曼昆《经济学原理》consumers_producers--(汉魅HanMei—经济金融类汇总分享)
曼昆《经济学原理》monetary_system--(汉魅HanMei—经济金融类汇总分享)
Copyright 2004 South-Western
The Functions of Money Liquidity
0
Copyright2003 Southwestern/Thomson Learning
CASE STUDY: Where Is All The Currency? In 2001 there was about $580 billion of U.S. currency outstanding.
Copyright 2004 South-Western
Figure 1 Money in the U.S. Economy
Billions of Dollars $5,455 M2 Savings deposits Small time deposits Money market mutual funds A few minor categories ($4,276 billion) M1 $1,179 Demand deposits Traveler's checks Other checkable deposits ($599 billion) Currency ($580 billion) Everything in M1 ($1,179 billion)
Copyright 2004 South-Western
The Fed's Organization The Federal Reserve Banks
Twelve district banks Nine directors
曼昆 经济学原理07-消费者、产品和市场效率
The Costs of Four Possible Sellers...
Seller Mary Frida Georgia Grandma Cost $900 800 600 500
Producer Surplus and the Supply Curve
Just as consumer surplus is related to the demand curve, producer surplus is closely related to the supply curve. At any quantity, the price given by the supply curve shows the cost of the marginal seller, the seller who would leave the market first if the price were any lower.
Consumer Surplus
Consumer surplus is the amount a buyer is willing to pay for a good minus the amount the buyer actually pays for it.
Four Possible Buyers' Willingness to Pay...
Measuring Producer Surplus with the Supply Curve...
Price of House Painting
$900 800
Price = $600
Supply
600 500
Grandma's producer surplus ($100)
(完整)曼昆宏观经济学名词解释 (中英文)
宏观经济学第十五章MEASUREING A NATION’S INCOME一国收入的衡量Microeconomics the study of how households and firms make decisions and how they interact in markets。
微观经济学:研究家庭和企业如何做出决策，以及他们如何在市场上相互交易。
Macroeconomics the study of economy-wide phenomena，including inflation,unemployment,and economic growth宏观经济学：研究整体经济现象,包括通货膨胀、失业和经济增长。
GDP is the market value of final goods and services produced within a country in a given period of time.国内生产总值GDP：给定时期的一个经济体内生产的所有最终产品和服务的市场价值Consumption is spending by households on goods and services, with the exception of purchased of new housing。
消费：除了购买新住房，家庭用于物品与劳务的支出.Investment is spending on capital equipment inventories, and structures, including household purchases of new housing.投资:用于资本设备、存货和建筑物的支出，包括家庭用于购买新住房的支出。
Government purchases are spending on goods and services by local, state， and federal government.政府支出：地方、州和联邦政府用于物品和与劳务的支出.Net export is spending on domestically produced goods by foreigners （exports） minus spending on foreign goods by domestic residents （imports)净出口：外国人对国内生产的物品的支出（出口)减国内居民对外国物品的支出（进口）。
宏观经济学原理(第七版)曼昆 名词解释(带英文)
宏观经济学原理曼昆名词解释微观经济学（microeconomics），研究家庭和企业如何做出决策，以及它们如何在市场上相互影响。
宏观经济学（macroeconomics），研究整体经济现象，包括通货膨胀、失业和经济增长。
国内生产总值GDP（gross domestic product），在某一既定时期，一个国家内生产的所有最终物品与服务的市场价值。
消费（consumption），家庭除购买新住房之外，用于物品与服务的支出。
投资（investment），用于资本设备、存货和建筑物的支出，包括家庭用于购买新住房的支出。
政府购买（government purchase），地方、州和联邦政府用于物品与服务的支出。
净出口（net export），外国人对国内生产的物品的支出（出口），减国内居民对外国物品的支出（进口）。
名义GDP（nominal GDP），按现期价格评价的物品与服务的生产。
真实GDP（real GDP），按不变价格评价的物品与服务的生产。
（总之，名义GDP是用当年价格来评价经济中物品与服务生产的价值，真实GDP是用不变的基年价格来评价经济中物品与服务生产的价值。
）GDP平减指数（GDP, deflator），用名义GDP与真实GDP的比率乘以100计算的物价水平衡量指标。
消费物价指数CPI（consumer price index），普通消费者所购买的物品与服务的总费用的衡量指标。
通货膨胀率（inflation rate），从前一个时期以来，物价指数变动的百分比。
生产物价指数（producer price index），企业所购买的一篮子物品运服务的费用的衡量指标。
指数化（indexation），根据法律或合同按照通货膨胀的影响，对货币数量的自动调整。
名义利率（nominal interest rate），通常公布的、未根据通货膨胀的影响，校正的利率。
真实利率（real interest rate），根据通货膨胀的影响校正过的利率。
曼昆经济学原理第四版名词解释
Chap1Principle #1: People Face Tradeoffsscarcity: the limited nature of society’s resources.economics: the study of how society manages its scarce resources.efficiency: the property of society getting the most it can from its scarce resources.equity: the property of distributing economic prosperity fairly among the members of society.Principle #2: The Cost of Something Is What You Give Up to Get Itopportunity cost: whatever must be given up to obtain some item.marginal changes: small incremental adjustments to a plan of action.Principle #4: People Respond to IncentivesPrinciple #5: Trade Can Make Everyone Better OffPrinciple #6: Markets Are Usually a Good Way to Organize Economic Activitymarket economy: an economy that allocates resources through the decentralized decisions of many firms and households as they interact in markets for goods and services.Principle #7: Governments Can Sometimes Improve Market Outcomesmarket failure: a situation in which a market left on its own fails to allocate resources efficiently.externality: the impact of one person’s actions on the well-being of a bystander.market power: the ability of a single economic actor (or small group of actors) to have a substantial influence on market prices.Principle #8: A Country’s Standard of Living Depends on Its Ability to Produce Goods and Servicesproductivity: the quantity of goods and services