大学跨文化交际期末总结word打印版
跨文化交际个人总结报告
跨文化交际个人总结报告一、跨文化交际是在不同文化背景下进行交流和合作的过程。
我在过去的一段时间里，有幸参与了跨文化交际的项目和活动，深刻体验到了文化差异对交流和合作的影响。
本报告将对我个人在跨文化交际中的体验和成长进行总结。
二、文化差异的认知在跨文化交际中，我深切感受到了文化差异的存在。
首先，语言差异成为了沟通的一大挑战。
不同国家和地区的语言风格、表达方式各异，可能导致理解上的困难。
其次，价值观和习惯的差异也是一大阻碍。
在一些文化中，某些行为可能被视为礼貌，而在另一些文化中可能被解读为不尊重。
三、学习他人文化为了更好地融入跨文化环境，我努力学习和理解他人的文化。
我主动参与当地的文化活动，尝试传统食物，了解当地的习俗和传统。
通过这些亲身体验，我更好地理解了他人的生活方式和价值观，建立了更加深厚的人际关系。
四、尊重和接纳差异在跨文化交际中，我深知尊重和接纳差异的重要性。
不同的文化有着各自独特的优势和价值，而不是谁高谁低的关系。
我在交往中始终保持开放心态，尊重他人的文化传统，接纳多元化的观点。
这不仅有助于构建和谐的人际关系，也促进了团队的合作。
五、沟通技巧的提升在跨文化交际中，良好的沟通技巧尤为关键。
我学习采用简明扼要的语言表达自己的意思，避免使用可能产生歧义的词汇。
同时，我更注重倾听，努力理解对方的观点。
通过提升沟通技巧，我能够更有效地与不同文化背景的人建立联系，达成共识。
六、解决文化冲突文化冲突是跨文化交际中常见的问题。
我在实践中学到，及时的沟通和解释是解决文化冲突的有效途径。
当出现误解或不适应时，我会主动寻求对话，解释自己的观点，同时倾听对方的看法。
通过开放的沟通，我成功化解了一些潜在的文化冲突，保持了合作关系的稳定。
七、个人成长和收获通过参与跨文化交际，我不仅拓宽了自己的视野，还提升了许多软技能。
我学到了更灵活的沟通技巧、更广泛的人际交往能力，更重要的是培养了更高的文化敏感度。
这些在职业发展和个人生活中都起到了积极的作用。
跨文化交际经验总结
跨文化交际经验总结引言跨文化交际是人们在不同文化背景下的交流和互动过程。
在这个互联互通的时代，跨文化交际变得越来越重要。
本文总结了我在跨文化交际中的经验和教训，旨在帮助他人更好地理解和应对跨文化交际的挑战。
技巧与策略主动研究跨文化交际需要我们主动研究不同文化的俗、价值观和行为规范。
了解对方的文化背景可以帮助我们更好地理解他们的思维方式和行为方式。
尊重和开放尊重他人的文化差异是跨文化交际的基本原则。
我们应该以开放的心态接纳不同的观点和方式，避免对他人的文化做出评判或刻板印象。
注意非语言沟通在跨文化交际中，非语言沟通比语言交流更具有挑战性。
我们应该学会观察和解读对方的身体语言、面部表情和姿态，以更准确地理解对方的意图和情感。
适应和调整在跨文化交际中，我们需要灵活适应不同的文化环境和方式。
我们应该注意自己的言行举止，尽量避免冒犯他人或触犯当地的文化俗。
教训与启示尊重文化差异尊重他人的文化差异是跨文化交际的关键。
我曾经在与他人交流时过于强调我自己的文化观点，结果造成了误解和冲突。
因此，我认识到了重视他人文化的重要性，学会了更好地倾听和理解对方的观点。
学会调整与妥协在跨文化交际中，不同文化之间存在一定的冲突和差异。
我学会了灵活调整和妥协，适应不同的文化背景和方法。
这样不仅能够减少冲突，还能建立更好的沟通和合作关系。
持续研究和提升跨文化交际是一个不断研究和提升的过程。
我会继续深入研究和研究不同文化的知识，以提升自己在跨文化交际中的能力和水平。
结论跨文化交际是一项全球性的挑战，但同时也是一种宝贵的学习和成长机会。
通过主动学习、尊重和开放、非语言沟通、适应和调整等策略，我们可以更好地应对跨文化交际的挑战，建立和谐的跨文化关系。
英语跨文化交际期末总结
英语跨文化交际期末总结Introduction:Intercultural communication is the process of exchanging information and ideas between individuals from different cultural backgrounds. It involves understanding and respecting different cultural norms, beliefs, and values. As our final reflection, this paper aims to provide a comprehensive summary of the key concepts, lessons learned, and personal experiences gained during the course of studying intercultural communication.I. Overview of Intercultural Communication:1. Definition and Importance2. Challenges and Barriers3. Strategies for Effective Intercultural CommunicationII. Understanding Cultural Dimensions and Differences:1. Hofstede's Cultural Dimensions2. Individualism vs. Collectivism3. High-Context vs. Low-Context Cultures4. Verbal and Nonverbal CommunicationIII. Stereotypes, Prejudice, and Discrimination:1. Types of Stereotypes2. Ethnocentrism and its Impact on Communication3. Overcoming Stereotypes and Promoting Cultural SensitivityIV. Effective Communication in Diverse Contexts:1. Intercultural Communication in Business2. Intercultural Communication in Healthcare3. Intercultural Communication in EducationV. Case Studies:1. Miscommunication During a Business Negotiation2. Cultural Sensitivity in Multicultural Teams3. Communication Challenges in a Healthcare SettingVI. Personal Reflection:1. Cultural Identity and Self-Awareness2. Lessons Learned and Skills Developed3. Personal Growth and Future DirectionsConclusion:Intercultural communication is a complex and dynamic process that requires continuous learning and adaptation. Through this course, I have gained a deeper understanding of different cultural dimensions, communication styles, and the impact of stereotypes. I have also developed strategies for effective communication in various contexts, such as business, healthcare, and education. This knowledge has broadened my cultural sensitivity and self-awareness, allowing me to navigate intercultural interactions with more confidence and respect. Going forward, I intend to apply these learnings in my personal and professional life, fostering inclusivity and understanding in all my interactions.。
