聊一聊博士申请中关于proposal的那些事儿
Proposal应该包含哪些内容？
Proposal应该包含哪些内容？去英国读研，大家都知道，毕业论文是所有作业中最重要的一个。
要完成毕业论文，第一件事就是写proposal，学生一般需要在正式开始毕业论文之前(一般在第二学期)就得先把proposal完成，但是很多同学不知道proposal怎么写。
下面是一些proposal写作的内容和建议。
1.Proposal是什么?Proposal类似于我们说的开题报告，它的目的是告诉读者你的毕业论文将研究的是什么，以及告诉读者你是有能力很好地完成它的，你的这篇论文会是有价值并且可靠的。
完成proposal意味着前期对于毕业论文的选题、文献搜集、论文的构思、将如何做研究等等内容已经准备的七七八八了。
Proposal虽然不是论文的正文主体，分数通常只占论文成绩的10%，但千万别小看它哦，因为只有proposal通过了，我们的论文才能够顺利进行下去。
今就来和大家讲讲proposal都包括哪些内容，以及给大家几个写好proposal的小建议。
2.Proposal的框架不同学校专业对于proposal的架构会有一些不同，但一般都会包括下面这几个：2.1 TitleProposal里定的标题只是个初步的想法，正式写论文的时候可以稍加修改，但无论如何定的题目和文章内容要紧密相关的，不能有太大的偏差。
大家在选题方面，是要建立在广泛阅读的基础上的，这个阅读不仅要有广度，还要有深度。
研究方向的话，大家可以从之前所学的课里选一些自己感兴趣的主题，然后阅读相关的文章，或者也可以看看之前毕业生的类似主题的优秀论文，获得一些灵感，最后定一个自己想写的题目。
确定标题的时候，大家最好用简洁以及描述性的词语，要包含关键词(变量)，并且能够体现出变量之间的关系。
可能有些同学会觉得毕业论文的选题很难，以后我们也可以专门来讲讲如何给自己的毕业论文选题。
2.2 IntroductionIntroduction指的是给导师或者阅读这篇论文的读者一个简短但清晰的介绍，让他们能够很快了解这篇论文的研究方向是什么，你为什么想研究这个题目(研究它的意义)，以及你预计的研究结果和结论是什么。
申请成功了的博士方案(PHD proposal)
PHD Research ProposalTitle:The Extent of Guanxi between Chinese Suppliers and Their Western CustomersSubmitted by:Terry Ji RuanTable of Contents of this Proposal1. Introduction2. Aims and objectives3. Topics justification/scope and limitations4. Literature review5. Methodology and data collection6. Proposed developmentBibliography1. IntroductionChina started its economic reform since 1979 and now becomes the second biggest economy in the world due to the dramatic rise of Chinese economic development. More and more attentions have been focused on how the Chinese do business and how to cooperate with them through culture. Likewise, as for the Chinese businessmen, they are facing the outside word and need to learn more about other cultures. Therefore, Intercultural business communication becomes a big issue during the rising of the Chinese economic development.Owing to the Chinese culture, Chinese businessmen spend a lot of time and money on establishing personal relationship with the domestic customers, which is called guanxi in China. Guanxi, a phase from Chinese PinYing, can be roughly translated as personal ties, which presents the totality of the relationship between two persons. It is so complicated and quite different from the Western business relationship (So and Walker, 2006).In international business section, do the Chinese people do the same way as they do to their domestic customers? And does guanxi work? Because when we talk about guanxi, it usually refers to the relationship among the Chinese. In China, when a person has a lot of powerful guanxi, it will be easier for him or her to succeed in business. As for the international business section, is it conducive to the sale if the Chinese establish guanxi with their foreign customers by the Chinese ways, like big dinner, valuable gifts and big entertainment? What extent does guanxi exit between them?Most of the researches have focused on guanxi in Chinese society, whereasresearch on guanxi between the Chinese and the Westerners is scarce. More over, guanxi and cultural dimensions, these two areas of work, have never been brought together before. This paper will focus on the guanxi between the Chinese and the Westerners by the means of analyzing the cultural dimensions and so-called “guanxi dimension”. And a research will be carry on from the cooperation between the Chinese suppliers and their Western customers.2. Aims and objectives2.1 Aim(s) of proposed study:Find a better way for the Chinese to build up relationship with their Western customers. Also give some suggestions for Westerners to cooperate with their Chinese suppliers.2.2 ObjectivesTo find out what extent guanxi exits between Chinese suppliers and their Western customers? Also, establish a new theory named “ guanxi dimension”, which can specify the extent of guanxi between two cultures.3. Topics justification3.1Why I chose this topic?I have been working for Chinese companies as a part-time interpreter andtranslator for more than six years and negotiating and entertaining hundreds of foreign customers who are mainly from the Middle-East, Europe, Korea and America. Therefore I have plenty of experiences related to the topic which I like very much.3.2 The originality of the researchFirstly, the research brings together areas of work that have not been brought together before, that is, guanxi and cultural dimentions. Secondly, this research will try to establish a new theory named “ guanxi dimension” which can specify the extent of guanxi between two cultures.4. Literature review4.1 Theory involvedThis study involves some theory of guanxi and several cultural dimensions form Hall ,Trompenaar and Hofstede , such asz Trompenaars’s culture dimensions, specific and defuse.z Trompenaars’s culture dimensions, universalism and particularismz Hofstede’s