英语写作基础篇 (4)
专题04 自然灾害与防范-2024届高考英语时文阅读之语法填空专项训练(解析版)
2024届高考英语时文阅读之语法填空专项训练专题04自然灾难与防范基础篇Natural Phenomena: The roaring of floods咆哮的洪水巩固篇search continues for Morocco's quake survivors搜寻摩洛哥地震幸存者提高篇Wildfire spreads on Spain's Tenerife西班牙特内里费岛野火集中专项微练单句语法填空非谓语动词专项训练真题精选高考模拟连接名校真题演练【原创题】【基础篇】There may not always be time to protectyourself, but there are a few tips for dealing1 floods covering three phases:before, during and after a flood. When 2(choose) a place to live, try to avoid thefloodplain-areas close to a water source, 3can experience flooding during heavy rains. Andprepare some first aid bags along with your important 4 (document) in waterproof bags. Meanwhile, keep 5 eye on the warning systems. On July 7, more than 30,000 people in Donglan County, China's Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, were 6 (safe) transferred before flooding thanks to the warning system.When a flood 7 (happen), do not walk, swim or drive through flood waters. 8 (move) water contains great power that can knock you down and sweep your vehicle away. 9 you have to walk in water, make sure the water is not moving and you have things like a safety rope. Don't return home untilauthorities confirm it is safe. And be aware of water hygiene and power lines when you use them. Sometimes animals like snakes could appear in your house, you should wear gloves for sanitation and 10 (safe) .【答案】1. with2. choosing3. which4. documents5. an6. safely7. happens8. Moving9. If 10. safety【巩固篇】People slept in the streets for a third straightnight as soldiers and international aid teams intrucks and 1 (helicopter) began to faninto remote mountain villages hit hardest by themagnitude 6.8 quake, 2 struck 72kilometers southwest of Marrakech late 3Friday night. A Chinese medical team in Moroccoreceived a call from a local hospital shortly afterthe quake, saying a pregnant woman 4 (experience) severe predelivery bleeding. A doctor from the team rushed to the hospital and conducted 5 emergency surgery to deliver a baby girl, according to reports from Chinese media outlets. Both mother and daughter were doing well, the reports 6 (add).The team said it has performed multiple cesarean sections in the aftermath of the disaster, welcoming several new lives into the world. Flags 7 (lower) across Morocco, as King Mohammed VI ordered three days of national mourning starting on Sunday. He thanked Spain, Qatar, the UK and the UAE for 8 (they) assistance in search and rescue efforts, state TV reported. Morocco's deadliest quake was a magnitude 5.8 temblor in 1960 that struck near the city of Agadir, 9 (kill) at least 12,000. It prompted Morocco to change construction rules, but many buildings, 10 (especial) rural homes, are still not built to withstand strong tremors.【答案】1. helicopters2. which3. on4. was experiencing5. an6. added7. were lowered8. their9. killing 10. especially【提高篇】A wildfire on the Spanish island of Tenerifethat has forced thousands of people 1(flee) their homes remained out of control onSunday, despite a slight 2 (improve) inweather conditions during the night. Orange flameslit 3 the night sky from Saturday intoSunday on hillsides just above the lights ofinhabited areas, 4 thick black smokebillowed high into the air.Late on Saturday, emergency services said the fire was now affecting 10 towns, although 11 had been evacuated as a precaution. No major tourist areas 5 (affect). It covered an area of over 8,000 hectares (20,000 acres) with a perimeter of 70 km (40 miles), spreading from 5,000 hectares and a perimeter of 50 km early on Saturday. Regional 6 (authority)said over 12,000 people had been evacuated, revising down their earlier provisional estimate of 26,000.Weather conditions overnight were "better than expected" Tenerife's fire brigade said on Sunday on X,7 (form) known as Twitter. Fernando Clavijo, Canary Islands' regional leader, said the largest firefighting deployment in the history of Tenerife had so-far prevented the loss of any homes. Evacuations were ordered throughout Saturday due to worsening weather conditions. At 8 news conference late on Saturday, the head of Tenerife's local government Rosa Davila described the fire as "devastating" and said it had forced new evacuations.The blaze broke out on Wednesday in a mountainous national park around the Mount Teide volcano - Spain's highest peak. Popular tourist areas on Tenerife, part of the Canaries archipelago in the Atlantic Ocean, have so far been unaffected 9 its two airports have been operating normally. Scorching heat and dry weather this summer have contributed to unusually severe wildfires in Europe, 10 (include) in Spain's La Palma island in July, and Canada. Blazes on Hawaii's Maui island earlier this month killed more than 110 people and wrecked the historic resort city of Lahaina. Scientists say climate change has led to more frequent and more powerful extreme weather events.