沙特电力规范
海湾六国能源产业发展的整体介绍
海湾六国能源产业发展报告海湾六国能源产业发展的整体介绍尽管目前全球经济危机的负面影响仍然存在，海湾六国（GCC）能源产业却保持着良好的发展趋势。
在2011年最后一个季度，海湾六国不断推出新的能源产业的发展计划。
引领此次能源产业蓬勃发展的国家当属沙特阿拉伯。
沙特宣布在未来几年，将投入超过1000亿美元用于发展太阳能和核能产业。
沙特计划于2012年推出第一个核电站建设的投标方案，并将于未来几年推出另外15个建站方案，以期达到建设16个核电站的目标。
紧随其后的是卡塔尔王国。
卡塔尔近期也宣布将投入10亿美元建设多晶硅生产线，该生产线产出的高纯度太阳能级多晶硅年产能将达到8000公吨MTPY。
该条生产线预计于2013年下半年开始投入使用。
阿拉伯联合酋长国尽管受到了金融危机的影响，仍然宣布计划投入300亿美元发展核能电网。
按照能源建设项目投资所占比例划分，从2011年9月至11月，海湾六国在石油天然气领域的承建项目占38%，水电行业建设项目占62%，如图1。
图1 海湾六国能源建设项目投资所占比例2011年9月至11月三个月期间，海湾地区能源承包建设项目资金达到75, 280亿美元。
为了调控供需产业平衡发展，海湾地区国家政府部门投入46,530亿美元进行水电基础设施建设，占海湾国家能源建设投入的62%。
其中包括沙特近期宣布的电力建设投入的3亿美元资金。
沙特的电力建设项目由沙特电力公司(SEC)负责，并委托美国电力巨头通用电力公司提供13个天然气涡轮和相关服务支持，以达到电站扩建的计划。
沙特计划未来扩建6个电站。
到2013年夏季，这些大型电力建设项目将为沙特的电网增加近800兆瓦的电力供应，以及时供应用电高峰的电力需求并减少断电的风险。
同类项目还有克塔尔电力站建设项目。
韩国Hyosung电力工业系统服务集团与卡塔尔签订了2,700亿韩元约23,300万美元的电力站建设项目，为卡塔尔建设8个电站。
韩国Hyosung电力工业系统服务集团是电力设备和电力工业领域的领头企业，该承包协议规定，韩国公司将于2013年底建成6个220千伏和2个66千伏的电力转换站。
中国南方电网自动发电控制AGC技术规范
沙特IECEE认证的管控目录
沙特IECEE认证的管控目录说起IECEE认证，我的第一反应就是国际电工委员会，因为国际电工委员会的英文缩写就是IECEE0许多电子产品的测试报告或CB证书都会有由这些字母组成的标志。
所以当时看到这个认证的名字，我真的以为是国际电工委员会。
事实上，并非如此。
目前，沙特增加了许多认证法规，如电机、灯具、制冷电器、洗衣机、热水器、水龙头的能效。
总之，各种能源效率并存。
令人眼花缭乱。
我们也会头疼。
有这么多的监管要求，我们可能会在不经意间遇到它们。
特别是沙特的ieccc认证针对的产品范围很广，基本上40%的产品都需要这个认证，那么这个认证是怎么来的呢？让我们简单分析一下这个认证的实现。
2018年2月，沙特正式宣布对部分信息技术设备和家用电器实施SIRC认证制度，这也是一项市场准入认证计划。
那么什么是SIRC呢？沙特阿拉伯给出的解释是（SIRC）。
这个认证项目主要是根据客户产品的CB证书和CB测试报告，然后由沙特标准局颁发CB证书，再由沙特标准局颁发CB证书。
CB证书适用于IECEE证书。
也就是说，如果国内客户已经有了CB,必须经过沙特标准局的批准，只能使用沙特标准局颁发的CB证书。
很多客户不明白为什么要这样切换。
其实这是可以理解的，因为各国之间存在一些差异。
那么什么是民族差异呢？世界上有200多个国家，每个国家使用的电压和频率都不一样。
有些国家用220伏，有些国家用230伏，有些国家用110伏，这是完全不同的，所以我们需要改变它。
还有，有些国家用的是50赫兹，而沙特的电源频率是60赫兹，所以会有差异。
目前，沙特不承认50Hz的工频。
沙特阿拉伯有严格的规定，不接受50赫兹的电源频率。
我们以前遇到过很多次这样的问题，就是很多客户提供的测试报告显示电源频率为50Hz,这是组织不能接受的。
必须是60赫兹。
这就是为什么SabS重新颁发CB证书，因为这些国家之间的差异。
目前，IECEE认证目录中的产品不仅包括不同的电气产品，还包括一些智能电子设备，如：。
沙特阿拉伯承包工程市场分析
际机场将建立一个新的终端。 （四） 港口
1、 发展现状
沙特拥有 8 个主要港口，183 个停泊处，设计吞吐容量 2.52 亿吨。西海岸的五个港口 分别在吉达、吉赞、Dhiba、延布地区，其他三个在达曼和朱拜勒地区。2008 年八大港口的 吞吐量为 1.55 亿吨，同比增长 10%，其中集装箱吞吐量为 465.20 万吨，同比增长 11%。
2、 政府规划
八五计划将继续发展交通设施，建立高效的交通运输体系，增强城市之间、城市与乡村 之间的联系。下一步政府会发展城市内的公路网络建设。八五计划期间，用于道路建设的投 资达 400 亿美元。另外将吸引和加强私人投资者的作用。
沙特城市和事务部推出了“市政道路计划”，该计划包括建设柏油马路及支线，并提供 相关的设施服务。2009 财年，交通部门宣布投资 30 亿美元用于 8250 公里的公路建设上。
据沙特投资总署的报告预测，2020 年以前，沙特在重大项目上的总投资将达 6900 亿美 元，主要分布在下列领域：基础建设 1400 亿美元，石油天然气 1200 亿美元，石化 900 亿美 元，电力 900 亿美元，通信和信息产业 700 亿美元，旅游 500 亿美元，农业 300 亿美元。此 外，沙特 2007 年开始在 Tabuk 和东部地区兴建两大经济城，沙特投资总署计划的工程投资 达 800 亿美元。
固定电话用户 2007 年底接近 400 万，由于手机替代固定电话是全球趋势，因此近年来 固定电话用户发展较慢。然而，由于网民对上网需求的增加，固定电话线的需求也会有一定 的增长，固定电话领域内的竞争也会越来越激烈，沙特电信公司不再是唯一的服务提供商， 美国的威瑞森(Verizon)公司、巴林有线和无线通信公司（BATELCO）、香港电讯盈科都已经 获得了固定电话服务执照，与沙特电信公司展开了竞争。美国的威瑞森(Verizon)公司将配 置电缆网，巴林有线和无线通信公司（BATELCO）、香港电讯盈科则计划通过 WiMax 修建固定 无线网络。的公路建设发展迅速，截止到 2007 年底，沙特已经建成柏油公路 5.21 万公里，乡 村和农耕便道 12.68 万公里。2008 年沙特公路运输货物达 1.52 亿吨，是仅次于管道的运输 方式。
沙特阿美工程规程SAEP-341 Equipment Life Cycle Cost Procedure
Previous Issue: 26 July 2009 Next Planned Update: 20 October 2017Page 1 of 14 Primary contact: Odan, Nabeel Mohammad on 966-3-8809506Engineering ProcedureSAEP-34120 October 2012 Equipment Life Cycle Cost Procedure Document Responsibility: Pumps, Seals & Mixers Standards CommitteeSaudi Aramco DeskTop StandardsTable of Contents1 Scope (2)2 Applicable Equipment Typesand Required LCC Data (2)3 Applicable Documents (3)4 Instructions (4)Appendix A – Calculation Methodsfor Life Cycle Cost Analysis (9)Next Planned Update: 20 October 2017 Equipment Life Cycle Cost Procedure1 ScopeThis procedure provides instructions for economically evaluating major equipmentpurchases with regards to their estimated total ownership cost (Life Cycle Cost) toSaudi Aramco over a twenty (20) years period. These costs include procurement andoperation cost (energy cost and quantifiable periodic maintenance) of the equipment.This procedure details the requirements for determining Life Cycle Costs (LCC) forpurchases of major equipment identified in Section 2. The applicable LCC analysisSpreadsheets provide a practical vehicle for performing the required calculations.2 Applicable Equipment Types and Required LCC DataNext Planned Update: 20 October 2017 Equipment Life Cycle Cost Procedure 3 Applicable Documents3.1 Saudi Aramco Materials System Specifications14-SAMSS-531Power Transformers17-SAMSS-502Induction Motors17-SAMSS-510Brushless Synchronous Generator17-SAMSS-520Synchronous Motors31-SAMSS-001Centrifugal Compressors31-SAMSS-004Centrifugal Pumps31-SAMSS-006Integrally Geared Centrifugal Compressor32-SAMSS-021Manufacture