2016上海外国语大学英语语言文学真题
2016上海外国语大学翻译硕士初试真题与答案
2016年上海外国语大学专业学位英语口译/笔译初试英语翻译基础（100分）12月26日14:00—17:00I. Cloze. (共15个空，一空两分，共30分)卷子上的标题是Here’s why the “American century” will survive rise of ChinaThe American century will survive the rise of ChinaJoseph Nye March 25, 2015Entropy is a greater challenge than Chinese growth, writes Joseph NyeIn 1941 Time editor Henry Luce proclaimed “the American century”. Some now see this coming to an end as 1. a result of the nation’s economic and political decline. Many point to the example of US failure to convince its allies to stay out of the Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank, Beijing’s rival to the World Bank; but this was 2.more an example of a faulty decision than evidence of decline, which raises the question of what is the natural life cycle of a nation.A century is generally the limit for a human organism but countries are social constructs. Rome did not collapse until more than three centuries after it reached its apogee of power in 117AD. After American independence in 1776 Horace Walpole, the British politician, lamented that his nation had been reduced to the level of Sardinia, just as Britain was about to enter the industrial revolution that 3. powered its second century as a global power.Any effort at assessing American power in the coming decades should 4. take into account how many earlier efforts have been wide of the mark. It is chastening to remember how wildly 5. exaggerated US estimates of Soviet power in the 1970s and of Japanese power in the 1980s were. Today some see the Chinese as 10ft tall and proclaim this “the Chinese century”.China’s size and relatively rapid economic growth will bring it closer to the US in terms of its power resources in the next few decades. But this does not necessarily mean it will surpass the US in military, economic and soft power.6. Even if China suffers no big domestic political setback, many projections are simple linear extrapolations of growth rates that are likely to slow in the future.7.Moreover, economic projections are one dimensional. They ignore US military and soft power advantages, such as the desire of students around the world to attend US universities. They also overlook China’s geopolitical 8. dis-advantages in the Asian balance of power, compared with America’s relations with Europe, Japan and India, which are likely to remain more favourable.It is not impossible that a challenger such as China, Europe, Russia, India or Brazil will surpass the US in the first half of this century but it is but not likely.On the question of absolute rather than 9. relative American decline, the US faces serious problems in areas such as debt, secondary education, income in?equality and political gridlock but these are only part of the picture. On the positive side of the ledger are favourable trends in demography, technology and energy as well as abiding factors such as geography and entrepreneurial culture.The scenarios that could 10. precipitate decline include ones in which the US overreacts to terrorist attacks by turning inwards and thus cuts itself off from the strength it obtains from openness. Alternatively it could react by overcommitting itself, and wasting blood and treasure as it did in Vietnam and Iraq.As an overall assessment, describing the 21st century as one of American decline is inaccurate and misleading. Though the US has problems it is not in absolute decline, unlike ancient Rome, and it is likely to remain more powerful than any single state in coming decades.The real problem is not that it will be overtaken by China or another contender but rather that it faces a rise in the power resources of many others—both states and non-state actors such as transnational corporations, terrorist groups and cyber criminals. And it will face an increasing number of global problems that will 11. call on our ability to organise alliances and networks.12. Contrary to the views of those who proclaim this the Chinese century, we have not entered a post-American world. But the American century of the future will not look the same as in previous decades. The US 13. share of the world economy