【答案】1. to flee2. improvement3. up4. while5. have been affected6. authorities7. formerly8. a9. and 10. including【专项微练：非谓语动词】1．__________ (inspire) by the people she met online, she decided to start an IT club. (所给词的适当形式填空)【答案】Inspired【详解】考查非谓语动词。
英语写作基础第四单元作文
In the fourth unit of the English Writing Basics course, students are introduced to the fundamental elements of essay writing, including the structure of an essay, the use of topic sentences, and the importance of supporting details. Heres a sample essay that demonstrates these concepts:Title: The Benefits of Regular ExerciseIntroduction:In todays fastpaced world, maintaining a healthy lifestyle is more important than ever. One of the key components of a healthy lifestyle is regular exercise. This essay will explore the numerous benefits of engaging in regular physical activity, including improved physical health, enhanced mental wellbeing, and increased longevity.Body Paragraph 1 Improved Physical Health:The first and most evident benefit of regular exercise is its positive impact on physical health. Engaging in physical activities such as jogging, swimming, or cycling helps to strengthen muscles and bones, improve cardiovascular health, and increase overall stamina. Topic sentence: Regular exercise is essential for maintaining and improving physical health. Supporting details include the reduction of chronic diseases like obesity and diabetes, as well as the promotion of a stronger immune system.Body Paragraph 2 Enhanced Mental Wellbeing:Beyond the physical benefits, exercise also plays a crucial role in mental health. Topic sentence: Participating in regular exercise can significantly enhance mental wellbeing. Supporting details for this paragraph might include the release of endorphins, which are natural mood elevators, the reduction of stress and anxiety levels, and the improvement of sleep quality.Body Paragraph 3 Increased Longevity:Another compelling reason to engage in regular exercise is its correlation with increased longevity. Topic sentence: A consistent exercise routine can contribute to a longer, healthier life. This paragraph could discuss how regular physical activity can delay the onset of agerelated diseases and improve the overall quality of life as individuals age. Conclusion:In conclusion, the benefits of regular exercise are manifold and extend to both physical and mental health. By incorporating exercise into daily routines, individuals can expect to see improvements in their overall wellbeing and potentially extend their lifespan. It isclear that making time for physical activity is an investment in ones health and happiness. This essay serves as an example of how to structure a basic argumentative essay, with a clear introduction, body paragraphs that each focus on a single main idea supported by relevant details, and a conclusion that summarizes the main points.。
英语专业写作基础教程1-6单元笔记
The place of titlesThe title or the topic of the essay should be placed in the middle of the first line.（标题书写中应该注意的地方1.Every word of the title should be capitalized except articles,preositions,coordinating,conjunctions and to in infinitives.2.But if one of these words is the first or last word of the title, it should be capitalized.3.The title of a book within the topic should be underlined,and the title of an article should be put between quotation marks引号.）Word division即单词划分(当一行写到末尾时候，可能出现一个单词写不完的情况，这是需要用到单词划分。
)1．重读闭音节通常在辅音字母后面断开。
如，fin ish2．以辅音字母加le结尾的通常在辅音字母前断开。
如，peo ple 3．一个字母不能单独放在行中或行末。
4．以两个字母的后缀结尾的，不能在后缀处划分。
如，hand ed，hard en5．一页的最后一个单词不能被划开，且需写到下一页。
6．合成词应在练此符号出断开。
如，broad minded7．有两个连续相同辅音字母的双音节词，在相同的两个辅音字母中间断开。
如，lat ter8．人名应避免被拆开。
如，Dickens9．容易引起误解的应避免。
如，re ally，lay man10．连续几行的行尾单词划分需要避免。
