剑桥雅思13Test1大作文8分范文3篇
剑桥雅思13test1作文范文
剑桥雅思13test1作文范文## The Impact of Tourism on Cities The burgeoning tourism industry, while economically beneficial, casts a complex shadow on the cities it touches. Its impact, like a double-edged sword, presents a multifaceted panorama of both positive and negative consequences, interwoven with the city's cultural tapestry, economic fabric, and social infrastructure. The influx of tourists injects a much-needed economic adrenaline into the city's veins. Local businesses, ranging from quaint souvenir shops to luxurious hotels, experience a surge in demand, generating employment opportunities and stimulating economic growth. Restaurants savor the spice of diverse palates, while cultural venues witness a vibrant exchange of artistic expressions. The city, adorned with the vibrancy of tourism, becomes a melting pot of cultures, fostering understanding and appreciation between diverse communities. However, the influx of visitors can strain thecity's infrastructure, leading to overcrowding and congestion, particularly in popular tourist destinations. The once serene streets transform into bustling marketplaces, the tranquil parks echo with the cacophony of excited chatter, and the once readily available public transport groans under the weight of increased demand. This strain on resources can lead to frustration among residents, who find their daily routines disrupted and their access to essential services impeded. The city, once a sanctuary of familiarity, becomes an alien landscape, echoing with the unfamiliar sounds of foreign tongues. Furthermore, the economic benefits of tourism often flow unevenly, with large corporations and established businesses reaping the lion's share of the profits. Local communities, particularly those residing in the shadow of tourist hotspots, may find themselves displaced due to rising living costs, their traditional way of life eroded by the relentless tide of modernization and commercialization. The authenticity of their culture, once a source of pride, becomes commodified, a mere spectacle for the amusement of tourists. The environmental footprint of tourism adds another layer of complexity to the issue. Increased air travel, energy consumption, and waste generation contribute to pollution and environmental degradation. The very landscapes and natural resources that attract tourists become threatened by the industry's unsustainable practices. The city, once a harmonious blend of natureand urban life, begins to bear the scars of environmental negligence. To mitigate the negative impacts of tourism, cities must adopt sustainable tourism practices that prioritize environmental protection, cultural preservation, and community involvement. This includes promoting eco-friendly accommodations, encouraging responsible tourist behavior, and investing in infrastructure that can accommodate increased visitor numbers without compromising the quality of life for residents. The city, with careful planning and responsible management, can transform tourism into a force for good, fostering economic growth, cultural exchange, and environmental sustainability. In conclusion, the impact of tourism on cities is a complex and multifaceted issue, presenting both opportunities and challenges. While it undoubtedly brings economic benefits and cultural exchange, it can also lead to overcrowding, environmental degradation, and social inequities. It is imperative for cities to adopt a balanced approach to tourism, ensuring that it contributes to the well-being of both residents and visitors, fostering a sustainable future for all. The city, with its unique character and vibrant culture, deserves to flourish, embracing the benefits of tourism while safeguarding its heritage and ensuring the well-being of its inhabitants.。
2020年雅思8分范文作文8分的雅思作文样的
雅思8分范文作文8分的雅思作文样的第一步，关于审题。
很多考生发帖、回帖说自己偏题了或者询问自己的写作是否离题。
确实，写作的雅思写作大作文混合交叉类型出现极其频繁，审题难度变大，加上考生不善于灵活老师的分类，生搬硬套，必然容易出现离题的情况。
对作文进行了分类：A、A’、B、C、D五类。
《剑桥国际英语教程4，5，6》上的大作文均可归类为上诉五类。
第二步，结合以上分类进行分析。
重点研究《剑桥国际英语教程4，5，6》上的6篇小作文，6篇大作文。
结果如下：小作文：首段：1-2句(90%一句简单句或者复杂句均可)中间段1：2-3句(一般2句复杂句，1句简单句)中间段2：2-3句(一般2句复杂句，1句简单句)注:复杂句95%为并列句，偶有状语从句。
末端：1句(简单句或者复杂句均可)全篇150-180字，160字左右最佳。
简单句平均15字，复杂句平均30字。
中间段、复杂句隔离分析。
以上数据加上中间段复杂句的单独分析，于是不难解决一个重大问题：小作文数据信息的择取问题——这也是小作文写作的核心问题。
小作文最难的地方在于如何取舍有效数据。
哪些该表达，哪些不需要。
数据多时，如何取重要的;数据少时,如何取舍。
解决方法：中间段只写两大信息点。
每个大信息点用两个小信息点并列式组成。
这样构成2个复合句。
其余信息用一个简单句补充。