will be smaller than it was in the middle of the past century.Furthermore, the complexity created by the rise of other countries, as well as the increased role of non-state actors, will make it harder for even America, the biggest power, to 14. wield influence and organise action. Entropy is a greater challenge than China.At the same time, even when the US had its greatest preponderance of power resources, it often failed to secure what it wanted. Those who argue that the disorder of today’s world is much worse than in the past should remember a year such as 1956,when the US was unable to prevent Soviet 15. repression of a revolt in Hungary; orthe Suez invasion by our allies Britain, France and Israel.We must not view the past through rose-tinted glasses. Now, with slightly less preponderance and a much more complex world, the American century will continue for at least a few decades, but it will look very different from when Luce first articulated it.中国崛起能终结美国世纪吗？美国哈佛大学教授约瑟夫-奈为英国《金融时报》撰稿1941年，《时代》杂志(Time)主编亨利-卢斯(Henry Luce)宣称，“美国世纪”已经来临。
上海外国语大学考研现代汉语真题回忆+答案2016
上海外国语大学考研2016年现代汉语真题回忆版一、名词解释(要举例说明)（2’×5=10’）1、句法关系和语义关系2、比拟3、配价分析法4、语境5、单纯词二、填空（1’×10=10’）1、（）是经过分析得出的最小的语音单位，能够区别意义的最小语音单位是（）。
2、结构主义语言学各流派是以（）的语言理论为基础的。
（《普通语言学教程》）是现代结构主义语言学的理论基础。
3、汉代初期，汉字传入日本，产生了“假名”。
晋初，汉字传入朝鲜和韩国，产生了（）。
4、（）是古汉字演变为现代汉字的转折点。
5、普通话语音的调类名称是（）。
6、从语素在单词中所起的作用看，可以将语素分为表义语素和（）。
7、（）是词义构成的最小语义单位，也是词的区别性特征。
8、成语的构造总共有四种类型：（），复句结构，特殊结构，无理结构。
三、选择题（1’×10=10’）1、下列属于舌尖后、不送气、清、塞擦音的是（）。
A.zB.cC.zhiD.chi2、双唇音不能和（）韵母相拼？A.开口呼B.合口呼C.齐齿呼D.撮口呼3、元音与辅音根本区别是（）。
A.发音方法不同B.在音节中的位置不同C.发音部位不同D.声带是否震动4、下列“一”的变调正确的是（）。
A.看一（yí）看B.一（yī）干二净C.想一（yì）想D.一（yì）天到晚5、下列儿化韵读得不正确的是（）。
A.拐弯儿（guǎiwānr-guǎiwāir）B.小曲儿（xiǎoqur-xiǎoquěr）C.香味儿（xiāngwèir-xiāngwèr）D.药方儿（yàofāngr-yàofãr）6、“兵、朱、舟”三个字的造字法分别是（）。
A.指事、会意、象形B.会意、指事、象形C.象形、指事、会意D.会意、象形、指事7、下列成语书写正确的是（）。
A.卑躬曲膝B.委屈求全C.膛目结舌D.杯盘狼藉8、短语“今天劳动节”、“特等茶叶”、“当他是傻瓜”、“游泳去”的结构类别分别为（）。
上海外国语大学考研翻译硕士英语真题2016+答案
Did Britain decline after American independence in 1776?
also overlook China’s geopolitical 8.
in the Asian balance of power,
compared with America’s relations with Europe, Japan and India, which
are likely to remain more favorable.
Chinese as 10ft tall and proclaim this “the Chinese century”.
China’s size and relatively rapid economic growth will bring it closer
to the US in terms of its power resources in the next few decades. But
what is the natural life cycle of a nation.
A century is generally the limit for a human organism but countries
are social constructs. Rome did not collapse until more than three
The scenarios that could 10. decline include ones in which the
上海外国语大学考研外国语言学与应用语言学理论真题2016
上海外国语大学2016年硕士研究生入学考试外国语言学及应用语言学专业外国语言学与应用语言学理论试题（考试时间 180分钟，满分150分，共2页）一、汉语部分，中文作答（共 105分）Ⅰ.术语解释（5×3=15）本部分为5个语言学术语，请解释其定义及含义，必要时可举例说明。
1.波形理论2.皮钦语3.语料库4.音位理论5.元语言功能Ⅱ.问答题（6×15=90）本部分为6道问答题，请就所给的问题做简短回答，有必要时请具体举例说明。
1.请简述双语现象和双语制问题，说明双语几个分类标准。
2.请说明什么是宏观语言学及其分类，必要时可以列举其代表。
3.请简要介绍英国语言学家韩礼德的语言学理论的主要内容。
4.请简要介绍转换生成语法及其在语言教学上的应用价值。
5.请简要介绍美国语言学家萨丕尔的语言学思想及其现实意义。
6.如何理解“语言是符号系统，这概括了语言本身的性质和特点”第1页共2页这句话?请举例说明。
二、英文部分，英文作答。
（15×3=45）1. What is structuralism?2. What is language planning?3. What is interlanguage?4. What is lingua franca?5. What are adjacency pairs?6. What is code-switching?7. What is linguistic determinism?8. What is diglossia?9. What is metonymy?10. What is language maintenance?11. What is hypercorrection?12. What is semantic field?13. What is displacement?14. What is elision?15. What is the “critical period”?第2页共2页。
上外考研英语真题
上外考研英语真题作文IntroductionIn recent years, the examination for postgraduate studies in English at Shanghai International Studies University (SISU) has become increasingly competitive. Many students strive to pass the exam, known as the "SISU examination," in order to pursue their academic dreams. This article aims to delve into the characteristics of the SISU English postgraduate entrance exam and provide some tips for success.Section 1: Overview of the SISU English Postgraduate Entrance ExamThe SISU English postgraduate entrance exam is renowned for its rigorousness and comprehensive content. It consists of four sections: listening comprehension, reading comprehension, translation, and