produced from each hour of a worker’s time.Principle #9: Prices Rise When the Government Prints Too Much Moneyinflation: an increase in the overall level of prices in the economy.Principle #10: Society Faces a Short-Run Tradeoff between Inflation and UnemploymentChap3absolute advantage: the comparison among producers of a good according to their productivity.opportunity cost: whatever must be given up to obtain some item.comparative advantage: the comparison among producers of a good according to their opportunity cost.imports: goods produced abroad and sold domestically.exports: goods produced domestically and sold abroadChap4market: a group of buyers and sellers of a particular good or service.competitive market: a market in which there are many buyers and many sellers so that each has a negligible impact on the market price.quantity demanded: the amount of a good that buyers are willing and able to purchase.law of demand: the claim that, other things equal, the quantity demanded of a good falls when the price of the good rises.demand schedule: a table that shows the relationship between the price of a good and the quantity demanded.demand schedule: a table that shows the relationship between the price of a good and the quantity demanded.demand curve: a graph of the relationship between the price of a good and the quantity demanded.normal good: a good for which, other things equal, an increase in income leads to an increase in demand.inferior good: a good for which, other things equal, an increase in income leads to a decrease in demand.substitutes: two goods for which an increase in the price of one good leads to an increase in the demand for the other.complements: two goods for which an increase in the price of one good leads to a decrease in the demand for the other.quantity supplied: the amount of a good that sellers are willing and able to sell.law of supply: the claim that, other things equal, the quantity supplied of a good rises when the price of the good rises.supply schedule: a table that shows the relationship between the price of a good andthequantity supplied.supply curve: a graph of the relationship between the price of a good and the quantity supplied.equilibrium: a situation in which the price has reached the level where quantity supplied equals quantity demanded.equilibrium price: the price that balances quantity supplied and quantity demanded.equilibrium quantity: the quantity supplied and the quantity demanded at the equilibrium price.surplus: a situation in which quantity supplied is greater than quantity demanded.shortage: a situation in which quantity demanded is greater than quantity supplied.law of supply and demand: the claim that the price of any good adjusts to bring the supply and demand for that good into balance.5elasticity: a measure of the responsiveness of quantity demanded or quantity supplied to one of its determinants.price elasticity of demand: a measure of how much the quantity demanded of a good responds to a change in the price of that good, computed as the percentage change in quantity demanded divided by the percentage change in price.total revenue: the amount paid by buyers and received by sellers of a good, computedas theprice of the good times the quantity sold.income elasticity of demand: a measure of how much the quantity demanded of a good responds to a change in consumers’ income, computed as the percentage change in quantity demanded divided by the percentage change in income.price elasticity of supply: a measure of how much the quantity supplied of a good responds to a change in the price of that good, computed as the percentage change in quantity supplied divided by the percentage change in price.6price ceiling: a legal maximum on the price at which a good can be sold.price floor: a legal minimum on the price at which a good can be sold.tax incidence: the manner in which the burden of a tax is shared among participants in a market.7welfare economics: the study of how the allocation of resources affects economic well-being.willingness to pay: the maximum amount that a buyer will pay for a good.consumer surplus: a buyer’s willingness to pay minus the amount the buyer actually pays.cost: the value of everything a seller must give up to produce a good.efficiency: the property of a resource allocation of maximizing the total surplus received by all members of society.equity: the fairness of the distribution of well-being among the members of society.8deadweight loss: the fall in total surplus that results from a market distortion, such as a tax.9world price: the price of a good that prevails in the world market for that good. tariff: a tax on goods produced abroad and sold domestically.import quota: a limit on the quantity of a good that can be produced abroad and sold domestically.10externality: the uncompensated impact of