黑龙江大学跨文化交际英语复习总结（超全）
黑龙江大学跨文化交际英语复习总结（超全）第一篇：黑龙江大学跨文化交际英语复习总结(超全)跨文化考试总结考试构成：一、单选 1*10=10分。
（Choose the one that）其中有一部分是书中的概念。
二、判断 1*10=10分。
（A—>true,B—>false)课后习题所有概念关键词+考试范围内的CASE：Chapter 1 Culture Keywords(1)Culture(from intellectual perspective): Culture is “the arts and other manifestations of human intellectual achievement regarded collectively”（从知性角度定义文化：作为整体的人类智力成就的艺术和其他表现。
）(2)Culture(from anthropologic perspective): Culture consists of patterns, explicit and implicit, of and for behavior acquired and transmitted by symbols, constituting the distinctive achievement of human groups, including their embodiments in artifacts;the essential core of culture consists of traditional ideas and especially their attached values”（从人类学.角度定义文化：文化由清晰和模糊的行为模式构成，这些模式通过符号获得并传播，这些符号由人类群体的特别成就构成，包括具体的人工制品。
文化的基本核心由传统思想和与其相关的价值观构成。
跨文化期末反思与总结
跨文化期末反思与总结随着全球化的不断发展，跨文化交流和合作成为当今社会中的重要组成部分。
作为一名大学生，我有幸能够参与跨文化交流和学习跨文化知识，这对于我的个人发展和未来职业发展都有着积极的影响。
在这门跨文化课程中，我学到了很多有关不同文化之间的差异和联系的知识。
通过课堂上的讲解和案例分析，我深入了解了不同文化之间的价值观、习俗、沟通方式等方面的差异。
这些知识对我以后在国际工作环境中的适应十分重要。
在课程中，我参与了许多跨文化交流的活动。
最令我难忘的是一次模拟商务洽谈的活动。
在这次活动中，我被分配到一个小组，和其他来自不同国家的同学一起扮演商务代表，进行模拟的跨文化商谈。
通过与来自不同文化背景的同学交流和合作，我不仅学到了如何在跨文化环境中适应和沟通，也学到了如何处理不同文化间可能出现的冲突和误解。
这个经历对我以后在跨国公司工作时的沟通和合作能力有着很大的帮助。
此外，在课程中我也学到了如何分析和理解不同文化之间的冲突。
通过对不同文化间的案例分析，我逐渐意识到文化冲突的根源往往是对方的价值观和习俗与自己的不同。
而要解决这些冲突，我们需要展示尊重和包容的态度，同时也要学会通过有效沟通解决分歧。
在这个过程中，我认识到了跨文化交流和合作不仅是一种学问，更是一种艺术，需要我们不断学习和提升。
此外，在课程中我还学到了如何在跨文化环境中进行有效的领导和管理。
在一个跨国公司中，不同国家的员工和管理层之间可能存在着文化差异和认知偏差。
作为一名领导者，我们需要学会理解和尊重不同文化的员工，同时也需要站在整个团队的角度来协调各方的利益和需求。
通过课程中的案例分析和课堂讨论，我深刻认识到了跨文化领导和管理的复杂性和挑战性。
综上所述，跨文化课程给予我很多宝贵的知识和经验。
通过参与课程中的活动和学习，我不仅深入了解了不同文化之间的差异和联系，也提升了自己的跨文化沟通和合作能力。
这将对我的个人发展和未来的职业发展起到积极的影响。
(完整版)大学跨文化交际期末总结word打印版
Chapter 1 CultureDefinitions:1 Culture is the deposit of knowledge, experience, beliefs, values, actions, attitudes, hierarchies, religions, notions of time, roles, spatial relations, concepts of the universe, and artifacts acquired by a group of people in the course of generations through individual and group striving. 文化是个人和群体在种族发展过程中所获得的知识、经验、信仰、价值观、行为、态度、阶级、宗教、时间观、角色、空间观、宇宙观和艺术品的集合。
(P12/P29)2 Cultural Identity refers to one’s sense of belonging to a particular culture or ethnic group.文化身份：认为自己归属于某一文化或民族群体的感觉。
(P19/29)3 Subculture exist within dominant cultures and are often based on economic or social class, ethnicity, race, or geographic region.指存在于主流文化中的文化，其划分通常基于经济地位、社会阶层、民族、种族或地理区域.(P23/29)4 Subgroups usually do not involve the same large number of people and are not necessarily thought of as accumulating values and patterns of behavior over generations in the same way as culture do.相对于亚文化和共文化群体，亚群体通常规模不大，也不一定有文化群体世代相传积累的价值观念和行为模式。
跨文化交际期末总结
跨文化交际期末总结一、引言跨文化交际是指涉及不同文化背景的个人或团体之间的交流与互动。
随着全球化的发展，跨文化交际的重要性日益凸显。
在这门课程中，我们学习了跨文化交际的理论知识，积累了跨文化交际的实践技巧，并且还进行了一系列的实践活动和案例分析。
在期末总结中，我将总结我在这门课程中的收获和体会，并思考如何更好地运用这些知识和技巧。
二、理论知识的学习在本门课程中，我们学习了很多有关跨文化交际的理论知识，其中包括文化的定义、文化差异的特点、文化冲突的原因以及跨文化交际的策略等。
通过学习这些理论知识，我对跨文化交际的本质和挑战有了更清晰的认识。
我意识到不同文化之间的差异是不可避免的，我们需要用包容和尊重的态度去面对这些差异，并且学会通过有效的沟通和互动来解决文化冲突。
同时，我也认识到了跨文化交际的复杂性和多样性，每个文化都有其独特的价值观和世界观，我们需要具备开放的心态去理解和倾听他人。