有了这个黄金法则，小作文的问题就解决了。
另外一个值得注意的问题是要灵活运用老师讲授的各种有效表达方式。
大作文：首段：2-3句：需要表达自己观点时-3句，不需要就2句。
其中1-2个复杂句，1个简单句。
中间段1：3-4句：2-3句复杂句，1-2句简单句。
80%复杂句为并列句、状语从句、名词性从句、另外，多插入语。
介词短语和分词短语。
中间段2：(同上)末段：2-3句。
(2个复杂句，1个简单句)全篇：250-290字，270字左右为最佳。
简单句平均14字，复杂句平均28字。
中间段单独分析。
中间段考官从未采取列点法写作。
剑桥雅思13Test1雅思口语Part3话题+范文
剑桥雅思13Test1雅思口语Part3话题+范文剑桥雅思13Test1雅思口语Part3话题+范文1. What kinds of jobs do young people want to do in your country?参考答案1Well, I think young people prefer to do some creative and challenging jobs in my country. You know, most young people have explorative and innovative spirit;they don't like their life being the same every day. They would be bored of it. They want to get a creative job and live a good life. If they want, they are more able to talk to their boss to express their opinion. I think these kinds of jobs are nearly perfect,which is why most young people want to do them.参考答案2I think that a lot of the younger generation these days don't really mind what job they do as long as it earns them a lot of money. Me, for example, I'd like to use my English in some way, but am not all that fussed and really just want as large a pay check as possible at the end of the month.2. Who is best at advising young people about choosing a job: teachers or parents?参考答案1To be honest, I think it is a hard question for me, because in my lite, my teachers and parents all give me some suggestions about choosing a job. But actually, I think teachers are best. When I was in high school, my head teacher alway talked to me about my study and job for the future. She knows everything about my study life,such as styles, suitable ways of study and so on, even my character and attitude. So I believe she can give me moreobjective suggestions than my parents.参考答案2Absolutely, parents! They are the most knowledgeable about their children.When I was very young they always taught me how to study and how to be a responsible person. Referring to finding a job, they always had some great suggestions, ideas and advice. In fact, they still do.3. Is money always the most important thing when choosinga job?参考答案1I would say not probably. But first, I admit money is an important thing when you're choosing a job, because this directly effects your standard of living. But money isn't always the most important thing, because if you get a job which earns much money but actually you don't like it, you will feel bored and bad soon. So in my opinion, I think the most important thing is your interest and whether it suits you.参考答案2Most definitely. If people can't, or don't, make enough money they will not have a good future. For example, they won't be able to buy a house, or a car, or even pay for their child's education. So, I think it's absolutely crucial that money is at the forefront of any decision about a job or career.4. Do you agree that many people nowadays are under pressure to work longer hours and take less holiday?参考答案1I would say,yes. You know, my country is China and has the largest population on the planet so there is immense competition for each job, or position in a company.If you don't excel and have a good education there are always 1,000 peoplebehind you that do. A good work ethic is also necessary to keep the job and hard work an overtime is expected for exactly the same reason.参考答案2NO, I don't agree with that at all. People do it to themselves,it's their own faul.lt is vital that people have a good work-life balance and most of the time it's the employees, you know, the workers, that put this out of whack rather than the managers.Money is sometimes glorified too much, and people occasionally forget what's really important.5. What is the impact on society of people having a poor work-life balance?参考答案1I think that it would have a negative effect on society as well as the family unit,not to mention the individual's own health. If all they do is work, yes, the money might be great, but the happiness value will go through the floor which has been known to destroy marriages. This in turn can break up families and leave children in limbo,and as the future of any society is its children, that is disastrous.参考答案2The largest impacts would be on a person's physical and psychological health.Workers may have no time to exercise, or even just get enough rest. They are often in a constant state of mental distress and self-given pressure in order to make ends meet and provide for their family. Overall, this is a fast downward spiral that easily gets out of control and is very hard to come back from.6. Could you recommend some effective strategies for governments and employers to ensure people have a good work-life balance?。