culture dimensions Power Distancez Hofstede’s culture dimensions Individualism/Collectivismz Hofstede’s fifth culture dimensions, long- versus, short-term orientationSome relevant business network theory will be analysed in this research in order to compare the business network styles. Last but not least, some philosophies and religions will be deeply discussed to find out primary cause of the culture difference.4.2 Guanxi in Chinese Business4.2.1. What is guanxi?Guanxi, a phase from Chinese PinYing, can be roughly translated as personal ties ，which presents the totality of the relationship between two persons. It is so complicated and quite different from the Western business relationship (So and Walker, 2006).Guanxi is a central concept in Chinese society. It can include personal relationships, social and business network.4.2.2. The essentiality of guanxiA survey made by Chu and Ju(1990) in China, found that over 42 per cent of respondents regarded guanxi as very important in social-economic life, while nearly 50 per cent regarded it as important or somewhat important. The Chinese value guanxi very much because it plays an important role in a person’s life. Some Chinese people even say “Without guanxi you can not achieve anything.” According to my own experience of living more than thirty year in China, guanxi is an essential element for people to survive .If you have guanxi, you can find a better job, get promotion, sell your products easily and have majority to do everything. In business area, guanxi can reduce business risk, get more useful information, help the promotion of products and reduce costs. In China, people everywhere concentrate their energies to accumulating guanxi and mastering the art of using guanxi as a basic strategy for survival and mobility (Gold,,Guthrie and Wank, 2002).It is a rule that the larger one’s guanxi network, and the more diverse one’s guanxi connections with people of different occupations and positions, the better becomes one’s general manoeuvrability in society and with officialdom to obtain resources andopportunities(Yang,1994).4.23. Guanxi is specialFirstly, guanxi is always personal. The relationships formed by guanxi are personal and not transferable, which is different from the Western relationships. In Chinese society, personal relations dominate and are not separate from business relationships. While business relations in the West are more technical and company oriented (So and Walker,2006). guanxi is always personal，which always struck with two people. Although it can be business relationship between two firms, you will see the true fact that it is based on two important persons from the two firms. The deal is guaranteed by the two people. If the relationship between the two important persons break up, than the relationship between the two firms will definitely break up too. Even if an individual is running a number of separate companies, the counter-party considers himself as still trading with the same entity, the person with whom he has guanxi. He could not have different relationship with each company. For example, "One can bankrupt a limited liability company and start all over again but liabilities with the person terminate only at death"(So and Walker,2006:69).Secondly, guanxi is always utilitarian. In the West, business relationships are based on a business culture and can be personal and personal or purely pragmatic (utilitarian). Other relationships e.g. social, family, have their own culture. But "guanxi is the totality of any relationship; it is indivisible, pragmatic, or personal and pragmatic, but essentially utilitarian"(So and Walker, 2006:3).Thirdly, guanxi is always involved in some special emotion like ganqing,yiqi and renqing. Ganqing can be roughly translated as emotional affects which denotes the closeness of guanxi( Jacob,1982). If you have good ganqing withsomebody, usually, you have good guanxi with him or her. Yiqi is a Chinese “ethic of brotherhood.” It refers to the tight bonds of mutual aid, trust, and loyalty linking the members of a friendship or partnership in business. While renqing is a favour offering to a friend, which is expected to be returned in the future (Yang,1994).But, do any ganqing,yiqi and renqing exist when the Chinese deal with the Westerners?4.24The use of guanxiSince guanxi is so important in the Chinese society. How do the Chinese develop and maintain guanxi? Firstly, they try to know more people, make more friends and get close to the people they know. And then, usually, they offer renqing to the people they know to get guanxi. "China is a world where what counts is not only whom one knows, but also who owes whom a favour." (Terry,1984) .When one owns others a favour, in China, people call one owns others a