商业银行信贷风险管理外文文献翻译中文3000多字
商业银行信贷风险管理外文文献翻译中文3000多字
商业银行信贷风险管理外文文献翻译中文3000多字Credit risk management is a XXX business。
financing ns。
payment and settlement。
and other XXX。
credit XXX risk factor for commercial banks。
XXX such as life risk and uncertainty.Effective credit risk management is essential for commercial banks to minimize the impact of credit losses。
This involves identifying and assessing potential risks。
XXX strategies。
XXX。
By doing so。
commercial banks XXX the potential for credit losses.One of the key components of credit risk management iscredit analysis。
This involves evaluating the orthiness of borrowers to determine the likelihood of default。
Credit analysis XXX's financial history。
credit score。
collateral。
XXX credit analysis。
commercial banks can make informed lending ns and minimize the risk of default.Another important aspect of credit risk management is credit XXX can also help commercial banks XXX.In n。
商业银行信贷风险管理外文翻译
文献信息：文献标题：Credit Risk Management Strategies and Their Impact on Performance of Commercial Banks in Kenya（信贷风险管理策略及其对肯尼亚商业银行绩效的影响）国外作者：Samuel Warui Mutua，Muoni Gekara文献出处：《Imperial Journal of Interdisciplinary Research》,2017, 3(4):1896-1904字数统计：英文2891单词，15678字符；中文4915汉字外文文献：Credit Risk Management Strategies and Their Impact on Performance of Commercial Banks in Kenya Abstract Credit risk management strategies are amongst the most critical factors to consider for any financial institution involved in any lending activity. Financial institutions have often find themselves making decisions between lending to potential borrowers thus effectively growing their balance sheets and effectively increasing their returns and being cautious in lending to caution themselves against any potential losses. Specifically, the research sought to examine credit risk management strategies and their impact on performance of commercial banks in Kenya. The research was guided by the liquidity theory of credit, portfolio theory, credit risk theory and the tax theory of credit.The research was based on a descriptive design which involves describing the current state of affairs by use of data collected through questionnaires and interviews. The research was focused on selected Tier III commercial banks in Kenya namely Consolidated Bank, African Banking Corporation and Credit Bank with reference to the loans department. The sampled population consists of 62 staff members from loans department of Consolidated Bank, African Banking Corporation and CreditBank. Primary data was collectedthrough the use of closed ended questionnaires, pick and drop procedure was used to collect data through use of the registered offices of the targeted loans departments of the target banks. Data analysis was done both quantitatively using tables and charts; this was then summarized, coded, tabulated and analyzed using both descriptive statistics and measures of variability with aid of SPSS package. Tables and graphs were used to present the data collected for ease of understanding and analysis. From the findings, the study concludes that credit risk management strategies including credit risk rating risks, credit approval risks, portfolio management risks and security perfection risks positively affect performance of commercial banks in Kenya.Key words: Credit risk management practices, commercial banks1.IntroductionCredit risk refers to the potential for loss as a resultof failure of counter party to meet their obligations of paying the financial institution according to the agreed terms. Credit exposures may arise from both banking and trading books. Management of credit risks requires a framework of well set out policies and procedures covering measurement and management of the credit risk (Barth et al, 2004).While financial institutions have faced difficulties over the years for a multitude of reasons, the major cause of serious banking problems continues to be directly related to lax credit standards for borrowers and counterparties, poor portfolio risk management, or a lack of attention to changes in economic or other circumstances that can lead to a deterioration in the credit standing of a bank’s counterparties. This experience is common in both the developed and developing countries.For most banks, loans are the largest and most obvious source of credit risk; however, other sources of credit risk exist throughout the activities of a bank,including in the banking book and in the trading book, and both on and off the balance sheet. Banks are increasingly facing credit risk (or counterparty risk) in various financial instruments other thanloans, including acceptances, interbank transactions, trade financing, foreign exchange transactions, financial futures, swaps,bonds, equities, options, and in the extension of commitments and guarantees, and the settlement of transactions.Each bank should develop a credit risk strategy or plan that establishes the objectives guiding thebank’s credit-granting activities and adopt the necessary policies and procedures for conducting such activities. The credit risk strategy, as well as significant credit risk policies, should be approved and periodically (at least annually) reviewed by the board of directors. The board needs to recognize thatthe strategy and policies must cover the many activities of the bank in which credit exposure is a significant risk (Haron et al, 2007).Credit Management is a financial management aspect that includes credit underwriting that encompasses analysis, approval, security perfection, portfolio management and debt recovery. Nzotta (2004) indicated that credit management directly influences the success or failures of financial institution involved in lending activities. He indicated that on the hindsight of lending being directly proportionalto the quantum of deposits received from the public, any unwise credit underwriting would translateto loss of depositors’ funds and losses to the financial institutions thereof.According to a report by Earnest and Young of 2013 on the banking environment in East Africa, it is reported that banks in Kenya, Tanzania, Uganda and Rwanda recorded growth rates in asset book of 16%, 14%, 13% and 12% respectively. This was on the advent of introduction of credit bureaus that was expected to improve on credit underwriting by improving decision making by 89% and effectively help reduce Non Performing portfolios across the board by 94%. Between the year 2009 and 2013, banks in Tanzania grew their CAGR by 17.5% with loans and advances outpacing overall asset growth which grew by 22.5% over the same period. In Uganda, the CAGR of banks grew by 13% whilst the growth in Rwanda was 12% in an economy that grew by 4.6%. In the period under review high loan provisioning occasioned by aggressive pursuit by various players to grow their balance sheets withouta simultaneous enhanced credit underwriting amongst other factors was highlighted as a reason high provisions were witnessed.Josiah Aduda and James Gitonga (2011) carried out a research on the relationship between credit risk management and profitability among the commercial banks in Kenya. They found out that a strong relationship does exist between credit management and profitability and that most banks held to this belief. Gatuhu (2011) conducted a research on the effect of financial performance of credit management on the financial performance of microfinance institutions in Kenya. Gatuhu found that there existed a strong relationship between credit appraisal of microfinance institutions, credit risk control and collection policy and the overall performance of microfinance institutions in Kenya. The period commencing second half of the year 2015 to the first half of 2016 witnessed particularly difficult times for the banking industry in Kenya with 3 out the then existing 43 commercial banks going under or being placed under statutory management. These were influenced by in one way directly or indirectly to issues revolving around weak credit management strategies.2.Statement of the ProblemThe main objective of any institution involved in money lending is to ensure that a healthy return is realized adequate to cover for all the risks assumedin addition to covering the foregone time value for money. In trying to attain this objective, prudence must be exercised to en sure that unnecessaryrisk isn’t taken that would most probably lead to unprecedented losses. It is for this reason that various institutions involved in money lending are guided by various frameworks to ensure care is exercised in making such decisions.There is an extensive literature on the managementof credit risk in commercial banks. Kealhofer (2003) did a research study on risk-adjusted performance measures in commercial banks. The measures, however, focus on risk-return trade-off, i.e. measuring the risk inherent