one person’s actions on the well-being of abystander.internalizing an externality: altering incentives so that people take account of the external effects of their actions.coase theorem: the proposition that if private parties can bargain without cost over the allocation of resources, they can solve the problem of externalities on their own.transaction costs: the costs that parties incur in the process of agreeing and following through on a bargain.Pigouvian tax: a tax enacted to correct the effects of a negative externality.11excludability: the property of a good whereby a person can be prevented from using it.rivalry: the property of a good whereby one person’s use diminishes other people’s use.private goods: goods that are both excludable and rival.public goods: goods that are neither excludable nor rival.common resources: goods that are rival but not excludable.free rider: a person who receives the benefit of a good but avoids paying for it.cost-benefit analysis: a study that compares the costs and benefits to society of providing a public good.tragedy of the commons: a parable that illustrates why common resources get used more than is desirable from the standpoint of society as a whole.13total revenue: the amount a firm receives for the sale of its output.total cost: the market value of the inputs a firm uses in production.profit: total revenue minus total cost.explicit costs: input costs that require an outlay of money by the firm.implicit costs: input costs that do not require an outlay of money by the firm.economic profit: total revenue minus total cost, including both explicit and implicit costs.accounting profit: total revenue minus total explicit cost.production function: the relationship between quantity of inputs used to make a good and the quantity of output of that good.marginal product: the increase in output that arises from an additional unit of input.diminishing marginal product: the property whereby the marginal product of an input declines as the quantity of the input increases.fixed costs: costs that do not vary with the quantity of output produced.variable costs: costs that do vary with the quantity of output produced.Definition of marginal cost: the increase in total cost that arises from an extra unit of production.efficient scale: the quantity of output that minimizes average total cost.economies of scale: the property whereby long-run average total cost falls as the quantity of output increases.diseconomies of scale: the property whereby long-run average total cost rises as the quantity of output increases.constant returns to scale: the property whereby long-run average total cost stays the same as the quantity of output changes.14competitive market: a market with many buyers and sellers tradingidentical products so that each buyer and seller is a price taker.sunk cost: a cost that has been committed and cannot be recovered.15monopoly: a firm that is the sole sellerof a product without close substitutes.natural monopoly: a monopoly that arises because a single firm can supply a good or service to an entire market at a smaller cost than could two or more firms.price discrimination: the business practice of selling the same good at different prices to different customers.16oligopoly: a market structure in which only a few sellers offer similar or identical products.monopolistic competition: a market structure in which many firms sell products that are similar but not identical.collusion: an agreement among firms in a market about quantities to produce or prices to charge.cartel: a group of firms acting in unison.Nash equilibrium: a situation in which economic actors interacting with one another each choose their best strategy given the strategies that all the other actors have chosen.game theory: the study of how people behave in strategic situations.prisonersdilemma: a particular "game" between two captured prisoners that illustrates why cooperation is difficult to maintain even when it is mutually beneficial.17monopolistic competition: a market structure in which many firms sell products that are similar but not identical.human capital: the accumulation of investments in people, such as education and on-the-job training.discrimination: the offering of different opportunities to similar individuals who differ only by race, ethnic group, sex, age, or other personal characteristics.in-kind transfers: transfers to the poor given in the form of goods and services rather than cash.life cycle: the regular pattern of income variation over a person's life.welfare: government programs that supplement the incomes of the needy.。
7消费者、生产者与市场效率(曼昆经济学原理微观)
*
10
消费者剩余与需求曲线
P
$350 $300 $250
Flea的消费 者剩余 Anthony的消费 者剩余
$200
$150
$100
$50
$0
Q
01234
© 2013 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.
© 2013 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.