of Industrial Boilers32-SAMSS-029Manufacture of Fired Heaters3.2 Saudi Aramco Engineering StandardsSAES-F-001Design Criteria of Fired HeatersSAES-G-005Centrifugal PumpsSAES-K-402Centrifugal CompressorsSAES-P-113Large Electrical MotorsSAES-P-121Power Transformers3.3 Saudi Aramco Standards Data Sheet2741-ENG & Centrifugal Pump Data Sheet for2741-M-ENG Horizontal Pumps and Vertical In-line Pumps2748-ENG & Centrifugal Pump Data Sheet for2748-M-ENG Vertical Line Shaft Pumps8150-ENG & Packaged Integrally Geared Centrifugal8150-M-ENG Air Compressor Data SheetForm 9550-ENG Watertube Boiler Data Sheets (herein referred to asData Sheet)175-323700Manufacture of Fired Heaters3.4 Life Cycle Cost SpreadsheetsThe following spreadsheets are to be used in the analysis and are available in theForms section of the Engineering Standards website:LCC-001Centrifugal Pumps (31-SAMSS-004) *Next Planned Update: 20 October 2017 Equipment Life Cycle Cost ProcedureLCC-002Centrifugal Pump-Motor Trains (31-SAMSS-004)LCC-005Centrifugal Compressors (31-SAMSS-001) *LCC-006Centrifugal Compressor-Motor Trains(31-SAMSS-001)LCC-010Integrally Geared Centrifugal Compressor-MotorTrains (31-SAMSS-006)LCC-019Induction Motors (17-SAMSS-502) *LCC-020Synchronous Motors (17-SAMSS-520) *LCC-023Power Transformers (14-SAMSS-531)LCC-024Boilers (32-SAMSS-029)LCC-024A Dual Fuel Boilers (32-SAMSS-021)LCC-025Fired Heaters (32-SAMSS-029)LCC-025A Dual Fuel Fired Heaters (32-SAMSS-029)* These spreadsheets are to be used when buying stand-alone pumps,compressors, or motors. For equipment trains (i.e., motor driven pump train,etc.), the train work sheets are to be used.4 Instructions4.1 SAPMT Submittal of Project Equipment ListsSaudi Aramco Project Management Team (SAPMT) shall prepare and includethe following items in the project proposal documents:4.1.1 A list of the Project's equipment items that are covered by the aboveSAMSS.4.1.2 A list of equipment items subject to LCC analysis. This list is to beincluded in schedule G of the contract. A copy is to be sent toEstimating Services Division (ESD/PMOD) so that they includeadditional allowances in the ER estimate to cover the differential inequipment cost due to LCC analysis.4.1.3 A list of equipment items with long lead-time delivery that may requireexpedited SAPMT bid development.4.1.4 A list of the latest applicable energy costs obtained from FPD.Next Planned Update: 20 October 2017 Equipment Life Cycle Cost Procedure4.2 Equipment Requiring SAPMT Bid DevelopmentFor equipment requiring SAPMT bid development prior to contract award (longlead equipment), the following steps shall be implemented:4.2.1 Upon receipt of the equipment bids, SAPMT's technical evaluation shallensure that the bids contain the required data needed to perform LCCanalysis.4.2.2 SAPMT shall submit the bids technical data to CSD for review and shallhighlight the technical LCC data (i.e., power, efficiency, operatingfactor) that will be used in the LCC analysis.4.2.3 CSD shall review the technical bid data along with the LCC data elementsand provide comments, if any, to SAPMT within 10 working days.4.2.4 SAPMT shall perform the LCC analysis by utilizing the applicable LCCSpreadsheet (s) to determine the Life Cycle Cost for each acceptablevendor. Other quantifiable cost factors that may significantly impact theeconomic analysis (such as delivery dates) may be included in the LCCanalysis. Inclusions of supplementary cost factors require the priorapproval of the project manager and CSD's concurrence.4.2.5 SAPMT shall calculate the savings (S LCC) in life cycle cost according tothe following equation:S LCC = LCC LIB– LCC LV (1)where:LCC LV is the equipment life cycle cost of the vendor with the lowestoverall LCCLCC LIB is the life cycle cost of the vendor with the lowest initial bid4.2.6 Purchase Order (P/O) shall be placed with the vendor having the lowestLCC (LCC LV) if S LCC is equal to $25000 or 5% of the LIB whichever ishigher.4.2.7 After P/O placement, SAPMT shall submit a copy of the final LCCSpreadsheet(s) to Estimating Services Division (ESD/PMOD) forarchiving and to CSD for information.4.2.8 If Project Management awards to a vendor, a purchase order with apotential performance liability based on the provisions of the applicableSAMSS (penalty clause), and the purchase order is to be transferred(“novated”) to the successful LSTK contractor on the project, ProjectNext Planned Update: 20 October 2017 Equipment