in each activity and charge it accordingly for the capital required to support it. Greuning and Bratanovic (2003), studied sound credit granting process; maintaining an appropriate credit administration that involves monitoring process as well as adequate controls over credit risk.Clear established process for approving new credits and extending the existingcredits has been observed to be very important while managing credit risk (Heffernan, 2003). Mwirigi, (2006) didan assessment of the credit risk management techniques adopted by various MFIs in Kenya and ascertained that a considerable number of them had credit policies to enable them make informed credit decisions that stroke a balance between businessandrisk perspectives. Ndwiga, (2010) and Chege, (2010) both did a research to ascertain the relationship between credit risk management and the financial performance of MFIs in Kenya.There is no known study that has been done on strategic credit policies for risk management, thus knowledge gap. This study aims at establishing the credit risk management used by commercial banks and how they affect performance of the commercial banks. This research study is motivated to bridge the gap by investigating credit risk management strategies employed by commercial banks, especially Tier III banks in Kenya and how this impacts on their financial performance. In the commercial banks, management of credit risk has caused bank losses in developing countries, including Kenya. Effective credit risk management system minimizes the credit risk, hence the level of loan losses.3.Theoretical Review3.1.Liquidity Theory of CreditThis theory, first proposed by (Emery, 2009), proposes that credit rationed firms use more trade credit than those with normal access to financial institutions. The central point of this notion is that when a firm is financially inhibited the offer of trade credit can make up for the decline of credit offer from lending institutions.Inaccordwith thisview,those firms presenting good liquidity or better access to capital markets can finance those that are credit rationed. Several methodologies have tried to obtain empirical confirmation in order to support this assumption. Nielsen (2012), using small firms as proxy for credit rationed firms, firms find that when there is liquidity tightening in the economy, to ensure their sustainability, they are obligated to advance credit terms to their customers. As financially liberal firms are less likely to seek trade credit terms and more likely toextend the same, a negative relation between a buyers’ access to other sources of financing and trade credit is expected. (Petersen & Rajan, 2007) obtained evidence supporting this negative relation.3.2.Portfolio TheoryPortfolio theory of investment tries to optimize the expected portfolio return for a given proportion of portfolio risk or equivalently decrease the risk for a given level of anticipated return, by carefully choosing the mixed proportions of several assets. Portfolio theory is extensively used in practice in the financial sector and several of its inventors won a Nobel Prize for the same. In modern years the basic portfolio theory has been widely criticized by fields such as behavioral economics (Markowitz, 1952). Portfolio theory was devel oped in 1950’s all through to the early 1970’s and was considered a vital progression in the mathematical modeling of finance. Many theoretical and practical criticisms have since been developed against the same. This include the fact that financial returns do not follow a Gaussian distribution or indeed any symmetric distribution and those correlations between asset classes (Sproul, 1998)3.3.Tax Theory of CreditThe rationale of whether or not to accept a trade credit is based on the ability to access other sources of finances. A buyer is obliged to compare different financing options to find out which will be the most economically viable for them in making cost savings. In any business deal, payment may be on the spot or deferred to a date in the future, in which case a deferred cost element is attached to it in the form of interest. Thus, to find the best sources of funding, the buyer ought to investigate the real cost of borrowing. (Brick and Fung, 1984) suggest that, the tax effect should be considered in order to compare the trade credit cost with the cost of other financing options. The main reason for this is that if sellers and buyers are in different tax brackets, they have different costs of borrowing as their interests are tax allowable. The autho rs’ hypothesis is that; businesses in a high tax bracket tend to advance more trade credit thanthosein low brackets. Subsequently, only buyers in a low tax bracket than the seller will accept credit terms, since those in a higher tax brackets couldborrow more cheaply and directly from a financial organization. Another assumption is that businesses associated with a given sector and placed in a tax bracket below the specific sector average; cannot benefit from offering trade credit. Thus, (Brick and Fung 1984) propose that firms can’t use and offer trade credit.3.4.Credit Risk TheoryUntil barely the 1970s’, Credit risk had not been widely studied, although people have been facing credit risk ever since the very early times. Before 1974, early literature on credit risk used traditional actuarial methods of assessing the same, whosemajor challenge lies in their extensive dependence on historical data. Up to now there are three quantitative approaches of analyzing credit risk: structural approach, reduced form appraisal and incomplete information approach (Crosbie et al, 2003). Melton 1974, presented the credit risk theory else called the structural theory; which said the default event originates from a firm’s asset development displayed by a diffusion process with constant parameters.Such models are ordinarily defined as ‘Structural model’ and based on variables connected to a particular issuer. An evolution of this grouping is characterized by asset of models where the loss provisional on default is exogenously precise. In these models, the nonpayment can happenthroughout all the life of a corporate bond and not only at maturity (Longstaff and Schwartz, 1995).4.MethodologyThe study used descriptive research designAccording to Oso and Onen (2009) prior to carrying out the study there is need to determine the respondents, the data collection procedures, tools and instruments which would aid in data collection. According to Kothari, 2007. It involves describing the current state of affairs by use of data collected through questionnaires and interviews. Descriptive research design is qualitative whose main purpose is description of the state of affairs as it exists.Descriptive research seeks to establish factors associated with certain occurrences, outcomes, conditions or types of behavior. A complete set of people, events or objects from which the study seeks to generalize the results is known aspopulation (Mugenda, 2009). The study will concentrate on the 20 Tier III Commercial Banks Licensed by Central Bank of Kenya.Stratified sampling technique will be used in the collectionofsampleswherethe20TierIIIcommercial banks will be stratified into three categories which are; Government owned, Local Investors owned and Foreign Investor owned, further into male and female, also a mix of Experienced Managers, Senior Officers and Junior Credit officers, out of which 62 Employees will be selected to participate in the study. Purposive sampling will also be used so as to include Heads of Credit Units and also ensure all key credit operational areas are covered in the sample.In this study, a population consists of 62 staff from loans department of Consolidated Bank, African Banking Corporation and Credit Bank.The main tool for data collection in this study was a questionnaire. A closed ended questionnaire was preferred. The questions were designed based on Likert scale which allowed the respondentsto express their view on the study variables. According to Kothari (2007) open - ended questions allow respondents to give answers in their own way, whilst Closed - ended questions or forced choice questions provide an assortment of alternative answers from which the respondent is constrained to choose.The data collected was analyzed and interpretations drawn based on the analysis. Descriptive statistics was used in the analysis of quantitative data. The statistical tool for the analysis was the statistical package for the social sciences (SPSS) Version 20, which was used to analyze the data whereby the questionnaires would be coded and frequency distributions and percentages run.5.ConclusionsThey have a positive significant relationship on performance of commercial banksin Kenya. Sound credit rating mechanism is perceived as a great