Skimming_and_scanning
Skimming_与Scanning阅读策略——以人教版英语教学为例
方法探微Skimming与Scanning阅读策略———以人教版英语教学为例文|尹晓丽用Skimming（浏览）和Scanning（扫描）的方法进行快速阅读既是信息技术时代人们获取信息的主要方法，也是学生英语以及语文学习中进行阅读的主要方法。
在初中英语教学中，教师采用Skimming和Scanning的阅读方法培养和锻炼学生的阅读能力，让学生通过快速浏览或扫描获取文本中的关键信息，既能提升学生的阅读理解能力，又能提升学生的英语综合素质，促进英语教学的发展。
一、用Skimming与Scanning的阅读预习在预习时阅读是语文和英语预习中必不可少的，但是以往学生在预习阅读课文时，只是程式化进行阅读，从头到尾一词不落，读完就算任务完成了。
学生既不尝试快速获取信息，也无法深入理解文章的主要内容，导致预习过程中的阅读效果不佳。
用Skimming与Scanning的方法进行阅读预习，学生虽然一时也无法深入理解细节，但是能让学生通过阅读标题、副标题、引号中的文字、加粗文字、关键词、日期、人名、数字或其他标识等，快速捕捉到文章的主要信息，从而达到阅读的目的。
在预习时教师教学生掌握Skimming的技巧，就能让学生快速在阅读文本中找到重要信息从而让学生不会在细节上花太多时间的同时，更能抓住重点内容，获取文章的主要观点，从而缓解学生的预习压力，也增强学生的成就感、自信心，保证预习的效率。
学生用Scanning进行阅读，即用手指或者笔在文章中快速上下滑动，不用全面理解文章，但也能通过快速地Scanning，捕捉到文章中的日期、人名、关键词等目标信息，并进行标记或记录，为课堂学习做好准备。
显然，Skimming与Scanning两种阅读法有别于传统的通读、细读，既能缩短学生阅读的时间，又能帮助学生快速找到特定的信息，能有效培养学生阅读兴趣的同时提升学生的阅读能力，并养成学生运用Skimming与Scanning方法在各种阅读中获得目标信息与重点内容的能力，促进学生成长。
(改写)skimming_and_scanning练习题
Reading strategy—skimming & scanningExercise1: SkimmingDirections: This exercise practices skimming -- that means reading very fast to find only the main ideas of a text. You will have only two minutes to read the text and identify the main ideas. Choose the correct answer for each question.Pulp FrictionEvery second, 1 hectare of the world's rainforest is destroyed. That's equivalent to two football fields. An area the size of New York City is lost every day. In a year, that adds up to 31 million hectares -- more than the land area of Poland. This alarming rate of destruction has serious consequences for the environment; scientists estimate, for example, that 137 species of plant, insect or animal become extinct every day due to logging. In British Columbia, where, since 1990, thirteen rainforest valleys have been clearcut, 142 species of salmon have already become extinct, and the habitats of grizzly bears, wolves and many other creatures are threatened. Logging, however, provides jobs, profits, taxes for the government and cheap products of all kinds for consumers, so the government is reluctant to restrict or control it.Much of Canada's forestry production goes towards making pulp and paper. According to the Canadian Pulp and Paper Association, Canada supplies 34% of the world's wood pulp and 49% of its newsprint paper. If these paper products could be produced in some other way, Canadian forests could be preserved. Recently, a possible alternative way of producing paper has been suggested by agriculturalists and environmentalists: a plant called hemp.Hemp has been cultivated by many cultures for thousands of years. It produces fibre which can be made into paper, fuel, oils, textiles, food, and rope. For centuries, it was essential to the economies of many countries because it was used to make the ropes and cables used on sailing ships; colonial expansion and the establishment of a world-wide trading network would not have been feasible without hemp. Nowadays, ships' cables are usually made from wire or synthetic fibres, but scientists are now suggesting that the cultivation of hemp should be revived for the production of paper and pulp. According to its proponents, four