Avoiding Pressure Surge Damage in Pipeline Systems：避免在管道系统压力冲击损伤
氧气容器压力解压值检查与维护指南说明书
Pressure Relief Valve Inspection and Maintenance“Relief valves should be inspected each time the container is filled but no less than once a year. If there is any doubt about the condition of the relief valve, it must be replaced.”Major Factors to determine “Life” of Relief Valves•Water/Ice Accumulation•Corrosion•Dirt – Debris•Damage•Normal AgingEye protection must be worn when performing inspection on relief valves under pressure. Never look directly into a relief valve under pressure or place any part of your body where the relief vale discharge could impact it. In some cases, a flashlight and a small mirror are suggested to assist when making visual inspections.1.Rain cap. Check protective cap located in valve or at end of pipe away for a secure fit. Protective caps helpprotect the pressure relief valve against possible malfunction caused by rain, sleet, snow, ice, sand, dirt,pebbles, insects, other debris and contamination. REPLACE DAMAGED OR MISSING CAPS AT ONCE AND KEEP A CAP IN PLACE AT ALL TIMES.2.Open weep holes. Dirt, ice, paint and other foreign particles can prevent proper drainage from the valve body.IF THE WEEP HOLES CANNOT BE CLEARED, REPLACE THE PRESSURE RELIEF VALVE.3.Deterioration and corrosion on pressure relief valve spring. Exposure to high concentrations of water, salt,industrial pollutants, chemicals and roadway contaminates could cause metal parts to fail. IF THE COATING ON THE SPRING IS CRACKED OR CHIPPED, REPLACE THE PRESSURE RELIEF VALVE.4.Physical damage. Ice accumulations and improper installation could cause mechanical damage. IF THERE AREANY INDICATIONS OF DAMAGE, REPLACE THE PRESSURE RELIEF VALVE.5.Tampering or readjustment. Pressure relief valves are factory set to discharge at specified pressure. IF THEREARE ANY INDICATIONS OT TAMPERING OR READJUSTMENT, RELPACE THE PRESSURE RELIEF VALVE.6.Seat leakage. Check for leaks in the seating area using a non-corrosive leak detection solution. REPLACE THEPRESSURE RELIEF VALVE IF THERE ARE ANY INDICATION OF LEAKAGE. Never force a pressure relief valve closed and continue to leave it in service. This could result in damage to the valve and possible rupture of thecontainer or piping on which the pressure relief valve is installed.7.Corrosion and contamination. REPLACE THE PRESSURE RELIEF VALVE IF THERE ARE ANY SIGNS OF CORROSIONOR CONTAMINATION.8.Moisture, foreign particles or contaminates in the pressure relief valve. Foreign material such as paint, tar orice in pressure relief valve parts can impair the proper functioning on the valves. Grease placed in the valvebody may harden over time or collect contaminates, thereby impairing the proper operation of the pressurerelief valve. DO NOT PLACE GREASE IN THE VALVE BODY. REPLACE THE PRESSURE RELIEF VALVE IF THERE ARE ANY INDICATIONS OF MOISTURE OR FOREIGH MATTER.9.Corrosion or leakage at the container connection. Check container to pressure relief valve connection with anon-corrosive leak detection solution. REPLACE THE PRESSURE RELIEF VALVE IF THERE IS ANY INDICATION OF CORROSION OR LEAKAGE AT THE CONNECTION AND CONTAINER.Caution: Never plug the outlet of a pressure relief valve. Any device used to stop the flow of a properly operating pressure relief valve that is venting an overfilled or over pressurized container – raises serious safety concerns.7/9/18。
关于电脑维护英文作文