剑桥雅思13test1阅读
剑桥雅思13test1阅读剑桥雅思13 Test 1 阅读部分包含了三篇文章，分别是《时间的概念》、《人类的记忆》和《鸟类的迁徙》。
以下是对这三篇文章的多角度全面回答：1. 《时间的概念》。
这篇文章主要讨论了时间的概念在不同文化和不同学科中的理解和应用。
从文化角度来看，不同的文化对时间的看法和利用方式存在差异，比如西方文化强调时间的线性和分割性，而东方文化则更加注重时间的循环性和整体性。
从学科角度来看，时间在物理学、心理学、哲学等领域都有不同的定义和研究方法。
文章通过举例和对比的方式，全面介绍了时间概念的多样性和复杂性。
2. 《人类的记忆》。
这篇文章探讨了人类记忆的不同类型、作用以及记忆的形成和遗忘机制。
文章首先介绍了记忆的分类，包括短时记忆、工作记忆和长时记忆，并详细解释了它们的功能和特点。
接着，文章讨论了记忆的形成过程，涉及到感知、编码、存储和检索等环节。
同时，文章也提到了记忆遗忘的原因和现象，如时间淡忘和干扰遗忘。
通过多个实例和研究结果，文章全面展示了人类记忆的复杂性和多样性。
3. 《鸟类的迁徙》。
这篇文章主要介绍了鸟类迁徙的原因、方式和影响因素。
文章首先解释了鸟类迁徙的动机，包括寻找适宜的栖息地、避免恶劣气候和寻找食物资源等。
接着，文章详细描述了鸟类迁徙的方式，如借助地标、地磁感应和天体导航等。
同时，文章也提到了影响鸟类迁徙的因素，如气候变化和人类活动。
通过举例和研究数据，文章全面展示了鸟类迁徙的复杂性和重要性。
总的来说，剑桥雅思13 Test 1 阅读部分涵盖了时间概念、人类记忆和鸟类迁徙等不同主题，通过多角度的讨论和举例，全面展示了这些领域的复杂性和多样性。
阅读这些文章可以帮助读者拓宽知识面，提高阅读理解能力，并为雅思考试做好准备。
雅思13test1writing task 1范文
雅思13test1writing task 1范文
相信很多准备雅思考试的同学都对写作任务1中的图表作文有一定了解。
今天我们就以雅思13test1的写作任务1范文为例，详细分析一下如何应对这类题目。
首先，我们来概述一下图表内容。
图表通常会展示一段时间内某一事物的变化趋势，例如本题中的图表描绘了某城市居民每天花费在户外活动、看电视和上网的时间。
通过对图表的观察，我们可以发现三个时间段（早上、中午、晚上）的数据变化。
其次，分析图表的特点和亮点。
本题的图表采用柱状图形式，清晰地展示了各个时间段内居民活动类型的变化。
从图表中我们可以直观地看到，户外活动在早上和中午时段逐渐增加，而看电视和上网的时间则在减少。
这种变化趋势有助于我们更好地理解居民生活习惯的转变。
接下来，我们对比各项数据变化。
从图表中可以看出，户外活动在早上6点到8点间增长了约15%，而在中午12点到14点间增长了约20%。
相比之下，看电视的时间在这两个时间段内分别减少了约10%和15%，上网时间则减少了约15%和20%。
这些数据变化反映出人们在一天中的生活习惯规律。
最后，总结图表传达的信息。
通过观察这幅图表，我们可以得出以下结论：随着时间推移，某城市居民越来越注重户外活动，而看电视和上网的时间则在逐渐减少。
这可能与人们越来越关注健康生活、减少室内娱乐活动的趋势有关。
当然，这种变化也可能受到其他因素的影响，如政策倡导、环境改善等。
总之，在应对雅思写作任务1的图表作文时，我们要注意观察图表内容、分析数据变化、提炼信息要点，并运用恰当的表达方式使文章更具可读性和实用性。
雅思c11-t3大作文,范文
雅思c11-t3大作文,范文一、开头。
Well, when it comes to learning a foreign language, there are some interesting viewpoints out there. Some folks think that the sole purpose of cracking open a language textbook is either to jet off on a holiday to afar flung land or to land a job overseas. But others are like, "Nah,there's more to it than that!" And I'm here to have a good old chat about both sides of this argument.二、一方观点：学习外语只为旅行或工作在国外。
On one hand, those who believe that traveling or working abroad are the only reasons for learning a foreign language do have a point. Let's take travel first. Picture this: you're strolling down the cobbled streets of Paris, and instead of fumbling around with a phrasebook or relying on hand gestures, you can smoothly ask for a "croissant" or directions to theEiffel Tower in perfect French. It just makes the whole travel experience so much more enjoyable and immersive.When it comes to work, in our globalized world, many companies are expanding overseas. If you want to be part of that international business crew, being able to communicate in the local language of the target market is like having a golden ticket. For example, if you're a marketing guru aiming to sell products in Germany, knowing German can help you understand the local consumers better, create more appealing ads, and build stronger relationships with clients. It seems that for these practical matters, learning a foreign language is just a means to an end.三、另一方观点：学习外语还有其他原因。
雅思13 test1 大作文
雅思13 test1 大作文英文回答：In the realm of technological advancements, artificial intelligence (AI) has emerged as a transformative force, capable of revolutionizing diverse aspects of human activity. From automating mundane tasks to enhancing decision-making processes, AI holds immense potential to alleviate human burdens and promote progress. However, the advent of AI also raises ethical concerns that warrant careful consideration.One primary ethical concern pertains to the potential displacement of human labor. As AI-powered systems become increasingly sophisticated, they may assume tasks that were traditionally performed by humans, leading to job losses and economic disruptions. This displacement could have significant implications for individuals, communities, and the global economy.Another ethical concern arises from the potential forAI systems to exhibit biases. AI algorithms are oftentrained on vast datasets, which may contain inherent biases or prejudices. If these biases are not adequately addressed, AI systems may perpetuate and amplify existing societal inequalities.Privacy and surveillance are additional ethicalconcerns associated with the use of AI. AI-enabled technologies