renqing, which is expected to be returned in the future. “Both parties expect to offer help when asked and both would try to repay the renqing debt at some later date and is an exchange without the sanction of law but the Confucian”(So and Walker,2006:69). "If there is guanxi between two businessmen, which seems willing to grant more favour terms to the other in business affairs so that deals are easily more struck between them" (So and Walker,2006:70). All in all, guanxi is often set up and maintained by the offering a favour by one party to another. So if the Chinese offer favours to their western customers, what would the westerners think of the favours?More importantly, the Chinese also develop ganqing to maintain or strengthen their guanxi. As mentioned earlier, the more g anqing you get, the firmer guanxiyou have. So the Chinese attend to develop ganqing in order to have and maintain better guanxi. Chinese businessmen try to get guanqing with their customers by offering big dinners, big entertainment and valuable gifts, chatting and drinking .Giving gifts to local officials is a matter of courtesy and observance of proper social form and etiquette. It will lead to the establishment of a good relationship, but not to ganqing Money/bribery relations are the weakest in term of emotional effect, followed by guanxi, renqing,yiqi,and ganqing as the most filled with emotional content(Yang, 1994). But, Do the Chinese attempt to develop ganqing with their western customers by big entertainment, value gifts or dinner and drinking?Favours seem to flow when guanxi is present. On the fact of it, deals are struck which appear less profitable to one or both parties than other options which appear readily available but which involve other parties (So and Walker,2006:15). What is the magic behind guanxi that allows this? It could be because there is an emotional tie between two businessmen or it may just be a rational business decision. So and Walker (2006) argued that affection is unlikely to be the reason behind most guanxi relationships. Even if affection can account for some guanxi behaviour, the majority of guanxi relationships are seen to be rational business practice by the parties involved. However, because of the impact of Confucianism, the Chinese do not mention the rational purposes but ganqing in front of their friends (Buderi and Huang ,2006). Do the Chinese also develop ganqing with their western customers without mentioning the rational business purposes? Can ganqing help their business relationship, especially, during the recession?4.25 The hypothesis of “guanxi dimension”In order to find out what extent guanxi exits between the Chinese suppliers and their Western customers, we need new cultural dimension called guanxidimension which would be involved in ganqing index, yiqi index,renqing index and so on. It will be established by quantitative approach among the Chinese as they have higher and obvious guanxi dimension.4.3 Particularism in Chinese Business4.31. Rules versus guanxiUniversalism-Particularism explains the two contrasting concept of a rule is a rule and particular obligation to relationship (Trompenaars and Hampden-Turner,1993). Universalists focus more on rule than relationship while particularists focus more relationship than rules. For the universalists, a deal is a deal. For the particularists, goodwill is important to relationship. In terms of business, Universalism-Purticularism elucidates the two contrasting strategies of developing core competence and getting close to the customer (Trompenaars and Hampden-Turner, 1993). According to Trompenaars Hampden-Turner(1993),the Chinse culture is high Purticularism .That is to say, relationship is very important to Chinese businessmen. It may include not only jointly developed strategies and shared secrets but also "help each other" which means “rather flexible than rigid”. According to this culture dimension, many Chinese people may spend a lot of money on establishing relationships with the customers, like big dinners, good entertainment and valuable gifts, in order to get particular interaction, which is flexible working style and ready to break rules. So, guanxi is popular in China because of the Particularism culture.When a guanxi network violates norms, it can lead to corruption (So and Walker,2006). Although, Efforts are made by the gift-giver or dinner host to leave the impression that he or she does not regard the gift or dinner as a crude bribe or mere payment for services renders, but as a social occasion forestablishing good relations(Yang,1994). The receivers always have the obligation to repay. Yang(1994) point out two reasons: first, one has to take into consideration one’s standing in public opinion and to avoid losing face in the eyes