关于电脑维护英文作文1. Computer maintenance is crucial to ensure its smooth operation and longevity. Regularly cleaning the hardware components, such as the keyboard, mouse, and monitor, is a simple yet effective way to prevent dust and dirt buildup. It not only keeps the computer looking tidy but also helps to maintain its performance.2. Another important aspect of computer maintenance is updating the software. This includes regularly installing the latest operating system updates and security patches. These updates often contain bug fixes and security enhancements, which can protect the computer from malware and other threats.3. Hard drive maintenance is also essential for optimal computer performance. Regularly defragmenting the hard drive helps to organize and optimize the data storage, resulting in faster access to files and programs. Additionally, running disk cleanup can remove unnecessaryfiles and free up disk space, which can improve overall system performance.4. In addition to hardware and software maintenance, it is crucial to protect the computer from viruses and malware. Installing a reliable antivirus program and regularly scanning the computer for potential threats is a must. Itis also important to exercise caution when downloadingfiles or visiting unfamiliar websites to avoidinadvertently installing malicious software.5. Regularly backing up important files and data is an essential part of computer maintenance. This ensures thatin the event of a hardware failure or data loss, important information can be easily restored. Cloud storage servicesor external hard drives are popular options for backing up files.6. Overheating can cause serious damage to a computer's components. To prevent this, it is important to keep the computer properly ventilated. This can be done by ensuring that the air vents are not blocked, using a cooling pad, oreven cleaning the internal fans if necessary.7. Lastly, it is important to handle the computer with care. Avoiding physical damage, such as dropping or bumping the computer, can prevent costly repairs. Additionally, using a surge protector can protect the computer from power surges and voltage fluctuations.In conclusion, computer maintenance is essential forits smooth operation and longevity. Regular cleaning, updating software, optimizing the hard drive, protecting against viruses, backing up data, preventing overheating, and handling the computer with care are all important aspects of computer maintenance. By following these practices, one can ensure that their computer remains in good condition and performs optimally.。
Avoiding Pressure Surge Damage in Pipeline Systems
B31.4
▪ Refrigeration and Heat Transfer
CompoБайду номын сангаасents ASME B31.5
▪ Building Services Piping ASME B31.9
▪ Slurry Transportation Piping Systems
ASME B31.11
▪ Glass-reinforced plastics (GRP) piping
ISO 14692-3
▪ Design & Construction of GRP Pipes
BS 7159
▪ AWWA Fibreglass Pipe
ANSI/AWWA
C950
There are two categories of damage that arise from surge events
Firstly Quantify the Problem
▪ “In physical science the first essential step in the direction of learning any subject is to find principles of numerical reckoning and practicable methods for measuring some quality connected with it. I often say that when you can measure what you are speaking about, and express it in numbers, you know something about it; but when you cannot measure it, when you cannot express it in numbers, your knowledge is of a meagre and unsatisfactory kind; it may be the beginning of knowledge, but you have scarcely in your thoughts advanced to the state of Science, whatever the matter may be."