*
8
消费者剩余
消费者剩余：买者愿意为一种物品支付的量减去其 为此实际支付的量
消费者剩余 = 支付意愿 – 市场价格
人名
支付 意愿
Anthon y
$250
Chad 175
微观经济学原理第七版曼昆名词解释带英文
微观经济学原理曼昆名词解释1.需求价格弹性price elasticity of demand：2.蛛网模型：对于生产周期较长的商品供给的时滞性,需求的不是动态模型分类,画图3.边际效用递减diminishing marginal utility——基数效用论不违反边际效用递减规律;因为边际效用是指物品的消费量每增加或减少一个单位所增加或减少的总效用的量;这里的“单位”是指一完整的商品单位,这种完整的商品单位,是边际效用递减规律有效性的前提;比如,这个定律适用于一双的鞋子,但不适用于单只的鞋子;对于四轮车而言,必须是有四个轮子的车才成为一单位;三个轮子不能构成一辆四轮车,因而每个轮子都不是一个有效用的物品,增加一个轮子,才能使车子有用;因此,不能说第四个轮子的边际效用超过第三个轮子4.无差异曲线indifference curve：一条表示给消费者相同满足程度的消费组合的曲线;2特征：凸向原点越远越大不相交5.边际替代率marginal rate of ：——序数效用论6.预算线Budget line/ budget constraint7.吉芬物品Giffen good：价格上升引起需求量增加的物品;8.柯布道格拉斯生产函数稀缺性scarcity：社会资源的有限性;经济学economics：研究社会如何管理自己的稀缺资源;效率efficiency：社会能从其稀缺资源中得到最多东西的特性;平等equality：经济成果在社会成员中公平分配的特性;机会成本opportunity cost：为了得到某种东西所必须放弃的东西;理性人rational people：系统而有目的地尽最大努力实现起目标的人; 边际变动marginal change：对行动计划微小的增量调整;激励incentive：引起一个人做出某种行为的某种东西;市场经济market economy：当许多企业和家庭在物品与劳务市场上相互交易时,通过他们的分散决策配置资源的经济;产权property rights：个人拥有并控制稀缺资源的能力;市场失灵market failure：市场本身不能有效配置资源的情况;外部性externality：市场势力market power：一个经济活动者或经济活动者的一个小集团对市场价格有显着影响的能力;生产率productivity：一个工人一小时所生产的物品与劳务量;通货膨胀inflation：经济中物价总水平的上升;经济周期business cycle：就业和生产等经济活动的波动就是生产这类经济活动的波动;循环流向图circular-flow diagram：一个说明货币如何通过市场在家庭与企业之间流动的直观经济模型;生产可能性边界production possibilities frontier：表示一个经济在可得到的生产要素与生产技术既定时所能生产的产量的各种组合的图形;微观经济学microeconomics：研究家庭和企业如何做出决策,以及它们在市场上的相互交易;宏观经济学macroeconomics：研究整体经济现象,包括通货膨胀、失业和经济增长; 实证表述positive statements：企图描述世界是什么的观点;规范描述normative statements：企图描述世界应该如何运行的观点;绝对优势absolute advantage：根据生产率比较一种物品的生产者;比较优势comparative advantage ：根据机会成本比较一种物品的生产者;进口品imports：国外生产而在国内销售的物品;出口品exports：国内生产而在国外销售的物品;市场market：由某种物品或劳务的买者与卖者组成的一个群体;竞争市场competitive market ：有许多买者与卖者,以致于每个人对市场价格的影响都微乎其微的市场;需求量quantity demanded：买者愿意而且能够购买的一种物品量;需求定理law of demand：认为在其他条件相同时,一种物品价格上升,该物品需求量减少的观点;需求表demand schedule：表示一种物品价格与需求量之间关系的表格;需求曲线demand curve：一种物品价格与需求量之间关系的图形;正常物品normal good：在其他条件相同时,收入增加引起需求量增加的物品; 低档物品inferior good：在其他条件相同时,收入增加引起需求量减少的物品; 替代品substitutes：一种物品价格上升引起另一种物品需求增加的两种物品; 互补品complements：一种物品价格上升引起另一种物品需求减少的两种物品; 供给量quantity supplied：卖者愿意而且能够出售的一种物品量;供给定理law of supply：认为在其他条件相同时,一种物品价格上升,该物品供给量增加的观点;供给表supply schedule：表示一种物品价格与供给量之间关系的表格;供给曲线supply curve：一种物品价格与供给量之间关系的图形;均衡equilibrium：供给与需求达到了平衡的状态;均衡价格equilibrium price：使供给与需求平衡的价格;均衡数量equilibrium quantity：当价格调整到使供给与需求平衡时的供给量与需求量;过剩surplus：供给量大于需求量时的状态;短缺shortage：需求量大于供给量时的状态;供求定理law