三、实践技巧的积累除了理论知识的学习，我们还进行了一系列的实践活动和案例分析，通过这些活动，我积累了一些跨文化交际的实践技巧。
首先，我学会了如何观察和分析文化差异。
比如，通过比较不同文化的价值观和行为规范，我能够更好地理解他人的行为和思维方式，从而减少文化冲突的发生。
其次，我学会了如何适应和融入不同文化的环境。
在和其他文化背景的人交流时，我会尽量避免采用自己的文化习惯和形式，而是尊重和接纳对方的行为方式和习惯。
最后，我还学会了如何提高跨文化交际的能力。
通过参与跨文化交际的讨论和角色扮演等活动，我提高了自己的沟通和表达能力，增强了自信心和自觉性。
四、实践活动的反思在这门课程中，我们还进行了一些实践活动。
其中最让我印象深刻的是与来自不同国家的学生进行合作的项目。
在与这些同学共同完成项目的过程中，我面临了文化差异所带来的沟通困难和理解障碍。
但通过不断的交流和协商，我学会了如何与他人合作，如何处理文化冲突，并最终取得了很好的合作成果。
跨文化交际期末汇总
Unit 1 An IntroductionTerms/questions:1.Economic globalization 经济全球化: the integration of national economies into the international economy through trade, foreign direct investment, capital flows, migration, and the spread of technology. 2．Global village 地球村: All the different parts of the world form one community linked together by electronic communications, especially the Internet.3．Melting-pot 大熔炉: a socio-cultural assimilation of people of different backgrounds and nationalities. 4．Cultural Diversity文化多样性: the mix of people from various backgrounds with a full mix of cultures and sub-cultures to which members belong.5．What are the four trends that lead to the development of the global village? (p8~9)全球化因素:1) Convenient transportation systems 便捷的交通系统2) Innovative communication systems 先进的通信系统3) Economic globalization 经济全球化4) Widespread migration 大规模移民6．The concept of cultureCulture: a learned set of shared interpretations about beliefs, values, and norms, which affect the behavior of a relatively large group of people.7．What are the three ingredients of culture?1) Artifacts: the material and spiritual products people produce.2) Behavior: what they do3) Concepts: what they think (belief, values, world views……)8．Culture iceberg文化冰山(p7)Like an iceberg what we can see about culture is just the tip of the iceberg; the majority of it is intangible, beyond sight. and the part of culture that is visible is only a small part of a much bigger who le. It is said nine-tenth of culture is below the surface.Just as an iceberg which has a visible section above the waterline and a larger invisible section below the waterline, culture has some aspects that are observable and others that can only be s uspected and imagined. Also like an iceberg, the part of culture that is visible is only a small part of a much bigger whole. It is said nine-tenth of culture is below the surface.水面上: the aspect of culture that are explicit (明确的) , visible taught (可数的)水面下: intangible (无形的) , not taught directly9．Characteristics of culture1) Culture is shared: All communications take place by means of symbols.2) Culture is learned: Culture is learned, not inherited. It derives from one’s social environment, not fromone’s genes.•Enculturation文化习得: All the activities of learning one’s culture are called enculturation.3)Culture is dynamic: culture is subject to change. It’s dynamic rather than static constantly changingand evolving and develops an increased similarity between the two cultures.•Acculturation文化适应: the process which adopts the changes brought about by another culture and develops an increased similarity between the two cultures.4) Culture is ethnocentric: the belief that your own cultural background is superior.※Ethnocentrism文化中心主义: the belief that your own cultural background is superior. 10．Communication: mean to share with or to make common, as in giving to another a part or share of your thoughts, hopes, and knowledge.11．