of others; second, one may help others with material benefit in mind. Although we can not say guanxi leads to corruption, guanxi is always associated with corruption. But, do the Chinese do the same to their foreign customers? Does it work if the Chinese do in that way?4.32. Contract versus trust and flexibilityWeighty contracts are a way of life in Universalist cultures. It services to record an agreement that parties have promised to do. It also implies consent to the agreement and provides recourse if the parties do not keep to their side of the deal (Trompenaars, and Hampden-Turner,1993). However, Gold,Guthrie and Wank, (2002) argue that Chinese business practices still approach such bedrock Western concepts as “contracts” from a perspective where the contract is seen as a cage that appropriate guanxi can unlock, although the Chinese have been attempting to set up and implement a set of regulations and laws.If you introduce contracts with strict requirements and penalty clauses to the particuliarists, they will feel they are not trusted and may accordingly behave in untrustworthy ways. Because they think it is too rigid to allow a good working relationship to evolve (Trompenaars, and Hampden-Turner, 1993). They regard their customers or suppliers as good friends and it is not kind to sign contracts with friends. Good-will and trust are basic of a business relationship for the Chinese people (Gold,Guthrie and Wank, 2002). If people have good guanxi, they don’t need to sign contracts. They prefer guanxi and trust to contracts.According to my own experience, some Chinese businessmen hate to sign contracts. Some of they have been in business for decades but they have not signed any contracts as they think contract is a too specific, too rigid, not kind and not flexible. They strongly believe that business should base on trust and credit. But, do the Chinese sign contracts with their western customers? Do they strictly follow the contracts? Do the western customers allow some changes for the contracts they signed with the Chinese?4.4 Diffuse culture in Chinese BusinessAcoording to Trompenaars and Hampden-Turner (1993), many western countries have specific culture while the Chinese culture is more diffuse. Specific is analytic, and diffuse is holistic or synthetic. In diffuse cultures, “everything is connected to everything” (Hampden-Turner and Trompenaars, 2000:79). Your business partner may wish to know where you went to school, who your friends are, how many children you have, what you think of life. Actually, the Chinese people do that as they wish to make closed friends with their business partners, which is also called la guanxi. In certain extent, Guanxi is rooted in diffuse culture.Traditional Chinese business culture is based on diffuse relationships, especially, Guanxi networks. These networks are used to obtain easy access to capital, establish business contacts, and share and disseminate information. All aspects of the relationships in these networks are interwoven, and the “diffuse” whole is more than the sum of its parts (Trompenaars and Hampden-Turner, 2002).In specific-oriented cultures, people segregate out task and relationship, while in diffuse culture, every life space and every level of personality tends topermeate all others(Hampden-Turner and Trompenaars, 2000).According to the “everything is connected to everything” concept, business is connected to Guanxi, friendship , drinking, rengqing, gifts and dinners etc. In China, if you do something officially, sitting around an office table to talk about your business, which is regarded as “no Guanxi” and you are regarded as a poor guy. People who have Guanxi, are regarded as VIPs and usually discuss business somewhere outside the office, like, at the leader’s, at a restaurant, at a tea house, at KTV or other entertainment arena. That’s why the Chinese are so busy---after work, they have so much la guanxi activities to do. Unlike the Chinese, after work, most Westerners have their own time to do whatever they want to do. Work is work, leisure is leisure. While in China, sometimes, work is leisure, leisure is work. Their leisure activities always have some business purposes.Because of the interlocked nature of a Guanxi network, a failure to uphold obligations is destructive to all members. Thus, a Guanxi network allows a member to ascertain the true character of potential partners (Li, 2001). That is why they need to know a lot about their business partners from all aspect through drinking, eating, chatting and playing. The diffuse culture obviously appears in these circumstances.Specific indexes are always more definite and unambiguous. They may force you to face facts. Yet diffuse relationships may inform you of what you have to do to restore