of supply and demand：认为任何一种物品的调整都会使该物品供求平衡的观点;弹性elasticity：需求量或供给量对其决定因素中某一种的反应程度的衡量; 总收益total revenue：一种物品买者支付的量和卖者得到的量,用该物品的价格乘以销售量来计算;需求收入弹性income Elasticity of demand：一种物品需求量对消费者收入变动反应程度的衡量,用需求量变动百分比除以收入变动百分比来计算;需求的交叉价格弹性cross-price elasticity of demand：衡量一种物品需求量对另一种物品价格变动的反应程度,用第一种物品需求量变动百分比除以第二种物品价格变动百分比来计算;供给价格弹性price elasticity of supply：一种物品供给量对其价格变动反应程度的衡量,用供给量变动百分比除以价格变动百分比来计算;价格上限price ceiling：可以出售一种物品的法定最高价格;价格下限price floor：可以出售一种物品的法定最低价格;税收归宿tax incidence：关于由谁来承担税收负担的研究;福利经济学welfare economists：研究资源配置如何影响经济福利;支付意愿willingness to pay：买者愿意为某种物品支付的最高量;消费者剩余consumer surplus：买者的支付意愿减买者的实际支付量;成本cost：卖者为了生产一种物品必须放弃的每种东西的价值;生产者剩余producer Surplus：卖者出售一种物品得到的量减卖者的成本;效率efficiency：资源配置使社会所有成员得到的总剩余最大化的性质;平等equality：福利在社会成员中分配的公平性;无谓损失deadweight loss：税收引起的总剩余减少;世界价格world price：一种物品在世界市场上所流行的价格;关税tariff：对在国外生产而在国内销售的物品征收的税;外部性externality：一个人的行为对旁观者福利的影响;外部性的内在化internalizing the externality ：改变激励,以使人们考虑到自己行为的外部效应;科斯定理coase theorem：一种观点,认为如果私人各方可以无成本地就资源配置进行协商,那么,他们就可以解决外部性问题;交易成本transaction cost：各方在协议与遵守协议过程中所发生的成本;庇古税pigovian taxes：用于纠正负外部性影响的税收;排他性excludability：可以阻止一个人使用一种物品时该物品的特性;竞争性rivalry：一个人使用一种物品减少其他人使用时该物品的特性;私人物品private goods：既有排他性又有竞争性的物品;公共物品public goods：既无排他性又无竞争性的物品;公有资源common resources：有竞争性但无排他性的物品;搭便车者free rider：得到一种物品的利益但避开为此支付的人;成本—收益分析coast-benefits analysis：比较提供一种公共物品的社会成本与利益的研究;公地悲剧tragedy of the commons：一个寓言,说明从整个社会的角度看为什么公有资源的使用大于合意的水平;预算盈余budget surplus：政府收入大于政府支出;预算赤字budget deficit：政府支出大于政府收入;平均税率average tax rate：总收入除以支付的总税收;边际税率marginal tax rate：增加1美元收入支出的额外税收;定额税lump-sum tax：每个人等量的税收;受益原则benefits principle：认为应该根据人们从政府服务中得到的利益来纳税的思想;支付能力原则原则ability-to-pay principle：认为应该根据一个人可以承受的负担来对这个人征税的思想;纵向平等vertical equity：主张支付能力高的纳税人应该交纳更多税的思想; 横向平等horizontal equality：主张有相似支付能力的纳税人应该交纳等量税收的思想;比例税proportional tax：高收入纳税人和低收入纳税人交纳收入中相同比例的税收;累退税regressive tax：高收入纳税人交纳的税收在收入中的比例低于低收入纳税人的税收;累进税progressive tax：高收入纳税人交纳的税收在收入中的比例高于低收入纳税人的税收;总收益total revenue：企业出售其产量所得到的量;总成本total cost：企业购买生产投入所支付的量;利润profit：总收益减总成本;显性成本explicit costs：要求企业支出货币的投入成本;隐性成本implicit costs：不要求企业支出货币的投入成本;经济利润economic profit：总收益减总成本,包括与隐性成本;会计利润accounting profit：总收入减显性成本;生产函数production function：用于生产一种物品的投入量与该物品产量之间的关系;边际产量marginal product：增加的一单位投入所引起的产量增加;边际产量递减diminishing marginal product：固定成本fixed costs：不随着产量变动而变动的成本;可变成本variable costs：随着产量变动而变动的成本;平均总成本average total cost：总成本除以产量;平均固定成本average fixed costs：固定成本除以产量;平均可变成本average