CapitalizationCapitalized words are used mainly in three places: proper names, key words in titles, and the first words of sentences.Punctuation(标点符号)及其用途(一)The Comma （，）逗号1.A comma is used to join coordinate clauses, it is put before theconjunction.2.A comma is used after an adverbial clause or phrase, including aprepositional and a participial phrase before the subject, or inserted in the middle of the sentence.mas are used to separate a series of words or phrases with thesame function in the sentence:4.Nonrestrictive clauses and phrases are set off by commasmas set off parenthetical elements6.In dates, a comma is used to separate the day and the year if the orderis month—day—year; no comma need be used if the order is day—month—year.7.With numbers of 1 000 or over, commas or little blank spaces may beused to separate digits by thousands. Form right to left, a commas is placed after every three numerals.(二)The Period （. ）句号1.The period is used at the end of a declarative sentence, a mildlyimperative sentence, and an indirect question.2.The period is used with most abbreviations.3.Three spaced period make the ellipsis mark, which indicates theomission of one or more words within a quoted passage.(三)The Semicolon （;）分号1.The semicolon is used between two coordinate clauses which are notlinked by a conjunction.2.Conjunctive adverbs like therefore, however, nonetheless, hence,otherwise, besides, moreover, etc., should not be used as conjunctions to link two coordinate clauses, before them there should be a semicolon, not a comma.3.The semicolon is used with conjunctions when the clauses containinternal punctuation.4.The semicolon is used to separate a series of items with internalcommas.5.A semicolon may be used to join clauses with words omitted, and theomission is sometimes indicated by a comma.(四)The Colon （：）冒号1.The colon is used to introduce a quotation or a statement.2.The colon is used to introduce an examination, a summary, or anappositive.3.The colon is used between the hour and the minute to show the time,to record the scores of games, to end the salutation of a business letter and the introductory remark of a spealer to the chairman and audience.(五)The Question Mark （？）问号1.The question mark is used after a direct question.2.The question mark is used after a statement turned into a question.3.A question mark put between parentheses indicates the writer’suncertainty about the correctness of the preceding word, figure or date.(六)The Exclamation Mark （！）叹号1.The exclamation mark is used after an exclamatory sentence, or anemphatic interjection, or a phrase expressing strong emotion..2.Sometimes the exclamation mark is used after a slogan.(七)Quotation Marks（…）引号1.Double quotation marks are used to enclose direct quotations indialogue or from books or articles.2.Single quotation marks are used to enclose a quotation within aquotation.3.Indirect quotations are not enclosed by quotation marks.4.Quotation marks are used for titles of articles, essays, short stories,short poems, songs, etc., and for headings of chapters or subdivisions of books. Titles of books, newspapers and magazines are generally underlined or italicized.5.Words with special meaning are sometimes put between quotationmarks,(八)Parentheses/Brackets （（））圆括号1.Parentheses are used to set off parenthetical, supplementary, orillustrative words.2.Parentheses enclose figures or letters used for enumeration.(九)Square Brackets（【】）方括号1. Square Bracketsare used to indicate corrections or explanations in quoted matter made by the writer who is quoting .2. Square Brackets are used instead of parentheses within parentheses.(十)The Dash （—）破折号1.The dash indicates a break in thought or a change in tone, or aspeaker’s confusion or he sitation.2.The dash indicates an unfinished or interrupted statement.3.A pair of dashes set off a parenthetical element.4.The dash is sometimes used to introduce a summarizing clause after aseries of nouns.5.The dash is sometimes used just like quotation marks in a dialogue.6.The dash may be used to introduce subheadings and authors afterquotations.(十一)The Slash （/ ）间隔号1.The slash indicates alternatives, representing the word or or and\or2.The slash is used to separate lines in short quotations of poetry beingquoted in running text.3.When fractions are written in a sentence, a slash is used to separate thenumerator from the denominator.4.Sometimes the slash means “per.”