your credibility and value to the customer (Hampden-Turner and Trompenaars, 2000). Diffuse cultures may be more concerned with more vague criteria, like goodwill and support from customers and the willingness of customers to remain loyal in the face of difficulties. Diffuse cultures would not deny that profits are necessary, but they would argue that the multiple bonds established with customers are the origins of these profits and the reason these profits continue. Such kind of business relationship just likes friendshipbetween two Chinese friends. They support each other and remain loyal in the face of difficulties. Therefore, Guanxi mixes friendship and business relationship together. The Chinese prefer establishing friendship first, and then do business. Western style friendship is a lot simpler than the Chinese one. In China, business may flow out of friendship whereas, in the West, friendship may flow out of business (Ambler and Witzel, 2004).The Chinese prefer establishing friendship first, and then do business. However, do the Chinese attend to make good friends with their Western customers before their business? Do they also expect the “friend style” of business relationship with their Western customers? what do the Western customers think of the “friend style” business relationship？How do they react?4.5 Long-term orientation in Chinese businessAccording to Hofstede(2001), long-term orientation is the extent to which a culture emphasizes long or short-term goals. The value of long-term orientation would be: “Most important events in life will occur in future.” A culture with a long-term orientation is based on stability, persistence, order and thrift. On the other hand, a culture with a short-term orientation will expect immediate returns and will focus on the satisfaction of immediate needs and wants rather than on long-term investments. China has high LTO (long-term orientation) couture while most of the West countries have low LTO.The Chinese want other people to owe them more than they owe you, so that in times of emergency or crises in the future, they can turn to you .They work very hard and save money for their Children’s education even they have a miserable life themselves. They are very frugal in order to build big house in the future or so. More importantly, the Chinese not only “invest” their hard workand money for the future but also “invest” Gauxi. Guanxi is a form of capital which needs to be invested to certain area and gain the benefit in the future. Guanxi is regarded as a resource, often called “Guanxi capital”, can be profitable invested and it can be a very long term investment for lifetime or even generations. The Chinese “invest” Guanxi and wish one day in the future they or their children can use this Guanxi. They invest valuable gifts, big dinners, expensive entertainment and all kind of favours to their customers in order to get a firm and long-term relationship with the customers so that they can get benefit in the future even though they do not have benefit at present. That is why the Chinese want other people to owe them more than they owe others.Also, Guanxi is first and foremost about the cultivation of long-term personal relationships. That is to say, Guanxi usually is regarded as a long-term relationship so people always need to maintain this relationship by la guanxi. For example, in the West, when a person changes circumstances and activities, he or she changes friends, whilst the Chinese seem to expect their friendship to stay the same over a long period of time, maybe for a lifetime (Davis, 1999). This is obvious a long-term orientation culture.According to Hofstede(2001),low LTO culture expect quick results, while high LTO culture have more persistence. This value difference is very obvious in the business area between the Chinese and the Westerners. Businesses in long-term-oriented cultures are accustomed to working toward building up strong positions in their markets. They do not expect immediate result. For example, the Chinese, who are looking for long-term agreements and solutions, prefer discussions to be protracted. Basically, they are trying to decide if you are really the type of company (or person) they want as a long-term partner (Lewis, 2003). Another example, la guanxi sometimes does not ask others to provide favours immediately, but one day in the future theymay need help, they can ask for help as they have Guanxi and better ganqing already. Therefore, those people who you have Guanxi with may help you in the future because of yiqi, renqing or ganqing. Chinese people are so busy with la guanxi because they are investing social relationship for future use. This point fully embodies the long-term awareness of the Chinese people. They are very patient with