电是非常危险的作文英语
Electricity is an essential part of our daily lives, powering everything from the lights in our homes to the devices we use for work and entertainment. However, with its benefits come significant risks. The dangers of electricity are not to be taken lightly, as it can lead to severe injuries or even death if not handled properly. My personal experience with the perils of electricity has been a stark reminder of the importance of safety precautions.Growing up, I was always fascinated by how things worked, and this curiosity led me to explore the inner workings of various appliances and electronic devices. One summer afternoon, I decided to take apart an old radio to see what made the music come to life. Unbeknownst to me, the radio still had live wires, and as I pried open the back panel, I received a jolt of electricity that sent me flying back. The shock was intense, and it left me with a tingling sensation that lasted for hours.This incident taught me a valuable lesson about the potential dangers of electricity. It is not something to be trifled with, and it requires a level of respect and caution. Since then, I have made it a point to learn more about electrical safety and to share this knowledge with others.One of the most significant risks associated with electricity is electrocution. This occurs when a person comes into direct contact with an electrical source, and the current passes through their body. The severity of the injury depends on factors such as the voltage, the duration of contact, and the path the current takes through the body. In severe cases, electrocution can cause immediate death.Another danger of electricity is electrical fires. These can be caused by faulty wiring, overloaded circuits, or the use of damaged appliances. Electrical fires can spread rapidly and are difficult to extinguish, posing a significant risk to life and property. According to the National Fire Protection Association, electrical fires cause an estimated 500 deaths,1,400 injuries, and over 1.5 billion in property damage in the United States each year.To prevent these hazards, it is crucial to follow proper electrical safety guidelines. This includes ensuring that all electrical appliances and devices are in good working condition, using surge protectors to prevent voltage spikes, and avoiding the use of extension cords for long periods. It is also essential to educate oneself on the proper use of electrical tools and equipment, and to seek professional assistance when dealing with complex electrical systems.In addition to personal safety, it is vital to consider the environmental impact of electricity. The generation of electricity, particularly through the burning of fossil fuels, contributes to air pollution and climate change. As a society, we must strive to develop and adopt cleaner, more sustainable sources of energy to minimize the environmental risks associated with electricity.In conclusion, while electricity is a powerful and indispensable resource, it is not without its dangers. My personal experience with an electrical shock has underscored the importance of electrical safety and the need forconstant vigilance. By following proper safety guidelines, educating ourselves, and promoting sustainable energy sources, we can enjoy the benefits of electricity while minimizing the risks it presents.。
不伤管道英语
不伤管道英语English:To avoid damaging pipelines, it is important to follow proper protocols and guidelines during construction, maintenance, and repair activities. Prior to any work near pipelines, it is crucial to have a thorough understanding of their location, depth, and material to prevent accidental damage. Utilizing appropriate equipment and tools for excavation and trenching can also help reduce the risk of harm to pipelines. It is essential to properly mark and identify the location of pipelines before starting any digging or drilling activities. Regular inspection and maintenance of pipelines can help detect issues early on and prevent potential damage in the long run. In cases where repair or replacement of pipelines is necessary, it is important to follow industry standards and regulations to ensure the work is done safely and effectively. Additionally, proper training and supervision of workers involved in pipeline related activities are key in preventing accidents and damage. Overall, a proactive approach to preventing pipeline damage through careful planning, compliance with regulations, and ongoing maintenance is crucial in ensuring the safety and integrity of pipeline systems.中文翻译:要避免损坏管道，在施工、维护和修理活动中遵循适当的流程和指南至关重要。