times as much paper can be produced from land using hemp rather than trees, and many environmentalists believe that the large-scale cultivation of hemp could reduce the pressure on Canada's forests.However, there is a problem: hemp is illegal in many countries of the world. This plant, so useful for fiber, rope, oil, fuel and textiles, is a species of cannabis, related to the plant from which marijuana is produced. In the late 1930s, a movement to ban the drug marijuana began to gather force, resulting in the eventual banning of the cultivation not only of the plant used to produce the drug, but also of the commercial fiber-producing hemp plant. Although both George Washington and Thomas Jefferson grew hemp in large quantities on their own land, any American growing the plant today would soon find himself in prison -- despite the fact that marijuana cannot be produced from the hemp plant, since it contains almost no THC (the active ingredient in the drug).In recent years, two major movements for legalization have been gathering strength. One group of activists believes that ALL cannabis should be legal -- both the hemp plant and the marijuana plant -- and that the use of the drug marijuana should not be an offense. They argue that marijuana is not dangerous or addictive, and that it is used by large numbers of people who are notcriminals but productive members of society. They also point out that marijuana is less toxic than alcohol or tobacco. The other legalization movement is concerned only with the hemp plant used to produce fiber; this group wants to make it legal to cultivate the plant and sell the fibre for paper and pulp production. This second group has had a major triumph recently: in 1997, Canada legalized the farming of hemp for fiber. For the first time since 1938, hundreds of farmers are planting this crop, and soon we can expect to see pulp and paper produced from this new source.1. The main idea of paragraph one is___________________.A. Scientists are worried about New York CityB. Logging is destroying the rainforestsC. Governments make money from loggingD. Salmon are an endangered species2. The main idea of paragraph two is___________________.A. Canadian forests are especially under threatB. Hemp is a kind of plantC. Canada is a major supplier of paper and pulpD. Canada produces a lot of hemp3. The main idea of paragraph three is__________________.A. Paper could be made from hemp instead of treesB. Hemp is useful for fuelC. Hemp has been cultivated throughout historyD. Hemp is essential for building large ships4. The main idea of paragraph four is__________________.A. Hemp is used to produce drugsB. Many famous people used to grow hempC. It is illegal to grow hempD. Hemp is useful for producing many things5. The main idea of paragraph five is__________________.A. Hemp should be illegal because it is dangerousB. Recently, many people have been working to legalize hempC. Hemp was made illegal in 1938D. Marijuana is not a dangerous drugExercise 2: ScanningDirections:This exercise practices scanning -- that means reading very fast to find specific information. You