this “long-term games”.In addition, as for low LTO culture, Leisure time is important. As for high LTO, leisure time is not so important (Hofstede, 2001). Chinese people usually spent their leisure time for la guanxi. As mentioned earlier, work is leisure, leisure is work. Further more, another important consideration in this culture is to leave a profit for the next person (Lewis, 2006). If you want a long-term relationship, you have to make sure that the negotiating partner is winning something and makes some profit. Otherwise, there is no incentive for him to continue the business relationship. You have to leave something in order to have a long-term relationship (Marx, 1999). Therefore, relationship influences the business decisions due to the long-term orientation. All the above cultural characteristics can be seen from the Guanxi practices. It is no doubt that Guanxi is influenced by Confucianism. In a word, Guanxi relationship is also rooted in long-term orientation culture (Confucian dynamism).According to Hofstede(2001),low LTO (long-term orientation) culture expect quick results, while high LTO culture have more persistence. This value difference is very obvious in the business area between the Chinese and the Westerners. However, cultures are changing; the Chinese value of long-term orientation might be different in the business with Westerners. That needs to be tested. Especially, in the recession, do the Chinese attend to maintain a long-term relationship with their Western customers even they do not have benefit at present? Is guanxi relationship affected by the financial crisis?4.6ConclusionOwing to the Particularism , diffuse culture and long-term orientation, the Chinese value and use guanxi which is very personal and can break rules and lead to flexible settlement. However, many questions are expected to be answered refer to the guanxi between the Chinese and their Western customers. In addition, other cultural dimensions, like, power distance and Individualism/Collectivism, are also related to this topic and they need to be deeply analyzed in this research too.Owing to the limited time and the less of the researcher’s knowledge, business networks theory and philosophy have not yet be discussed in this proposal.5. Methodology and data collection5.1 IntroductionThis chapter presents the study’s selected research methodology. As shall be seen, the methodology is influenced by the purpose of this study and is based on an assessment of the optimal strategy for responding to the research questions. As such, the current chapter reviews the purpose of the study, presents the research questions, and discusses the data collection and research approach.5.2 Research Question•How do the Chinese build up and maintain relationship with their Western customers? Why?•How do their foreign customers think of the ways the Chinese build up the relationship with them?•What extent does guanxi relationship exit between the Chinese and the Westerners?•What role does guanxi play when Westerners deal with Chinese?•How can Westerners deal with Chinese by taking advantage of guanxi?More specific questions will be set up later according to the above main questions, including “interviews questions for Western customers”, “interviews questions for Chinese” and “questionnaire for Chinese”. “questionnaire for Westerners”.5.3 The Research SiteThe first site is East Mountain Foreign Langue School, where more than six hundred part-time students are studying business English. Around sixty percent of them are sales or interpreters from foreign trade companies.Another important site is the Canton Fair where many Western business people are finding their Chinese business partners.Other sites are export-oriented factories in Guandong Province.5.4 SamplesThe samples of Western customers will be chosen from Guandong province where there are some foreigners setting up their offices and purchasing ceramics. Most of they have experience in cooperating with the Chinese.The samples of Chinese businessmen, interpreters and some salesman are from export-oriented factories in Guandong province.5.5 Research ApproachThe research approach influences design and gives the researcher the opportunity to consider how each of the various approaches may contribute to, or limit, his study (Creswell,2003). The research approach refers to the deductive/inductive and qualitative/quantitative approaches.5.51The Deductive versus the Inductive ApproachMarcoulides (1998) defines the deductive approach as a testing of theories. The researcher begins with a set of theories in mind and forms the hypotheses on their basis. After that, the research tests the hypotheses. The inductive approach, on the other hand, follows from the collected empirical data and forms