Intercultural communication: communication between people whose cultural perception and symbol systems are distinct enough to alter their communication event.12．Components of communication1) Source交际邀请The source is the person with an idea he or she desires to communicate.2) Encoding编码Encoding is the process of putting an idea into a symbol.3) Message编码信息The term message identifies the encoded thought. Encoding is the process, the verb; the messa ge is the resulting object.4) Channel交际渠道The term channel is used technically to refer to the means by which the encoded message is transmitted.5) Noise干扰The term noise technically refers to anything that distorts the message the source encodes.6) Receiver交际接受The receiver is the person who attends to the message.7) Decoding解码Decoding is the opposite process of encoding and just as much an active process. The receiver isactively involved in the communication process by assigning meaning to the symbols received.8)Receiver response接受反应Receiver response refers to anything the receiver does after having attended to and decoded the message.9) Feedback反馈Feedback refers to that portion of the receiver response of which the source has knowledge and to which the source attends and assigns meaning.10) Context场景The final component of communication is context. Generally, context can be defined as the environment in which the communication takes place and which helps define the communication. 13．Process of communication14．Characteristics of communication1) Communication is dynamic.2) Communication is irreversible.不可逆的3) Communication is symbolic.符号性的4) Communication is systematic. 系统的5) Communication is transactional. 交互式的6) Communication is contextual. 上下文的，受语境影响的15．相关案例与题目Case 1 (p1) Case2 (p2) Exercises A B2 C E (P12~13)Unit 2~4 Verbal CommunicationTerms/questions:1. Pragmatics语用学: the study of the effect that language has on human perceptions and behavior.2. Semantics语义学: a system that associates words to meaning. It is the study of the meaning of words.3. Denotation 字面意思: the literal meaning or definition of a word --- the explicit, particular, defined meaning.4. Connotation弦外之音: the suggestive meaning of a word --- all the values, judgment, and beliefs implied by a word the historical and associative accretion of the unspoken significance behind the literal meaning.5. Taboo 禁忌语: refers to some objects, words or actions that are avoided by a particular group of people, or in certain culture for religious or social reasons.6. Euphemism委婉语: means the act of substituting a mild, indirect, or vague term for one considered harsh, blunt, or offensive.7．How is Chinese addressing different from American addressing? Form of Address (p22~23)In Chinese the surname comes first and is followed by the given name/ but in English this order is reversed. Addressing by names:In China seniority is paid respect to. Juniors are supposed to address seniors in a proper way. The use of given names is limited to husband and wife, very close friends, juniors by elders or superiors/ Nowadays, more and more English-speaking people address others by using the first name, even when people meet for the first time. (Intimacy and equality)Addressing by relationship:Chinese often extend kinship terms to people not related by blood or marriage. These terms are used after the surname to show politeness and respect/ The English equivalents of the above kinship terms are not so used. Even with relatives, Americans tend to use just the first name and leave out the term of relationship. Addressing by title, office, profession:a nother common Chinese form of address is the use of a person’s title, office, profession to indicate the person’s influe ntial status. In English, only a few occupations or titles could be used. (P24) Americans tend to regard titles as trivial unless they have a clear idea of what kind of work a person does and what his responsibilities are.8．