四种句型及其用途Comma逗号——declarative sentence（陈述句）:makes an assignment or statementQuestion mark问号——direction question sentence（疑问句）:ask a questionExclamation mark叹号——Imperation sentence（祈使句）:express a command or a request Exclamatory sentence（感叹句）:express a strong feeling or emotionUnderlining and italics1.Titles of books, periodicals, newspaper, plays, movies, operas, andlong poems are underlined or italicized.2.Foreign words are often underlined or italicized.3.Words and letters referred to as such are underlined or italicized.s of ships, aircraft and tragic sinking of the titanic.5.Sometimes underlining or italicizing indicates emphasis.【Words】一、Type of wordsCommon wordsFormal and technical words：（political,legal,scientific,technical,bussiness,literary）Nonstandard words：（slang,jargon,dialectal and obsolete）二、Choice of wordse common or informal words for general purposes; use formal ornonstandard when only on special occasions or for special purposes. e specific and concrete words when giving details; use general orabstract words when making summaries.e idiomatic expressions and words in acceptable collocations; avoidcombinations and that are unidiomatic.4.When there are synonyms, choose the word that expresses themeaning most exactly and that suits the content and style.三、SynonymsThe english language is very rich in synonyms. This is partly due to the fact that english has over the centuries borrowed or absorbed tens of thousands of words from other languages, mainly Greek, Latin and French. Word of anglo-saxon origin are generally colloquial or informal, and they form a great part of the vocabulary that people use daily. Many of the words of greek, latin, and french origin are formal, learned or “big”; and are mainly used in formal writing or speech.四、Some good dictionaries1.Longman dictionary of contemporary english2.Oxford advanced learner’s dictionary of current english.3.Webster’s new word dictionary.4.Collins cobuild english language dictionary.【Sentences】一、Composed sentences 构建句子:①complete structure②begin with a capital letter③full stop, or a question mark, or an exclamation mark④a single complete idea二、Requirement of correct sentences及其对应错误pleteness in structure—fragment in structure2.the right subject—the wrong subject3.agreement between the subject and the predicate verb—disagreement between the subject and the predicate verb 4.agreement between pronoun and antecedent—disagreement between pronoun and antecedent5.clear pronoun reference—unclear pronoun reference6.ending sentences with full stops—ending sentences with no full stops7.joining clauses with conjuctions—joining clauses with no or wrong conjuctions8.a main claus in a complex sentence—no main claus in a complex sentence9.proper use of comparisons—improper use of comparisons10. correct use of the tenses—incorrect use of the tenses四、Quality of effective sentencesEffective sentences have the following quality:Unity（完整性）Coherence（连贯性）Conciseness（简明扼要性）Emphasis（强调）( ways of emphasis:placing, climactic sequence, subordination,the use of verbs in the active voice,balanced sentences平行结构,periodic sentences圆周句,negative/positive sentences,rhetorical question,loose sentences松散句)Variety（表达多样性）五、The difference between subordination and coordinationCoordination is tipically realized by coordinators which join units at the same level while subodination is realized by subordinators which distinguish the superodinate claus and the inferior clause.【Paragraph】一、Ways of developing a paragraphThere are many possible ways to develop a paragraph.（1）development by time（2）development by process（3）development by space（4）development by examples or generalization（5）development by comparison and contrast:(the difference between comparison and contrast :When we compare one thing with another, we show the similarities;when we contrast one thing with another, we show dissimilarities.) （6）development by cause and effect（7）development by classification（8）development by definition（9）development by combination of methods二、The steps of developing a paragraphFirst, think of the topic or theme or main idea,And express it in a complete sentence（topic sentence）.Then think of the details or examples or facts that may be used to support or explain the main idea.Work out the outline and arrange them in logical order.三、Features of a paragraphA effective paragraph must have a control idea, and this central idea may be expressed either explicitly in a topic sentence.