can gather and analyze vast amounts ofpersonal data, raising questions about data privacy and the potential for unauthorized access or misuse. Balancing the potential benefits of AI with the preservation ofindividual privacy is a critical challenge.To address these ethical concerns, it is imperative to establish ethical guidelines and regulations for the development and deployment of AI systems. These guidelines should ensure that AI is developed and used for the benefit of humanity, prioritizing fairness, transparency, accountability, and human well-being.Moreover, it is essential to promote education andpublic awareness about the ethical implications of AI. By fostering a widespread understanding of these issues, wecan collectively shape the future of AI in a way thataligns with our values and safeguards the interests of all stakeholders.中文回答：人工智能的伦理问题。
剑桥雅思真题3test1三篇文章
剑桥雅思真题3T e s t1三篇文章(共9页)--本页仅作为文档封面，使用时请直接删除即可----内页可以根据需求调整合适字体及大小--C3 TEST 1 PASSAGE 1:The rocket from east to westAThe concept of the rocket, or rather the mechanism behind the idea of propelling an object into the air, has been around for well over two thousand years. However, it wasn't until the discovery of the reaction principle, which was the key to space travel and so represents one of the great milestones in the history of scientific thought, that rocket techn0108y was able to develop. Not only did it solve a problem that had intrigued man for ages, but, more importantly, it literally opened the door to exploration of the universe.BAn intellectual breakthrough, brilliant though it may be, does not automatically ensure that the transition is made from theory to practice. Despite the fact that rockets had been used sporadically for several hundred years, they remained a relatively minor artefact of civilization until the twentieth century. Prodigious efforts accelerated during two world wars, were required before the technology of primitive rocketry could be translated into the reality of sophisticated astronauts. It is strange that the rocket was generally ignored by writers of fiction to transport their heroes to mysterious realms beyond the Earth, even though it had been commonly used in fireworks displays in China since the thirteenth century. The reason is that nobody associated the reaction principle with the idea of travelling through space to a neighboring world.CA simple analogy can help us to understand how a rocket operates. It is much like a machine gun mounted on the rear of a boat. In reaction to the backward discharge of bullets, the gun, and hence the boat, move forwards. A rocket motor's 'bullets' are minute, high-speed particles produced by burning propellants in a suitable chamber. The reaction to the ejection of these small particles causes the rocket to move forwards. There is evidence that the reaction principle was applied practically well before the rocket was invented. In his Noctes Atticae or Greek Nights, Aulus Gellius describes 'the pigeon of Archytas', an invention dating back to about 360BC. Cylindrical in shape, made of wood, and hanging from string, It was moved to and fro by steam blowing out from small exhaust ports at either end. The reaction to the discharging steam provided the bird with motive power.DThe Invention of rockets Is linked inextricably with the invention of 'black powder'. Most historians of techn0108Y credit the ChInese with its discovery. They base their bellef on studies of Chinese writings or on the notebooks of,'early Europeans who settled in or made long visits to China to study its history rand civilisation. It is probable that, some tIme in the tenth century, black powder was first compounded from its basic ingredients of saltpetre, charcoal and sulphur. But this does not mean that it was immediately used to propel rockets. By the thirteenth century, powder- propelled fire arrows had become rather common. The Chinese relied on this type of technological development to produce incendiary projectiles of many sorts, explosive grenades and possibly cannons to repel their enemies. One suchwe was the 'basket of fire' or, as directly translated from Chinese, the 'arrows like I leopards'. The metre-long arrows, each with a long tube of gunpowder at a near the point of each arrow, could be fired from a long, octagonal-shaped bat the same time and had a range of 400 paces. Another weapon was the 'arrc a flying 