essay writing. Each section requires candidates to demonstrate their English proficiency and analytical skills.Section 2: Strategies for Listening ComprehensionListening comprehension is a challenging section for many test-takers. To improve scores in this section, candidates can employ the following strategies:1. Familiarize yourself with various English accents and practice listening to different recordings.2. Focus on understanding the main idea rather than individual details.3. Take notes while listening to help retain information and facilitate answering questions.4. Practice timed mock tests to enhance speed and accuracy.Section 3: Approaches for Reading ComprehensionReading comprehension tests the ability to comprehend and analyze written passages. Here are some approaches candidates can use to improve their performance in this section:1. Skim the passage first to get a general understanding of the topic and main points.2. Pay attention to keywords and their synonyms or antonyms.3. Make use of context clues to deduce the meaning of unfamiliar words.4. Practice summarizing and paraphrasing the main ideas of the passages.Section 4: Key Tips for TranslationThe translation section assesses candidates' ability to transfer meaning accurately between English and Chinese. To excel in this section, consider the following suggestions:1. Enhance vocabulary and grammar skills in both languages.2. Pay attention to the context and register of the original text in order to choose appropriate equivalents.3. Practice translating various types of texts, such as formal documents, news articles, and literary works.4. Review common translation errors and learn from them to avoid making similar mistakes.Section 5: Techniques for Essay WritingThe essay writing section evaluates candidates' ability to express opinions and arguments in English. To excel in this section, consider the following techniques:1. Practice different types of academic writing, such as argumentative essays, descriptive essays, and persuasive essays.2. Develop a clear and logical structure for your essay, including an introduction, body paragraphs, and conclusion.3. Use appropriate vocabulary and grammar to convey your ideas effectively.4. Revise and proofread your essay to correct any spelling or grammatical errors.ConclusionThe SISU English postgraduate entrance exam is challenging but not insurmountable. By understanding the exam structure and employing effective strategies, test-takers can enhance their performance and increase their chances of success. Remember to practice regularly, seek feedback, and stay confident throughout the preparation process. Good luck to all aspiring candidates!。
上海外国语大学附属外国语学校2016届高三排位考(语法词汇与词性转变)英语试题 含答案
Paper OneⅠ。
Multiple choices: 30%1. The doctor recommends me __________on a strict diet。
A。
to go B。
going C。
I should go D。
go2。
The secretary identified __________ reports treated new issues as well as old ones。
A。
those B。
which C。
that D。
both3。
__________with air, a life jacket will keep a person afloat。
A。
It is filled B. Filling C. When filled D。
When filling it4. The teacher whispered __________they should disturb the students。
A。
in order that B。
provided that C. in case D. with the result that5. It was unusual for there __________so few students in the classroom。
A。
to be B。
be C。
being D。
are6. __________plants, which manufacture their own food，animals obtain nourishment by acquiring and ingesting their food。
A。
As B。
Different C. Unlike D. As many7。
We could not obtain any exact information ___________where she was.A. far fromB. as to C。
（完整版）“英语语言学”考试题型、课堂练习与答案（1）
（完整版）“英语语言学”考试题型、课堂练习与答案（1）各位好！请大家注意以下几点：1. 英语语言学期末考试及其补考的复习范围和题型一致；2. 收到此邮件，请在同学之间传阅；3. 本邮件内容有三：考试题型、参考问答题、课堂练习及其答案。