【Summray】一、Definition (定义)A sumary is the gist or main theme of a piece of a piece of writing expressed in as few words as possible .it should be clear ,brief,and complete,with all the essential points included.二、Uses（用途）①summary writing enables people to get more out of their reading.②summary writing is also a very good exercise to teach us to express thoughts clearly,concisely and effectively.③summary writing has great practical value on grasping quikly and accurately what is read or heard.三、Procedure（步骤）⑴ reading⑵ writing⑶ revision四、Requirements(要求)A.we should be sure of the word limit required .B.we should use our own words to write a summary.C.we should convey the message fully and clearly.D. We should write in the logical order of the original passage.E. Compression (压缩)五、Ways（方法）A. Ommit the details 删除细节B. Reduce the examples 削减例子C. Refuse repeatness 避免重复D. Simplify the decription 简化描述E. Comprise wordy 全面用词F. Generable words 多用泛词e the shortest transitions 最简洁的过渡词H.inderect speech 间接引语【Composition 】一、Steps in writing a composition1.planning a composition( ① putting down all the relevant facts② thinking of a proper theme and deciding on our purpose③ re-examing our list of details and outlining )2.writing the fist draft3.revising the first draft4.making the final copy二、Parts in composition1. the beginning ——introduction(Ways of start a composition :start with …① relevant background material② the time and place of the event to be described③ a quotation④ a question⑤ a statement⑥ a figures or statistics⑦ a definition )2. the middle ——body3.the end ——conclusion三、Types of writing1.narration 记叙体2.exposition 说明文四、Criteria of a good composition (一篇好文章的标准)A good composition have something interesting and/or important,and if possible, something new , to say and that this “something”is expressed clearly, accurately, and appropriately. And we must decide on the purpose and audience of our writing and try to adapt the style and language to suit our purpose and audience.【Outline】一、Types of outline1. sentence outline: made up of sentences2.topic outline：consists of nouns and their modifiers, or their equivalents( =gerund phrases or infinitive phrases )二、Rules for writing outlinesIf we examine closely the two outline above, we may see that they follow these rules:（1）if there is a major point marked “Ⅰ”, there must be at least another marked “Ⅱ”;if there is an “a”, there must be a “b”, and so on.（2）a topic outline is written in noun phrase, and a sentence outline, in sentences. Sentences and phrase are not used together in the same outline. （3）parallel structure are used for the headings of the same rank. Subheads of like rank are of equal importance and are related to the heading and arranged in logical order.（4）the thesis is a complete declarative sentence, usually in the affirmative. It is not a question, a phrase, or a dependent clause, but one sentence which expresses our controlling idea.。
四级写作终极归纳之基础篇(最新)
四级写作终极归纳之基础篇四级写作的特点与要求孙子云：“知己知彼，百战不殆”。
想在写作考试中获得成功，就必须首先了解四级考试的要求和评分规则。
由于新四级考试还没有开始进行，笔者就以一篇根据现行四级写作题目“Do‘Lucky Numbers’Really Bring Good Luck?”写成的学生作文为例来讲述几个最基本的道理。
例文1：Some people think that certian(拼写错误) numbers will bring good luck to them. Numbers such as six, eight, sixteen and eighteen are regarded as lucky numbers. There are also people who think that their success is related to certain numbers.However, some other people think numbers have nothing to do with their luck. They bel ieve in their own rather than“lucky numbers”. They don't do things according to certain numbers.As far as I am concerned, I think it is a person's own business whether he believes in a certain number or not. The most important thing is that he has done the work by himself and has done it quite well. As to the belief in numbers, it is their (前后指代不一致，应改为his) personal choice.该文章是当年四级考试命题组印发给全国评卷老师的一篇例文，根据15分制的评分标准，这篇例文被评为14分，供全国评卷老师作为评分参考。
考研英语作文范文背诵(通用十八篇)