正确安装螺纹阀门的指南说明书
N O T F O R U S E O N H A Z A R D O U S O R C O R R O S I V E F L U I D SMarch 2009 / BULLETIN 30-11To ensure peak performance, solenoid valves must be selected and applied correctly; however, proper installation procedures are equally important. The following instructions list the essential points for correct installation.An exploded view of a typical solenoid valve is illustrated on page 4 in Figures 5, 5A, and 6.Position — All standard solenoid valves may be mounted horizontal, on its side or in a vertical line with the exception of the following: B33*, OB33*, XWG, XUP, XRN, XRM and XPO series. These valves MUST be installed in horizontal lines with the coil housing no more than 45° from vertical, see table on page 2. The direction of flow is indicated by an arrow or the word IN on the inlet of the valve body. For heat pump applications, valve types C(M)E and C(M)B are typically installed with the directional arrow pointing toward the outdoor coil. Or, the IN connection toward the indoor coil.NOTE: Solenoid valves having a type number starting with the letter “X” are Special Solenoid Valves (non-standard). Contact Sporlan if valve mounting is in question.SOLDER CONNECTIONSBecause of possible damage to valve components due to the high temperatures of soldering and brazing, “B” Series Solenoid Valves with brass connections are shipped handtight to facilitate disassembly. It is necessary to completely disassemble these valves before any heat is applied to the valve body. The following steps outline recommended procedures when installing these valves.Soldering Precautions — Solder connections on Sporlan Solenoid Valves are either copper or brass. Any of the commonly used types of solder are satisfactory with these materials. Regardless of the type of solder used, it is important to avoid overheating the valve.The tip of the soldering torch should be large enough to avoid prolonged heating of the connection during the soldering operation.Overheating can also be minimized by directing the flame away from the valve body.Type A3S1, S4S1, S6S1, S7S11. Remove the coil assembly.2. Locate the word IN or the directional arrow on the valve body.3. Place the valve in the line, in the proper direction of flow, and solder.4. Replace the coil assembly and tighten coil hex screw.Types B6, B9, B10, B14, B19, B25 Series (Brass Connections)1. Remove the coil assembly, enclosing tube and nut, all internal parts, and manual lift stem assembly.2. Locate the word IN or the directional arrow on the valve body.3. Place the valve in the line in the proper direction of flow and solder.4. Re-assemble as follows, see Figures 1, 5, and 5A:a. Place the seat disc into the valve body with the smaller diameter end facing up.b. Place the enclosing tube gasket onto the valve body above the threads.c. Hold the plunger with one hand so that the pointed end is resting in the pilot port of the disk. Make sure the small spring is in place on the top of the plunger. (NOTE: Does not apply to normally open and rapid cycle series.)d. With the other hand, place the enclosing tube over the plunger, making sure the enclosing tube gasket is in position.e. Replace the enclosing tube locknut and tighten. (See recommended torque in the table on page 2.) Do not over tighten.f. Replace manual lift stem. Tighten lift stem assembly and seal cap.g. Replace the coil assembly. (NOTE: For normally open and rapid cycle valves replace spacer and spacer cup with coil assembly.)NOTE: Excessive tightening of the enclosing tube locknut can damage the valve body bore. Please observe the torques listed on page 2.Types: All E Series (Extended Copper Connections)Brazed into the line without disassembly because the valve contains extended connections. Use caution by placing a wet cloth or chill block on the extensions at the body to prevent excessive overheating. Follow Type A3S1 installation instructions.