白卡纸F与SBS的区别
国内纸张名称对应英文名称
白卡纸--SBS，铜版纸--coated free sheet paper,新闻纸--newsprint，双胶纸--offset paper,书写纸--printing & writing paper,牛卡纸--Kraft Linerboard(KLB)，仿牛卡--Kraft Test Liner(KTL),瓦楞芯纸--medium paper，白面牛卡纸--white top liner,品名:无碳复写纸英文名称：carbonless copy paper说明:又称NCR纸。
一种用于复写多份副本的纸张。
外表面上与普通纸基本相似，与蓝色复写纸完全不同。
这种纸有特殊的结构，包括上页纸（CB纸）、中页纸（CFB纸）和下页纸（CF纸）。
如需复制，在此三层纸上的CB纸写字（或打字），下边的CFB纸和CF纸，会出现相同的字迹。
复制的份数越多，CFB纸用的越多，一次最高可写15份副本。
无碳复写纸的优点是可简化复写手续，省时省工，不会弄脏手和复写副本，敏感性高，每次所写的副本，字迹清晰，没有变淡（普通复制的份数多，下边的字变浅）缺点，复制效果好，保存10年不褪色。
目前，无碳复写纸多用于民航机票、商业传票、银行单据、企业报表、电传打印、医疗处方等。
这种纸张是很难涂改的，必须用无碳复印纸(自动复写纸)专用的特种消字灵才能修改。
双铜纸both sides coated art paper Dual copper paper铜版纸是一种进口较多的印刷纸张，全称为铜版印刷纸，又称涂布印刷纸。
它的英文名称有多种叫法:Coated Art Paper(or Board)或称Coated Woodfree;Art paper;Art printing pape;Copper printing paper等。
铜版纸属于涂布印刷纸类中的重要品种，是供铜版印刷用的一种涂料加工纸。
它是以铜版原纸为纸基，将白土（高岭土、碳酸钙等）等涂料涂布加工而制成的高级美术印刷纸，属于加工纸的范围。
药品包装盒材料的选择
现在正逐渐被业内人士认可的新观念是：不要一味地在包装盒上省钱，如果你选择了更好的纸板，并不一定多花钱，而且还可能找到一个小小的新经济增长点。
1、解析认识误区目前国内很多制药企业为了降低成本选择价格相对便宜的白板纸作为药盒包装材料。
同样的包装盒，用高档纸板与便宜纸板平均起来每个药盒成本相差5分钱左右，有的时候由于印刷数量的不同，成本差别也就是一两分钱，但国内企业一般不愿意多花这个钱，普遍认为能省则省。
其实，这些企业存在几个观念上的误区。
例如，用高档纸板替代价格较低的300g纸板，不需要同样克数，通常250g就可以，但国内企业在转用高档白板纸的时候，仍坚持选择300g纸板，从而造成不必要的浪费；还有企业认为，药品价格高才选高档包装纸板，对于低价药品，当然选用便宜的纸板；甚至有的企业因为低价纸板不够挺括，要求在印刷纸板上覆膜，这样不但增加成本，而且不合环保。
造成企业走入认识误区的原因，主要是国内企业包装经济意识不强，重视程度不够，另外保健品的反面教训也促使一些药企形成这些认识误区。
因为现在市面上一些保健品包装过于花哨，华而不实，导致众多国内药企形成包装盒不应太华丽这样一种观念。
对此，中国医药包装协会秘书长蔡弘认为，国内目前许多药品包装不仅设计落后，而且多采用的是以回收纸浆为原料的灰底白板纸，既不美观，又不卫生，回收纸浆中有些毒害物质在包装纸板中仍然存在。
一些企业的产品包装尺寸、设计不合理，有的色彩设计不适宜印刷，特别是企业对纸板出盒率缺乏重视，这些都造成资金潜在的浪费。
而企业在这种情况下又想维持较低的包装成本，势必导致进一步降低包装盒的档次。
2、引入得率概念据专业人士介绍，目前用于药品包装盒的纸板主要有以回收纸浆为原料的灰底白板纸、白底白板纸和以新鲜木浆为原料的白卡纸。
就白卡纸而言，市场上主要分为SBS和FBB两种，前者以漂白化学浆为原料，两层结构，特点是白度较高，但同等克重纸板的挺度和厚度较差；后者以漂白化学浆作为纸板的表层和底层，而以机械浆为原料构成中间层，形成三层结构的纸板，其特点是在同等克重的条件下，厚度好，硬度大，从而带来良好的模切效果和折痕效果。
怎样选择药品包装用纸
书山有路勤为径；学海无涯苦作舟
怎样选择药品包装用纸
对医药企业而言，这是一个品牌竞争的时代，药品品牌化越发重要了。
因此企业对药品包装有丁新的更高的要求，很难想像外包装纸张质量低劣，印刷粗糙的药品能给人良好的第一印象。
企业该如何选择药品包装纸张?在选择的时候该注意哪些问题?芬兰芬林纸业的市场推广经理张卫民给出了答案。
走出误区选择优质纸板
现在越来越多的制药企业认为包装是药品形象的重要组成部分，药品
的外包装应当与内在品质一致，开始追求包装给药品所带来的附加值。
但张经理告诉我们，企业虽然已经有了提高医药包装质量的意识，但是在选择纸板的时候还是存在几个观念上的误区。
误区一：价廉一定省钱
目前国内制药企业非常注重纸板的吨价，大多选择价格相对便宜的白
板纸作为约盒包装材料，这主要出于降低成本的考虑。
国内企业一股不愿多花钱。
普遍的做法是能省则省。
张经理指出，这丰要是因为企业对纸板认识的不足。
企业认为，约品价格高才选高档包装纸板，对于低价药品，当然选用便宜的纸板。
但是很多医药企业都采用全自动包装生产线，低价纸板挺度不高，自动装盒时会对开盒率造成影响，降低生产速度。
而且很多全自动生产线上都带有自动称重复检程序，低价纸板质量不稳定，克重偏差大，检测系统有可能会误认为药品漏装或少装，而把已经包装好的药物剔除，给企业带来浪费。
由此看来，价廉不一定省钱。
改变这种现状，就需要医药企业尽量多地了解一些不同纸板性能的知识，加强对各种纸板的认识。
专注下一代成长，为了孩子。
纸机工段见习见习总结
BM2纸机工段见习总结我通过和现场师傅的沟通与学习以及自身的努力，对BM2的工艺流程、生产设备、工艺、产品等都有了一定的了解。
按照生产实习计划的安排，我在见习的过程中首先从生产设备和工艺流程入手，熟悉抄纸工艺流程和不同纸种的抄纸工艺，以及生产设备的工作原理。
在基本熟悉了这些之后，我在见习中把重点放在关键工艺控制、生产操作及其对产品性能的影响方面，对纸病的产生原因及处理方法有了一定程度的了解。
但是由于见习时间只有一个月，相对在纸机见习来说是比较短的，同时又缺乏现场生产白卡纸的经验，我对纸机工段仍然有许多地方还需进一步更细地学习，这要求在今后的工作中不断地进行经验积累。
BM2主要产品为各类涂布白卡纸及液体包装原纸，定量范围为170g/㎡～425g/㎡。