contributor towards the performance of credit facilities in commercial banks. This by and large affects the performance of the banks as a whole since the banks’ profitability are hinged on its credit services. There needs to be frequent credit trainings to improve onstaff competencies to ensure they are always kept abreast with developments in the industry to ensure appropriate credit underwriting is always done, this will inturn ensure, proper segmentation and accounts review is also done with an aim to ensure the credit element in a bank is well covered.There is need for inclusion of collateral appraisal. Since the credit approval risks are in turn influenced by therisk appetite of various commercial banks, a matrix acceptable to all banks based on factors such as capital strength and customer bases should be developed to ensure that an institution doesn’t necessarily take up risks that is too high that might impairably damage their overall financial strength and health should any unprecedented shocks materialize due to the risks taken by a bank.There is however need to review the provision requirementsas detailed by the Prudential Guidelines (PGs) to realign the same with the evolving banking environment which has seen a significant shift since the PGs were last reviewed. An all-inclusive forumto realign the provision requirement should be held between all the relevant stakeholders including the regulator (CBK) and the Commercial banks to arrive at ideal reviewed rates in line with the evolved banking environment.There is however need for Tier III banks to be more risk averse to unsecured lending and opt for asset backed lending. This is more so influencedby the fact that their balance sheets are relatively smaller which makes them unable to withstand shocks that may emanate from provisioning that would be occasionedby higherrequirements toprovision forthe unsecured borrowings or weakly secured exposures.中文译文：信贷风险管理策略及其对肯尼亚商业银行绩效的影响摘要信用风险管理策略是所有参与贷款活动的金融机构最重要的考虑因素之一。
美国次贷危机对我国商业银行外文文献翻译 (2)
商业银行风险管理Arunkumar Dr. G. Kotreshwar1.序言1.1个风险管理银行业的未来无疑将十分关注风险管理动态，只有行之有效的风险管理系统银行才能在未来的市场中长期生存。
信用风险管理对于经融机构全面风险管理来说是一项重要的、长期的、行之有效的风险管理，由于银行对其本质业务的继承，所以信用风险是其最老、最大的风险管理。
只不过由于各种原因在不久之前获得了重大发展。
其中最要的是在全球范围内一时兴起的经济自由化。
印度也不由自主的走向了这个经济自由化，从而加剧了从内部到外部的国家经济竞争。
无论在数量上还是体制上都导致了市场的动荡，这就导致了风险的多样性。
前期成功的信贷风险管理是一个所涉及的风险信贷，银行风险中定量的每一项投资组合作为组合信用风险。
信用风险管理的基础是建立一个框架，这个框架规定了企业优先级别、信贷批准流程、信用风险评级系统，经过风险调整定价系统，贷款审查机制和全面的报告系统。
1.2研究的意义：单个银行的基本贷款业务给整个银行系统带来了麻烦。
因此，我们必须让银行系统有足够的个别项目的信用评估，评估风险以及整合行业为一个整体。
一般来说，印度各银行通过传统的提案项目融资工具进行评估，计算最大的允许范围，评估管理功能和顶级的处方的行业风险。
由于银行业进行到一个高性能的世界融资和交易中，新的风险，需要的是更加复杂和多样性的系统为风险评估、监测和控制风险敞口。
因此，它是银行管理层装备完全应对需求的创建工具和系统能够评估、监控和风险敞口采用的科学方法。
信用风险，即违约的借款人偿还贷款，至今为止仍是重要的风险管理。
信用风险的支配地位甚至能反映组成的经济资本，银行必须警惕身边有各种针对性的风险。
就统计，信贷风险需要占到70%，剩下的30%是另外两个之间共享的主要风险，即市场风险（变化的市场价格和运营风险失败、内部控制等）质量借款人能够直接进入资本市场而无需通过债务途径。
因此，现在相对较小的借款人贷款途径更加开放。
外文翻译---商业银行的风险管理：一个分析的过程
毕业论文外文翻译 外文来源Commercial Bank Risk Management: An Analysis of the Process 中文译文商业银行表外业务风险控制2014年 3 月 15 日部 （系） 商 学 部 专 业 金 融 学 姓 名 学 号 指导老师Commercial Bank Risk Management: An Analysis ofthe ProcessRui HeTrends and issues in Commercial Bank Risk ManagementAbstractThroughout the past year, on-site visits to financial service firms were conducted to review and evaluate their financial risk management systems. The commercial banking analysis covered a number of North American super-regionals and quasi±money-center institutions as well as several firms outside the U.S. The information obtained covered both the philosophy and practice of financial risk management. This article outlines the results of this investigation. It reports the state of risk management techniques in the industry. It reports the standard of practice and evaluates how and why it is conducted in the particular way chosen. In addition, critiques are offered where appropriate. We discuss the problems which the industry finds most difficult to address, shortcomings of the current methodology used to analyze risk, and the elements that are missing in the current procedures of risk management.1. . IntroductionThe past decade has seen dramatic losses in the banking industry. Firms that had been performing well suddenly announced large losses due to credit exposures that turned sour, interest rate positions taken, or derivative exposures that may or may not have been assumed to hedge balance sheet risk. In response to this, commercial banks have almost universally embarked upon an upgrading of their risk management and control systems.Coincidental to this activity, and in part because of our recognition of theindustry's vulnerability to financial risk, the Wharton Financial Institutions Center, with the support of the Sloan Foundation, has been involved in an analysis of financial risk management processes in the financial sector. Through the past academic year, on-site visits were conducted to review and evaluate the risk management systems and the process of risk evaluation that is in place. In the banking sector, system evaluation was conducted covering many of North America's super-regionals and quasi±money-center commercial banks, as well as a number of major investment banking firms. These results were then presented to a much wider array of banking firms for reaction and verification. The purpose of the present article is to outline the findings of this investigation. It reports the state of risk management techniques in the industry—questions asked, questions answered, and questions left unaddressed by respondents. This report can not recite a litany of the approaches used within the industry, nor can it offer an evaluation of each and every approach. Rather, it reports the standard of practice and evaluates how and why it is conducted in the particular way chosen. But, even the best practice employed within the industry is not good enough in some areas. Accordingly, critiques also will be offered where appropriate. The article concludes with a list of questions that are currently unanswered, or answered imprecisely in the current practice employed by this group of relatively sophisticated banks. Here, we discuss the problems which the industry finds most difficult to address, shortcomings of the current methodology used to analyze risk, and the elements that are missing in the current procedures of risk management and risk control.2. What type of risk is being considered?Commercial banks are in the risk business. In the process of providing financial services, they assume various kinds of financial risks. Over the last decade our understanding of the place of commercial banks within the financial sector has improved substantially. Over this time, much has been written on the role of commercial banks in the financial sector, both in the academic literature and in the financial press. These arguments will be neither reviewed nor enumerated here.Suffice it to say that market participants seek the services of these financial institutions because of their ability to provide market knowledge, transaction efficiency and funding capability. In performing these roles, they generally act as a principal in the transaction. As such, they use their own balance sheet to facilitate the transaction and to absorb the risks associated with it.To be sure, there are activities performed by banking firms which do not have direct balance sheet implications. These services include agency and advisory activities such as(1) trust and investment management;(2) private and public placements through ``best efforts'' or facilitating contracts;(3) standard underwriting through Section 20 Subsidiaries of the holding company;(4) the packaging, securitizing, distributing, and servicing of loans in the areas of consumer and real estate debt primarily.These items are absent from the traditional financial statement because the latter rely on generally accepted accounting procedures rather than a true economic balance sheet. Nonetheless, the overwhelming majority of the risks facing the banking firm are on-balance-sheet businesses. It is in this area that the discussion of risk management and of the necessary procedures for risk management and control has centered. Accordingly, it is here that our review of risk management procedures will concentrate.3. What kinds of risks are being absorbed?The risks contained in the bank's principal activities, i.e., those involving its own balance sheet and its basic business of lending and borrowing, are not all borne by the bank itself. In many instances the institution will eliminate or mitigate the financial risk associated with a transaction by proper business practices; in others, it will shift the risk to other parties through a combination of pricing and product design.The banking industry recognizes that an institution need not engage in business in amanner that unnecessarily imposes risk