Life Cycle Cost Procedure Management and/or Purchasing must include provisions in the NovationAgreement that specifically describe the liability being assumed by thecontractor.4.2.9 The equipment shall be tested at the vendor facility for guaranteedefficiency if required by the applicable Saudi Aramco Materials SystemSpecification (SAMSS) and/or the Project Contract. If the equipmentdoes not meet the specified efficiency, and cannot be corrected withinthe test tolerance as specified in the SAMSS, a penalty shall be imposedon the supplier as defined in the SAMSS and the Purchase order.4.3 Equipment Not Requiring SAPMT Bid DevelopmentFor Contractor procured equipment (all non-long-lead time equipment) thefollowing steps shall be implemented:4.3.1 After evaluating the vendor submittals, the Contractor shall provide thebid technical data, required commercial data per schedule G, and theequipment site delivery date for each vendor to SAPMT for review.4.3.2 SAPMT shall review the information to determine if it contains all of therequired data needed to complete the LCC analysis and shall require theContractor to provide any missing or unacceptable data.4.3.3 SAPMT shall provide a copy of the bid technical data including the LCCdata elements (operating factor, efficiency at normal load point, etc.), toCSD for review.4.3.4 CSD shall review the technical bid data along with the LCC dataelements and provide comments to SAPMT within 10 working days.4.3.5 SAPMT shall perform the LCC analysis by utilizing the applicable LCCSpreadsheet(s) to determine the Life Cycle Cost for each acceptablevendor. Other quantifiable cost factors that may significantly impact theeconomic analysis (such as savings due to early delivery) may beconsidered for inclusion in the LCC analysis. Inclusions ofsupplementary cost factors require the prior approval of the projectmanager and CSD's concurrence.4.3.6 SAPMT shall calculate the savings (S LCC) in life cycle cost according tothe following equation:S LCC = LCC LIB– LCC LV(2)Next Planned Update: 20 October 2017 Equipment Life Cycle Cost Procedure where:LCC LV is the equipment life cycle cost of the vendor with the lowestoverall LCCLCC LIB is the life cycle cost of the vendor with the lowest initial bid4.3.7 SAPMT shall direct the contractor to place the Purchase Order (P/O)with the vendor having the lowest LCC (LCC LV) if S LCC is equal to105% or higher of the compensation to the LSTK Contractor (refer toparagraph 4.3.8).4.3.8 If the COMPANY directs the CONTRACTOR to purchase theequipment from any manufacturer technically qualified by theCONTRACTOR other than the CONTRACTOR's proposed source ofsupply, the COMPANY shall compensate the CONTRACTOR for anydifference between the total delivered equipment cost ofCONTRACTOR's proposed source of supply and that of the COMPANYdirected manufacturer.4.3.9 After P/O placement, SAPMT shall provide a copy of the final LCCSpreadsheet(s) to the Estimating Services Division (ESD/PMOD) forarchiving and to CSD for information.4.3.10 The equipment shall be tested at the vendor facility for guaranteedefficiency if required by the applicable Saudi Aramco Materials SystemSpecification (SAMSS) and/or the Project Contract. If the equipmentdoes not meet the specified efficiency, and cannot be corrected withinthe test tolerance as specified in the SAMSS, a penalty shall be imposedon the contractor as defined in the SAMSS and the Project Contract.4.4 All Direct Charge Purchases Requiring LCC AnalysisFor Direct Charge (D/C) procurement of equipment, the following steps shall beimplemented:4.4.1 The Proponent Requisition Originator shall develop the PurchaseRequisition (PR) or the Request for Quotation (RFQ) for the subjectequipment and forward it to Purchasing for bid development. If therequested equipment requires LCC analysis as specified in the applicableSAMSS, the Requisition shall clearly indicate the required LCC datawhich the bidders need to provide.4.4.2 Upon receipt of the PR or the RFQ, the Purchasing Buyer shall reviewthe indicated line items and specifications to determine if any of theNext Planned Update: 20 October 2017 Equipment Life Cycle Cost Procedure items require LCC analysis.4.4.3 Upon receipt of bids, the Buyer shall request the Proponent RequisitionOriginator to perform the technical evaluation.4.4.4 The Buyer shall obtain the latest applicable energy costs from FPD foruse in the LCC analysis.4.4.5 The Buyer shall perform