产品可分为SBS、FBB、银冠色相三个系列20余种产品，同时也按不同客户的要求生产其他品牌的产品。
不同产品的质量要求均有生产标准进行规定。
BM2主要生产设备为一台抄宽4.2米的Voith Sulzer三叠网纸板机纸机，该工段主要包括浆料上网前的处理、纸浆流送及纸页成形、湿纸页的压榨脱水、湿纸页的前干燥、纸页施胶、纸页后干燥、纸页带式压光、纸页涂布、纸页涂布后干燥、纸页软压光和卷取。
一、生产设备简要陈述（一）、流送系统：BM2纸机流送系统采用三层独立的流送系统，包括冲浆泵、锥形除渣器和压力筛等设备，整个流送系统对纸浆进行计量、稀释、添加化学品以及浆料的筛选和净化。
网下白水也分层回收至各层白水槽进行冲浆稀释，也有部分白水回到制浆工段作为碎浆用。
BM2纸机流浆箱为气垫式流浆箱，圆锥总管进浆，采用列管布浆器，整流元件为孔板，能产生高强微湍动，对消除纤维絮聚，改进纸页成形有显著的效果。
经过阶梯扩散器整流之后，经唇板流送上网。
对流浆箱调节唇板调节可以控制好浆料的喷射角度和着网点，保证浆料的虑水与成形。
为保证成纸横幅定量均匀，在芯层流浆箱布浆总管处，采用Module Jet稀释水系统，而面底层是没有的，稀释水系统的白水为机外白水槽来经一道压力筛从流浆箱管束处加入，箱中有稀释水调节器。
印刷行业中英对照
印刷中英文术语对照、1。
GSM与LBS（pound)的转换：English paper grade to grammage conversion Grammage Paper Grade（LBS.)44 gsm 30 lb.text59 gsm 16 lb。
bond，40 lb.text67 gsm 45 lb。
text89 gsm 24 lb.bond,60 lb.text104 gsm 70 lb.text18 gsm 80 lb.text148 gsm 67 lb.bristol,100 lb.text162 gsm 60 lb。
cover163 gsm 90 lb。
index176 gsm 65 lb.cover178 gsm 80 lb。
bristol199 gsm 110 lb.index216 gsm 80 lb。
cover219 gsm 100 lb。
bristol253 gsm 140 lb。
index263 gsm 120 lb.bristol270 gsm 100 lb.cover307 gsm 140 lb。
bristol308 gsm 170 lb。
index325 gsm 120 lb。
cover2。
印刷品中英文对照calendar台历：desk calendar挂历：wall calendar精装书:Case bound,hard bound,cloth bound，hardback,hardcover book小册子：brochure纸相架：Paper frame纸板书：Board book 纸匣：paper tray螺旋簿:spiral book合订本：bound book书芯纸印的封面。
小册子的所有纸张(包括封面)采用同一类或相同克重的纸张，称为简装本(self-cover brochure）。
翻页书:flipbook3。
纸张中英文对照铜版纸,又称涂布印刷纸:Coated Art Paper(or Board),Coated Woodfree；Art paper;Art printing pape；Copper printing paper双铜纸:both sides coated art paper亚粉纸：dull finished art paper,matt art paper双胶纸wood free paper，Light Weight Coated Paper,white offset,offset paper白板纸：SBS Paperboard(Solid Bleached Sulfate)，white board（WLC）灰底白板：duplex paper白底白板：triplex paper牛皮纸：kraft paper卡片纸：card paper纸板：paperboard再生纸:recycled paper瓦楞纸：corrugated paper白卡纸：white card，ivory board蒙肯纸:munkenpaper不干胶纸：sticker画刊纸Wood-free Hi—smooth Bit—coated Paper 厚纸板：cardboard书籍扉页用纸：book end paper本色牛皮纸：unbleached kraft（UUK）可再生纸:recycled board（URB)全息纸:holographic paper4.常见工艺中英文对照过UV:local UV oil coating,UV varnish局部UV：Spot UV-coating上光油:gloss varnish上哑油：matt varnish烫金：hot stamping，bronzing覆膜:membrane，laminating，metallic laminating 过哑胶matt PP lamination，matte lamination过光胶：gloss lamination使凸出，击凸：emboss印金:bronze printing热收缩：shrink wrap塑封：plastic package骑马订：Staple,saddle stitch锁线胶装：section sewing无线胶装：prefect binding模切：die cutting5。
白卡纸FBB与SBS的区别
