because that his lover dies and he is very sad and painful.2.Because that he is extremely frightened by the knocking,he decides to have a look at the door.He holds his breath and goes to the door.When he opens the door,he sees nothing except the darkness.3.The speaker whispers“Lenore”,which is the name of his deceased lover.4.When I was in deep thought at night,nodding and napping,I heard the knocking at my chamber door.I was frightened by such sound,so I decided to see who it was.And when I opened the door,there was nothing but darkness.In the darkness,I whispered my lover’s name“Lenore”.Passage3（北航2011研）It made me shiver.And I about made up my mind to pray,and see if I couldn’t try to quit being the kind of a boy I was and be better.So I kneeled down.But the words wouldn’t come.Why wouldn’t they?It warn’t no use to try and hide it from Him.Nor from ME,neither.I knowed very well why they wouldn’t come.It was because my heart warn’t right;it was because I warn’t square;it was because I was playing double.I was letting ON to give up sin,but away inside of me I was holding on to the biggest one of all.I was trying to make my mouth SAY I would do the right thing and the clean thing,and go and write to that nigger’s owner and tell where he was;but deep down in me I knowed it was a lie,and He knowed it.You can’t pray a lie—I found that out.So I was full of trouble,full as I could be;and didn’t know what to do.At last I had an idea;and I says,I’ll go and write the letter—and then see if I can pray.Why, it was astonishing,the way I felt as light as a feather right straight off,and my troubles all gone.So I got a piece of paper and a pencil,all glad and excited,and set down and wrote：Miss Watson,your runaway nigger Jim is down here two mile below Pikesville, and Mr Phelps has got him and he will give him up for the reward if you send.HUCK FINN.I felt good and all washed clean of sin for the first time I had ever felt so in my life.and I knowed I could pray now.But I didn’t do it straight off,but laid the paper down and set there thinking—thinking how good it was all this happened so,and how near I come to being lost and going to hell.And went on thinking.And got to thinking over our trip down the river;and I see Jim before me all the time:in the day and in the night-time,sometimes moonlight,sometimes storms,and we a-floating along,talking and singing and laughing.But somehow I couldn’t seem to strike no places to harden me against him,but only the other kind.I’d see him standing my watch on top of his’n,stead of calling me,so I could go on sleeping; and see him how glad he was when I come back out of the fog;and when I come to him again in the swamp,up there where the feud was;and such-like times;and would always call me honey,and pet me and do everything he could think of for me, and how good he always was;and at last I struck the time I saved him by telling the men we had small-pox aboard,and he was so grateful,and said I was the bestfriend old Jim ever had in the world,and the ONLY one he’s got now;and then I happened to look around and see that paper.It was a close place.I took it up,and held it in my hand.I was a-trembling, because I’d got to decide,forever,betwixt two things,and I knowed it.I studied a minute,sort of holding my breath,and then says to myself:“All right,then,I’ll GO to hell”—and tore it up.Questions:a.Identify the author of the work from which the passage is selected.b.Define the literary school/trend to which the author belongs?ment on the selection.Key:a.This passage is selected from The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn by Mark Twain.b.Mark Twain belongs to the American Realism and local colorism.By definition, realism is broadly defined as“the faithful representation of reality”or “verisimilitude which is a literary technique practiced by many schools of writing. In American,the term“realism”encompasses the period of time from the Civil War to the turn of the century.Writers like Mark Twain wrote fiction devoted to accurate representation and an exploration of American lives in various contexts. In his works,the detailed representation in prose fiction of the setting,dialect, customs,dress any ways of thinking and feeling which are distinctive of a particular region.。
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第5章现实主义
5.1 复习笔记
Ⅰ. Overview
1. Background
2. Major Features
Ⅱ. William Dean Howells (1837-1920)
1. Life
2. Literary Achievements
Ⅲ. O. Henry (1862-1910)
1. Life
2. Literary Achievements
Ⅳ. Henry James (1843-1916)
1. Life
2. Literary Career
3. Major Subjects
4. Theory of Fiction
Ⅴ. Sherwood Anderson (1876-1941)
1. Life
2. Literary Career
Ⅰ. Overview
1. Background
The battl e between “idealists” and “realists” provided the major issue of American literary history after the Civil War. Literature began to pay less attention to general ideas and more to the immediate facts of life.