祝大家学习快乐！考试顺利！Examination Items考试题型上海外国语大学继续教育学院2014年第1学期英语本科五年级和专升本科三年级“语言学”期末试卷考试时间：60分钟班级____________ 学号____________ 姓名____________I. Fill in the blanks with suitable terms. (30%)II. Judge if the following statements are true or false. (30%)III. Choose any two of the following questions to answer. (40%)Questions for Reference参考问答题1. In what basic ways does modern linguistics differ from traditional grammar? (P6)2. Please differentiate the following pairs of terms.voicing and voiceless (P16)vowels and consonants (P18) aspirated and unaspirated (P18)phones and phonemes (P23)3. Give a brief account of the kinds of morphemes in English language with examples. (P33-36)4. Why is English rich in synonyms? And how can we classify them? (P66-68)Exercises and Key 课堂练习及其答案Practice 1 Introduction1.Linguistics is the scientific study of __________.2.__________ linguistics studies language change over various periods of time andat various historical stages while __________ linguistics studies language at one particular point of time.3.The __________ study of language studies the historical development of languageover a period of time, and it is a historical study.4.__________ and __________ are the two major media of linguisticcommunication.5.The distinction between __________ and parole was made by the Swiss linguist F.de Saussure in the early 20th century while the distinction between competence and _________ was proposed by the American linguist N. Chomsky in the late 1950s.6.Chomsky uses the term __________ to refer to the actual realization of a languageuser’s knowledge of the rules of his language in linguistic communication.7.Modern linguistics differs from traditional grammar in several different ways.Firstly, linguistics is __________ while traditional grammar is __________;Secondly, modern linguistics regards the spoken language as __________, not the written; Thirdly, modern linguistics differ from traditional grammar also in that it does not force languages intoa _________-based framework.8.As modern linguistics aims to describe and analyze the language people actuallyuse, and not to lay down rules for “correct” linguisticbehavior, it is said to be __________.9.The defining properties of human language are: creativity, __________,__________, __________, __________.10.The fact that different languages have different words for the same object is goodproof that human language is __________.11.Generally speaking, three main functions are often recognized of language: thedescriptive functions, the expressive function, and the __________ function. 12.According to the British linguist Halliday’s simpler system of language functions,the ideational function is to organize the speaker or writer’s experience of the real or imaginary world, and the __________ function is to indicate, establish, or maintain social relationship between people while the __________ function is to organize written or spoken texts in such a manner that they are coherent within themselves and fit the particular situation in which they are used.Practice 2 Introduction1.Modern linguistics regards the written language as primary, not the spoken.2.Speech and writing are the two major media of language. All languages in theworld today can be both spoken and written.3.The writing system of a language is always a later invention used to record speech;thus there are still many languages in today’s world that can only be spoken, but not written.4.Modern linguistics is mostly prescriptive, but sometimesdescriptive.5.With their respective distinction between langue and parole, and competence andperformance, both Saussure and Chomsky present the view that only the abstract structure of language can be studied systematically, but not its use.6.The distinction between langue and parole was proposed by the Swiss linguist F.de Saussure. Langue refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community while parole refers to the concrete use of conventions and rules, thus varying from person to person.7.An important difference between traditional grammarians and modern linguists intheir study of language is that the former tended to over-emphasize the written form of language and encourage people to imitate the “best authors” for language usage./doc/e412750833.htmlnguage can be studied both synchronically and diachronically. The twoapproaches are equally favored by modern linguists./doc/e412750833.htmlnguage is entirely arbitrary.10.Human capacity for language has a genetic basis, i.e. we are all born with theability to acquire language and the details of