concepts and theories on the basis of this data (Marcoulides, 1998).This study follows the deductive approach which appears more appropriate to the purpose of this study.5.52The Qualitative versus the Quantitative ApproachThe quantitative tools for data analysis generally borrow from the physical sciences, in that they are structured in such a way so as to guarantee (as far as possible), objectivity, generalizability and reliability (Creswell, 2003). Here the researcher is objective and the research results are numerical. Qualitative tools, on the other hand, are based on content analysis, among other things and are presented in non-numerical format. Even though they allow the researcher to gain a very deep insight into the topic that he or she is investigating, they are not suited for all types of studies. In addition to that, the。
手把手教你写高分英文Proposal
手把手教你写高分英文Proposal/apac-free-trial在硕士，博士论文中，在完成 Project Report/ Research 之前，必须先准备Project/ Research Proposal。
很多人对于这个 Proposal 束手无策，Proposal 里面需要包含什么内容？长度怎样才合适？应该从哪里开始写？今天我们来手把手教你怎么写高分Project/ Research Proposal。
Project/ Research Proposal 是整个 Project Report/ Research 前的一个预备工作，是对整个 Project/ Research 的问题及流程的简单概述，提供对整个研究想法的逻辑概述，说明这个研究项目的重要性。
如果你把你的 Proposal 分成几个部分来写，你会发现整个过程变得信手拈来。
我们先把 Proposal 的框架列出来：Executive Summary/ AbstractExecutive Summary/ Abstract 是论文报告中最重要的部分。
这是别人首先会读到的部分也可能是唯一会读到的部分。
这是对论文报告的简要回顾，便于他人在阅读你的研究论文前对你整个文章内容的大概了解。
商业类的论文一般使用 Executive Summary，而 Abstract 更倾向与学术论文。
•这里必须段落短小精悍，简单扼要。
“短”和“回顾”是关键，Executive Summary/ Abstract 应该占整个文章的5%-10%的比例。
•明确你要阐述你的研究问题•提供你的解决方案Table of Contents假如你写的是报告形式，那么 Table of Contents 是必要的。
假如是 Essay 形式，就不需要 Table of Contents。
IntroductionIntroduction 可以分为四个部分，从大到小的方向进行。
博士rp辅导难点评价-概述说明以及解释
博士rp辅导难点评价-概述说明以及解释1.引言1.1 概述概述:博士rp（Research Proposal）辅导是指对博士生在撰写研究计划（Research Proposal）时所遇到的难点进行指导和帮助。
在整个博士生的学习过程中，研究计划的撰写是一个至关重要的环节，它将直接影响到整个博士研究的方向和成果。
然而，许多博士生在进行研究计划的撰写时会遇到诸多难点，如选题不明确、论证不足、文献综述不够深入等。
因此，对于博士生来说，得到一对一的rp辅导是至关重要的。
本文将对博士rp 辅导中的难点进行深入评价，并提出相应的解决方法与展望。
1.2 文章结构文章结构部分内容：本文主要包括引言、正文、评价和结论四个部分。
在引言部分，我们将对博士rp辅导的难点进行概述，介绍文章的结构和目的，并对整篇文章进行总结。
在正文部分，我们将详细探讨博士rp辅导的难点，包括难点一、难点二、难点三和难点四。
在评价部分，我们将对博士rp辅导的难点进行评价，包括评价方法、评价结果以及优缺点，同时展望未来的发展方向。
最后，在结论部分，我们将对本文进行总结，阐明本文的贡献和局限性并提出后续研究的建议。
整个文章结构清晰，层次分明，将全面展现博士rp辅导的难点评价内容。
文章1.3 目的部分的内容应该包括对博士rp辅导难点的评价目的。
目的主要包括以下几点：1. 对博士rp辅导中存在的难点进行深入分析和评价，帮助读者更全面地了解这一领域的挑战和问题；2. 探讨现有的解决方法和技巧，为博士生和指导教师提供有益的建议和借鉴；3. 为相关领域的研究者和从业者提供参考和启发，促进学术交流和研究进步；4. 总结当前研究的现状和局限性，为未来的研究提供方向和思路。
以上目的旨在通过对博士rp辅导难点的评价，促进学术研究的进步和提高，为相关人员提供有益的参考和指导。
1.4 总结总结部分主要对本文的主要内容进行概括和总结。
在本文中，我们对博士RP辅导的难点进行了评价和分析。
博士留学申请要求一览
【导语】提升学历很多学⽣选择了店铺。
下⾯是分享的博⼠留学申请要求⼀览。
欢迎阅读参考！1.博⼠留学申请要求⼀览 ⼀、澳⼤利亚博⼠申请要求 1、语⾔成绩要求：托福88分以上或者雅思6.5以上，作为国际⽣来说，语⾔必须过关，语⾔需要⾜够优秀，才能沟通⽆障碍。
2、学术成绩：本科以上学历或硕⼠毕业，平均分80以上，如果本科院校背景和成绩普通，有这样的顶尖国内硕⼠的学历也会对申请⼤有帮助。
3、个⼈陈述：Purpose of Statement个⼈陈述是充分展现⾃⾝优势的平台，但是⼤家在撰写时也要注意字数不要超过800 字，并结合⾃⾝实例进⾏阐述。
4、研究计划：⼀份研究计划（Research Proposal），字数由学校⾃⾏规定。
成功的proposal衡量标准是要说明研究内容、⽬标、现状、研究⽅法、研究价值。
5、论⽂或项⽬（Statement）：论⽂发表，以及你的科研项⽬经历可以体现你的学术研究能⼒。
6、推荐信：2-3封推荐信，内容要包括对你的学习成绩、科研能⼒、合作精神和学术成就等⽅⾯的介绍。
⼆、加拿⼤博⼠申请要求 学术成绩，硕⼠期间GPA在B+以上。
博⼠申请还要本科期间的学术成绩，在B以上。
语⾔成绩，雅思能在7.0单科不低于6.5，托福100分以上。
推荐信，⼀般学校要求3封。
（体现学⽣的独⽴思考研究能⼒） 个⼈简历，尽可能详细的体现⾃⼰的学习经历及做的研究。
个⼈陈述，简述选择项⽬的原因，规划，及⾃⼰已经做的学术准备。
套磁，提前联系导师。
根据⾃⼰的研究⽅向，提前联系导师进⾏套磁。
对于博⼠申请来讲，套磁很重要，要在套磁中充分体现⾃⼰的科研能⼒及⾃⼰的研究⽅向与导师的学术研究相匹配。
⾯试，有很多专业需要申请者的视频⾯试，这⼀环节可以让导师更直接的接触学⽣。
通过⾯试导师可以更直观的全⾯了解学⽣的综合能⼒，所以，这⼀环节做的好可以让那些GPA不是很⾼的学⽣加分。
研究计划（貌似论⽂的完整⽂章，充分体现⾃⼰对研究领域理解的深度，并说明研究⽅向）。
博士开题报告(researchproposal)经验分享
博士开题报告（researchproposal）经验分享开题报告是岗位制博士第一年的工作重点之一、这个报告不过，导师不会给绿灯延期合同（岗位制第一份合同只有12到18个月，期间会有一个评估来决定候选人去留）。
岗位制博士的报告需要同行评审。
我轻信了导师们的话，说这个不急，随便写写就行的，你先干活吧……结果是，我真的随便写写了，导师说写的太多了，你想干啥，重写吧……分享一下导师给的建议和自己的经验。
初稿第一版，就一页，别多写。
写完赶紧找导师们看。
这一页就是核心想法。
极简的描述要研究什么，为什么，怎么研究，可能会产生的影响或者贡献。
导师给回复了之后不要着急写，多思考和讨论，然后完善到所有导师都觉得再继续。
初稿是提纲，提纲定好了后面写起来顺手。
第二版通过文献扩充科研内容和方法，并总结出自己的想法。
这一版最好也是写完一个部分就发给导师看一看。
原则就是不能贪多，切忌写了很多之后一次发给导师。
第n版不断重复修改直到导师和自己都满意。
同行评审。
同行评审的机制还是很有用的。
因为这个机制，我说服了导师按照自己的想法去做这个博士，也收获了一些新的想法。
这里不得不提一嘴坚持自己，还有认识到导师们也有局限性。
导师也是人，也会对自己不熟悉的领域有顾虑。
在写第二版的时候意识到自己把研究内容的前后顺序搞反了，大致就是把应用放在了第一章，底层逻辑研究放在第三章。
因为底层逻辑这一章涉及到很多数学和跨学科知识，开始觉得会很难，没多想就放在第三章了。
越写越发现逻辑不通，但是无论如何都没法说服导师们把顺序改过来。
因为他们也对指导这个章节没信心，所以让我先从他们比较熟悉的领域做起。
但如果是这么做，整个故事会读起来很别扭。
不出意外其中一个审稿人提出疑问。
导师们才认真听我讲为什么要改（原来之前都没听我的解释）。
加上我偶遇到了一个数学家，头脑风暴两小时后，数学家愿意指导这一章。
加上同行评审的疑问，最后终于说服导师们把报告改成了我想的那样。
所以在有事实依据的时候一定要坚持自我。
博士后申请proposal
博士后申请proposal
博士后申请的研究提案通常需要包括以下几个方面的内容：
1. 研究背景和意义，首先要介绍研究所涉及的领域和背景，阐
明该研究对学术界和现实社会的意义和价值。
2. 研究目标和问题，明确阐述研究的目标和要解决的科学问题，以及该研究的创新性和前瞻性。
3. 研究方法和技术路线，详细描述研究所采用的方法、技术和
实验设计，包括实验方案、数据采集和分析方法等。
4. 预期成果和影响，阐述研究预期取得的成果和对学术和应用
领域的影响，包括可能的发表论文、申请专利、解决实际问题等。
5. 研究计划和时间安排，制定详细的研究计划和时间安排，明
确每个阶段的任务和完成时间节点。
6. 研究团队和合作机构，介绍研究团队的成员、合作机构和研
究条件，以及相关的研究经验和成果。
7. 预算和经费支持，列出研究所需的经费预算和资金来源，包括设备购置、实验费用、人员支出等。
总的来说，博士后申请的研究提案需要全面、详细地阐述研究的科学性、可行性和创新性，以及研究团队的实力和研究条件，以吸引评审专家对研究提案的认可和支持。
2024年美国博士申请详解!时间规划准备资料读博花费都在这了!