(if required)n l l a t i o n a n d i c i n g I n s t r u c t i o n s© C opyright 2009 by S porlan V alVe D iViSion - p arker h annifin , W aShington , M iSSourib ulletin 30-11, M arCh 2009 S uperSeDeS b ulletin 30-11, J anuary 2007 anD all prior publiCationS .n The molded MKC-1 coil fits the E2, A3, E3, W3, S4, E5, B6, E6, S6, W6, S7, E35, R183, R184 and R246 series normally closed solenoid valves.n The OMKC-1 coil fits the OE35 series and the XWG, XUP and XXF series rapid cycle solenoid valves.n The MKC-2 coil fits the B9, E9, B10, E10, B14, E14, W14, B19, E19, W19, B25, E25, W25, B33*, E33*, E34*, E42 series normally closed solenoid valves and the 180 solenoid pilot control...and all solenoid valves in the field that are equipped with the old style KC-2 coil.n When changing from the old KC model coils to the current MKC molded model coils, discard the coil housing, coil housing bottom plate, two coil sleeves (not used with KC-1 coil) AND THE SPACER.n The OMKC-2 coil fits the OB9, OE9, OB10, OE10, OB14, OE14, OB19, OE19, OB25, OE25, OB33*, OE33*, OE34*, OE42 series normally open solenoid valves and the XRN, XRM, XPO series rapid cycle solenoid valves.n Other Sporlan products using a molded coil are as follows: MKC-1 — B5D, 8D, 12D, 16D, 10G, SORIT, SORIT-PI, SHGB(E)-8.MKC-2 — DDR-20, SHGB(E)-15, OLDR-15, OLDR-16 and OLDR-20.OMKC-2 — LDR-15, LDR-16, LDR-20, XTM and XTO.* E34, B33, and E33 are obsolete.* OE34, OB33, and OE33 are obsolete.Page 2 / BULLETIN 30-11RECOMMENDED TORQUE (ft.–lbs.)1Valves with mounting holes use a #8-32 screw torqued not more than 15 in.-lb. Note: Standard torque charts do not apply. 2Coil housing to be no more than 45° from the vertical. 3Coil housing must not be below horizontal. 4Do not over tighten the enclosing tube locknut. Damage to the enclosing tube assembly could result from over tightening.Note:For installation and service instructions on Three-Way Heat Reclaim Valves Type 8D, 12D & 16D, request Form SD-114.BULLETIN 30-11 / Page 3Wiring — Check the electrical specifications of the coil to be sure they correspond to the available electrical service.The 1/2” BX conduit connection or junction box on the coil may be rotated to any position by loosening the coil hexscrew. Solenoid valves with four-wire dual voltage coils have a wiring diagram decal, Figure 3, on the coil housing or bracket. This illustrates which wires to connect for either 120, 208 or 240 volt operation. Wiring and fusing (when used) must comply with prevailing local and national wiring codes and ordinances.Current Valves — A surge protector is each solenoid valve with a 115 volt DC coil. The surge protector is necessary to absorb the high counter-voltage generated when the circuit is broken, thereby protecting the electrical contacts of the thermostat. It should be wired as shown in Figure 4. SERVICING INSTRUCTIONSCAUTION — Dangerous hydraulic pressures may develop if a hand valve is installed in the liquid line ahead of the solenoid valve and the hand valve is closed while the solenoid valve is closed. This may cause extrusion of the teflon seat in the disc. Extrusion may cause the valve to fail to open, fail to close and/or have excessive seat leakage. Also the line between these two valves should be pumped down completely before disassembling the solenoid valve for service.NOTE: The optional manual lift stem is designed to prevent damage to the disc. If the stem is turned in too far, the threads become disengaged. These threads can be re-engaged by applying slight outward force while turning counterclockwise. A thread stop is provided to prevent the stem from backing all the way out of the assembly. Back the stem to the stop and replace the seal cap when service is complete.TYPICAL MALFUNCTIONSThere are only three possible malfunctions: 1. Coil burnout. 2. Failure to open. 3. Failure to close. Each is discussed.1. COIL BURNOUTCoil burnouts are extremely rare unless caused by one of the following: 1. I mproper electrical characteristics. 