'sabre', which could be fired from crossbows. The rocket, placed in a position to other rocket-propelled arrows, was designed to increase the ran! small iron weight was attached to the bamboo shaft, just below the feai to increase the arrow's stability by moving the centre of gravity to a position to the rocket. At a similar time, the Arabs had developed the 'egg which move burns'. This 'egg' was apparently full of gunpowder and stabilized by a . I was fired using two rockets attached to either side of this tail.EIt was not until the eighteenth century that Europe became seriously interested in the possibilities of using the rocket itself as a weapon of war and other weapons. Prior to this, rockets were used only in pyrotechnic disincentive for the more aggressive use of rockets came not from within the European continent but from far-away India, whose leaders had built up a corps of rocketeers and used rockets successfully against the British in the late eighteenth century. The Indian rockets used against the British were described by a British Captain serving in India as 'an iron envelope about 200 millimetres long and 40 millimetresin diameter with sharp points at the top and a 3m-long bamboo guiding stick'. In the early nineteenth century the British began to experiment with incendiar: rockets. The British rocket differed from the Indian version in that it was completely encased in a stout, iron cylinder, terminating in a conical head, measuring one metre in diameter and having a stick almost fivemetres long and constructed way that it could be firmly attached to the body of the rocket. The Americans developed a rocket, complete with its own launcher, to use against the Mexicans in the mid-nineteenth century. A long cylindrical tube was propped up by two sticks and fastened to the top of the launcher, thereby allowing the rockets to be inserted and lit from the other end. However, the results were sometimes not that impressive as the behaviour of the rockets in flight was less than predictable.FSince then, there have been huge developments in rocket technology, often devastating results in the forum of war. Nevertheless, the modern days programs owe their success to the humble beginnings of those in previous cent who developed the foundations of the reaction principle. Who knows what will be like in the future?C3 TEST1 PASSAGE 2:The risks of cigarette smokeDiscovered in the early 1800s and named nicotianine, the oily essence now called nicotine is the main active ingredient of tobacco. Nicotine, however, is only a small component of cigarette smoke, which contains more than 4,700 chemical compounds, including 43 cancer-causing substances. In recent times, scientific research has been providing evidence that years of cigarette smoking vastly increases the risk of developin3 fatal medical conditions,In addition to being responsible for more than 85 per cent of lung cancers, smoking is associated with cancers of, amongst others, the mouth, stomach and kidneys, and is thought to cause about 14 per cent of leukemia and cervical cancers. In 1990, smoking caused more than 84,000 deaths, mainly resulting from such problems as pneumonia, bronchitis and influenza. Smoking, it is believed, is responsible for 30 per cent of all deaths from cancer and clearly represents the most important preventable cause of cancer in countries like the United States today.Passive smoking, the breathing in of the side-stream smoke from the burning 0f tobacco between puffs or of the smoke exhaled by a smoker, also causes a serious health risk. A report published in 1992 by the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) emphasized the health dangers, especially from side-stream smoke. This type of smoke contains more,smaller particles and is therefore more likely to be deposited deep in the lungs. On the basisof this report, the EPA has classified environmental tobacco smoke in the highest risk category for causing cancer.As an illustration of the health risks, in the case of a married couple where one partner is a smoker and one a non-smoker, the latter is believed to have a 30 per cent higher risk of death from heart disease because of passive smoking. The risk of lunf3 cancer also increases over the years of exposure and the figure jumps to 80 per cent if the spouse has been smoking four packs a day for 90 years. It has been calculated that 17 per cent of cases