upon it; nor should it absorb risk that canbe efficiently transferred to other participants. Rather, it should only manage risks at the firm level that are more efficiently managed there than by the market itself or by their owners in their own portfolios. In short, it should accept only those risks that are uniquely a part of the bank's array of services. Elsewhere (Old field and Santomero, 1997) it has been argued that risks facing all financial institutions can be segmented into three separable types, from a management perspective. These are:1. risks that can be eliminated or avoided by simple business practices;2. risks that can be transferred to other participants;3. risks that must be actively managed at the firm level.In the first of these cases, the practice of risk avoidance involves actions to reduce the chances of idiosyncratic losses from standard banking activity by eliminating risks that are superˉuous to the institution's business purpose. Common risk-avoidance practices here include at least three types of actions. The standardization of process, contracts, and procedures to prevent inefficient or incorrect financial decisions is the first of these. The construction of portfolios that benefit from diversification across borrowers and that reduce the effects of any one loss experience is another. The implementation of incentive compatible contracts with the institution's management to require that employees be held accountable is the third. In each case, the goal is to rid the firm of risks that are not essential to the financial service provided, or to absorb only an optimal quantity of a particular kind of risk.There are also some risks that can be eliminated, or at least substantially reduced through the technique of risk transfer. Markets exist for many of the risks borne by the banking firm. Interest rate risk can be transferred by interest rate products such as swaps or other derivatives. Borrowing terms can be altered to effect a change in their duration.Finally, the bank can buy or sell financial claims to diversify or concentrate the risks that result from servicing its client base. To the extent that the financial risks of the assets created by the firm are understood by the market, these assets can be sold at their fair value. Unless the institution has a comparative advantage in managing the attendant risk and/or a desire for the embedded risk which they contain, there is noreason for the bank to absorb such risks, rather than transfer them.However, there are two classes of assets or activities where the risk inherent in the activity must and should be absorbed at the bank level. In these cases, good reasons exist for using firm resources to manage bank level risk. The first of these includes financial assets or activities where the nature of the embedded risk may be complex and difficult to communicate to third parties. This is the case when the bank holds complex and proprietary assets that have thin, if not nonexistent, secondary markets. Communication in such cases may be more difficult or expensive than hedging the underlying risk. Moreover, revealing information about the customer may give competitors an undue advantage. The second case includes proprietary positions that are accepted because of their risks, and their expected return. Here, risk positions that are central to the bank's business purpose are absorbed because they are the raison of the firm. Credit risk inherent in the lending activity is a clear case in point, as is market risk for the trading desk of banks active in certain markets. In all such circumstances, risk is absorbed and needs to be monitored and managed efficiently by the institution. Only then will the firm systematically achieve its financial performance goal.4. How are these risks managed?In light of the above, what are the necessary procedures that must be in place in order to carry out adequate risk management? In essence, what techniques are employed to both limit and manage the different types of risk, and how are they implemented in each area of risk control? It is to these questions that we now turn. After reviewing the procedures employed by leading firms, an approach emerges from an examination of large-scale risk management systems. The management of the banking firm relies on a sequence of steps to implement a risk management system. These can be seen as containing the following four parts:1. standards and reports,2. position limits or rules,3. investment guidelines or strategies, and4. incentive contracts and compensation.In general, these tools are established to measure exposure, define procedures to manage these exposures, limit individual positions to acceptable levels, and encourage decision makers to manage risk in a manner that is consistent with the firm's goals and objectives. To see how each of these four parts of basic risk-management techniques achieves these ends, we elaborate on each part of the process below. In section 4 we illustrate how these techniques are applied to manage each of the specific risks facing the banking community.1.Standards and reports.The first of these risk-management techniques involves two different conceptual activities, i.e., standard setting and financial reporting. They are listed together because they are the sine qua non of any risk system. Underwriting standards, risk categorizations, and standards of review are all traditional tools of risk management and control. Consistent evaluation and rating of exposures of various types are essential to an understanding of the risks in the portfolio, and the extent to which these risks must be mitigated or absorbed.The standardization of financial reporting is the next ingredient. Obviously, outside audits, regulatory reports, and rating agency evaluations are essential for investors to gauge asset quality and firm-level risk. These reports have long been standardized, for better or worse. However, the need here goes beyond public reports and audited statements to the need for management information on asset quality and risk posture. Such internal reports need similar standardization and much more frequent reporting intervals, with daily or weekly reports substituting for the quarterly GAAP periodicity.2.Position limits and rules.A second technique for internal control of active management is the use of position limits, and/or minimum standards for participation. In terms of the latter, the domain of risk taking is restricted to only those assets or counterparties that pass some prespecified quality standard. Then, even for those investments that are eligible, limits are imposed to cover exposures to counterparties, credits, and overall positionconcentrations relative to various types of risks. While such limits are costly to establish and administer, their imposition restricts the risk that can be assumed by anyone individual, and therefore by the organization as a whole. In general, each person who can commit capital will have a well-defined limit. This applies to traders, lenders ,and portfolio managers. Summary reports show limits as well as current exposure by business unit on a periodic basis. In large organizations with thousands of positions maintained, accurate and timely reporting is difficult, but even more essential.3.Investment guidelines and strategies.Investment guidelines and recommended positions for the immediate future are the third technique commonly in use. Here, strategies are outlined in terms of concentrations and commitments to particular aras of the market, the extent of desired asset-liability mismatching or exposure, and the need to hedge against systematic risk of a particular type.4.Incentives schemes.To the extent that management can enter incentive compatible contracts with line managers and make compensation related to the risks borne by these individuals, then the need for elaborate and costly controls is lessened. However, such incentive contracts require accurate position valuation and proper internal control systems.商业银行的风险管理：一个分析的过程何瑞商业银行风险管理和相关问题摘要在过去一年里,我们通过现场参观金融服务公司来进行审查和评估其金融风险管理系统。
商业银行信贷风险管理研究论文
本科生毕业论文商业银行信贷风险管理研究Research on credit risk management of commercial bank学生姓名专业工商管理教学点申请学位工商管理本科学位指导教师职称副教授答辩时间年月日目录摘要................................................................................................... I II abstract ................................................................................................. I V一、导言 (1)二、商业银行风险概述 (1)1、信用风险涵义 (1).2、信用风险造成原因 (1)1、市场风险的含义 (2)2、市场风险的内容 (2)（三）、流动性风险 (2)1、流动性风险的含义 (2)2、流动性风险的成因 (2)（四）操作风险 (2)1、操作风险定义 (2)2、操作风险的内容 (2)三、商业银行信贷风险成因分析 (3)（一）、商业银行内部信贷风险管理水平不高 (3)（二）商业银行内部监督机制不健全 (3)（三）商业银行盈利压力和同业间的恶性竞争 (3)（四）、不良贷款清收乏力 (3)四、商业银行信贷风险隐患 (4)（一）、单户大额贷款清收难度大 (4)（二）行业风险加剧 (4)(三) 抵押物贬值 (4)（四）保证人贷款保证流于形式 (4)（五）贷款人员人为风险 (5)（六）公务员职业道德风险 (5)（七）、关系贷款仍然存在 (5)五、完善我国商业银行贷款风险防范建议 (5)（一）、树立风险管理的经营理念 (5)1、不断增强商业银行对风险的认识水平 (5)（二）建立合理的商业银行组织结构 (6)1、建立一个良好的信息传输机制 (6)2、建立扁平化的组织结构 (6)3、建立对应部门统一来管理各种信息 (6)（三）健全内部控制制度 (6)1、建议建立有效的贷款审查组织构架 (6)2、明确职能范围和目标 (6)3、加强内部控制与监督 (6)4、确立科学的考核办法 (7)六、结束语 (7)参考文献： (8)鸣谢................................................................................................. - 9 -摘要商业银行最着重关注与棘手的问题，是银行信贷业务所带来的风险以及其控制，自美国于2008年爆发的次贷危机，造成我国商业银行资产质量疲态，国有商业银行信用风险暴露不充分，面临风险加大趋势，中国加入世贸厚，伴随改革开放程度加深，国内商业银行更多的受到国际因素冲击，承受更多内外风险，我国商业银行信贷风险问题突出导致商业银行经营风险加大，影响国内经济金融稳定发展，外加国有商业银行信贷风险管理体制存在缺陷，导致金融抑制现象长期伴随国内经济生活现实之中，因此我国商业银行信贷风险防范策略研究既有理论探讨价值,又有实际现实意义。