the LCC analysis by utilizing the applicableLCC Spreadsheet(s) to determine the Life Cycle Cost for all technicallyand commercially acceptable vendors.4.4.6 The buyer shall calculate the savings (S LCC) in life cycle cost according tothe following equation:S LCC = LCC LIB– LCC LV(3)where:LCC LV is the equipment life cycle cost of the vendor with the lowestoverall LCC costLCC LIB is the life cycle cost of the vendor with the lowest initial bid4.4.7 Purchase Order (P/O) placement shall be with the vendor having thelowest LCC (LCC LV) if S LCC is equal to $25000 or 5% of the LIBwhichever is higher.4.4.8 If the equipment cost for the selected equipment is higher than the PR'sauthorized limit, the Requisition Originator (Proponent) shall initiate aChange Requisition to authorize these additional funds.4.4.9 After P/O placement, Buyer shall submit a copy of the final LCCSpreadsheet to Estimating Services Division (ESD/PMOD) for archivingand a copy to CSD for information.The equipment shall be tested at the vendor facility for guaranteedefficiency if required by the applicable Saudi Aramco MaterialsSpecification (SAMSS) and/or the Project Contract. If the equipmentdoes not meet the guaranteed efficiency, and cannot be corrected withinthe test tolerances allowed, a penalty shall be imposed upon the supplierin accordance with the terms and conditions specified in the applicablePurchase Order.Revision Summary13 October 2012 Major revision.Next Planned Update: 20 October 2017 Equipment Life Cycle Cost ProcedureAppendix A – Calculation Methods for Life Cycle Cost AnalysisThis section is included in this SAEP for clarification purpose only. The logic is already included in the Life Cycle Cost Spreadsheets.A.1 Centrifugal Pumps and Centrifugal CompressorsUnless otherwise approved by the Coordinator, Rotating Equipment Division,Consulting Services Department, the Life Cycle Cost (LCC) of the centrifugalpumps and centrifugal compressors is determined from the following formula:LCC = IC + OC (4)where:IC = Initial Cost, $ (Purchase order cost of all equipment being bought)OC = Present value of Operating power Cost, $, for operating period of20 years= P * EF * No. of units being boughtP = Equipment Power in kW, at normal flow rate for actual fluid.EF = Evaluation Factor ($/kW) will be shown on the data sheet and/or inthe quotation request= 11.56 * EC * AHEC = Energy Cost in $/kWhAH = Annual operating Hours= OF * 8760OF = Operating Factor= Number of Operating Units divided by the number of units beingbought.Next Planned Update: 20 October 2017 Equipment Life Cycle Cost ProcedureA.2 Electrical Motor Driven Centrifugal Pump, Electrical Motor Driven CentrifugalCompressor and Electrical Motor Driven Integrally Geared Compressor TrainsUnless otherwise approved by the Coordinator, Rotating Equipment Division,Consulting Services Department, the Life Cycle Cost (LCC) of the electricalmotor driven trains is determined from the following formula:LCC = IC + OC (5)where:IC = Initial Cost, $ (Purchase order cost of all trains being bought)OC = Present value of Operating power Cost, $, for operating period of20 years= P/(Em*EG) * EF * No. of trains being boughtP = Driven equipment Power in kW, at normal flow rate for actualfluid.Em = Motor Efficiency at normal operating load (decimal)EG = Gear Efficiency at normal operating load (decimal). If there is nogear, EG = 1EF = Evaluation Factor ($/kW) will be shown on the data sheet and/or inthe quotation request= 11.56 * EC * AHEC = Energy Cost in $/kWhAH = Annual operating Hours= OF * 8760OF = Operating Factor= Number of operating trains divided by the number of trains beingbought.Next Planned Update: 20 October 2017 Equipment Life Cycle Cost ProcedureA.3 Electrical MotorsUnless otherwise approved by the Coordinator, Electrical Systems MechanicalDivision, Consulting Services Department, the Life Cycle Cost (LCC) of theelectrical motors is determined from the following formula:LCC = IC + OC (6)where:IC = Initial Cost, $ (Purchase order cost of all motors being bought)OC = Present value of Operating power Cost, $, for operating period of20 years= RP * EF * No. of motors being boughtRP = Required Power in kW= P/EmP = Motor load in kW, at normal operating conditions.Em = Motor vendor's Guaranteed Efficiency at normal operating load(decimal)EF = Evaluation Factor ($/kW) will be shown on the data sheet and/or inthe quotation request= 11.56 * EC * AHEC = Energy Cost