will have only two minutes to read the text of Pulp Friction and choose the correct answer for each question.1. How many species of salmon have become extinct in BC?A. 27B. 31C. 137D. 1422. How much of the world's newsprint paper is supplied by Canada?A. 31%B. 49%C. 34%D. 19%3. What equipment on a ship was made from hemp?A. RopesB. engine fuelC. life raftsD. waterproof cloth4. What drug can be obtained from a relative of hemp?A. cocaineB. heroinC. amphetamineD. marijuana5. Where was hemp farming recently legalized?A. the USAB. CanadaC. SingaporeD. the Netherlands。
大英四级-快速阅读Skimming_and_Scanning
第一部分：大学英语四级阅读I 快速阅读（Skimming and Scanning)做题技巧与练习快速阅读(Skimming and Scanning)题量为10题，1到7题为是非判断或选择题，8到10题为完成句子(填空题)。
采用一至两篇较长篇幅的文章或多篇短文，总长度在1000左右。
要求：考生运用略读和查读的技能从篇章中获取信息。
题型：是非判断、选择题、句子填空完成句子等。
快速阅读(Skimming and Scanning)什么是“skimming”?略读即快读或简略地读。
目的：以浏览全文的方法去了解作者的主题或主旨，以便对全文有个总体意思和结构的了解。
速度：普通速度的2倍。
方法：可略去一些文字不读，如读者感觉到已抓住内容的主要意思，可以省去半个段落甚至更多部分不读；把主要精力放在关键词和关键句上。
需要仔细阅读的地方：文章的开始段及结束段；每段的段首句及段尾句。
（“工”字型阅读法）什么是“scanning” ?查询阅读（Scanning）查询阅读又称查读或寻读。
也是一种快读。
但不同于略读。
目的：为寻找文章中某些特定的信息带着问题去寻找答案，如数字、人名、地名、某一细节等。
方法：读者首先确定所要搜寻的信息的关键词进行快速寻读，忽略无关部分。
1、快速阅读的应试策略1.1 文章分类1) 带小标题的文章: 文章每一部分,都有一个总括性的小标题,小标题一般概括这一部分的主题;2) 不带小标题的文章: 没有明显的每一部分的分隔,需通过略读找出主题句或主题词(特别关注首段或段尾).2. 命题规律规律一: 问题设置顺序与行文顺序基本一致;规律二: 问题通常为文章的主要内容及与主要内容紧密联系的细节;规律三: 包含数字,年代,人名,地名,机构名称等显著信息及用于描述或修饰主要内容的从句,短语等往往是命题的重点.3、快速阅读选择题的做法做法与深度阅读题型相似，但是难度相对较低，正确的选项往往是原文内容的直接重现，或者是简单的同义替换。
skimming&scanning
Skimming and scanning1. skimming在牛津词典当中的解释是：“read quickly，noting only the chief points”从这里我们不难看出，scanning主要是用来抓住文章的主要要点的(chief points)，找一篇文章的主要论点或是文章的高潮。
实际上，这就是一种整体阅读的方法。
据此，我们便可以在阅读的过程当中使用这种方法来找寻文章的主旨大意。
说的具体点，也就是通过抓住每一自然段的中心论点或中心句来判断一篇文章的大意。
而对于记叙文来说，每段的中心句是比较不好找的，那么在阅读的时候就应该抓住故事发展的线索以及故事的起因、经过和结果。
在阅读的时候一定要注意，不管后面的题目里有没有考查主旨大意或要求选最佳标题，我们都必须通过抓住每段的中心意思从而掌握整篇文章的大意和中心思想——因为文章里的每个单词、每个句子、每个段落都是为这个中心服务的，无论是考查细节理解或是推断或作者态度，都离不开这个中心思想。
2. scanning在牛津词典当中的解释是“glace at quickly but not very thoroughly”在家里有扫描仪的朋友可能知道scan的意思是“扫描”——为了寻找某一特定信息而大致地快速地浏览。
这种阅读方法尤其适合于广告类题目，因为广告类题目大部分的情况下都是信息对比题——大家先看题目，找出定位词，然后再到文章里找相关信息，最后进行对比；这个过程其实就是scanning，换句话说，我们没有必要把一则广告从头到尾地、逐字逐句地阅读，只要找准定位词，快速地在文章内“扫描”出定位词，问题也就迎刃而解。
适合这种方法的不仅仅是广告题材中的信息对比题，很多考查细节理解类的题目也大多可以使用这种方法，如词义推测、数字计算等。
当然，其他文体的阅读在使用这一方法的时候，千万不要忘了联系文章的主旨大意和作者的态度观点。
skimming and scanning
• 我们注意到，在该段尾部出现了“But”。 这里的“But”，说明作者陈述的内容的 逻辑主旨发生了变化，因此，转折逻辑 词之前的信息就变得不重要了。
二、标点符号在快速阅读中的运用
• 可以运用标点符号( 破折号、小括号、冒 号)了解不认识的词汇或句子的含义。 • Dump—an open hole in the ground where trash is buried and that is full of various animals (rats, mice, birds). (This is most people’s idea of a landfill!) • 破折号的出现是为了更进一步地解释其 前的信息
2. 请注意每一段的第一句话 主题句 The interstate system has been an essential element of the nation’s economic growth in terms of shipping and job creation. 3. 黑体的小标题非常重要！ 4. 如果阅读速度快，可以着重看一下前两 段和最后一段。
如何定位相关信息
• 寻找关键词来定位 • 比较容易定位的词有： A. 时间、数字、地点、大写字母的单词容 易定位。 B. 比较长，难的名词容易定位，好找。 C. 定位词找2-3个就行，多了也记不住。 最好是位置不同的两个词。
Example
(T or F) :In the United States the building of landfills is the job of both federal and local governments. 很快找到原文：In the United States, taking care of trash and building landfills are local government responsibilities.