商业银行风险管理中英文对照外文翻译文献
商业银行风险管理中英文对照外文翻译文献(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)“RISK MANAGEMENT IN COMMERCIAL BANKS”(A CASE STUDY OF PUBLIC AND PRIVATE SECTOR BANKS) - ABSTRACT ONLY1. PREAMBLE:1.1 Risk Management:The future of banking will undoubtedly rest on risk management dynamics. Only those banks that have efficient risk management system will survive in the market in the long run. The effective management of credit risk is a critical component of comprehensive risk management essential for long-term success of a banking institution. Credit risk is the oldest and biggest risk that bank, by virtue of its very nature of business, inherits. This has however, acquired a greater significance in the recent past for various reasons. Foremost among them is the wind of economic liberalization that is blowing across the globe. India is no exception to this swing towards market driven economy. Competition from within and outside the country has intensified. This has resulted in multiplicity of risks both in number and volume resulting in volatile markets. A precursor to successful management of credit risk is a clear understanding about risks involved in lending, quantifications of risks within each item of the portfolio and reaching a conclusion as to the likely composite credit risk profile of a bank.The corner stone of credit risk management is the establishment of a framework that defines corporate priorities, loan approval process, credit risk rating system, risk-adjusted pricing system, loan-review mechanism and comprehensive reporting system.1.2 Significance of the study:The fundamental business of lending has brought trouble to individual banks and entire banking system. It is, therefore, imperative that the banks are adequate systems for credit assessment of individual projects and evaluating risk associated therewith as well as the industry as a whole. Generally, Banks in India evaluate a proposal through the traditional tools of project financing, computing maximum permissible limits, assessing management capabilities and prescribing a ceiling for an industry exposure. As banks move in to a new high powered world of financial operations and trading, with new risks, the need is felt for more sophisticated and versatile instruments for risk assessment, monitoring and controlling risk exposures. It is, therefore, time that banks managements equip themselves fully to grapple with the demands of creating tools and systems capable of assessing, monitoring and controlling risk exposures in a more scientific manner.Credit Risk, that is, default by the borrower to repay lent money, remains the most important risk to manage till date. The predominance of credit risk is even reflected in the composition of economic capital, which banks are required to keep a side for protection against various risks. According to one estimate, Credit Risk takes about 70% and 30%remaining is shared between the other two primary risks, namely Market risk (change in the market price and operational risk i.e., failure of internal controls, etc.). Quality borrowers (Tier-I borrowers) were able to access the capital market directly without going through the debt route. Hence, the credit route is now more open to lesser mortals (Tier-II borrowers).With margin levels going down, banks are unable to absorb the level of loan losses. There has been very little effort to develop a method where risks could be identified and measured. Most of the banks have developed internal rating systems for their borrowers, but there hasbeen very little study to compare such ratings with the final asset classification and also to fine-tune the rating system. Also risks peculiar to each industry are not identified and evaluated openly. Data collection is regular driven. Data on industry-wise, region-wise lending, industry-wise rehabilitated loan, can provide an insight into the future course to be adopted.Better and effective strategic credit risk management process is a better way to Manage portfolio credit risk. The process provides a framework to ensure consistency between strategy and implementation that reduces potential volatility in earnings and maximize shareholders wealth. Beyond and over riding the specifics of risk modeling issues, the challenge is moving towards improved credit risk management lies in addressing banks’readiness and openness to accept change to a more transparent system, to rapidly metamorphosing markets, to more effective and efficient ways of operating and to meet market requirements and increased answerability to stake holders.There is a need for Strategic approach to Credit Risk Management (CRM) in Indian Commercial Banks, particularly in view of;(1) Higher NPAs level in comparison with global benchmark(2) RBI’ s stipulation about dividend distribution by the banks(3) Revised NPAs level and CAR norms(4) New Basel Capital Accord (Basel –II) revolutionAccording to the study conducted by ICRA Limited, the gross NPAs as a proportion of total advances for Indian Banks was 9.40 percent for financial year 2003 and 10.60 percent for financial year 20021. The value of the gross NPAs as ratio for financial year 2003 for the global benchmark banks was as low as 2.26 percent. Net NPAs as a proportion of net advances of Indian banks was 4.33 percent for financial year 2003 and 5.39 percent for financial year 2002. As against this, the value of net NPAs ratio for financial year 2003 for the global benchmark banks was 0.37 percent. Further, it was found that, the total advances of the banking sector to the commercial and agricultural sectors stood at Rs.8,00,000 crore. Of this, Rs.75,000 crore, or 9.40 percent of the total advances is bad and doubtful debt. The size of the NPAs portfolio in the Indian banking industry is close to Rs.1,00,000 crore which is around 6 percent of India’ s GDP2.The RBI has recently announced that the banks should not pay dividends at more than 33.33 percent of their net profit. It has further provided that the banks having NPA levels less than 3 percent and having Capital Adequacy Reserve Ratio (CARR) of more than 11 percent for the last two years will only be eligible to declare dividends without the permission from RBI3. This step is for strengthening the balance sheet of all the banks in the country. The banks should provide sufficient provisions from their profits so as to bring down the net NPAs level to 3 percent of their advances.NPAs are the primary indicators of credit risk. Capital Adequacy Ratio (CAR) is another measure of credit risk. CAR is supposed to act as a buffer against credit loss, which isset at 9 percent under the RBI stipulation4. With a view to moving towards International best practices and to ensure greater transparency, it has been decided to adopt the ’ 90 days’ ‘ over due’ norm for identification of NPAs from the year ending March 31, 2004.The New Basel Capital Accord is scheduled to be implemented by the end of 2006. All the banking supervisors may have to join the Accord. Even the domestic banks in addition to internationally active banks may have to conform to the Accord principles in the coming decades. The RBI as the regulator of the Indian banking industry has shown keen interest in strengthening the system, and the individual banks have responded in good measure in orienting themselves towards global best practices.1.3 Credit Risk Management(CRM) dynamics:The world over, credit risk has proved to be the most critical of all risks faced by a banking institution. A study of bank failures in New England found that, of the 62 banks in existence before 1984, which failed from 1989 to 1992, in 58 cases it was observed that loans and advances were not being repaid in time 5 . This signifies the role of credit risk management and therefore it forms the basis of present research analysis.Researchers and risk management practitioners have constantly tried to improve on current techniques and in recent years, enormous strides have been made in the art and science of credit risk measurement and management6. Much of the progress in this field has resulted form the limitations of traditional approaches to credit risk management and with the current Bank for International Settlement’ (BIS) regulatory model. Even in banks which regularly fine-tune credit policies and streamline credit processes, it is a real challenge for credit risk managers to correctly identify pockets of risk concentration, quantify extent of risk carried, identify opportunities for diversification and balance the risk-return trade-off in their credit portfolio.The two distinct dimensions of credit risk management can readily be identified as preventive measures and curative measures. Preventive measures include risk assessment, risk measurement and risk pricing, early warning system to pick early signals of future defaults and better credit portfolio diversification. The curative measures, on the other hand, aim at minimizing post-sanction loan losses through such steps as securitization, derivative trading, risk sharing, legal enforcement etc. It is widely believed that an ounce of prevention is worth a pound of cure. Therefore, the focus of the study is on preventive measures in tune with the norms prescribed by New Basel Capital Accord.The study also intends to throw some light on the two most significant developments impacting the fundamentals of credit risk management practices of banking industry – New Basel Capital Accord and Risk Based Supervision. Apart from highlighting the salient features of credit risk management prescriptions under New Basel Accord, attempts are made to codify the response of Indian banking professionals to various proposals under the accord. Similarly, RBI proposed Risk Based Supervision (RBS) is examined to capture its direction and implementation problems。
中小商业银行信贷风险管理体系研究英文资料
Establishing an Effective Credit Risk Management System for Small andMedium-sized Commercial Banks Small and medium-sized commercial banks play a crucial role in stimulating economic growth by providing credit to small businesses and individuals. However, lending involves inherent risks, and poor management of credit risk can lead to significant financial losses. In order to establish an effective credit risk management system, small and medium-sized commercial banks should focus on the following key areas:1. Risk Identification and Assessment: Banks should conduct a comprehensive analysis of potential credit risks, including borrower-specific risks, industry risks, economic risks, and structural risks. This analysis should be conducted on a regular basis, and the results should be used to develop a risk profile for each borrower.2. Risk Mitigation: After identifying potential credit risks, banks should take steps to mitigate these risks. This may involve setting appropriate lending limits, insisting oncollateral, or requiring personal guarantees. It's importantto strike a balance between risk management and profitability.3. Credit Monitoring and Control: Banks should closely monitor the borrower's credit status throughout the life ofthe loan. They should also have systems in place to immediately identify any changes to the borrower's financial situation that could increase the risk of default.4. Credit Documentation and Administration: Banks should maintain accurate and up-to-date documentation of each loan. They should also establish clear policies and procedures for approving, disbursing, and servicing loans.5. Staff Training and Education: Finally, banks should provide ongoing training and education to their staff to ensure that they have the knowledge and skills required to identify, assess, and manage credit risk effectively.By focusing on these key areas, small and medium-sized commercial banks can establish an effective credit risk management system that will help them to mitigate credit risk, while still providing much-needed credit to small businesses and individuals. This, in turn, will support economic growth and development in their communities.。
银行信用风险外文文献翻译
Interim Measures on Information Disclosure of Commercial BanksOrder No.6 of the People's Bank of ChinaMay 15, 2002Chapter I General ProvisionsArticle 1 These rules are formulated on the basis of "Law on the People's bank of China of the People's Republic of China" and "Commercial Banking Law of the People's Bank of China", which aim to strengthen market discipline of commercial banks, standardize information disclosure of commercial banks, effectively safeguard legitimate interests of depositors and other stakeholders and promote safe, sound and efficient operation of commercial banks.Article 2 These rules are to be applied to commercial banks that are established legally within the territory of the People's Republic of China, including domestic commercial banks, wholly foreign funded banks, joint venture banks and branches of foreign banks. Article 3 Commercial banks should disclose information according to these rules, which are the minimum requirements for commercial banks' information disclosure. While abiding by these rules, commercial banks can disclose more information than what has been required by these rules at their own discretion.In addition to these rules, listed commercial banks should also conform to relevant information disclosure rules published by regulatory body of the securities industry. Article 4 Information disclosure of commercial banks should be proceeded consistent with laws and regulations, the uniform domestic accounting rules and relevant rules of the PBC. Article 5 Commercial banks should disclose information in a standardized fashion, while ensuring authenticity, accuracy, integrity and comparability.Article 6 Annual financial statements disclosed by commercial banks should be subject to auditing by accounting firms that are certified to be engaged in finance-related auditing. Article 7 The People's Bank of China is to supervise commercial banks' information disclosure according to relevant laws and regulations.Chapter II Information to be DisclosedArticle 8 Commercial banks should disclose financial statements, and information on risk management, corporate governance and big events of the year according to these rules. Article 9 Commercial banks' financial statements should include accounting report, annex and notes to this report and description of financial position.Article 10 Accounting report disclosed by commercial banks should include balance sheet, statement of income (profit and loss account), statement of owner's equity and other additional charts.Article 11 Commercial banks should indicate inconsistence between the basis of preparation and the basic preconditions of accounting in their notes to the accounting report.Article 12 Commercial banks should explain in their notes to the accounting report the important policy of accounting and accounting estimates, including: Accounting standards, accounting year, reporting currency, accounting basis and valuation principles; Type and scope of loans; Accounting rules for investment; Scope and method of provisions against asset losses; Principle and method of income recognition; Valuation method for financial derivatives; Conversion method for foreign currency business and accounting report; Preparation method for consolidated accounting report; Valuation and depreciation method for fixed assets; Valuation method and amortization policy for intangible assets; Amortization policy for long-term deferred expenses; Accounting practice for income tax. Article 13 Commercial banks should indicate in their notes to the accounting report crucial changes of accounting policy and estimates, contingent items and post-balance sheet items, transfer and sale of important assets.Article 14 Commercial banks should indicate in their annex and notes to the accounting report the total volume of related party transactions and major related party transactions. Major related party transactions refer to those with trading volume exceeding 30 million yuan or 1% of total net assets of the commercial bank.Article 15 Commercial banks should indicate in their notes to the accounting report detailed breakdown of key categories in the accounting report, including:(1) Due from banks by the breakdown of domestic and overseas markets.(2) Interbank lending by the breakdown of domestic and overseas markets.(3) Outstanding balance of loans at the beginning and the end of the accounting year by the breakdown of credibility loans, committed loans, collateralized loans and pledged loans.(4) Non-performing loans at the beginning and end of the accounting year resulted from the risk-based loan classification.(5) Provisions for loan losses at the beginning and the end of the accounting year, new provisions, returned provisions and write-offs in the accounting year. General provisions, specific provisions and special provisions should be disclosed separately.(6) Outstanding balance and changes of interest receivables.(7) Investment at the beginning and the end of the accounting year by instruments.