2. C ontinuous over-voltage, more than 10%.3. Under-voltage of more than 15%. This applies only if the operating conditions are such that the reduced MOPD causes stalling of the plunger, which results in excessive current draw.4. Incomplete magnetic circuit due to the omission of parts such as: coil housing, coil sleeves, coil spring, coil housing bottom plate or plunger on the KC model coil and coil yoke, coil backplate or plunger on the MKC molded model coils.5. M echanical interference with plunger movement which may be caused by a deformed enclosing tube.6. Voltage spike.7. Valve ambient exceeds 120°F.8. Fluid or gas temperatures greater than 240°F, while the valve ambient is 120°F.2. FAILURE TO OPEN (Normally Closed Types) 1. Coil burned out or an open circuit to coil connections. 2. I mproper electrical characteristics.3. I n pilot operated valves, dirt, scale or sludge may preventthe piston, disc or diaphragm from lifting. This could also be caused by a deformed body.4. High differential pressure that exceeds the MOPD rating of thevalve.5. Diameter reduction of synthetic seating material in pilot portbecause of high temperatures and/or pressures, or severe pulsations. Contact Sporlan Valve, Washington, MO.The problem of dirt can be avoided by installing a Sporlan Catch-AIl ® Filter-Drier upstream from the solenoid valve. The Catch-AII ® Filter-Drier will retain much smaller particles than a conventional strainer.Use a Sporlan strainer for water applications upstream of every industrial solenoid valve.3. FAILURE TO CLOSE1. Valve is oversized. Pilot operated valves may fail to close dueto low pressure drop.2. In pilot operated valves, dirt, scale or sludge may prevent thepiston, disc or diaphragm from closing. This could also be caused by a deformed body.3. Held open by the manual lift stem.4. In pilot operated valves only, a damaged pilot port may preventclosing.5. A floating disc due to severe discharge pulses, contact SporlanValve, Washington, MO.6. Have voltage feedback to the coil after the coil de-energizes.MISCELLANEOUS1. Liquid Hammer — Industrial solenoid valves, or other liquid line valves, may cause liquid hammer when installed on liquid lines with high liquid velocities. If this occurs, it can be minimized by the use of larger pipes, (i.e. lower velocities), or a standpipe installed in the piping near the solenoid valve inlet. Commercially available shock absorbers may also be used to reduce this noise. Recommended maximum velocity is approximately 300 fpm.2. AC Hum — This problem may be caused by a loose coil. A loose coil hex screw or coil locknut may cause this problem on the MKC molded model coils.Foreign material between the magnetic top plug and the plunger in t he Types A3, E3, W3, E5, B6, E6, W6, B9, E9, B10, E10, B14, E14, W14, B19, E19, W19, B25, E25, W25, E35 and E42 Series Solenoid valves may cause AC hum also.On water applications, deposits may accumulate in the valve which could cause AC hum. This may be eliminated by cleaning or flushing the valve.3. Leak Testing — Special care should be taken when leak testingvalves with synthetic gaskets. Gasket materials typically have a miniscule permeability. Leak rates of 0.5 oz. per year, depending on the valve size, is acceptable in most cases. Note the sensitivity of electronic leak detectors. Most have the capability of finding a leak smaller than 0.05 oz. per year. Double check small seal leaks with soap bubbles or a halide torch if possible. Do not over tighten the enclosing tube locknut. If a leak occurs, change the gasket and verify the metal surfaces have a clean smooth finish.c06-05c 06-05/v 021c 06-05/v 042t n e r r s e r e p t n e r r u C s e r e p m A t n e r r u C s e r e p m A -d l o H gn i -n I hs u r -d l o H gn i -n I hs u r -d l o H gn i 36.93.41.91.90.49.24.12.02.01.4.106.62.13.31.TRANSFORMER SELECTIONSurge ProtectorThermostatD. C. LinePage 4 / BULLETIN 30-11P rinted in the U.S. of A. 1009。
Avoiding Pressure Surge Damage in Pipeline Systems：避免在管道系统压力冲击损伤共32页
Presented by
Geoffrey D Stone CP Eng FIE Aust
Firstly Quantify the Problem
“In physical science the first essential step in the direction of learning any subject is to find principles of numerical reckoning and practicable methods for measuring some quality connected with it. I often say that when you can measure what you are speaking about, and express it in numbers, you know something about it; but when you cannot measure it, when you cannot express it in numbers, your knowledge is of a meagre and unsatisfactory kind; it may be the beginning of knowledge, but you have scarcely in your thoughts advanced to the state of Science, whatever the matter may be."