大学英语四级考试解题攻略——阅读篇
大学英语四级考试解题攻略——阅读篇大学英语四级考试题中，阅读题（Reading Comprehension）分为：一，快速阅读（Skimming and Scanning），限时15分钟完成；二，仔细阅读（Reading in Depth），25分钟完成，该题又分为Section A：选词填空（十五选十），Section B常规阅读（两篇）。
此题最大的特点就是题量大、时间短，因此掌握阅读题的解题技巧就成了该题的解题关键所在。
一、快速阅读（Skimm ing and Scanning）快速阅读理解要求考生在15分钟的时间里，阅读一篇长1000字左右，多达十段的文章，然后回答十个问题。
前七个要求回答“（Y）对”、“（N）错”、“（NG）原文未提及”，后三个问题属于补全句子。
具体方法是：第一，采用略读法（Skimming）读文章。
所谓略读法，就是有意地忽略一些字词、句子或段落，略读不是略去某些词不读，而是指不可以逐字逐词地阅读。
要抓住关键词，阅读句群，把握整体意思。
在一个句子里，最关键的是主语、谓语、宾语，其他的成分都是用来补充主、谓、宾的附加成分。
在使用略读法时，要省去各种细节的知识，如数字、公式、时间、地点、人物年龄等；要注意故事的主要情节，抓住中心意思。
在方法上，阅读时可以跳跃某些句子，但要注意关键词、关键段落和问题。
第二，利用寻读法（Scanning）寻找答案，也就是先看选项后看文章，即带着问题回到文章中寻找答案，分析题干和选项，确定信息词，当找到了所需要的信息时，要立即停下来。
然后，再慢慢地细读包含所需信息的那一行或那一句，确定答案。
第三，按顺序做题，找文章信息词。
快速阅读由于篇幅较长，所以出题人一般不会打乱出题顺序。
因此，考生应该严格按照出题顺序来做题。
一般第一题到文章前面找答案，最后一题到文章后半部分找答案。
信号词常用来连接细节或是强调内容，并可完成段落的转换，暗示读者下文要讲的内容，标志出作者要提出一个新的思想或者观点，或者是作者要对所论述的观点举例说明，或者要详细论述同一观点。
Scanning_and_Skimming(practice)
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© Boardworks Ltd 2006
Skimming
Find out the answer to the following question by skimming the passage below. What were the names of Degas’s father and mother? Degas’s background would never have suggested he was to become the revolutionary painter he was. He was born in Paris, on 19 July 1834. His father, Auguste de Gas, was a banker but his mother, Célestine, died before Degas reached his teens. Answer: Degas’s father was called ___________________ Degas’s mother was called __________________
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© Boardworks Ltd 2006
Skimming
You could have read through the whole piece of text until you found the answer. A quicker way would be to find the keywords in the question – in this case ‘father’ and ‘mother’ – then run your eyes down the text, flicking them from left to right, until you found the same (or similar) words in the article. If all you want is one piece of information, skimming can be a time-saving device. I find it’s especially useful when you’re researching something and you don’t want to have to read whole pages on a subject just to get a few pieces of information!
PartIIReadingcomprehension（skimmingandscanning）
Part II Reading comprehension (skimming and scanning)(15 minute)Directions: In this part, you will have 15 minutes to go over the passage quickly and answer the questions on Answer Sheet 1. For questions 1-7, choose the best answer from the four choices marked A), B), C) and D). For questions 8-10, complete the sentences with the information given in the passage. Universities Branch OutAs never before in their long history, universities have become instruments of national competition as well as instruments of peace. They are the place of the scientific discoveries that move economies forward, and the primary means of educating the talent required to obtain and maintain competitive advantage. But at the same time, the opening of national borders to the flow of goods, services, information and especially people has made universities a powerful force for global integration, mutual understanding and geopolitical stability.In response to the same forces that have driven the world economy, universities have become more self-consciously global: seeking students from around the world who represent the entire range of cultures and values, sending their own students abroad to prepare them for global careers, offering course of study that address the challenges of an interconnected world and collaborative (合作的) research programs to advance science for the benefit of all humanity.Of the forces shaping higher education none is more sweeping than the movementacross borders. Over the past three decades the number of students leaving home each year to study abroad has grown at an annual rate of 3.9 percent, from 800,000 in 1975 to 2.5 million in 2004. Most travel from one developed nation to another, but the flow from developing to developed countries is growing rapidly. The reverse flow, from developed to developing countries, is on the rise, too. Today foreign students earn 30 percent of the doctoral degrees awarded in the United States and 38 percent of those in the United Kingdom. And the number crossing borders for undergraduate study is growing as well, to 8 percent of the undergraduates at America’s best institutions and 10 percent of all undergraduates in the U.K. In the United States, 20 percent of the newly hired professors in science and engineering are foreign-born, and in China many newly hired faculty members at the top research universities received their graduate education abroad.Universities are also encouraging students to spend some of their undergraduate years in another country. In Europe, more than 140,000 students participate in the Erasmus program each year, taking courses for credit in one of 2,200 participating institutions across the continent. And in the United States, institutions are helping place students in the summer internships (实习) abroad to prepare them for global careers. Y ale and Harvard have led the way, offering every undergraduate at least one international study or