(8) Interbank borrowing in domestic and overseas markets.(9) Calculation, outstanding balance and changes of interest payables.(10) Year-end outstanding balance and other details of off-balance sheet categories, including bank acceptance bills, external guarantees, letters of guarantee for financing purposes, letters of guarantee for non-financing purposes, loan commitments, letters ofcredit (spot), letters of credit (forward), financial futures, financial options, etc.(11) Other key categories.Article 16 Commercial banks should disclose in their notes to the accounting report status of capital adequacy, including total value of risk assets, amount and structure of net capital, core capital adequacy ratio and capital adequacy ratio.Article 17 Commercial banks should disclose auditing report provided by the appointed accounting firms.Article 18 Description of financial position should cover the general performance of the bank, generation and distribution of profit and other events that have substantial impact on financial position and performance of the bank.Article 19 Commercial banks should disclose following risks and risk management details: (1) Credit risk. Commercial banks should disclose status of credit risk management, credit exposure, credit quality and earnings, including business operations that generate credit risks, policy of credit risk management and control, organizational structure and division of labor in credit risk management, procedure and methods of classification of asset risks, distribution and concentration of credit risks, maturity analysis of over-due loans, restructuring of loans and return of assets.(2) Liquidity risk. Commercial banks should disclose relevant parameters that can represent their status of liquidity, analyze factors affecting liquidity and indicate their strategy of liquidity management.(3) Market risk. Commercial banks should disclose risks brought by changes of interest rates and exchange rate on the market, analyzing impacts of such changes on profitability and financial positions of the bank and indicating their strategy of market risk management.(4) Operation risk. Commercial banks should disclose risks brought by flaws and mistakes of internal procedures, staff and system or by external shocks and indicate the integrity, rationality and effectiveness of their internal control mechanism.(5) Other risks. Other risks that may bring severe negative impact to the bank.Article 20 Commercial banks should disclose following information on corporate governance:(1) Shareholders' meeting during the year.(2) Members of the board of directors and its work performance.(3) Members of the board of supervisors and its work performance.(4) Members of the senior management and their profiles.(5) Layout of branches and function departments.Article 21 Chronicle of events disclosed by commercial banks in the year should at least include the following contents:(1) Names of the ten biggest shareholders and changes during the year.(2) Increase or decrease of registered capital, splitting up and merger.(3) Other important information that is necessary for the general public to know.Article 22 Information of foreign bank branches is to be collected and disclosed by the primary reporting branch.Foreign bank branches don't need to disclose information that is only mandated and required for disclosure by institutions with legal person status.Foreign bank branches should translate into Chinese and disclose the summary of information disclosed by their head offices.Article 23 Commercial banks need not disclose information of unimportant categories. However, if the omission or misreporting of certain categories or information may chan ge or affect the assessment or judge of the information users, commercial banks should regarded the categories as key information categories and disclose them.Chapter III Management of Information DisclosureArticle 24 Commercial banks should prepare in Chinese their annual reports with all the information to be disclosed and publish them within 4 month after the end of each accounting year. If they are not able to disclose such information on time due to special factors, they should apply to the People's Bank of China for delay of disclosure at least 15 days in advance.Article 25 Commercial banks should submit their annual reports to the People's Bank of China prior to disclosure.Article 26 Commercial banks should make sure that their shareholders and stakeholders could obtain the annual reports on a timely basis.Commercial banks should put their annual reports in their major operation venue, so as to ensure such reports are readily available for the general public to read and check. The PBC encourage commercial banks to disclose main contents of their annual reports to the public through media.Article 27 Boards of directors in commercial banks are responsible for the information disclosure. If there is no board of directors in the bank, the president (head) of the bank should assume such a responsibility.Boards of directors and presidents (heads) of commercial banks should ensure the authenticity, accuracy and integrity of the disclosed information and take legal responsibility for their commitments.Article 28 Commercial banks and their involved staff that provide financial statements with false information or concealing important facts should be punished according to the " Rules on Punishment of Financial Irregularities".Accounting firms and involved staff that provide false auditing report should be punished according to the "Interim Measures on Finance-related Auditing Business by AccountingFirms".Chapter IV Supplementary ProvisionsArticle 29 Commercial banks with total assets below RMB 1 billion or with total deposits below RMB 500 million are exempted from the compulsory information disclosure. However, the People's Bank of China encourages such commercial banks to disclose information according to these rules.Article 30 The People's Bank of China is responsible for the interpretation of these rules. Article 31 These rules shall enter into force as of the date of promulgation and are to be applied to all commercial banks except city commercial banks.City commercial banks should adopt these rules gradually from January 1, 2003 to January 1, 2006.中国人民银行令[2002]第6号2002年5月15日第一章总则第一条为加强商业银行的市场约束，规范商业银行的信息披露行为，有效维护存款人和相关利益人的合法权益，促进商业银行安全、稳健、高效运行，依据《中华人民共和国中国人民银行法》、《中华人民共和国商业银行法》等法律法规，制定本办法。
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文献出处：Cornett M, Strahan P. The credit risk management of commercial banks [J]. Journal of Financial Economics, 2015, 101(2): 297-312.原文The credit risk management of commercial banksCornett M, Strahan PAbstractCredit risk is one of the most usual ones which any commercial banks may encounter during their operation. Credit risks of commercial banks not only cause losses which result in bankruptcy but also cause the most serious issues of financial and economic crisis of one nation. Referring to credit risk management of Vietnam commercial bank system，the capability of credit risks management of Vietnam commercial banks is still low; The rate of bad debt in the entire system is still much higher than international standards. Take this situation in consideration together with referring to a great number of documentations, I have studied credit risk management of the three typical commercial bank in Vietnam and analyzed and evaluated the remaining issues in the process of credit risk control by these banks and offer some relevant solutions to the entire system of domestic banks. In credit risk management, I shall focus mainly on unscientific features in econometrics methods of credit risk management issued by commercial banks in Vietnam，which is inclusive of combination of unclear mathematic method and class analysis one to calculate credit risks. Due to the fact that credit risk management after disbursement by most of commercial banks is still weak, it is quite needed to study management after disbursement, particularize the method of identifying credit asset debt, build five-class classification, carry out actual management of credit asset and base on tendency of bad debt to offer solutions for every time period. In conclusion, what motioned herein comes from credit risk management in consideration of prevention, calculation, change and solution as well as risk management institutions.Key words: Risk, credit risk, commercial bank credit.1 Commercial bank credit risk management theoryAlthough Banks have a long history, but the theoretical analysis of credit risk is a relatively short history. By kea ton (Keeton, 1979), stag Ritz and Weiss (Mr. Weiss, 1981) development and formation of the "incomplete information credit rationing models on the market", it is pointed out that the credit market credit risk not only the two typical forms