Social Functions of Compliments (p50)Compliments have a series of social functions: creating or reinforcing solidarity, greeting people, expressing thanks or congratulations, encouraging people, softening criticism, starting a conversation, or evenovercoming embarrassment.9．相关案例与题目Unit 2 Case 1 (p17) Case2 (p17~18) Case 4 (p19) Exercises A B2 C (P32~33)Unit 3 Case 3 (p45) Exercises A B1 C (P59~60)Unit 4 Case 1 (p67) Case2 (p69) Case 4 (p19) Exercises A C (P80~81)Unit 5 Nonverbal CommunicationTerms/questions:1．Chronemics 时间学：The study of how people perceive and use time.2．Monochronic time 一元时间观念: means paying attention to and doing only one thing at a time. 3．Polychronic time 多元时间观念: means being involved with many things at once4．Proxemics 空间学: refers to the perception and use of space.5．Kinesics 肢体语言:the study of body language .6．Paralanguage 副语言: involving sounds but not word and lying between verbal and nonverbal communication.7．Nonverbal Communication, Its Study Areas (p95)1) Time language ; 2) Space language ; 3) Body language ; 4) Paralanguage8．Monochronic time VS Polychronic time (P97)Monochronic time is structured and often rigid everything is scheduled down to the minute and precautions are taken to guard against interruptions.People and cultures who run on Polychronic time multitask well. These people focus on maintainingpersonal relationships more than completing tasks.9．相关案例与题目Unit 5 Case 1 (p85) Case3 (p87) Case 6 (p90) Case 7 (p91) Exercises A B2 D E(P111~114)Unit 6 Cross-gender CommunicationTerms/questions:1．What has influenced the gender socialization? (p121)1) Family communicationParticularly between mothers and children, and recreational interaction among children2) Recreational interaction2．Gender and Sex are not synonymous. (p120)3．Differences between feminine and masculine communication cultures (p123)P123 Table 6.34．Understanding Cross-gender Communication. (p123~126)1)What counts as support?2)Tricky feedback.3)Expressing care.4)I’d rather do it myself.5．相关案例与题目Exercises A B2 (P129)Unit 7 Cultural Variations in Negotiation StylesTerms/questions:1．High-context cultures VS Low-context cultures•High-context cultures assign meaning to many of the stimuli surrounding an explicit message. Inhigh-context cultures, verbal messages have little meaning without the surrounding context, which includes the overall relationship between all the people engaged in communication.•Low-context cultures exclude many of those stimuli and focus more intensely on the objective communication event, whether it be a word, a sentence, or a physical gesture. In low-context cultures, the message itself means everything.2．相关案例与题目Case 1 (p137) Exercises A B3 (P152~153)Unit 9 Intercultural Personhood:An Integration Of Eastern and Western PerspectivesTerms/questions:1．Planetary culture 行星文化: is explored, which integrates Eastern mysticism with Western science and rationalism.2．