Refrigeration and Heat Transfer Components ASME B31.5
避免工艺管道振动诱发疲劳故障指南
避免工艺管道振动诱发疲劳故障指南英文回答：Vibration-induced fatigue failure is a common problem in process pipelines. It can lead to unexpected shutdowns, costly repairs, and even safety hazards. To avoid such failures, it is important to follow guidelines that address the root causes of pipeline vibrations. In this guide, I will outline some key measures to prevent fatigue failurein process pipelines.Firstly, proper design and installation of pipelines is crucial. This includes selecting the right materials, considering the fluid properties and flow rates, and ensuring adequate support and anchoring. For example, using flexible pipe supports can help absorb vibrations and prevent them from being transmitted to the pipeline. Additionally, installing vibration dampeners or isolators at critical points can further reduce the risk of fatigue failure.Secondly, regular inspection and maintenance are essential to detect and address any issues before they escalate. This includes checking for loose fittings, worn-out supports, or signs of excessive vibration. Inspections should be carried out by trained personnel who can identify potential problems and take appropriate corrective actions. For instance, if a support bracket is found to be damaged, it should be replaced or repaired promptly to prevent further damage and potential fatigue failure.Furthermore, it is important to consider the operational conditions and the potential for dynamic loads. Changes in flow rates, pressure fluctuations, or sudden valve closures can induce vibrations in the pipeline. By understanding the system dynamics and implementing proper controls, such as flow restrictors or pressure relief valves, the risk of vibration-induced fatigue failure can be significantly reduced.In addition to these measures, it is crucial to have a robust monitoring system in place. This can include the useof vibration sensors, strain gauges, or even advanced technologies like acoustic emission monitoring. By continuously monitoring the pipeline, any abnormalvibration patterns or fatigue-related signals can be detected early on, allowing for timely intervention and prevention of failure.To summarize, preventing vibration-induced fatigue failure in process pipelines requires a multi-faceted approach. It involves proper design and installation, regular inspection and maintenance, consideration of operational conditions, and implementation of a robust monitoring system. By following these guidelines and taking proactive measures, the risk of fatigue failure can be minimized, ensuring the safe and reliable operation of process pipelines.中文回答：避免工艺管道振动诱发疲劳故障是一个常见的问题。
让我们如何避免火灾发生的可能性英语作文
How to Prevent the Possibility of FiresFires can be devastating, causing property damage, personal injury, and even death. It is crucial to take proactive measures to prevent fires from occurring. By following some simple safety tips, we can significantly reduce the risk of a fire breaking out in our homes or workplaces.One of the most important steps in fire prevention is to ensure that all electrical appliances are used safely. This includes regularly checking wires for damage, avoiding overloading electrical sockets, and unplugging appliances when they are not in use. Additionally, it is essential to use surge protectors on sensitive electronic devices to prevent damage from power surges.Another crucial aspect of fire prevention is the proper storage and disposal of flammable materials. This includes keeping flammable liquids and gases in well-ventilated areas, storing them in approved containers, and disposing of them properly. It is also important to avoid smoking in areas where flammable materials are present and to extinguish all candles and open flames when leaving a room.Installing and maintaining smoke detectors in our homes and workplaces is also crucial for fire prevention. Smoke detectors can detect smoke and alert occupants early, giving them time to evacuate safely. It is recommended to test smoke detectors monthly and replace batteries annually to ensure their proper functioning.Furthermore, it is important to practice good housekeeping by keeping our living spaces clean and tidy. This helps to reduce the risk of fire spreading quickly through a home or workplace in the event of a fire. Regularly cleaning kitchen appliances, such as stoves and ovens, and keeping flammable items away from heat sources can also help prevent fires.Lastly, it is important to have a fire extinguisher on hand and know how to use it properly. Fire extinguishers can be used to extinguish small fires before they have the opportunity to spread. However, it is essential to know when to use a fire extinguisher and when to evacuate the building instead.In conclusion, fire prevention is everyone's responsibility. By following these simple safety tips, wecan significantly reduce the risk of fires occurring in our homes and workplaces. Remember to use electrical appliances safely, store and dispose of flammable materials properly, install and maintain smoke detectors, practice good housekeeping, and know how to use a fire extinguisher. By taking these proactive measures, we can help create a safer environment for ourselves and our loved ones.**如何避免火灾发生的可能性**火灾可能造成财产损失、人身伤害甚至死亡，因此预防火灾的发生至关重要。