白卡纸F B B与S B S的区别公司标准化编码 [QQX96QT-XQQB89Q8-NQQJ6Q8-MQM9N]INTROUDUCTION TO FBB AND SBBFolding boxboard also referred to as FBB, GC, UC.FBB construction:1 - Coating2 - Bleached chemical pulp3 - Mechanical pulp4 - Unbleached/Bleached chemical pulpFBB is a paperboard grade which is made up of multiple layers of chemical and mechanical pulp.. This grade is made up of in between two layers of chemical pulp. The top layer is of bleached with an optional . This is a low density material with high and has a slightly yellow colour, mainly on the inside. The major enduses of folding boxboard are and , , and other , , , graphical uses and .Solid Bleached Board also known as, SBB or GZ is a virgin fibre grade of .This grade is made purely from bleached and usually has a mineral or synthetic coated top surface in one or more layers as well as a reverse side. It is a medium board with good printing properties for and end uses and is perfectly white both inside and out.It can easily be cut, creased, hot foil stamped and embossed. Its other properties, such as being hygienic and pure with no smell and taste, make it usable for packaging aroma and flavour sensitive products such as , and .English: Folding Boxboard (FBB/GC2) cream back, multi ply construction1 - Coating2 - Bleached chemical pulp3 - Mechanical pulp4 - Unbleached/Bleached chemical pulpWhat is solid Bleached Sulfate used forSolid bleached s ulfate (SBS) mainly used for packaging industry it’s highly bulk paper available in coated/uncoated form, paramedical industry has high demand for this paperPaperboardThere are two basic types of paperboard used to produce folding cartons: Virgin Fiber and Recycled Fiber or Combination.Virgin Fiber Paperboard GradesSBS Paperboard (Solid Bleached Sulfate)Bleached paperboard or solid bleached sulfate (SBS) is a premium paperboard grade that is produced from a furnish containing at least 80% virgin-bleached wood pulp. Most bleached paperboard is coated with a thin layer of kaolin clay to improve its printing surface and may be also coated with polyethylene (PE) resin for wet strength food packaging.Coated Unbleached Kraft Paperboard (CUK)Clay natural kraft (CNK?) made by MeadWestvaco Corporation or solid unbleached sulfate (SUS?) made by Graphic Packaging International, Inc. is a superior strength paperboard grade that is produced from a furnish containing at least 80% virgin unbleached, natural wood pulp. Most unbleached or natural kraft paperboard is coated with a thin layer of kaolin clay to improve its printing surface and may be also coated with polyethylene (PE) resin for wet strength food packaging.Recycled Fiber or Combination Paperboard GradesUncoated PaperboardUncoated recycled paperboard, a multiply material, is produced from 100% recovered paper -collected from paper manufacturing and converting plants and post consumer sources- and represents the single largest market for recovered paper in the United States. Some uncoated paperboard is produced with a top ply of white recovered fiber or vat dyed for color.Basic Grades of Uncoated Recycled PaperboardBC Bending ChipTBC Tan Bending ChipDKL Double Kraft LinedCoated