of...Adverse selection and moral hazard, and demonstrates the root of the credit risk, information asymmetry caused by the principal-agent relationship, lead to the emergence of credit rationing. Credit risk management refers to the commercial Banks through the scientific method of various subjective factors could lead to credit losses effectively forecast, analysis, prevention, control and processing. In order to reduce the credit risk, reduce the credit losses and improve the quality of credit, to enhance the capacity of the commercial bank risk control and loss compensation ability of a credit management activity. Depth understanding of credit risk management from the following four to grasp. One is the basis of credit risk management is according to the characteristics of credit requirements, not against the objective law of credit; The second is the credit risk management is scientific, modernization, standardization, quantitative and comprehensive; Three is the credit risk management method is mainly credit risk analysis, risk identification, risk measurement, risk control and risk management; Four is the credit risk management goal is to reduce risk, reduce loss, enhance the ability of commercial Banks operating risk.In order to guarantee bank loans will not be against its customers, to customers, companies, enterprises, such as different customer types before they are allowed to make loans to consider some problems. Also the question bank standard of 5 cabaña will select credit analysis of 5 c as a measure of the basic elements of corporate credit risk:1.1 QualityThe debtor to meet its debt obligations will, is the first indicator of evaluate the credit quality of the debtor. Regarding the quality of the wholesale banking, measure, or can be based on the reputation of the company management/owner eventually andcompany strategy.1.2 AbilityThe debtor's solvency, include the trend of the vision of the industry, the sustainable development of the company; the financial data mainly embodied in the current ratio and quick ratio. The stability of the corporate cash income directly determines its solvency and probability of default.1.3 CapitalRefers to the capital structure of the debtor or quotas, which indicates that the background of the customer may repay debt, such as debt ratio) or the net value of fixed assets and other financial indicators, etc.Shadow of the company's capital structure financing strategy: equity financing and debt financing.1.4 EnvironmentCompany locates the environment and the adaptability to the environment. Including solvent could affect the debtor's political, economic and market environment, such as the dong to rise and cancel the export tax rebate. As the "green credit, supported by more and more countries and companies, sustainable risk also be incorporated into the environmental risk considerations.1.5 MortgageRepayment of the debt of other potential resources and the resources provided by the additional security. Refuse or insolvent debtor can be used as mortgage/collateral assets, for no credit record (such as trading for the first time) or credit record disputed the debtor2 The commercial bank credit risk management processIn order to effective credit risk management, commercial Banks should grasp the basic application of credit risk management. In general, the credit risk management process can be divided into credit credit risk identification, risk estimate and credit risk handling three phases:2.1 Credit risk identificationCredit risk identification is before in all kinds of credit risk, the risk types and to determine the cause of occurrence of a risk, analysis, in order to achieve the credit riskmeasurement and processing. Credit risk identification is a qualitative analysis of the risk, is the first step of credit risk management, which is the basis for the rest of the credit risk management. Customer rating system and credit risk classification of the two dimensional rating system is constitute the important content of risk identification. This chapter will make detailed description of the two parts. Before the credit investigation is the commercial bank credit risk identification is the most basic steps, bank loans to the customer before must know the borrowing needs of the clients and purpose. Credit investigation before the concrete has the following contents: understand the purpose of credit, credit purpose including: type, in line with the needs of the business purpose and credit product mix and match the borrower repayment source of credit and credit term and effective mortgage guarantee/warranty or other intangible support.2.2 Credit risk estimateCredit risk estimation is the possibility of Banks in credit risk and the fact that the risk to evaluate the extent of the losses caused by measurement. Its basic requirements: it is estimated that some expected risk the possibility of credit; 2 it is to measure some credit risk fact may cause the loss of the scale. Objective that is both a difficult problem, but such as is not an appraisal, can't the quantitative corresponding countermeasures to prevent and eliminate. With the development of risk management techniques, in the financial markets open, Vietnam's financial regulators and commercial Banks also pay more and more attention to the risk of quantitative, in credit rating and have a certain progress in capital adequacy.Before Banks to make loans to customers, Banks must also understand the purpose of the customer, more understand the usage of loan customers, whether it is feasible, from now on, find a way to manage future loans to avoid the violation of the customer. As a result, Banks should use the loan examination and approval way to deal with.2.3 The processing of credit riskCredit risk after processing is that the Banks in the recognition and valuation risk, the effective measures taken by different for different size of loan risk take differentprocessing method, make the credit risk is reduced to the lowest degree. Risk treatment methods mainly include: risk transfer refers to the bank assumes the credit risk on to others in some way. Transfer way, it is transferred to the customer, such as Banks to raise interest rates, require the borrower to provide mortgage, pledge or other additional conditions, etc.; 2 it is transferred to the insurance company, the bank will those particularly risky, once happened will loss serious loans directly to the insurance company insured, or by the customer to the insurance company insured to transfer risk;3 Commercial bank credit risk management regulation.In the risk management of commercial Banks to improve themselves at the same time, regulators and external credit rating agencies to the commercial bank credit risk management has a different regulation method.3.1 The China banking regulatory commission five classificationsThe CBRC requires commercial Banks asset quality for five categories, to reflect the face possible credit losses. System is classifying loans into five categories according to the inherent risk level could be divided into normal commercial loans, concern, loss of secondary, suspicious, five categories.The China banking regulatory commission five classifications has the advantage that the bank asset quality can be compared more easily, also can take credit quality of the whole global. Disadvantage is that some small and medium-sized Banks because of the lack of independent audit and internal audit, classification standard is difficult to unity, the China banking regulatory commission five classifications often find selective examination questions.3.2 Stress tests, a rating agencyRating agencies will be according to the information disclosure and audit results and adjusting the bank's credit rating. Stress test is a credit rating agency for checking the quality of commercial bank credit and common ways of anti-risk ability. Because of the influence of the stress tests, for what has happened, to predict the result may worsen the credit quality; Or for the possibility of events, predict the results of the impact of credit quality. Similar stress tests include, an industry is a strong shockcases the possibility of default, or large credit customer default could lead to credit quality decline.3.3 The new Basel capital accordNew Basel capital agreement hereinafter referred to as the new Basel agreement (hereinafter referred to as Basel II) in English, is by the bank for international settlements under the Basel committee on banking supervision (BCBS), and content for 1988 years the old Basel capital accord (Basel I) have had to make significant changes, in order to standardize the international risk management system, improve the international financial services of risk management ability.译文商业银行信贷风险管理作者：Cornett M, Strahan P摘要信贷风险是商业银行经营过程中所面临的最主要的风险之一。