a language system are genetically transmitted.1.Phonetics is the study of the phonic medium of language. It has three branches:__________, __________ and auditory phonetics.2.The study of how people use their speech organs to produce speech sounds is ofgreat interest to those working in __________ phonetics.3.The articulatory apparatus of a human being contains three important areas(cavities): __________, __________ and nasal cavity.4.Of all the speech organs, the __________ is the most flexible.5.V oicing as a quality of speech sounds is caused by the vibration of __________ .6. A sound is __________ when its production is accompanied by a puff of breath.This is characteristic of the English voiceless stops in initial position, e.g. [pi:l]. 7.__________ transcription is the one required and used by the phoneticians in theirstudy of speech sounds.8.In terms of the place of articulation, the following sounds [t] [d] [s] [z] [n] sharethe feature __________.9.All the back vowels in English are pronounced with rounded lips except__________.10.__________ are produced by moving from one vowel position to another throughintervening positions.11.The orthographic representation of speech sounds with diacritics is normally notused in dictionaries and teaching textbooks.12.V oicing is a feature of all consonants and some vowels.13.In producing a vowel the air stream coming from the lungs meets with noobstruction whatsoever while in the production of a consonant it is obstructed in one way or another.14.The English stops include [p] [b] [t] [d] [k] [g] [f] [v].15.All the English nasal consonants are voiced.16.With no exception all the front vowels in English are unrounded.17.With no exception all the back vowels in English are rounded.18.In English, long vowels are also tense vowels because when we pronounce a longvowel such as /i:/, the larynx is in a state of tension.19.Although the [l] sound is represented by the same symbol in the two combinationsof [li:f] and [fi:l], it is actually pronounced differently.20.If a Chinese speaker pronounces the /l/ sound in /fi:l/ not as a dark [], but as aclear [l], he will be misunderstood by a native speaker as saying something else.1.[p], and [p] are the __________ of the same phoneme /p/.2.The phonemic features that occur above the level of the segment are calledsuprasegmental features. They include __________, __________ and intonation.3.The tone, defined as pitch variation, is an important suprasegmental feature oftone languages such as __________.4.The negative prefix “in-” in English, when added to the adjective “possible”, isactually pronounced /im/, and spelt as “im-”. This is the result of the __________ rule at work.5.To form the present tense, 3rd person singular, of the verb “teach”, we have to add“-es”, instead of just “-s” to it. This is required by the __________rule of English.6. A general difference between phonetics and phonology is that phonetics is focusedon the production of speech sounds while phonology is more concerned with how speech sounds distinguish meaning.7. A phone is a phonetic segment while a phoneme is a phonological unit.8.Clear [l] and dark [] form the relation of complementary distribution for theyoccur in the same position in sound combinations and also distinguish meaning.9./p/ and /b/ in [ pit ] and [ bit ] are in contrastive distribution.10.Phonological rules are not language specific, i.e. once proved to be valid, they canbe applied to all languages.11.In English, if a word begins with a [l] or a [r], the next must be a vowel.12.The three voiceless stops /p/, /t/, /k/ are aspirated when preceded by /s/ andfollowed by a vowel./doc/e412750833.htmlually in the two-syllable words, the noun has the stress on the first syllable andthe corresponding verb has the stress on the second syllable.14.Stress is a suprasegmental feature that is exclusively used with words, not withsentences.15.Chinese is often cited as examples of typical tone language because tone plays animportant role in distinguishing meaning.1.is a branch of grammar which studies the internal structure of wordsand the rules by which words are formed.2.The morpheme “-vision” in the common word “television” is a(n)________morpheme.3.There are different types of morphemes. “-ed” in the word "lea rned" is known asa(n)__________ morpheme.4.The words that contain only one morpheme can be called ________ morphemes.5.The morphemes that cannot be used by themselves, but must be combined withother morphemes to form words are called morphemes.6.In English, nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs and conjunctions make up the largestpart of the vocabulary. They are open classes.7.Such endings as “-ed”and “-ing” are called derivational morphemes because newgrammatical forms are derived by adding them to existing words.8.The meaning of a compound is not always the sum of the meanings of its parts.9. A compound is the combination of only two words.10.The word “carelessness” is a three-morpheme word formed by a free morpheme“care” + affix “-less” + affix “-ness”.11.The meaning of a compound is often idiomatic, not always being the sum total ofthe meanings of its components.12.The compound word “bookstore” is the place where books are sold. This indicatesthat the meaning of a compound is the sum total of the meanings of its components.13.Only words of the same parts of speech can be combined to form compounds.14.The part of speech of the compound is always determined by the part of speech ofthe second element, without exception.15.A compound can be written as one word with or withouta hyphen between itscomponents, or as two separate words. It is simply a matter of convention.1.Historically, different views have been suggested concerning the study of meaning.In our textbook, some views on semantics have been exemplified. They are naming things, __________, __________, __________ and mentalism.2.The naming theory was proposed by __________.3.Of the views concerning the study of meaning, the one in which meaning isexplained in terms of observable stimuli and responses made by participants in specific situations is referred to as __________.4.__________ is concerned with the inherent meaning if the linguistic form. It is thecollection of all the features of the linguistic form; it is abstract and decontextualized. __________ means what a linguisticform refers to in the real, physical world; it deals with the relationship between the linguistic element and the non-linguistic world of experience.5.Synonyms that are mutually substitutable under all circumstances are called__________ synonyms.6.C omplete Synonyms are classified into several kinds. The kind to which “girl”and “lass” belong is called __________ synonym.7.Antonyms are divided into several kinds. They are gradable antonyms,__________ antonyms and __________ opposites.8.“Cold” and “hot” are called __________ antonyms.9.__________ refers to a paradigmatic relation between a more specific, orsubordinate, lexeme and a more general, or superordinate, lexeme. This can be exemplified by such pairs as cow: animal; rose: flower.10.__________ refers to the phenomenon that the same word may have a set ofdifferent meanings. For example, “mouth” means “organ of body”, “entrance of cave” etc.11.“Lead” (metal) and “lead” (dog’s lead) are spelt in the same way, but pronounceddifferently. This is called __________.12.“Can I borrow your bike?”__________ “You have a bike.”13.__________ is an approach adopted by structural semanticists in describing themeaning of words.14.Predication analysis is a way to analyze __________ meaning.15.In terms of predication analysis, the utterance “Is it going to snow this afternoon?”is a __________ -place predication.1.Semantics can be simply defined as the study of meaning.2.The conceptualist view of meaning holds that there is no direct link between asymbol and reference, i.e. between language and thought.3.Linguistic forms having the same sense may have different references in differentsituations while linguistic forms with the same reference always have the same sense.4.