Ⅰ. 概述
1. 背景
“理想主义者”和“现实主义者”之间的争论是内战之后美国文学史上的主要事件。
文学开始更多地注意生活的方方面面，而不是总体思想。
2. Major Features
(1) Realism is the theory of writing in which familiar aspects of contemporary life
and everyday scenes are represented in a straightforward manner.
(2) Realism focuses on commonness of the lives of the common people.
2. 主要特征
(1) 现实主义用一种直接的方式表现当代生活和日常场景的熟悉方面。
(2) 现实主义强调平民的日常生活。
Ⅱ. William Dean Howells (1837-1920)
1. Life
Howells insisted that realism directly confront the moral and material problems of society. His career illustrates all the phases in the growth of realism in America. 2. Literary Achievements
Howells was a very productive writer. His works included A Modern Instance (1882), A Woman’s Reason (1883), The Rise of Silas Lapham (1885), etc.
Ⅱ. 威廉·迪恩·豪威尔斯(1837-1920)
1. 生平
豪威尔斯强调现实主义直接面对社会的道德和物质问题。
他的文学事业证明了美国现实主义发展的所有阶段。
2. 文学成就
豪威尔斯是个多产的作家。
作品包括《现代婚姻》(1882)，《一个女人的理智》(1883)和《赛拉斯·拉帕姆的发迹》(1885)。
Ⅲ. O. Henry (1862-1910)
1. Life
O. Henry was one of the most prolific modern American short story writers.
2. Literary Achievements
O. Henry has been popular mainly for his short stories. The most famous works were The Cop and the Anthem, Cabbages and Kings and The Gift of The Magi, etc. Ⅲ. 欧·亨利(1862-1910)
1. 生平
欧·亨利是美国短篇小说家最多产的作家之一。
2. 文学成就
欧·亨利以他的短篇小说最为著名。
最著名的作品有《警察与赞美诗》《卷心菜与国王》和《麦琪的礼物》等等。
Ⅳ. Henry James (1843-1916)
1. Life
James lived and worked alone. He dedicated his whole life to observing and recording society.
Ⅳ. 亨利·詹姆斯(1843-1916)
1. 生平
詹姆斯独自生活和工作。
他的一生致力于观察和记录社会。
2. Literary Career
(1) First stage: Henry James developed the international novel such as The American and The Portrait of a Lady.
(2) Second stage: He experimented with various subjects and forms such as The Beast in the Jungle.
(3) Third stage: He returned to international themes and produced complex and
profound novels such as The Wings of the Dove, The Ambassadors, and The Golden Bowl.
2. 文学生涯
(1) 第一阶段：亨利·詹姆斯发展了国际小说，例如《美国人》和《一位女士的画像》。
(2) 第二阶段：他尝试了各种各样的主题和形式，比如《林中野兽》。
(3) 第三阶段：他回到了国际主题，创造了复杂而又有深度的小说，比如《鸽之翼》《大使》和《金碗》。
3. Major Subjects
James stressed three subjects: children, new woman and artist.
3. 主题
詹姆斯强调三个主题：孩子，新女性和艺术家。
4. Theory of Fiction
(1) The novelist must be faithful to life as it actually appears.
(2) There must be freedom for the artist to choose what subject he will deal with.
(3) He used psychological realism and ambiguity.
4. 小说理论
(1) 小说家必须要忠于生活，作品要还原生活。
(2) 艺术家必须有选择适合他创作主题的自由。
(3) 詹姆斯采用心理现实主义和不确定性。
Ⅴ. Sherwood Anderson (1876-1941)
1. Life
People were in the greedy pursuit of money and Anderson foresaw the consequent impoverishment of spirit and estrangement of the individual.
Ⅴ. 舍伍德·安德森(1876-1941)
1. 生平
人们都在贪婪地追求金钱，安德森预见了随之发生的精神贫瘠和人与人的疏远。
2. Literary Career
①In 1919 Anderson published Winesburg, Ohio,which won him a foremost position in contemporary American literature.
②Sherwood Anderson is also regarded as one of the finest “psychological” fiction writers in America.
2. 文学生涯
①1919年，安德森发表了《小城畸人故事集》，使安德森赢得了当代美国文学史上的重要地位。
②舍伍德·安德森被称为美国最优秀的心理小说家之一。
5.2 考研真题与典型题详解
Ⅰ. Fill in the blanks.
1. The American novelist _____ probed deeply at the individual psychology of his characters, writing in a rich and intricate style that supported his intense scrutiny of complex human experience.[人大2006研]
【答案】Henry James
【解析】美国小说家亨利·詹姆斯的作品善于挖掘人物心理。