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文档下载后可定制修改，请根据实际需要进行调整和使用，谢谢!并且，本店铺为大家提供各种类型的经典范文，如工作总结、工作计划、合同协议、条据文书、策划方案、句子大全、作文大全、诗词歌赋、教案资料、其他范文等等，想了解不同范文格式和写法，敬请关注!Download tips: This document is carefully compiled by this editor. I hope that after you download it, it can help you solve practical problems. The document can be customized and modified after downloading, please adjust and use it according to actual needs, thank you!Moreover, our store provides various types of classic sample essays for everyone, such as work summaries, work plans, contract agreements, doctrinal documents, planning plans, complete sentences, complete compositions, poems, songs, teaching materials, and other sample essays. If you want to learn about different sample formats and writing methods, please stay tuned!考研英语作文范文背诵(通用十八篇)考研英语作文范文背诵(篇一)The Senior High School Entrance EXamination is coming.Many students spend all their free time preparing for it.As we study too long in school every day and suffer from too much pressure.I don‟t think it is good to spend all the free time studying .Every student should choose proper ways to relaX.Sometimes I watch TV or listen to music to relaX for a while.And I play football or basketball after school every day.I think it is important to take eXercise in my free time because it can not only make me relaXed， but also improve my health.And it can also make my study more effective.In a word， I will keep on doing it.I hope more and more people will join us in sports activities.考研英语作文范文背诵(篇二)距离17年考研还有30天左右的时间，大部分学生开始焦虑紧张起来，感觉各个科目复习得都不充分，就拿英语来说，同学们头疼的几个问题是：单词还要不要继续背诵?阅读理解的正确率不稳定怎么办?用了写作模板会不会被判卷人发现从而分数会降低? 事实上，大家不用这么心慌，因为给每个考生剩下的时间都是一样的，你的竞争对手可能会面临跟你一样的问题，在此关键阶段、在有限的时间里，如何有效地提高分数才是最重要的，今天就向大家安利个方法，希望对同学们备考英语有所帮助。
英语写作基础教程Chapter 4 PPT
Exercise
A. in addition B. for example C. in fact D. also E. furthermore Teachers of foreign languages should be extremely well-qualified in order to carry out their duties properly. ___(1)__, a teacher should possess a minimum of a graduate degree from a certified education school or institute if he is to teach high school or below. Besides the academic degree, teachers should not consider teaching only as an occupation for earning money; they should __(2)__ be interested in teaching. ___(3)___, it was necessary that teachers be knowledgeable in their major fields. They should be skillful as well. _(4)__, the language teacher must know the target language well enough to be imitated by his students. Proficiency in the target language includes fours skills: understanding, speaking, reading, and writing. A teacher should know the linguistic facts of the language of the students in order to understand the problems they will have in learning the target language. __(5)__, the teacher must be familiar with audio-lingual techniques. Knowing all this will help the students to learn correctly and quickly.
实操写作：英文写作的基本原则(范文+解析)(4-1)
规则：每个段落以一句主题句开头，结尾须与开头呼应。
本原则的目的同样是帮助读者阅读，这种写作方式能让读者在开始阅读每个段落时，就掌握该段落的目的，且直到段落结束时都铭记在心。
因此，在阐释或议论时最常使用的段落结构为：(a) 主题句在首句或前几句出现；(b) 接下来的句子解释、建立或发展主题句的叙述；(c) 末句强调主题句的想法，或陈述一些重要结论。
请避免以离题的叙述，或无关紧要的细节作为段落的结尾。
若文章的篇幅较长，写作时可能必须说明某个段落与前述内容的关联，或该段落在通篇文章中的功能。
有时只须在主题句中加入一个词语，如again（同样地）、therefore（因此）、for the same reason（由于同样的原因），有时则须在主题句前加上一或数句有引导或连接功能的句子。
若需要多个句子才能与主题句顺利衔接，则建议将这几个句子独立为一个段落。
如上所述，同学在写作时可以运用数种方式连结段落中的本文与主题句。
你也可以用不同的句式重述主题句、定义句中的词汇、反驳与主题句相反的事实、提供通例或特例、说明句子的隐含意义或其可能导致的结果，来让主题句要表达的意义更加明确。
在写作较长的段落时，同学可能会用到以上数种方法。
范例1 苏格兰小说家史蒂文森的经典散文《徒步旅行》❶主题句。
Now, to be properly enjoyed, a walking tour should be gone upon alone.若要好好享受徒步旅行，你应该自己一个人去。
❷否定相反的做法以阐明主旨。
If you go in a company, or even in pairs, it is no longer a walking tour in anything but name; it is something else and more in the nature of a picnic.如果是一群人去，或就算只有两个人，也只会是趟有名无实的徒步旅行；比起徒步旅行，这更象是去野餐。
初中英语作文范本基础篇(共8篇)
沪教版牛津英语初中作文范本Please write at least 50 words on the topic “A trip to _________”.（请以“一次去……的旅行”为题，将标题填写完整后，写一篇至少50个单词，内容连贯，语句通顺的短文，标点符号不占格。
）Suggested questions:1. Where will you go for a trip?2. What will you get ready for it?3. What will you do during your holiday?A trip to BeijingI will go for a trip to Beijing during this summer holiday. I will get ready to do several things. First, I will know about the weather in Beijing. Then, I will search some information about places of interest in Beijing. During my holiday, I will visit the Great Wall, the Palace Museum and the Summer Palace. And then I will eat traditional cuisine. I think the trip to Beijing will be wonderful.Write at least 40 words about the topic “School life in different seasons”（以“在不同季节的学校生活”为题，写一篇不少于40个词的短文。
要求意思明确，内容连贯，标点符号不计字数）（10分）（注意：作文中不得出现考生的中文姓名及其他相关信息，否则不予评分。
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Organizing Ideas
Step 2 List the possible causes and the effects of the problems.