沿程压力损失 英语
沿程压力损失英语Title: Frictional Pressure Loss in Pipe Flow: An InsightBegin by introducing the concept of frictional pressure loss, which occurs due to the resistance that the fluid encounters as it flows through a pipe. Explain that this resistance is primarily due to the friction between the fluid and the pipe walls, leading to a decrease in the fluid's pressure as it travels through the pipe.Define frictional pressure loss as the pressure drop that occurs along the entire length of a pipe due to friction between the fluid and the pipe walls. Discuss the factors that contribute to this loss, including the fluid's viscosity, the pipe's roughness, and the velocity of the fluid. Mention theDarcy-Weisbach equation, which is commonly used to calculate this type of pressure loss, stating that the pressure drop is proportional to the fluid’s velocity squared, the pipe’s length, and the pipe’s friction factor, and inversely proportional to the pipe’s diameter.Explain how frictional pressure loss impacts the design and operation of fluid transport systems. Discuss the necessity of considering this loss in the design of pumps and pipelines to ensure that the fluid can be transported over long distanceswithout losing too much pressure. Mention how engineers use the concept of head loss to quantify the pressure drop, which is crucial for the proper sizing of pipes and pumps.Discuss strategies for minimizing frictional pressure loss. This can include using smoother pipes, reducing the fluid's velocity, or using larger diameter pipes. Mention thetrade-offs between these strategies, such as the increased cost of larger diameter pipes versus the reduced energy consumption due to lower friction losses.Conclude by summarizing the importance of understanding and managing frictional pressure loss in fluid systems. Emphasize how this knowledge is crucial for optimizing the efficiency and cost-effectiveness of fluid transportation in various industries, from oil and gas to water supply and chemical processing.。
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Surge anticipation valves
Relief valves
Bursting discs
Weak pipe sections
Increase diameter of pipeline to reduce average velocity
Variable speed drives
Refrigeration and Heat Transfer Components ASME B31.5
Building Services Piping ASME B31.9
Slurry Transportation Piping Systems ASME B31.11
Glass-reinforced plastics (GRP) piping ISO 14692-3
Rerouting piping Change of pipe material to one with
a lower modulus (i.e. thermoplastic pipe materials) Flow control valves Air/Vacuum Release valves Intermediate check valves Non slam check valves Bypass Valves Gas accumulators Liquid accumulators Surge tanks Surge shafts
fatigue failure of the pipeline, supports , instrumentation, equipment and components
Equipment and Processes Solutions
Stronger pipework to withstand the pressure surge
Avoiding Pressure Surge Damage in Pipeline Systems
Presented by
Geoffrey D Stone CP Eng FIE the Problem
“In physical science the first essential step in the direction of learning any subject is to find principles of numerical reckoning and practicable methods for measuring some quality connected with it. I often say that when you can measure what you are speaking about, and express it in numbers, you know something about it; but when you cannot measure it, when you cannot express it in numbers, your knowledge is of a meagre and unsatisfactory kind; it may be the beginning of knowledge, but you have scarcely in your thoughts advanced to the state of Science, whatever the matter may be."
Lord Kelvin [PLA, 1883-05-03]
Australian & International Codes & Standards
Pressure Vessel Code AS 1210 Arc Welded Steel Pipe AS 1579 Submarine Pipeline Code AS 1958 Installation of UPVC AS 2032 Installation of PE AS 2033 Buried Flexible Pipelines Design AS 2566 Gas & Liquid Pipeline Code AS 2885 GRP Pipes for Water & Sewerage AS 3571 Installation of ABS Pipes AS 3690 Pressure Piping Code AS 4041 WSA 01 Polyethylene Pipeline Code WSA 02 Sewerage Code of Australia WSA 03 Water Supply Code WSA 04 Sewage Pumping Stations PIPA-OP010A:Part 1 Polyethylene Pressure
Soft starters
Design & Construction of GRP Pipes BS 7159
AWWA Fibreglass Pipe ANSI/AWWA C950
There are two categories of damage that arise from surge events
catastrophic failure of the pipeline system or equipment
Pipes Design for Dynamic Stresses
Power Piping ASME B31.1
Process Piping ASME B31.3
Pipeline Transportation Systems for Hydrocarbons and other Liquids ASME B31.4