美国的教育在国际上享誉盛名，哈佛大学、麻省理工、哥伦比亚大学、斯坦福大学等等，是多少同学们的梦中情校。
今天小曼就带大家看一下美国博士申请的申请时间、申请条件和所需材料、还有花销。
1.美国申博时间规划3月-5月确定申请院校、研究领域，了解心仪导师3月-10月完成标准化考试、准备申请资料，优化学术背景9月-11月导师套磁美国院校一般分为导师制和委员会制。
委员会制的学校还有一个团队，对你提交的相关资料进行审核，这个情况下，可以准备资料直接申请，套磁没有那么重要。
如果是导师制的学校，导师话语权比较大，可以积极套磁。
10月-12月提交网申和奖学金申请次年1月-2月进行面试次年2月-5月拿到心仪院校offer2.美国申博条件&申请材料学术成绩大多数美国的院校对于学术成绩是非常看重的。
如果你想要申请美国院校的博士学位，GPA至少要在3.0以上。
如果想要申请奖学金，GPA至少在3.5以上。
如果想要申请美国名校，GPA最好能维持在3.7-3.8以上。
所以，对于想要申请美国的同学们，小曼建议：GPA越高越好。
标化成绩有一些特定的学科和专业，有一些其他的标化成绩要求：GRE/GMAT：用于申请美国的商学院；LSAT：用于申请美国大学园的J.D.学位；MCAT：用于申请美国医学院。
具体的录取成绩要求每一所院校都不同，小曼在这里建议同学们的成绩可以高于录取线10分，是最保险的。
语言成绩对于国际生来说，在美国读博，语言一定要好，要能和教授还有同学顺畅沟通。
TOFEL至少在100以上，雅思在7分以上。
申请材料●套磁信：套磁信是套磁中必不可少的一部分，也可以说是导师对你的第一印象。
所以我们在写套磁信的时候一定要注意规范和礼貌。
既然是信，那就要按照信件的格式来写。
开头写上Dear Prof 导师的名字，结尾处写上Yours Sincerely。
而且博导们都是日理万机的人，套磁邮件尽量简短，突出重点。
还需要注意的是，不要同时套一个department下的多个老师，杜绝模板套，也不要把模板回复当成positive的回复，要是被博导们发现了，博导就会觉得你不礼貌，不诚恳。
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有意向申请博士的同学，proposal是不可少的材料，但是很多同学貌似对proposal不只很了解，今天小编就为大家科普下关于Proposal到底是个什么鬼!
是什么?
proposal就是博士研究课题和计划～这么讲，好像还是很抽象呢～仔细来说，博士是完全不同于授课型研究生的一种存在，没有课程设置，没有考试，没有论文题目。
那读博要干什么呢?问的好，proposal就是解释申请人读博要做什么的。
总而言之，就是读博课题和计划的解释汇总。
怎么写?
虽然听起来很抽象，然后不同的学校，要求也有所不同，但是proposal也有一个道内人，公认的大致结构。
1.研究课题(research question)其实就是题目了，就是几万字博士毕业论文的题目了。
真是套了个小马甲，就立马高大上起来了呢。
2.文献综述(literature review)文献综述就是对前人研究的总结，申请人研究课题相关领域的重要理论和大咖们的idea。
3.研究方法(research method)研究方法有很多种，不同的选题，适合的研究方法也不一致，但常见的有问卷调查和访问。
为了得出此课题的独家结论，研究方法少不了呢～只读前人的文章，可是得不出全新的原创的结论呢。
tips：对于不同学校不同要求，应该怎样应对呢?按最苛刻的要求来写，比如说有的学校要求5000字，还有的要求3000字，那么自然要按照5000字来写，完成之后，删减内容，即可申请不同学校啦。
相关要求?
1.研究课题：要求是独立原创，而且是前人没有研究过的视角。
2.文献综述：文献综述自然是能多广泛就多广泛，能多深入就多深入，而且critical thinking不能少啦。
3.研究方法：要两种以上研究方法，一种定量研究，一种定性。
tips：虽然proposal各方面要求都比master论文要求，但是有一点跟master论文是一样滴，都是reference越多越好啦。
说起来都是费时间和脑子的技术活，各位想读博的同学们辛苦啦。
论proposal与套瓷的关系：妯娌不分家
咱们现在说说怎么在写proposal之时，怎样和导师沟通，套瓷于无形。
此战略分为撒网群捞，重点培养，移花接木三个阶段。
1.撒网群捞当然是和心仪的导师们，注意是们，发邮件，说明自己的来意，简单介绍下选题。
此阶段适合群发，因为申请人的选题未必在导师的研究领域，就算是在，有的导师可能研究任务重，或者学生较多，无力接受新的学生。
2.重点培养经过一轮的邮件轰炸，相信同学们已经有了几个固定联系的老师。
此时，一定要保持定点定时邮件联系，无病呻吟找一些看似有深度，不易自己解决的问题，询问老师。
这样即完善了自己的想法，丰富了proposal，又给导师留下了深刻的印象呢。
3.移花接木此阶段，同学们已经有了相对比较完整的关于proposal的设想。
一旦完成之后proposal之后，同学们可以把能申请的和不能申请的学校都神了，不用仅局限于事先联系好的老师和学校，等待那个最perfect的offer。
但是，此举不推荐给所有的同学。
因为不厚道(汗)。
正经的，之前联系好了的老师，已经相互了解，有比较好的磨合了。
小编私以为导师适合最重要，当然也要看具体权衡了。