“Site” and “sight”, “meat”and “meet”, “sow” and “sew” are in relationship ofhomography.5.English is rich in synonyms for historical reasons but complete synonyms, i.e.synonyms that are mutually substitutable under all circumstances, are rare.6.Dialectal synonyms can often be found in different regional dialects such asBritish English and American English, but cannot be found within the variety itself, for example, within British English or American English.7.There are different kinds of antonyms because words opposite in meaning do notcontrast each other only on a single dimension.8.The important criteria to distinguish polysemy from homonymy are the etymologyof the words in question and the closeness of the relationship between the meanings in question.9.An important difference between presupposition and entailment is thatpresupposition, unlike entailment, is not vulnerable to negation. That is to say, if a sentence is negated, the original presupposition is still true.10.A grammatically well-formed sentence is always semantically well-formed.Key to ExercisesPractice 1 Introduction1. language or languages in general2. Diachronic, synchronic3. diachronic4. Speech, writing5. langue, performance6. performance7. descriptive, prescriptive; primary; Latin8. descriptive9. arbitrariness, duality; displacement, cultural transmission10. arbitrary11. social12. interpersonal, textualPractice 2 Introduction1. F;2. F;3. T;4. F;5. T6. T;7. T;8. F;9. F; 10. FPractice 3 Phonetics1. articulatory phonetics, acoustic phonetics2. articulatory3. pharyngeal cavity, oral cavity4. tongue5. vocal cords6. aspirated7. Narrow8. alveolar9. []10. Diphthongs11. T; 12. F; 13. T; 14. F; 15. T16.T; 17. F; 18. T; 19. T; 20. FPractice 4 Phonology1. allophones2. stress, tone3. Chinese4. assimilation5. sequential6. T;7. T;8. F;9. T; 10. F11. T; 12. F; 13.T; 14. F. 15. TPractice 5 Morphology1. Morphology2. free3. inflectional4. free or root5. derivational;6. F;7. F;8. T;9. F; 10. T11. T; 12. F; 13. F; 14. F; 15. TPractice 6 Semantics1. conceptualism, contextualism, behaviorism2. Plato3. behaviorism4. Sense, Reference5. complete6. dialectal7. complementary, relational8. gradable9. Hyponymy10. Polysemy11. homonymy or homography12. presupposes13. Componential analysis14. sentence15. noPractice 7 Semantics1. T;2. F;3. F;4. F;5. T6. F;7. T;8. T;9. T; 10. F。
上海外国语大学考研语言学概论真题回忆+答案2016
上海外国语大学考研2016年语言学概论真题回忆版一、名词解释（20*2’）1、语言符号的线条性2、聚合关系3、语法意义4、语言类型分类5、文字类型分类6、语义7、结构语言学8、转换生成语法9、语流音变10、义素分析法11、语体12、异根13、派生词14、直接成分分析法15、语言和言语16、语义场17、历史比较法18、音位19、熟语20、语言的规范化二、多项选择（10*2’）1.汉语一个音节可以有个音素。
a.1b.2c.3d.4e.52.就语言的共同来源而言,__同属一个语族。
a.汉语和日语b.法语和意大利语c.西班牙语和希腊语d.英语和德语3.属于言语修养的标准。
a.逻辑性b.含蓄性c.健康性d.浅显性4.Books和Rooms；write和right涉及到下列拼写法原则。
a.语音原则b.形态音位原则c.历史传统原则d.辨义原则5.历史比较语言学的代表人物是。
a.葆朴b拉斯克c哈利迪d沃斯托克夫6.汉语体范畴包括。
a.进行体b.完成体c.短暂体d.未然体7.下列语言属于分析语的是。
a汉语b意大利语c英语d法语8.下列属于符号的是。
a信号灯b旗语c上课铃d盲文9.科技术语的特点是。
a单义性b描述性c体系性d理据性10.下列语言有声调的有。
a古梵语b景颇语c泰语d韩语三、填空(20分)1.思维规律是全人类的，而语言规律具有特点。
2.仿词的涌现，是规律起作用的结果。
试举一例。
3.是语言分化的主要原因。
4.汉语语音体系中和是音节的必要组成成分。
5.根据语言功能特征的分类，普通话属于标准语，解放前上海使用的洋泾浜语是。
6.符号学术语semantics、pragmatics、syntactic分别相当于语言学中的__、__、__。
其中,__专门研究语言单位同交际主体之间的关系。
7.我国第一部语义词典是；杨雄的《方言》提出了的概念；是中国古代第一部系统分析字形和考证字源的字书。
8.stood中的“t”是发生了音变。
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2016上海外国语大学英语语言文学真题
先说二外德语，首先是40道选择题，个人感觉和往年真题考的点差不多，主要有常用动词的考法，介词搭配，物主代词和形容词的变格，还有两道谚语题，aller Anfang ist schwer和kein Schmerz， kein Gewinn。
第二大题是选词填空，给出10个单词，大概讲的是上班族因为市中心房价太高，选择远离市中心，每天乘不同的交通工具上班，不是很难。
阅读大意是美国的一项调查，造纸业是能量消耗最高的产业之一，两个阶段人类的耗纸量，和钢铁行业能量消耗的比较，不同国家的耗纸量，德国对纸的回收。
答案都可以在原文中找到，有些选项会变换句型。
翻译大概是人们信件过时了，电子邮件更受年轻人的欢迎，但是信件也有优点。
哪些优点记不清了，感觉挺简单的。
作文是你会选择的职业，你选择的原因，这个职业有哪些优缺点，以及你怎样解决缺点。
语法我用的是标准德语语法——精解与练习，一本书做下来，语法绝对没问题。
词汇大学德语一就足够了。
英语综合，15道选择题，有词汇，文学，语言学的题，只记得一个问题问哪个是意识流的作家，答案是弗吉尼亚·伍尔夫。
完形填空我觉得最耗时间也最难，30题15分，我直接放弃了。
阅读八篇，有长有短，有些题目的答案原文是没有的，比如问这两个人出自哪本书，所以一些常识和文学知识还是要积累的。
第一篇考亚里士多德逻辑，很短的文章，有一个题问苏格拉底，柏拉图和亚里士多德之间的师生关系，考的是常识，原文没答案。
接下来五篇就考文学，有英国文学，美国文学和文学批评，题型主要考词的转换，句子的转换，文章结构关系，作者的态度。
第七篇也很短，考建筑的承力，原文直接有答案。
第八篇是一篇长文，讲的是1820年到1900年之间美国经济的迅速发展带来的影响，难度大约为英语六级。
阅读40题占40分，我觉得不应该耗费太多时间，决不能超过一个小时，我用了50分钟。
最后是作文，小作文“The World Awaits me”，叙述文，250词。
大作文“Devotion and Innovation”，议论文，400词。
作文占80分，超过总分的一半，所以备考的各位一定要重视作文。
我就是写作文想了很久，导致大作文没写完，完型填空也没时间做了。
英汉互译，英译汉讲的大概是一位舞蹈家的童年和创作灵感来源，生词几乎没有，句子之间关系也比较清晰，大概只有两个很长的句子。
汉译英考的林语堂的《秋天的况味》，上外编写的星火英语专八翻译辅导书模拟题第一个就是《秋天的况味》。
至此，我的2016考研就这样结束了，作为一名跨地区，跨学校，跨专业的考生，我的第一次尝试就这样失败了，不过上外，2017年见。