of lung cancer can be attributed to high levels of exposure to second-hand tobacco smoke during childhood and adolescence.A more recent study by researchers at the University of California at San Francisco (UCSF) has shown that second-hand cigarette smoke does more harm to non-smokers than to smokers. Leaving aside the philosophical question of whether anyone should have to breathe someone else's cigarette smoke, the report suggests that the smoke experienced by many people in their daily lives is enough to produce substantial adverse effects on a person's heart and lungs.The report, published in the Journal of the American Medical Association (AMA), was based on the researchers' own earlier research but also includes a review of studies over the pastfew years. The American Medical Association represents about half of all US doctors and is a strong opponent of smoking. The study suggests that people who smoke cigarettes are continua fly damaging their cardiovascular system, which adapts in order to compensate for the effects of smoking. It further states that people who do not smoke do not have the benefit of their system adapting to the smoke inhalation. Consequently, the effects of passive smoking are far greater on non-smokers than on smokers.This report emphasizes that cancer is not caused by a single element in cigarette smoke; harmful effects to health are caused by many components. Carbon monoxide, for example, competes with oxygen in red blood cells and interferes with the blood's ability to deliver life-giving oxygen to the heart. Nicotine and other toxins in cigarette smoke activate small blood cells called platelets, which increases the likelihood of blood clots, thereby affecting blood circulation throughout the body.The researchers criticize the practice of some scientific consultants who work with the tobacco industry for assuming that cigarette smoke has the same impact on smokers as it does on non-smokers. They argue that those scientists are underestimating the damage done by passive smoking: and, in support of their recent findings, cite some previous research which points to passive smoking as the cause for between 30,000 and 60,000 deaths from heart attacks each year in the United States. This means that passive smoking is the third most preventable cause of death after active smoking and alcohol-related diseases.The study argues that the type of action needed against passive smoking should be similar to that being taken against illegal drugs and AIDS (SIDA). The UCSF researchers maintain that the simplest and most cost-effective action is to establish smoke-free work places, schools and public places.C3 TEST1 PASSAGE 3:The scientific methodA - Karl Popper’s claim that the scientific method is hypotheti co-deductive‘Hypotheses,’ said Medawar in 1964, ‘are imaginative and inspirational in character’; they are ‘adventures of the mind’. He was arguing in favour of the position taken by Karl Popperin The Logic of Scientific Discovery (1972, 3rd edition) that the nature of scientific method is hypothetico-deductive and not, as is generally believed, inductive.BIt is essential that you, as an intending researcher, understand the difference between these two interpretations of the research process so that you do not become discouraged or begin to suffer from a feeling of ‘cheating’ or not going about it the right way.C - Explaining the inductive methodThe myth of scientific method is that it is inductive: that the formulation of scientific theory starts with the basic, raw evidence of the senses - simple, unbiased, unprejudiced observation. Out of these sensory data - commonly referred to as ‘facts’ — generalisations will form. The myth is that from a disorderly array of factual information an orderly, relevant theory will somehow emerge. However, the starting point of induction is an impossible one.D - The role of hypotheses in scientific researchThere is no such thing as an unbiased observation. Every act of observation we make is a function of what we have seen or otherwise experienced in the past. All scientific work of an experimental or exploratory nature starts with some expectation about the outcome. This expectation is a hypothesis. Hypotheses provide the initiative and incentive for the inquiry and influence the method. It is in the light of an expectation that some observations are held to be relevant and some irrelevant, that