Intercultural personhood 跨文化人格: Represents someone whose cognitive, affective, and behavioral characteristics are not limited but open to growth beyond the psychological parameters of his or her own culture.3．Theories of cultural values.Cultural values affect people’s attitudes about the form of behavior considered more appropriate and effective in a given condition.Over the years, a number of cross-cultural dimensions were developed by scholars.•Kluckhohn and S trodtbeck’s theory of value orientation.•Hofsted’s cultural dimensions4． What are the American/Chinese cultural values like in terms of cultural orientation put forward by Kluckhohn and Strodtbeck?Looking at the phenomenon of culture. They came up with five basic questions at root of any culture’s value system.1) What is the character of innate human nature?2) What is the relation of man to nature?3) What is the temporal focus of human life?4) What is the mode of human activity?5) What is the mode of human relationships?5．Hofsted’s cultural dimensions文化取向Hofsted’s work was one of the earliest attempts to use extensive statistical data to examine cultural values. He identified four dimensions that he labeled.•Individualism versus collectivism 个人/集体主义•Power distance 权利距离•Uncertainty avoidance 不确定性规避•Masculinity versus femininity 男性/女性主义6．American cultural valuesAs far as the human culture is concerned, America culture holds that it is evil but perfectible though hard work. As to the relation of human to nature, they think mankind can conquer nature. They also have a linear time concept and therefore they are future-oriented. They focus on doing and think that only actions can solve the problem. They are quite individualistic and therefore they focus less on the benefits of the group. 7．Chinese culture valuesAs far as the human culture is concerned, Chinese culture holds that it is good but corruptible without proper education. As to the relation of human to nature, they think mankind can live in harmony with nature. They also have a cyclical time concept and therefore they are past-oriented. They have a being-and-becoming attitude towards activity and think that man should keep an inner peace as nothing is eternal. They are quite collective and therefore they focus more on the benefits of the group.8．相关案例与题目Case 3 (p186) Exercises A (P198)。
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Chapter 1 CultureDefinitions:1 Culture is the deposit of knowledge, experience, beliefs, values, actions, attitudes, hierarchies, religions, notions of time, roles, spatial relations, concepts of the universe, and artifacts acquired by a group of people in the course of generations through individual and group striving. 文化是个人和群体在种族发展过程中所获得的知识、经验、信仰、价值观、行为、态度、阶级、宗教、时间观、角色、空间观、宇宙观和艺术品的集合。
(P12/P29)2 Cultural Identity refers to one’s sense of belonging to a particular culture or ethnic group.文化身份：认为自己归属于某一文化或民族群体的感觉。
(P19/29)3 Subculture exist within dominant cultures and are often based on economic or social class, ethnicity, race, or geographic region.指存在于主流文化中的文化，其划分通常基于经济地位、社会阶层、民族、种族或地理区域.(P23/29)4 Subgroups usually do not involve the same large number of people and are not necessarily thought of as accumulating values and patterns of behavior over generations in the same way as culture do.相对于亚文化和共文化群体，亚群体通常规模不大，也不一定有文化群体世代相传积累的价值观念和行为模式。