in $/kWhAH = Annual operating Hours= OF * 8760OF = Operating Factor= Number of operating motors divided by the number of motorsbeing bought.Next Planned Update: 20 October 2017 Equipment Life Cycle Cost ProcedureA.4 Life Cycle Cost Evaluation for Boilers and Fired HeatersUnless otherwise approved by the Coordinator, Mechanical & Civil EngineeringDivision, Consulting Services Department, the Life Cycle Cost (LCC) of theboilers and fired heaters is determined from the following formula:Single Fuel Services:LCC = IC + OC (7)where:IC = Initial Cost, $ (Purchase order cost of all units being bought)OC = Present value of Operating power Cost, $, for operating period of20 years= CF * EF * No. of units being boughtCF = Consumed Fuel (Heat Release) in MMBTU/hr= L/EFFL = Unit load (Duty) at normal condition (MMBTU/hr) provided in thedata sheet by the buyer.EFF = Unit Efficiency (decimal) at normal condition provided by vendor.EF = Evaluation Factor ($-hr / MMBTU) will be shown on the data sheetand/or in the quotation request= 11.56 * EC * AHEC = Energy Cost in $/MMBTUAH = Annual operating Hours= OF * 8760OF = Operating Factor= Number of operating units divided by the number of units beingbought. OF = 1 for process heaters since there is no standbyprocess heaters.Next Planned Update: 20 October 2017 Equipment Life Cycle Cost Procedure Dual Fuel Services:LCC = IC + OCx + OCy (8)where:IC = Initial Cost, $ (Purchase order cost of all units being bought)OCx = Present value of Operating power Cost, $, for operating period of20 years= CFx * EFx * No. of units being boughtOCy = Present value of Operating power Cost, $, for operating period of20 years= CFy * EFy * No. of units being boughtCFx = Consumed Fuel (Heat Release) in MMBTU/hr= Lx/EFFCFy = Consumed Fuel (Heat Release) in MMBTU/hr= Ly/EFFEFx = Evaluation Factor for fuel type x ($-hr / MMBTU) will be shownon the data sheet and/or in the quotation request= 11.56 * ECx * Tx / AHEFy = Evaluation Factor for fuel type y ($-hr / MMBTU) will be shownon the data sheet and/or in the quotation request= 11.56 * ECy * Ty / AHL = Unit load (Duty) at normal condition (MMBTU/hr) provided in thedata sheet by the buyer.EFF = Unit Efficiency (decimal) at normal condition provided by vendor.EC = Energy Cost in $/MMBTUAH = Annual operating Hours= OF * 8760Next Planned Update: 20 October 2017 Equipment Life Cycle Cost Procedure OF = Operating Factor= Number of Operating units divided by the number of units beingbought. OF = 1 for process heaters since there is no standbyprocess heatersNote:x & y are the types if fuel that will be provided in the data sheets by buyer.A.5 Power TransformersUnless otherwise approved by the Coordinator, Electrical Systems Division,Consulting Services Department, the Life Cycle Cost (LCC) of the powertransformers is determined from the following formula:LCC = IC + [No. of transformers being bought * (A*Li+B*Lc)] (9) where:IC = Initial Cost, $ (Purchase order cost of all transformers beingbought)A*Li = Present value of no-load loss cost in $, for operating period of20 yearsB*Lc =Present value of load loss cost in $, for operating period of 20 yearsA = No Load Loss Constant, $/kW= 11.56* E1*T1E1 = Energy Cost, $/kWhT1 = Annual operating Hours, 8760 hrLi = Manufacturer guaranteed no-load loss, kWB = Load Loss Constant, $/kW= 0.49 * ALc = Manufacturer guaranteed load loss, kWCommentary Note:The constant 11.56 is a present value factor based the formulaPV=[(1+i)n-1]/[i(1+i)n], where i is the discount rate (5.9%) expressed as adecimal number and n is the life of the motor (20 years).。
委内瑞拉电力管理规定(3篇)
第1篇一、引言电力作为国家经济发展的重要支撑，其管理体系的健全与否直接关系到国家能源安全和社会稳定。
委内瑞拉作为南美洲重要的能源大国，拥有丰富的石油和天然气资源，电力行业在其国民经济中占据着举足轻重的地位。
本文旨在分析委内瑞拉电力管理规定的现状，探讨其存在的问题，并提出相应的改进建议。
二、委内瑞拉电力管理体系概述1. 电力管理机构委内瑞拉电力管理体系主要由以下机构组成：（1）委内瑞拉国家电力公司（Corpoelec）：负责国家电力行业的规划、建设、运营和管理。
（2）国家能源委员会（CNE）：负责国家能源政策的制定、能源市场的监管以及电力行业的监管。
（3）国家电力调度中心（CENACE）：负责电力系统的调度和运行。
（4）电力监管机构：负责电力市场的监管和电力企业的监管。
2. 电力管理体制委内瑞拉电力管理体制采用垂直管理方式，即国家电力公司作为电力行业的主体，负责电力行业的全链条管理。
国家能源委员会、国家电力调度中心和电力监管机构在电力管理中发挥监督、协调和监管作用。
三、委内瑞拉电力管理规定1. 电力规划与建设（1）电力规划：国家电力公司负责编制电力发展规划，包括电力需求预测、电源建设、电网建设等方面。
（2）电力建设：电力建设遵循国家电力发展规划，实行国家投资、社会资本参与等多种方式。
2. 电力运营与调度（1）电力运营：国家电力公司负责电力生产、输电、配电、售电等环节的运营。
（2）电力调度：国家电力调度中心负责电力系统的调度和运行，确保电力供需平衡。
3. 电力市场（1）电力市场建设：国家能源委员会负责电力市场的建设，包括电力批发市场、零售市场等。
（2）电力市场竞争：鼓励电力市场竞争，提高电力行业效率。
4. 电力监管（1）电力监管机构负责电力市场的监管，包括电力价格、电力质量、电力安全等方面。
（2）电力企业监管：电力监管机构对电力企业进行监管，确保电力企业合法合规经营。
5. 电力安全（1）电力设施安全：国家电力公司负责电力设施的安全管理，确保电力设施安全可靠。
