论文写作 程幼强 结课作业 高分范文

Academic WritingIntroduction, review of literature, methodology, results and conclusions are five chapters of academic writing. And each of them has several parts.Introduction is the first chapter, and it involves seven parts. Need for the study is the first part and the base of the whole article. It means that when researchers do some studies, they need to find out that what has been done and what has not and try to fill the gap. The second part is the purpose of the study. In this part, we should know what we are to do and what we are going to study. When we figure out what the study would be about, the research question should be decided. So research question is the third part. It crystallizes the purpose of the study. Hypothesis is the fourth thing we need to do. We need to assume the results of the of the research question.If hypothesis is the same as the results of the experiment, the hypothesis is called null hypothesis. And the other type of hypothesis is directional hypothesis. Definitions of terms are the fifth thing we need to determine. The whole study should be expressedat a definite frame. And then, we need to clarify who will benefit from the study. It is the sixth part we are to do. For example, the people who are afraid of heights would benefit from the study about acrophobia. The last part of introduction is organizationof the study. We need to focus on the form of the study.Review of the literature, the second chapter of academic writing, is an extended need for the study. In this chapter, we need to clarify who has done what and what has been achieved so far to find out what has not been done then to find out what to do. The review of literature involves four parts. It consists of the historical background, theoretical background, related research and summary. Historical ground is about the important historic change instead of the simple common things. Theoretical background is the entire treatise and the theories related to the study. The related research is all the previous achievements about the study. And the last part of review of literature is summary. The description of knowledge is specific on condition that you realize them all. However, in China, this chapter is not easy to finish. First, the ethos of the academic circle is not clean and honest enough. The study is used as a tool to make money. Second, just as Hegel, the philosopher in Germany, said that there is not any philosopher in China. The philosophers in China focus on the social origin and human source, and so-called philosophers in China pay much attention to the management of state affairs. And the last reason is that the Cultural Revolution cracked down on the Chinese academic circles. It is said that there is not any scholar in China after the Cultural Revolution.Methodology is the third chapter of academic writing. It introduces the methods or procedures of study. The first part of methodology is research design is divided into two types: one is study about current politics, and the other one is about analyses mentally. In foreign, scholars of high tone would like to do the study about current politics, and the primary scholars generally do the study about analyses mentally. This situation is based on the difficulty level of the study. However, in China, the situation is opposite. And difference let China fall behind the foreign in humanities. Researchers need to choose a scientific method to do the study. The second part of methodology is sampleand sampling procedure. When researchers are choosing the object of the study, all aspects of the object should be taken into consideration. The sample should be representative and common. Instrumentation is the third part of methodology. Logic is very essential in this part. The researchers must be logical when doing the study, or the study would not get the accurate results and become meaningless. In this part, the scholars from China are not qualified. As a result of the history and culture, Chinese do not focus on logic and even do not have logic. Treatment is the fourth part of methodology. There is an example to introduce this part. There are two mice in the experiment, and they are in the same at the beginning of the experiment. One is fed with two peanuts every meal, and the other one is fed with one peanut and a grain of green beans. In this experiment, the grain of green beans is the variable. Treatment is the progress of confirming the variable and find out the influence the variable has made in the experiment. After the experiment, the researchers need to collect dates and analyze them. Data collection and data analysis procedures are the fifth and the sixth parts of the methodology. The last part of methodology is summary. Researchers should get the conclusion about the experiment based on the analysis of the data of the experiment.Results is the fourth part of the study. This chapter involves two parts. The first part is results, and the other part is summary. In this part, the researchers should introduce the purpose, research question and hypothesis. Then the researchers record the results on the basis of the research has made above. Then write down a brief introduction to the next section.The last chapter of academic writing is conclusions, interpretations and implications. This chapter is a conclusion about all the research of the study. It involves three parts conclusions, interpretations and implications. The first part is conclusions. And it is the description of the research, and organized by research question and/or hypothesis. Interpretations is the second part. In this part, the researchers try to explain the conclusions of the research in his own words. Implications is the last part. This part is divided into two smaller parts: implications for practice and implications for further research.。