PaperboardCoated recycled paperboard, a multiply material, is produced from 100% recovered paperboard just as uncoated paperboard; however, typically coated with a thin layer of kaolin clay over a top ply of white recovered fiber to improve its printing surface.CCNB Clay Coated News BackFrom：以中纸投或华新发展为平台，通过产业投资和资本运营相结合的方式，运用并购, 合资, 重组等手段，快速、有效地获得和控制相关产业资源；The investment of China Materials Investment and Huaxin Packing creates a platform for HTRH’s development, and with which we manage effective capital operation. Meanwhile, by ways of merger & acquisition, joint venture and asset recombination, HTRH successfully is able to achieve and control relevant industrial resources.实施产业横向扩张丰富优化产品组合及扩大业务规模；通过实施产业纵向扩张, 即实施产业一体化运作，打通包装产业的“植林→制浆→造纸→印刷→包装”整个产业链。
纸张常识
纸张常识
一、纸张的种类
一、印刷常用的纸张种类 1、白卡纸，是一种坚挺厚实、克重较大的厚纸。这种纸表面平滑、经过压 光，挺度较高。 白卡纸的主要用途是，印刷名片、证书、请柬、封皮、月份台历以及邮政明 信片等。 2、灰底白板，一般被称为灰底白，灰铜。底色为灰色，正面为白色涂布面， 主要用于印刷包装，因材质和涂布面厚薄不同，灰底白板被分为多个等级，常见 的分级为 A 级，B 级，C 级，E 级，F 级，F 级最差。 3、白底白板，这种纸和白卡最大的区别就是白板中间有夹层，白卡是表里 如一都是白的铜板通常两面都是一样的，这两种纸表面相对光滑，白底白板的挺 度没有白卡好，相同克重的白卡会比较簿一些。 4、铜版纸，用于宣传单，各类 DM，企业画册，书刊封面。 5、双胶纸，用于中低档彩色印刷或高档单色印刷，适用于图书、期刊、杂 志、地图、地图、海报、产品说明书等印刷，高级簿本/记事本/笔记本、信封、 办公/公文用纸等； 6、书写纸，属于中低档的文化纸，适用于表格、练习簿、账簿、记录本等， 主要供墨水书写用，用于单色印刷；重量轻（18-80gsm）价格便宜；双胶纸选用 的浆料和原料一般较好，要能长期保存，印刷适性要好，还可以用于深加工出更 有价值的纸品。 7、牛皮纸——一种浅黄色的涂油的有一定防水能力的包装纸。 8、瓦楞纸——外包装纸箱用纸。 9、新闻纸——报纸用纸
义乌市文鼎电脑培训中心
10、特种纸——无碳纸、压纹纸、镭射纸、金卡纸、银卡纸等等
二、纸张的规格与开法
我们平时印刷常用的纸张多以大度或正度规格为主，大度原纸 1194*889 毫 米， 正度原纸 1092*787 毫米。具法的纸张开法方式通过一幅图给大家介绍一下。
下面我们通过表格的形式介绍一下几种常见的开法。大家也可以在网上查找
白卡纸F与SBS的区别
INTROUDUCTION TO FBB AND SBBFolding boxboard also referred to as FBB, GC, UC.FBB construction:1 - Coating2 - Bleached chemical pulp3 - Mechanical pulp4 - Unbleached/Bleached chemical pulpFBB is a paperboard grade which is made up of multiple layers of chemical and mechanical pulp.. This grade is made up of in between two layers of chemical pulp. The top layer is of bleached with an optional . This is a low density material with high and has a slightly yellow colour, mainly on the inside. The major enduses of folding boxboard are and , , and other , , , graphical uses and .Solid Bleached Board also known as, SBB or GZ is a virgin fibre grade of .This grade is made purely from bleached and usually has a mineral or synthetic coated top surface in one or more layers as well as a reverse side. It is a medium board with good printing properties for and end uses and is perfectly white both inside and out. It can easily be cut, creased, hot foil stamped and embossed. Its other properties, such as being hygienic and pure with no smell and taste, make it usable for packaging aroma and flavour sensitive products such as , and .English: Folding Boxboard (FBB/GC2) cream back, multi ply construction1 - Coating2 - Bleached chemical pulp3 - Mechanical pulp4 - Unbleached/Bleached chemical pulpWhat is solid Bleached Sulfate used for?Solid bleached sulfate (SBS) mainly used for packaging industry it’s highly bulk paper available incoated/uncoated form, paramedical industry has high demand for this paperPaperboardThere are two basic types of paperboard used to produce folding cartons: Virgin Fiber and Recycled Fiber or Combination.Virgin Fiber Paperboard GradesSBS Paperboard (Solid Bleached Sulfate)Bleached paperboard or solid bleached sulfate (SBS) is a premium paperboard grade that is produced from a furnish containing at least 80% virgin-bleached wood pulp. Most bleached paperboard is coated with a thin layer of kaolin clay to improve its printing surface and may be also coated with polyethylene (PE) resin for wet strength food packaging.Coated Unbleached Kraft Paperboard (CUK)Clay natural kraft (CNK?) made by MeadWestvaco Corporation or solid unbleached sulfate (SUS?) made by Graphic Packaging International, Inc. is a superior strength paperboard grade that is produced from a furnish containing at least 80% virgin unbleached, natural wood pulp. Most unbleached or natural kraft paperboard is coated with a thin layer of kaolin clay to improve its printing surface and may be also coated with polyethylene (PE) resin for wet strength food packaging.Recycled Fiber or Combination Paperboard GradesUncoated PaperboardUncoated recycled paperboard, a multiply material, is produced from 100% recovered paper -collected from paper manufacturing and converting plants and post consumer sources- and represents the single largest market for recovered paper in the United States. Some uncoated paperboard is produced with a top ply of white recovered fiber or vat dyed for color.Basic Grades of Uncoated Recycled PaperboardBC Bending ChipTBC Tan Bending ChipDKL Double Kraft LinedCoated PaperboardCoated recycled paperboard, a multiply material, is produced from 100% recovered paperboard just as uncoated paperboard; however, typically coated with a thin layer of kaolin clay over a top ply of white recovered fiber to improve its printing surface.CCNB Clay Coated News BackCCKB Clay Coated Kraft BackFrom：以中纸投或华新发展为平台，通过产业投资和资本运营相结合的方式，运用并购, 合资, 重组等手段，快速、有效地获得和控制相关产业资源；The investment of China Materials Investment and Huaxin Packing creates a platform for HTRH’s development, and with which we manage effective capital operation. Meanwhile, by ways of merger & acquisition, jointventure and asset recombination, HTRH successfully is able to achieve and control relevant industrial resources.实施产业横向扩张丰富优化产品组合及扩大业务规模；通过实施产业纵向扩张, 即实施产业一体化运作，打通包装产业的“植林→制浆→造纸→印刷→包装”整个产业链。
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INTROUDUCTION TO FBB AND SBB
Folding boxboard also referred to as FBB, GC, UC.