(P25/30)♦Case 2 (P8)The case reflects the similes and metaphors in the text.Culture is like an iceberg: we can identify the color of the dress worn by women in different cultures, but we do not know the values underneath.Culture is like the water a fish swims in: people wear dress of different colors for different context but they usually take it for granted and never ask why.Chapter 2 Communication and Intercultural CommunicationDefinitions:♦Sender/Source: A sender/source is the person who transmits a message.（信息发出者/信息源：信息发出者/信息源指传递信息的人。
）(P37/P60)♦Message: A message is any signal that triggers the response of a receiver.（信息：信息指引起信息接受者反应的任何信号。
）♦Encoding: It refers to the activity during which the sender must choose certain words or nonverbal methods to send an intentional message. （编码：编码指信息发出者选择言语或用非言语的方式发出有目的的信息的行为。
）♦Channel/Medium：It is the method used to deliver a message. （渠道/媒介：渠道/媒介指发送信息的方法。
）♦Receiver: A receiver is any person who notices and gives some meaning to a message.信息接受者：信息接受者指信息接收者是指注意到信息并且赋予信息某些含义的人.♦Decoding: It is the activity during which the receiver attaches meaning to the words or symbols he/she has received.（解码：解码指信息接受者赋予其收到的言语或符号信息意义的行为。
）♦Feedback: The response of a receiver to a sender’s message is called feedback.（反馈：反馈指信息接收者对信息源信息所做出的反应。
）♦Noise: It is a term used for factors that interfere with the exchange of messages, including external noise physiological noise, psychological noise and semantic noise.（干扰：干扰指妨碍信息交流的各种因素。
包括外界干扰，生理干扰，心理干扰和语义干扰。
）(P54/61)♦Context: A context is the setting or situation within which communication takes place , including physical context, social context and interpersonal context.（语境：语境指交际发生的环境，包括自然语境，社会语境和人际语境。
）♦Intercultural communication: It is the communication between people whose cultural perception and symbol system are distinct enough to alter the communication event.( 跨文化交际：跨文化交际指的是那些在文化认知和符号系统上存在差异的人们之间的交际。
这些差异足以改变整个交际事件。
) (P54/61)♦International communication: it takes place between nations and governments rather than individuals; it is quite formal and ritualized. (国际交流：国际交流是指发生在国家和政府之间而非发生在个人之间的交际；此种交际非常正式和仪式化。
) (P55)♦Interracial communication: It occurs when the sender and the receiver exchanging messages are from different races. (跨种族交际：跨种族交际是指交流信息的信息源和信息接受者来自不同的种族的交际。
)♦Interethnic communication: It is the communication between or among people from different ethnic groups in a country or culture.（跨民族交际：跨民族交际是指来自一个国家或文化内部的不同民族群体的人们之间的交际。
）(P56)♦Intracultural communication: it is defined as communication between or among members of the same culture.（文化内交际：文化内交际是指同一文化内部的成员之间的交际。
）♦Case 12 (P57)This case can reflect the problems appearing during intercultural communication and how ignoring cultural differences can affect communicationChapter 3 Culture’s Influence on PerceptionDefinitions♦Sensation: It is the neurological process by which people become aware of their environment.（感觉：感觉是人们意识到周围环境的神经过程。
) (P68/97)♦(2) Perception: It is the process by which we become aware of objects, events, and especially people and their behaviors through our various senses and involves higher-order cognition in the interpretation of the sensory information. (知觉：知觉是一种人们通过各种感觉来觉察事物、事件、人和人的行为的过程。
它是解释感觉信息更为高阶的认知过程。
) (P70/97)♦Selection: It is a process in which we screen out what we need from all the stimuli and information around us.（选择：选择是从周围选择的刺激信息中筛选出所需要的信息的过程。
) (P70/97)♦Need: Needs affect what people are more likely to attend to. (需求：需求会影响人们选择更愿意参与哪些事物）♦Organization: It is the process during which we need to organize and impose structure on what we observe in a meaningful way. （组织：组织是把从周围选择的刺激信息，以一种有意义的方式整理，组合的过程。