variable costs：可变成本除以产量;边际成本efficient scale：额外一单位产量所引起的总成本的增加;有效规模efficient scale：使平均总成本最小的产量;规模经济economics of scale：长期平均总成本随产量增加而减少的特性;规模不经济diseconomies of scale：长期平均总成本随产量增加而增加的特性; 规模收益不变constant returns to Scale：长期平均总成本随产量增加而保持不变的特性;竞争市场competitive market：有许多交易相同产品的买者与卖者,以至于每一个买者和卖者都是价格接受者的市场;平均收益average revenue：总收益除以销售量;边际收益marginal revenue：增加一单位销售量引起的总收益变动;沉没成本sunk cost：已经发生而且无法收回的成本;垄断企业monopoly：一种没有相近替代品的产品的惟一卖者的企业;自然垄断natural monopoly：由于一个企业能以低于两个或更多企业的成本向整个市场供给一种物品或劳务而产生的垄断;价格歧视price discrimination：以不同价格向不同顾客出售同一种物品的经营做法;寡头oligopoly：只有少数几个卖者提供相似或相同产品的的市场结构;垄断竞争monopolistic competition：许多出售相似而不相同的产品的企业的市场结构;勾结collusion：一个市场上的企业之间就生产的产量或收取的价格达成的协议; 卡特尔Cartel：一致行动的企业集团;纳什均衡Nash equilibrium：相互作用的经济主体在假定所有其他主体所选战略为既定的情况下选择自己最优战略的状态;博弈论game theory：研究人们在各种策略情况下如何行事;囚徒困境prisoners' dilemma：两个被捕获的囚徒之间的一种特殊“博弈”,说明为什么甚至在合作对双方有利时,保持合作也是困难的;占优优势策略dominant strategy：无论其他参与者选择什么策略,对一个参与者都为最优的策略; 125生产要素：用于生产物品和劳务的投入;生产函数production function：用于生产一种物品的投入量与该物品产量之间的关系;劳动的边际产量marginal product of labor：增加的一单位劳动所引起的产量增加量;边际产量递减diminishing marginal product：一单位投入的边际产量随着投入量增加而减少的性质;边际产量值value of the marginal product：一种投入的边际产量乘以该产品的价格;资本capital：用于生产物品与劳务的设备和建筑物;补偿性工资差别compensating differential：为抵消不同工作的非货币特性而产生的工资差别;人力资本human capital：对人的投资的积累,如教育和在职培训;工会union：与雇主谈判工资和工作条件的工人协会;罢工strike：工会有组织地从企业撤出劳动;效率工资efficiency wages：企业为了提高工人的生产率而支付的高于均衡工资的工资;歧视discrimination：对仅仅由于种族、宗教、性别、年龄或其他个人特征不同的相似个人提供不同的机会;贫困率poverty rate：家庭收入低于一个称为贫困线的绝对水平的人口百分比; 贫困线poverty line：由联邦政府根据每个家庭规模确定的一种收入绝对水平,低于这一水平的家庭被认为处于贫困状态;实物转移支付in-kind transfers：以物品和劳务而不是以现金形式给予穷人的转移支付;生命周期life cycle：在人的一生中有规律的收入变动形式;持久收入permanent income：一个人的正常收入;功利主义utilitarianism：一种政治哲学,根据这种政治哲学,政府应该选择使社会上所有人总效用最大化的政策;效用utility：衡量幸福或满足程度的指标;自由主义liberalism：一种政治哲学,根据这种政治哲学,政府应该选择必要的公正的政策;这种公正要由yield在“无知面纱”的背后的无偏见观察者来评价;最大最小准则maximin criterion：一种主张,认为政府的目标应该是使社会上状况最差的人的福利最大化;社会保险social insurance：旨在保护人们规避负面事件风险的政府政策;自由至上主义libertarianism：一种政治哲学,根据这种政治哲学,政府应该惩罚犯罪并进行自愿的协议,但不应该进行收入再分配;福利welfare：补贴需要者收入的政府计划;负所得税negative income tax：向高收入家庭征税并给低收入家庭补贴的税制; 预算约束线budget constraint：对消费者可以支付得起的消费组合的限制;完全替代品perfect substitutes：无差异曲线为直线的两种物品;完全互补品perfect complements：无差异曲线为直角形的两种物品;收入效应income Effect：当一种价格变动使消费者移动到更高或更低无差异曲线时所引起的消费变动 ;替代效应substitution effect：当一种价格变动使消费者沿着一条既定的无差异曲线变动到有新边际替代率的一点时所引起的消费变动;寻租理论Rent-seeking theory：。
曼昆经济学原理中文版第六版术语表