Problems
Controlling ideas: ________________ ________________
Examples: a. ________________
Present perfect continuous (has/have been doing) is used for ongoing action in the past that continues right up to the present or has recently finished.
Organizing Ideas
Part I Ideas for Writing
Unit Four Education
Issues
Step 1 Can you find controlling ideas in the problems that you have just listed? Please take them down and write specific examples in the table below.
Part I Ideas for Writing
Unit Four Education
Issues
Have you ever got any problems in your schooling years? Work in small groups and try to list them down.
Focusing on Grammar
Part II Language for Writing
Unit Four Education
Issues
Key Points Review • Nonfinite verbs (to do, doing, and done) cannot
be used alone as predicates in a sentence. However, they have other grammatical functions as nouns, adjectives, and adverbs. • Several forms are used to show the distinction in time sequence between the action expressed in a nonfinite verb and that in the predicate in a sentence.
Effects As a result/consequence, ... ..., so + clause Noun + leads to + noun. Noun + results in + noun. Noun + causes + noun. Noun + contributes to + noun.
新世纪高职高专 英语教育类课程规划教材
新世纪高职高专教材编审委员会组编 总主编 郭卫民 主 编 马 玲 马铭浩 副主编 陈 威 常 贺 于 燕
Unit Four Education
Issues
目录页 CONTENTS PAGE
Both teachers and students have to be confronted with many problems in education. In this unit, you will write a paragraph on one education issue.
________________ b. ________________
________________ c. ________________
_________பைடு நூலகம்______
Causes
Part I Ideas for Writing
Unit Four Education
Issues
Effects
memorizing new words.
(3) When the teacher came in, students were having a heated discussion.
(4) I will be flying to Washington tomorrow morning. By tomorrow evening, I will have been in
Causes
Because/Since/As/Now that + clause, ... As a result/consequence of + noun, ... Owing to + noun, ... ..., for + clause ... in that + clause One (The) cause/reason of + noun is + noun. Noun + is due to + noun. Noun + is responsible for + noun. Noun + results from + noun.
Focusing on Grammar
Part II Language for Writing
Unit Four Education
Issues
Past perfect (had done) refers to something that had happened before something else took place.
\
Focusing on Grammar
Task
Part II Language for Writing
Unit Four Education
Issues
Verb Tenses
Work in pairs to list the forms of a verb (taking “do” as an example) in different tenses.
Unit Four Education
Issues
Part I • Ideas for Writing
Part II • Language for Writing
Part III • Systems for Writing
Part IV • Editing and Revising
Exploring Ideas
America.
(5) Marvin’ s mother hoped that he would go on studying after graduation from college.
(6) If it had not been for your assistance, I would not have finished my paper.
Present simple (do, does) refers to action that is ongoing or that regularly takes place atpresent time.
Present continuous (am/is/are doing) expresses something happening at the moment of speaking.
Issues
Continuous
Perfect
Perfect Continuous
Focusing on Grammar
Part II Language for Writing
Unit Four Education
Issues
A verb tense indicates the time of a verb’ s action or state of being. There are six-teen tenses in all, among which the commonly used ones are introduced as follows :
Future perfect (shall/will have done) is used to report on what will have been completed by a certain point in the future.
Past future (should/would do, was/were going to do) refers to the future from the perspective of some point in the past.
Part II Language for Writing
Unit Four Education
Issues
Continuous to be doing
\ \
Perfect to have done having done
\
Perfect Continuous to have been doing having been doing
(1) Once you have made the decision to be a teacher, there are still other ones to make.