通用设备及材料标准01TMSS01R0(沙特认证)
1.0范围为沙特阿拉伯王国沙特电力公司的输电系统的使用，本规范规定了应用到所有沙特电力公司输电材料标准规范的通用要求，相应地，所有输电材料标准规范应与本规范一致。
2.0生产及现场经验设备/材料生产厂家在类似运行条件下应有至少10年的生产经验和最低5年的成功的现场经验。
设备/材料应根据工业标准进行型式和出厂试验。
对王国内部的生产厂家，10年的生产经验和5年的成功的现场经验是不够的，类似的设备/材料，生产厂家的工厂应预先是有资质的并且设备/材料应根据应用的输电材料标准规范中规定进行型式和出厂试验。
在沙特电力公司的输电行业单位（TBU）同时在TBU内部所有相关部门的自身考虑下，对新技术设备/材料，规定5年的成功的现场经验要求是不够的，必须考虑在预先有资质的情况下有最低2年的现场运行经验。
3.0准则和标准3.1投标的设备/材料应完全符合或超过此处规定的和输电材料标准规范所提的设备/材料的最低要求。
3.2此处没有涉及的项目及输电材料标准规范所提的设备/材料应遵循引用的工业准则和标准的最新版本。
3.3 投标者/承包商/生产厂家/卖方有责任了解相关输电材料标准规范所列的最新工业准则和标准的要求并且引起公司的关注，引用的工业准则和标准的最新修改或修订会影响到输电材料标准规范的技术要求。
3.4 如果投标者/承包商/生产厂家/卖方使用等效的准则和标准，在投标提议时获得TBU认可前应清楚的提出来。
等效的准则和标准应同等或优于相关输电材料标准规范的规定并且生产厂家有使用这些等效的准则和标准的丰富经验。
3.5 如果投标者/承包商/生产厂家/卖方自身有与ISO14000一致的环境管理系统，在投标提议的同时应清楚提出并且提供证书/文件证明一致性便于TBU复查和验收。
3.6 应注意的是，对投标者/承包商/生产厂家/卖方，本规范的TBU的解释与相关输电材料标准规范是合在一起的。
3.7 如果要求中有任何明显的冲突，以先前的为要：3.7.1 TBU 订购书或合同表3.7.2 输电材料标准规范所提的设备/材料3.7.3 本规范3.7.4 应用的TBU工程标准3.7.5应用的TBU建设标准3.7.6 应用的其它工业准则和标准3.8 输电材料标准规范中使用的首字母缩写词4.0 系统参数除非在TMSS相关数据表中另有规定，在典型的系统参数下设备及材料应该适合于操作，如表1 所示，并且应该满足给出的条款4.2和4.3的最低要求。
沙特阿美工程规程SAEP
Previous Issue: 15 October 2008 Next Planned Update: 15 October 2013Revised paragraphs are indicated in the right marginPage 1 of 5 Primary contact: Ghulam, Ziad Mohammad Jamil on 966-3-8745670Engineering ProcedureSAEP-134 4 March 2009 Preparation of Saudi Aramco Engineering ProceduresDocument Responsibility: Standards CoordinatorSaudi Aramco DeskTop StandardsTable of Contents1 Scope (2)2 Applicable Documents (2)3 Instructions (2)4 Responsibilities (4)Next Planned Update: 15 October 2013 Preparation of Saudi Aramco Engineering Procedures1 ScopeSaudi Aramco Engineering Procedures (SAEPs) establish instructions andresponsibilities associated with various engineering activities. This document contains the instructions to initiate, format, prepare, revise, coordinate and obtain approvals forall SAEPs.SAEPs are procedures, approved by Saudi Aramco Management, that establishminimum requirements for dealing with their associated subject material. They aremandatory and apply on a Company-wide basis.2 Applicable DocumentsThe requirements contained in the following documents apply to the extent specified in this procedure:Saudi Aramco Engineering ProceduresSAEP-301 Instructions for Establishing and MaintainingMandatory Saudi Aramco EngineeringRequirementsSAEP-302 Instructions for Obtaining a Waiver of a MandatorySaudi Aramco Engineering Requirement3 Instructions3.1 PurposeThe purpose of a SAEP is to establish and approve a systematic method orprocess of accomplishing an engineering related activity.3.2 Organization and Contents3.2.1 The content of each SAEP is to be divided and the material organizedinto a minimum of four mandatory sections:∙Scope: This section of the procedure is normally used to describe thesubject matter of the document, including the extent of itsapplication. It can also make an overall general statementencompassing the content or functional intent of the SAEP.∙Applicable Documents: This section lists all documents that arereferenced within the procedure. Do not list documents that are notreferred to.Next Planned Update: 15 October 2013 Preparation of Saudi Aramco Engineering Procedures ∙Instructions: This section provides the procedure's instructions orguidelines to be followed.∙Responsibilities: This section establishes the responsibilities,authority and approvals associated with carrying out the procedure'sinstructions.3.2.2 Additional sections may be included as necessary, depending upon thesubject matter involved. Add more sections only when it is necessary toinclude material that does not logically fit within one of the mandatorysections.3.2.3 Appendices may be included to provide information in support of themain text of the SAEP. This may include tables, charts, graphs,examples, etc. Do not include Saudi Aramco forms in the procedure.Instead, make reference to them by their form number.Identify appendices as Appendix A, B, etc., on consecutively numberedpages. Locate appendices after the last page of the last SAEP sectionand list each appendix in the Table of Contents.3.3 Deviation from Procedure RequirementsApproval to deviate from the requirements given in a SAEP shall be obtained byfollowing the waiver instructions of SAEP-302.3.4 Cancellation of SAEPCancel existing SAEPs by obtaining the signature of the procedure's ApprovalAuthority.3.5 Document NumberingDocument numbers will be assigned to SAEPs based on the