internship opportunity—and providing the financial resources to make it possible.Globalization is also reshaping the way research is done. One new trend involves sourcing portions of a research program to another country. Y ale professor and Howard Hughes Medical Institute investigator Tian Xu directs a research center focused on the genetics of human disease at Shanghai’s Fudan University, in collaboration with faculty colleagues from both schools. The Shanghai center has 95 employees and graduate students working in a 4,300-square-meter laboratory seminars with scientists from both campuses. The arrangement benefits both countries; Xu’s Y ale lab is more productive, thanks to the lower costs of conducting research in China, and Chinese graduate students, postdoctors and faculty get on-the-job training from a world-classscientist and his U.S. team.As a result of its strength in science, the United States has consistently led the world in the commercialization of major new technologies, from the mainframe computer and the integrated circuit of the 1960s to the Internet infrastructure (基础设施) and applications software of the 1990s. the link between university-based science and industrial application is often indirect but sometimes highly visible: Silicon V alley was intentionally created by Stanford University, and Route 128 outside Boston has long housed companies spun off from MIT and Harvard. Around the world, governments have encouraged copying of this model, perhaps most successfully in Cambridge, England, where Microsoft and scores of other leading software and biotechnology companies have set up shop around the university.For all its success, the United States remains deeply hesitant about sustaining theresearch - university model. Most politicians recognize the link between investment in science and national economic strength, but support for research funding has been unsteady. The budget of the National Institutes of Health doubled between 1998 and 2003, but has risen more slowly than inflation since then. Support for the physical sciences and engineering barely kept pace with inflation during that same period. The attempt to make up lost ground is welcome, but the nation would be better served by steady, predictable increases in science funding at the rate of long-term GDP growth, which is on the order of inflation plus 3 percent per year.American politicians have great difficult recognizing that admitting more foreign students can greatly promote the national interest by increasing international understanding. Adjusted for inflation, public funding for international exchanges and foreign-language study is well below the levels of 40 years ago, in the wake of September 11, changes in the visa process caused a dramatic decline in the number of foreign students seeking admission to U.S. universities, and a corresponding surge in enrollments in Australia, Singapore and the U.K. Objections from American university and the business leaders led to improvements in the process and reversal of the decline, but the United States is still seen by many as unwelcoming to international students.Most Americans recognize that universities contribute to the nation’s well-being through their scientific research, but many fear that foreign students threaten American competitiveness by taking their knowledge and skills back home. They fail to grasp that welcoming foreign students to the United States has two important positive effects: first, the very best of them stay in the States and—like immigrants throughout history—strengthen the nation; and second, foreign students who study in the United States become ambassadors for many of its most cherished (珍视) values when they return home. Or at least they understand them better. In America as elsewhere, few instruments of foreign policy are as effective in promoting peace and stability as welcoming international university students.1. From the first paragraph we know that present-day universities have become ________.A) more popularized than ever beforeB) in-service training organizationsC) a powerful force for global integrationD) more and more research-oriented2. Over the past decades, the enrollment of overseas students has increased ________.A) at an annual rate of 8 percentB) at an annual rate of 3.9 percentC) by 800,000D) by 2.5 million3. In the United States, how many of the newly hired professors in science and engineering are foreign-born?A) 38%B) 10%C) 30%D) 20%4. How do Y ale and Harvard prepare their undergraduates for global careers?A) They give them chances for international study or internship.B) They arrange for them to participate in the Erasmus program.C) They offer them various courses in international politics.D) They organize a series of seminars on world economy.5. An example illustrating the general trend of universities’globalization is ________.A) Y ale’s establishing branch campuses throughout the worldB) Y ale’s student exchange program with European institutionsC) Y ale’s helping Chinese universities to launch research projectsD) Y ale’s collaboration with