曼昆经济学原理中文版第六版术语表摘要：一、曼昆经济学原理简介二、第六版术语表概述1.微观经济学相关术语2.宏观经济学相关术语三、重点术语解释1.供求曲线2.边际效用3.消费者剩余4.生产者剩余5.机会成本6.市场效率7.宏观经济指标四、术语学习建议正文：一、曼昆经济学原理简介曼昆经济学原理是一本广受欢迎的经济学教材，作者是美国著名经济学家曼昆。
该书以通俗易懂的语言和生动有趣的案例，为读者提供了经济学的核心理论和方法。
第六版教材在原有基础上进行了更新和优化，以满足现代经济学教育的要求。
二、第六版术语表概述曼昆经济学原理第六版术语表涵盖了微观经济学和宏观经济学两部分内容。
以下分别介绍这两部分的主要术语。
1.微观经济学相关术语在微观经济学部分，我们关注市场、消费者、生产者以及他们之间的互动。
以下是一些关键术语：- 供求曲线：描述市场中商品价格与数量关系的一种图形表示。
- 边际效用：消费者消费额外一单位商品所带来的满足程度。
- 消费者剩余：消费者实际支付价格低于其最大愿意支付价格的差额。
- 生产者剩余：生产者实际售价高于其最小愿意接受价格的差额。
- 机会成本：为了获取某种收益放弃的最高价值。
2.宏观经济学相关术语在宏观经济学部分，我们关注整个经济体系，如国民生产总值、通货膨胀和失业等。
以下是一些关键术语：- 市场效率：资源在市场分配下的最优状态。
- 宏观经济指标：衡量经济活动的各种指标，如国内生产总值（GDP）、失业率、通货膨胀率等。
三、重点术语解释以下是针对上述术语的详细解释：1.供求曲线：供求曲线是一种图表，展示了市场中商品价格与数量之间的关系。
当供应量增加时，价格通常下降，而需求量增加；反之亦然。
供求曲线有助于分析市场equilibrium（市场均衡）以及价格变动对市场的影响。
2.边际效用：边际效用是指消费者在消费额外一单位商品时所获得的满足程度。
边际效用递减规律是指随着消费量的增加，每增加一单位商品所获得的满足程度逐渐减少。
经济学原理第七章
A: Anthony & Flea will buy an iPod, Chad & John will not.
name WTP Anthony $250 Chad Flea John
Suppose P = $30. Then his consumer surplus = $20.
40 30 20 10 0 0
CHAPTER 7
The demand for shoes
1000s of pairs of shoes
D Q
5 10 15 20 25 30
12
CONSUMERS, PRODUCERS, EFFICIENCY OF MARKETS
7
Consumers, Producers, and the Efficiency of Markets
PRINCIPLES OF
MICROECONOMICS
FOURTH EDITION
N. G R E G O R Y M A N K I W
PowerPoint® Slides by Ron Cronovich
ACTIVE LEARNING
Consumer surplus 50 P
A. Find marginal buyer’s WTP at Q = 10. $ 45
1:
demand curve
40 35 B. Find CS for 30 P = $30. 25 Suppose P falls to $20. 20 How much will CS 15 increase due to… 10 C. buyers entering 5 the market 0 D. existing buyers 0 paying lower price
曼昆《经济学原理》3 interdependence--(汉魅HanMei—经济金融类汇总分享)
Copyright © 2004 South-Western
A PARABLE FOR THE MODERN ECONOMY
• Imagine . . .
Copyright © 2004 South-Western
• . . . and you haven’t been up for more than two hours yet!
Copyright © 2004 South-Western
Interdependence and the Gains from Trade
Interdependence and the Gains from Trade
3
Copyright © 2004 South-Western/Thomson Learning
• Consider your typical day:
• You wake up to an alarm clock made in Korea. • You pour yourself orange juice made from Florida oranges and coffee from beans grown in Brazil. • You put on some clothes made of cotton grown in Georgia and sewn in factories in Thailand. • You watch the morning news broadcast from New York on your TV made in Japan. • You drive to class in a car made of parts manufactured in a half-dozen different countries.