following:∙Two digit numbers: Approval by Senior Vice President∙Three digit numbers: Approval by Vice President or Chief Engineer∙Four digit numbers: Approval by Department ManagerThe mechanism of determining the document number of an engineeringprocedure will be based on the safety, cost, and maintenance and operationsimpact of the procedure. It will be supported and based on the followingfundamental nature:a) If the procedure will be utilized solely by the Saudi Aramco ResponsibleNext Planned Update: 15 October 2013 Preparation of Saudi Aramco Engineering ProceduresOrganization (who develops the procedure), a four digit number will beassigned and approval shall be by the Department Manager.b) If the procedure will be utilized by other department(s) within the sameadmin. area aside from the SARO, a three digit number will be assignedand the approval shall be by the Vice President or Chief Engineer.c) If the document will be utilized by other department(s) belonging to otherbusiness line(s), a two digit number will be assigned and the approval shallbe by the Sr. Vice President of the proponent organization.Commentary Note:The Saudi Aramco Responsible Organization (SARO) should evaluate the costimplication as a result of developing a two-digit procedure.4 Responsibilities4.1 Saudi Aramco Responsible Organization (SARO)The SARO is the department responsible for the procedure. All SAEPs musthave an assigned SARO. Specific responsibilities of the SARO include:∙Determine the need for new SAEPs, and review existing SAEPs, at least once every five (5) years per SAEP-301, to determine if they are still valid.Where required, revise procedures to achieve broadest company-wideapplication, maintain overall cost-effectiveness, ensure technical adequacy,and generally keep them up-to-date.∙Determine the approval authority for the procedure.∙Determine if company-wide input is needed for procedures containing major revisions or new SAEPs.∙Forward draft documents to the Standards Coordinator to either route for BOE review or for the completion of approval, publication, and distributionprocesses per SAEP-301 paragraph 4.7(g).∙Forward all original approval copies of procedures to the StandardsCoordinator for historical filing. Include other documents judged importantenough to be kept with the document file.4.2 Board of Engineers (BOE)∙Review SAEPs as required by paragraph 4.1, ensuring they are acceptable from the technical, safety, economic and implementation standpoint.Next Planned Update: 15 October 2013 Preparation of Saudi Aramco Engineering Procedures ∙Recommend to the Approval Authority, appropriate changes to achieve an optimum balance of technical, safety, economic and implementation factors.4.3 Approval AuthorityThe Approval Authority, determined by the SARO for each procedure, shallreview each procedure to ensure that the final procedure should be approved foruse. For documents reviewed by the BOE, ensure that all major comments havebeen resolved.4.4 Standards CoordinatorThe Standards Coordinator is responsible for the administration of all SAEPs.Specific responsibilities include:∙Maintain accurate records of all approved SAEPs, including issue dates and next planned revisions. Keep historical files and copies of all SAEPs,including original document approval signatures.∙Assign document numbers to new SAEPs.∙Establish document format and content requirements. Review all SAEPs prior to final approval for conformance to these requirements.∙Forward draft SAEPs to the BOE for review, and final revised SAEPs to the document's Approval Authority.∙Approve minor editorial changes to the procedure for such things astypographical errors, organization name and title changes approved byManagement, and reference document name changes.∙Disseminate the information of all approved SAEPs per SAEP-301paragraph 4.7(g).∙Notify SARO representatives of approaching planned revision dates insufficient time to allow an orderly review and rewrite of the procedure, ifrequired.Revision Summary15 October 2008 Revised the "Next Planned Update." Reaffirmed the contents of the document, andreissued with editorial changes.4 March 2009 Editorial revision to clarify Section 3.5 (Document Numbering).。
- 1、下载文档前请自行甄别文档内容的完整性，平台不提供额外的编辑、内容补充、找答案等附加服务。
- 2、"仅部分预览"的文档,不可在线预览部分如存在完整性等问题,可反馈申请退款(可完整预览的文档不适用该条件!)。
- 3、如文档侵犯您的权益，请联系客服反馈,我们会尽快为您处理(人工客服工作时间：9:00-18:30)。
沙特电力公司《沙特电力公司（SEC）配电材料规范》01-SDMS-01第01修订版《所有设备/材料总体要求规范》本规范属沙特电力公司的版权所有，并无须通知，可进行修改或修订。