Fudan University on genetic research.6. What do we learn about Silicon V alley from the passage?A) It is known to be the birthplace of Microsoft Company.B) It was intentionally created by Stanford University.C) It is where the Internet infrastructure was built up.D) It houses many companies spun off from MIT and Harvard.7. What is said about the U.S. federal funding for research?A) It has increased by 3 percent.B) It doubled between 1998 and 2003.C) It has been unsteady for years.D) It has been more than sufficient.8. The dramatic decline in the enrollment of foreign students in the U.S. after September 11 was caused by ________.9. Many Americans fear that American competitiveness may be threatened by foreign students who will ________.10. The policy of welcoming foreign students can benefit the U.S. in that the very best of them will stay and ________.答案1. C2. B3. C4.D5. A6. C7. C8. changes in the visa process9. take their knowledge and skills back home10. strengthen the nation。
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More reasons for scanning
As a skill of efficient reading, scanning can be
useful to you in many other situations. For example, from a particular text you may wish to find a name, date, statistics, or other facts. Or you may wish to find a phrase or general idea that will support a theory or clarify a thought.
paragraphs of the text to find the answer to the question. 4. Mark your answer to question either by circling the letter or by filling in the blank. 5. Go on to the second question immediately, and repeat this process. Complete all the questions on the text. 6. Make a note of your finishing time
The important point is that you recognize what you are looking for.
Steps for scanning
1. Note the time when you start the exercise. 2. Read carefully the first question on the text. 3. Scan, but do not read in the usual way, the
Skimming (略读)
Skimming is reading for the general idea or the big picture. As a rapid-reading skill, skimming may not be so familiar to you. If you do one of the following, you will find yourself skimming:
Steps for skimming
The following practical steps for skimming are
suggested to help you get started:
1. Read the title.
2. Note the author's name and the source of the text. 3. Read the first paragraph completely. 4. Read subheadings and first sentences of remaining paragraphs.
Steps for skimming
5. Alternatively read and "float" over the body of the material, looking for the following: Main idea of paragraphs, with some of the more
How to skim
When you do not intend to read closely, you start skimming. The
key word for skimming is "general". Your attention should be focused on a general overview, not a detailed knowledge. You should look for only the topic, the main idea or the main points. Skimming is not the same as careful reading. In fact, some people don't call it reading at all; they call it "semi-reading." Good skimmers read selectively, completely skipping over some sentences, paragraphs, even whole pages. They know that they can always come back and read for details, if they wish.
How to scan
Scanning is not reading in the ordinary sense. When
you scan, you let your eyes run rapidly over several lines of print at a time, looking for a specific fact or idea. Sometimes it can be a difficult task, as when the wording of your information is different from the wording of your question.
How to skim
Let your eyes "float" down over the content of
the text, looking for clue words that may tell you who, what, when, where, how many, or how much. Look also for the writer's direction words. Such words as furthermore and also suggest that the preceding thought is still being discussed. Words such as however, yet and on the contrary suggest that the thought is apt to reverse itself or take another direction.
important supporting details; Clue words, such as names, dates, and qualifying adjectives; Direction words, indicating the writer's agreement or disagreement with the idea under discussion; Numbered sequences and ideas set off by attentiongetting markings, such as italic or boldface type, capital letters, asterisks and so on. 6. If the final paragraph appears to be a summary, read it completely.
Reasons for scanning
1. Finding a word in the dictionary;
2. Locating a certain street or town on a map; 3. Finding a certain train's departure time in a train timetable; 4. Looking for news of a specific athlete, meeting, or traffic accident in the newspaper; 5. Finding the subject, author, or title you want in the library's card catalog or on the shelf; 6. Locating information in a book index or table of contents.
1. Reread material you have already studied.
2. Look over and sort out your mail. 3. Flip through a new book or magazine. 4. Keep informed in a general way about the news.
Scanning （寻读）
Scanning is looking for the exact answer to a
specific question. The difference between skimming and scanning is that skimming aims at gaining a general picture while scanning looks for one thing in particular. Here are some of the simplest reasons to use your scanning ability.