one methodology is chosen and others discarded, that some experiments are conducted and others are not. Where is, your naive, pure and objective researcher now?E - The testing of hypothesesHypotheses arise by guesswork, or by inspiration, but having been formulated they can and must be tested rigorously, using the appropriate methodology. If the predictions you make as a result of deducing certain consequences from your hypothesis are not shown to be correct then you discard or modify your hypothesis. If the predictions turn out to be correct then your hypothesis has been supported and may be retained until such time as some further test shows it not to be correct. Once you have arrived at your hypothesis, which is a product of your imagination, you then proceed to a strictly logical and rigorous process, based upon deductive argument —hence the term ‘hypothetico-deductive’.F - Anticipating results before data is collectedSo don’t worry if you have some idea of what your results will tell you before you even begin to collect data; there are no scientists in existence who really wait until they have all the evidence in front of them before they try to work out what it might possibly mean. The closest we ever get to this situation is when something happens by accident; but even then the researcher has to formulate a hypothesis to be tested before being sure that, for example, a mould might prove to be a successful antidote to bacterial infection.G - How research is done and how it is reportedThe myth of scientific method is not only that it is inductive (which we have seen is incorrect) but also that the hypothetico-deductive method proceeds in a step-by-step, inevitable fashion. The hypothetico-deductive method describes the logical approach to much research work, but it does not describe the psychological behaviour that brings it about. This is much more holistic — involving guesses, reworkings, corrections, blind alleys and above all inspiration, in the deductive as well as the hypothetic component -than is immediately apparent from reading the final thesis or published papers. These have been, quite properly, organised into a more serial, logical order so that the worth of the output may be evaluated independently of the behavioural processes by which it was obtained. It is the difference, for example between the academic papers with which Crick and Watson demonstrated the structure of the DNA molecule and the fascinating book The Double Helix in which Watson (1968) described how they did it. From this point of view, ‘scientific method’ may more usefully be thought of as a way of writing up research rather than as a way of carrying it out.C3 TEST2 PASSAGE 1:A remarkable beetleSome of the most remarkable beetles are the during beetles, which spend almost their whole lives eating and breeding in dung．More than 4,000 species of these remarkable creature have evolved and adapted to theworld's different climates and the dung of its many animals. Australia's native dung beetles are scrub and woodland dwellers specialising in coarse marsupial droppings and avoiding the soft cattle dung in which bush flies and buffalo flies breed.In the early 1960s George Bornemissza, then a scientist at the Australian Government's premier research organisation, the Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), suggested that dung beetles should be introduced to Australia to control dung-breeding flies.Between 1968 and 1982, the CSIRO imported insects from about 50 different of dung beetle, from Asia, Europe and Africa, aiming to match them to different climatic zones in Australia. Of the 26 species that are known to have become successfully integrated into the local environment, only one, an African species released in northern Australia, has reached its natural boundary.Introducing dung beetles into a pasture is a simple process: approximately beetles are released, a handful at a time, into fresh cow pats2 in the cow pasture. The beetles immediately disappear beneath the pats digging and tunnelling and, if they successfully adapt to their new environment, soon become a permanent self-sustaining part of the local ecology. In time they multiply and within three or four years the benefits to the pasture are obvious.Dung beetles work from the inside of the pat so they are sheltered from predators such as birds and foxes. Most species burrow into the