- 1、下载文档前请自行甄别文档内容的完整性，平台不提供额外的编辑、内容补充、找答案等附加服务。
- 2、"仅部分预览"的文档,不可在线预览部分如存在完整性等问题,可反馈申请退款(可完整预览的文档不适用该条件!)。
- 3、如文档侵犯您的权益，请联系客服反馈,我们会尽快为您处理(人工客服工作时间：9:00-18:30)。
Copyright © 2004 South-Western
The Supply Schedule and the Supply Curve
Price of Album $100 John’s willingness to pay
80 70
Paul’s willingness to pay George’s willingness to pay
50
Ringo’s willingness to pay
Demand
0
1
2
3
4
Quantity of Albums
P1
C
B
Consumer surplus to new consumers
P2
F D E Additional consumer surplus to initial consumers Q1 Q2 Demand
0
Quantity
Copyright©2003 Southwestern/Thomson Learning
Copyright © 2004 South-Western
PRODUCER SURPLUS
• Producer surplus is the amount a seller is paid for a good minus the seller’s cost. • It measures the benefit to sellers participating in a market.
Supply Total producer surplus ($500)
$900
800 600
500
Georgia’s producer surplus ($200)
Grandma’s producer surplus ($300)
0
1
2
3
4 Quantity of Houses Painted
Copyright©2003 Southwestern/Thomson Learning
Copyright © 2004 South-Western
The Demand Schedule and the Demand Curve
Copyright © 2004 South-Western
Figure 1 The Demand Schedule and the Demand Curve
Copyright © 2004 South-Western
Table 1 Four Possible Buyers’ Willingness to Pay
Copyright©2004 South-Western
CONSUMER SURPLUS
• The market demand curve depicts the various quantities that buyers would be willing and able to purchase at different prices.
Copyright © 2004 South-Western
CONSUMER SURPLUS
• Willingness to pay is the maximum amount that a buyer will pay for a good. • It measures how much the buyer values the good or service.
Copyright © 2004 South-Western
Figure 3 How the Price Affects Consumer Surplus
(a) Consumer Surplus at Price P Price A
Consumer surplus P1 B C
Demand
0
Q1
Quantity
80
70
50
Demand
0
1
2
3
4
Quantity of Albums
Copyright©2003 Southwestern/Thomson Learning
Figure 2 Measuring Consumer Surplus with the Demand Curve
(b) Price = $70
Copyright © 2004 South-Western
Welfare Economics
• Equilibrium in the market results in maximum benefits, and therefore maximum total welfare for both the consumers and the producers of the product.
Copyright © 2004 South-Western
CONSUMER SURPLUS
• Consumer surplus is the buyer’s willingness to pay for a good minus the amount the buyer actually pays for it.
Copyright©2003 Southwestern/Thomson Learning
Using the Demand Curve to Measure Consumer Surplus
• The area below the demand curve and above the price measures the consumer surplus in the market.
Figure 6 How the Price Affects Producer Surplus
(a) Producer Surplus at Price P Price Supply
P1
B Producer surplus C
A
0 Q1 Quantity
Copyright©2003 Southwestern/Thomson Learning
What Does Consumer Surplus Measure?
• Consumer surplus, the amount that buyers are willing to pay for a good minus the amount they actually pay for it, measures the benefit that buyers receive from a good as the buyers themselves perceive it.
Price of Album $100 John’s consumer surplus ($30) 80 70 Total consumer surplus ($40) Paul’s consumer surplus ($10)
50
Demand 0 1 2 3 4 Quantity of Albums
Copyright©2003 Southwestern/Thomson Learning
Figure 3 How the Price Affects Consumer Surplus
(b) Consumer Surplus at Price P
Price
A
Initial consumer surplus
Copyright © 2004 South-Western
Welfare Economics
• Consumer surplus measures economic welfare from the buyer’s side. • Producer surplus measures economic welfare from the seller’s side.
3
SUPPLY AND DEMAND II: MARKETS AND WELFARE
Consumers, Producers, and the Efficiency of Markets
Copyright © 2004 South-Western
7
REVISITING THE MARKET EQUILIBRIUM
• Do the equilibrium price and quantity maximize the total welfare of buyers and sellers? • Market equilibrium reflects the way markets allocate scarce resources. • Whether the market allocation is desirable can be addressed by welfare economics.
Copyright © 2004 South-Western
Figure 4 The Supply Schedule and the Supply Curve
Using the Supply Curve to Measure Producer Surplus
• The area below the price and above the supply curve measures the producer surplus in a market.
Copyright © 2004 South-Western
Table 2 The Costs of Four Possible Sellers