目录1．0范围2．0规范与标准3．0系统参数4．0服务条件5．0表面保护层6．0检查与测试7．0包装与运输8．0单证要求9．0担保10．0例外与偏差1．0范围本《规范》阐述了适用于所有“沙特电力公司配电站使用材料规范（SDMSs）”的总要求。
因此，“沙特电力公司配电站使用材料规范（SDMSs）”，均须参照本规范要求。
2．0规范与标准2．1投标的设备与材料，应完全符合或超过本《规范》里规定的最小要求以及上述设备/材料的SDMSs 的要求。
2．2凡未包含在本规范内的其他项目以及所有分配材料规范（SDMSs）的设备和材料，应符合列举的最新工业规范和标准。
2．3制造商/经销商有责任了解列于SDMSs内的最新行业规范与标准，并引起沙特电力公司注意，以及可能影响SDMSs的技术要求的，最新的最新行业规范与标准修订版。
2．4如果制造商/经销商采用同等的规范与标准，他应在其投标建议书里，清楚地进行说明，并且在制造之前，得到沙特电力公司的批准。
同等的规范与标准，应等同于或比SDMSs的规定更好。
制造商应具有采用同等的规范和标准的广泛经验。
同等的规范和标准的副本及与规定的规范和标准，应提供给沙特电力公司进行评估和验收。
2．5请注意，本沙特电力公司对本《规范》与SDMSs的解读理解，对于制造商/经销商具有约束力。
2．6如果这些要求中，有明显的冲突，则优先次序如下：2．6．1沙特电力公司采购单或合同明细表（如有）2．6．2上述设备/材料的SDMSs2．6．3其他适用的行业规范和标准2．7用于各个SDMSs里所采用的下列缩写词：SDMS ：沙特电力公司配电站材料规范SASO ：沙特阿拉伯标准化组织EU ：欧洲标准ACI ：美国混凝土学会AISC ：美国钢结构学会ANSI ：美国国家标准学会API ：美国石油组织ASCE ：美国土木工程师协会ASME ：美国机械工程师协会ASTM ：美国材料实验协会AWPA ：美国木材防腐协会AWS ：美国焊接学会BS ：英国标准协会EIA ：电子工业联合会ICEA ：绝缘电缆工程师协会IEC ：国际电工委员会IEEE ：电气和电子工程师协会NEC ：国家电气规范NEMA ：国家电气制造商协会NESC ：国家电力安全规范OSHA ：职业安全与卫生条理管理局（美国）UL ：美国工业安全实验室UPC ：统一管子规范3．0 除非在SDMSs中另有规定，设备/材料应适用于在下列表格中的典型系统参数之下运行：3．1 正常系统的电压与特别系统的电压，列表如下：正常系统的电压特别系统的电压公称系统电压最高运行电压公称系统电压最高运行电压33KV 36KV 34.5KV 38KV13. 8KV 15.2KV 11KV 38KV220/380V 231/400 V 277/480 V 291/504 V127/220 V 133/231 V注：设备额定应为最高电压值。
计算差错和分析应依据最高电压。
3．2所有设备的设计系统频率为60赫兹。
3. 3 漏电距离：3．3．1 户外安装所有户外母线/绝缘体根据公称电压，线对线，应具有如下最小漏电距离：a. 干燥地区（内陆），为25毫米/KVb. 潮湿地区（沿海），为40毫米/KV3．2．2 室内安装3．3 绝缘水平：注：干燥/潮湿功频耐压值：干燥1分钟与潮湿10秒钟。
附注：1．外绝缘参见暴露在空气中的设备绝缘；经常受气候条件影响，如污染和潮湿。
外绝缘进一步分类为两类：i. 很容易受天气辐射，污染，潮湿，沙尘和其他此类的奇异天气影响的室外绝缘；ii. 安装在建筑物内或建筑物外面，但安装在封闭箱内，如电缆盒，接线盒等，不受户外极端天气影响的室内绝缘；iii. IP xx，保护指数应按照本《规范》的有关材料规格。
2．内绝缘参见浸没在电介质中的设备绝缘，如绝缘流体，或压缩成固体的电介质，以及非暴露在天气条件。
3．4短路水平：除非在SDMSs中另有规定，最小短路水平如下：33/34.5KV ：25KA11/13.8 ：21KA380V ：20KA220V ：25KA3．5中性点安排除非在SDMSs中另有规定，对于系统低电压，应牢固接地；对于中等系统电压，应该牢固接地或低电阻。
4．服务条件除非在SDMSs中另有规定，在通常的服务条件下，在沙特别阿拉伯的内陆，沙漠或沿海地区，设备/材料应适用于在下列标准额定值运行：4.1平均海拔纬度以上（MSL）：1000米内（通常）4.2周围环境温度（户外）最小：-5摄氏度最大：55摄氏度最热月份的月平均值：40摄氏度年平均：30摄氏度4．3 周围环境温度（室内）：带空调的建筑物：25摄氏度没有空调的建筑物：40摄氏度4．4 周边地面温度：40摄氏度4．5 最大相对湿度：100%4．6 由于太阳辐射而外露表面的温度：75摄氏度4．7 土壤抗热性1米和1米以下： 2.00C.m/W4.8 最大地震频率/严重程度：2区（美国建筑规范）4．9 土壤条件-总则：腐蚀；扩散盐沉积4．10 地表水台面水平：随着深处到接近地面而变化4．11 土壤PH值：7.0-8.54.12 盐浓度（典型）：硫酸盐（SO3），按重量：0-10%氯化物(NaCI)，按重量：0-5%4．13 污染水平：在任意6个期间相等的盐沉淀密度（ESDD）：0.3至0.5mg/cm2大气中的平均硫化氢：40 Mg/cm3土壤盐份0到140 g/cm3（0到100000ppm）4．14 年平均降雨量：150mm4.15 最大风速：150km/h4．16 夏季月份大致的最高密度太阳辐射平均值: 1.00kW/ m24.17 天气雷雨水平:（平均/最大/1000米以上）：10/15/50风暴天数/年4．18 除非在SDMSs中另有规定，所有设备/材料与附件的设计，根据上述（室内或室外或地面）服务条件应能达到满意运行/性能。
4．19 所有户外设备套盒/材料，应为防水型，所有金属部件，应为防锈蚀与耐磨损并且保护程度，根据（国际电工委员会）IEC529或同等的（国际电气制造业协会）NEMA标准，应为IP54。
所有室内设备的保护程度，根据IEC529或同等的NEMA（国际电气制造业协会）标准，应为IP41。
5．保护外覆层除非另有规定，设备/材料应进行热蘸镀锌或采用镀锌与喷漆相结合的方式（双结合方式）防腐蚀。
对需要采用双结合的方式的，应在SDMS中予以明确与阐述清楚。
5．1镀锌除非在SDMS中或有关标准图纸中另有规定，热蘸镀锌应符合下列标准：5．1．1ASTM（美国材料实验协会）A 123 -“钢结构”。
镀锌层的最小平均厚度为0.086毫米（相当于610克/平方米）。
5．1．2ASTM（美国材料实验协会）A 123 -“五金构件，绝缘帽顶与紧固件（螺栓，螺母和垫圈）”。
五金构件/绝缘帽顶镀锌层的最小平均厚度为0.086毫米（610克/平方米）。
螺栓，螺母和垫圈镀锌层的最小平均厚度为：a. 对于直径大于9.52毫米的紧固件，为0.053毫米（381克/平方米）。
b. 对于直径等于与小于9.52毫米的紧固件，为0.043毫米（305克/平方米）。
5．1．3镀锌厚度应根据制造商关于其他设备，如电路断路器，断路开关等的标准。
5．2喷漆5．2．1喷漆应采用统一的油漆，由底漆，中间漆层（按照需要，喷涂基底上）与顶层漆，形成最佳的保护和装饰表层，以防止因热带气候条件造成的锈蚀，风尘，砂，盐份，高湿度和温度变化。
5．2．2对于用于配电站或配电网络，颜色应采用水泥灰色Munsell 第5.0 BG 7.0/0.4 或者RAL7033，应分别符合BS （英国标准）381C/2600 或ASTM（美国材料实验协会）D 1535的要求。
除非在SDMS中另有规定。
5．2．3制造商的标准喷漆系统只要能够达到下列沙特电力公司的喷漆性能要求，是可以接受的。
a. 喷漆层应能够维持到设备/材料的整个使用寿命期间或至少10年期限。
b. 喷漆层应能够在其安装位置上抵御紫外线或阳光直接辐射，并且颜色不发生变化。
c. 在喷漆后的设备/材料进行磨损实验时，不出现喷漆层穿透到底层现象。
d. 在喷漆后的设备/材料进行冲击实验时，不得出现喷漆层的破裂现象或出现从基底的脱裂。
e. 在喷漆后的设备/材料按照ASTM（美国材料实验协会）B-117，进行喷盐1000小时的实验时，不得出现喷漆层的热泡，软化或脱裂。
不出现超过1.0毫米的划痕锈蚀，按照ASTM（美国材料实验协会）D 1654表1的标准，相当于8级品级。
在设备/材料用水洗过，并干燥24小时后，按照ASTM（美国材料实验协会）D3359的标准，采用方法B进行黏结性实验。
黏结性级别为5B；其切口边缘完全光滑平整，格子方块不出现脱裂，只要在1.0毫米以内的划痕。
g.在喷漆后的设备/材料进行抗湿实验时，设备/材料不得出现热泡，软化或喷漆层的脱裂。
5．3双结合方式5．3．1设备/材料防腐蚀的双结合保护方式，是采用热蘸镀锌与喷漆相结合。
制造商在得到沙特电力公司的事先同意后，可在沿海地区50公里范围内，采用这一防止腐蚀的方法。
5．3．2双结合保护方式被认为具有至少30年及以上的使用寿命。
5．3．3该喷漆方法由一层底漆，中间漆层与面层漆层组成。
镀锌层厚度，为按照ASTM （美国材料实验协会）123的标准厚度；油漆厚度，按照制造商的建议，并得到沙特电力公司的同意。
5．3．4如果承包商采用该方法，则应将油漆方法和程序的完整详细的申请资料，提交沙特电力公司进行审核与批准。
5．4地下材料除非另有规定，制造商/经销商，除了上述规定方法以外，应提出有关防腐保护的适当方法，以提交地下安装材料申请，给沙特电力公司审核和批准。
6检验与实验6．1沙特电力公司根据需要，有权对设备/材料在工厂进行检验，看是否符合采购定单的条款条件，以对上述文件与SDMS所要求的测试，加以见证。
6．2沙特电力公司可向制造商索要关于制造过程的各种证明与数据资料。
6．3为了允许沙特电力公司或其指定的代表到现场进行检验与测试，制造商/经销商应至少提前30天时间发出通知，表明即将进行设备/材料检验的意图。
如果要进行长时间的实验过程，制造商/经销商与沙特电力公司或其指定的代表，双方应就开始进行实验的实际日期，达成一致。
6．4在制造商接受沙特电力公司或其指定代表的“货运证明发放”之前，任何设备/材料不得发运到公司。
任何设备/材料的运送之前，均须发放货运证明；即使沙特电力公司或其指定代表不对制造商的设备进行检验或监察。
6．5货运证明的发放，并不表示沙特电力公司，放弃对在沙特电力公司的接受设备上进行接受检验，以及如果不符合采购定单和规范，而拒绝设备/材料的权利。