FBB construction:
1 - Coating
2 - Bleached chemical pulp
3 - Mechanical pulp
4 - Unbleached/Bleached chemical pulp
FBB is a paperboard grade which is made up of multiple layers of chemical and mechanical pulp.. This grade is made up of in between two layers of chemical pulp. The top layer is of bleached with an optional . This is a low density material with high and has a slightly yellow colour, mainly on the inside. The major enduses of folding boxboard are and , , and other , , , graphical uses and .
Solid Bleached Board also known as, SBB or GZ is a virgin fibre grade of .
This grade is made purely from bleached and usually has a mineral or synthetic coated top surface in one or more layers as well as a reverse side. It is a medium board with good printing properties for and end uses and is perfectly white both inside and out. It can easily be cut, creased, hot foil stamped and embossed. Its other properties, such as being hygienic and pure with no smell and taste, make it usable for packaging aroma and flavour sensitive products such as , and .
English: Folding Boxboard (FBB/GC2) cream back, multi ply construction
1 - Coating
2 - Bleached chemical pulp
3 - Mechanical pulp
4 - Unbleached/Bleached chemical pulp
What is solid Bleached Sulfate used for
Solid bleached sulfate (SBS) mainly used for packaging industry it’s highly bulk paper available in coated/uncoated form, paramedical industry has high demand for this paper
Paperboard
There are two basic types of paperboard used to produce folding cartons: Virgin Fiber and Recycled Fiber or Combination.
Virgin Fiber Paperboard Grades
SBS Paperboard (Solid Bleached Sulfate)
Bleached paperboard or solid bleached sulfate (SBS) is a premium paperboard grade that is produced from a furnish containing at least 80% virgin-bleached wood pulp. Most bleached paperboard is coated with a thin layer of kaolin clay to improve its printing surface and may be also coated with polyethylene (PE) resin for wet strength food packaging.
Coated Unbleached Kraft Paperboard (CUK)
Clay natural kraft (CNK) made by MeadWestvaco Corporation or solid unbleached sulfate (SUS) made by Graphic Packaging International, Inc. is a superior strength paperboard grade that is produced from a furnish containing at least 80% virgin unbleached, natural wood pulp. Most unbleached or natural kraft paperboard is coated with a thin layer of kaolin clay to improve its printing surface and may be also coated with polyethylene (PE) resin for wet strength food packaging.
Recycled Fiber or Combination Paperboard Grades
Uncoated Paperboard
Uncoated recycled paperboard, a multiply material, is produced from 100% recovered paper -collected from paper manufacturing and converting plants and post consumer sources- and represents the single largest market for recovered paper in the United States. Some uncoated paperboard is produced with a top ply of white recovered fiber or vat dyed for color.
BC Bending Chip
TBC Tan Bending Chip
DKL Double Kraft Lined
WLBC White Lined Bending Chip
Coated Paperboard
Coated recycled paperboard, a multiply material, is produced from 100% recovered paperboard just as uncoated paperboard; however, typically coated with a thin layer of kaolin clay over a top ply of white recovered fiber to improve its printing surface.
Basic Grades of Coated Recycled Paperboard
CCNB Clay Coated News Back
From：以中纸投或华新发展为平台，通过产业投资和资本运营相结合的方式，运用并购, 合资, 重组等手段，快速、有效地获得和控制相关产业资源；
The investment of China Materials Investment and Huaxin Packing creates a platform for HTRH’s development, and with which we manage effective capital operation. Meanwhile, by ways of merger & acquisition, joint venture and asset recombination, HTRH successfully is able to achieve and control relevant industrial resources.
实施产业横向扩张丰富优化产品组合及扩大业务规模；通过实施产业纵向扩张, 即实施产业一体化运作，打通包装产业的“植林→制浆→造纸→印刷→包装”整个产业链。
For better development, we plan to enrich products categories and extend business scale, while in terms of production, we will develop an industry chain, . “plantation→pulp producing →paper making→printing→packing”, so as to achieve integrative operation.。