soil and bury dung in tunnels directly underneath the pats, which are hollowed out from within. Some large species originating from France excavate tunnels to a depth of approximately 30 cm below the dung pat. These beetles make sausage-shaped brood chambers along the tunnels. The shallowest tunnels belong to a much smaller Spanish species that buries dung in chambers that hang like fruit from the branches of a pear tree. South African beetles dig narrow tunnels of approximately 20 cm below the surface of the pat. Some surface-dwelling beetles, including a South African species, cut perfectly-shaped balls from the pat, which are rolled away and attached to the bases of plants.For maximum dung burial in spring, summer and autumn, farmers require a variety of species with overlapping periods of activity. In the cooler environments of the state of Victoria, the large French species cms long) is matched with smaller (half this size), temperate-climate Spanish species. The former are slow to recover from the winter cold and produce only one or two generations of offspring from late spring until autumn. The latter, which multiplyrapidly in early spring, produce two to five generations annually. The South African ball-rolling species, being a sub-tropical beetle, prefers the climate of northern and coastal New South Wales where it commonly works with the South African tunnelling species. In warmer climates, many species are active for longer periods of the year.Dung beetles were initially introduced in the late 1960s with a view to controlling buffalo flies by removing the dung within a day or two and so preventing flies from breeding. However, other benefits have become evident. Once the beetle larvae have finished pupation, the residue is a first-rate source of fertiliser. The tunnels abandoned by the beetles provide excellent aeration and water channels for root systems. In addition, when the new generation of beetles has left the nest the abandoned burrows are an attractive habitat for soil-enriching earthworms. The digested dung in these burrows is an excellent food supply for the earthworms, which decompose it further to provide essential soil nutrients. If it were not for the dung beetle, chemical fertiliser and dung would be washed by rain into streams and rivers before it could be absorbed into the hard earth, polluting water courses and causing blooms of blue-green algae. Without the beetles to dispose of the dung, cow pats would litter pastures making grass inedible to cattle and depriving the soil of sunlight. Australia's 30 million cattle each produce l0-12 cow pats a day. This amounts to billion tonnes a year, enough to smother about 110,000 sq km of pasture, half the area of Victoria.Dung beetles have become an integral part of the successful management of dairy farms in Australia over the past few decades. A number of species are available from the CSIRO or through a small number of private breeders, most of whom were entomologists with the CSIRO's dung beetle unit who have taken their specialised knowledge of the insect and opened small businesses in direct competition with their former employer.。
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剑桥雅思13大作文8分范文Living in a country where you have to speak a foreign language can cause serious social problems as well as practical problems.To what extent do you agree or disagree with this statement?-----------------------------范文1-------------------------These days, there are a lot of people who need to go to study or work overseas. This is the reason why some people think that dwelling in a foreign nation where they have to communicate in a foreign language is responsible for many challenges. I personally agree with the idea for many reasons, described in the following paragraph.The major reason that I agree that living in a foreign country can cause some problems is that folk can experience some culture shock. In other words, each country has its own customs. As a result, If individuals live in a foreign country, they will have to accept any culture that they are unfamiliar with. Moreover, folk cannot comprehend what local people attempt to communicate. To illustrate, If citizens from the United State of America travel to the United Kingdom, they may not understand the British accent. As a consequence, they will not able to communicate withlocal British citizens.In addition, individuals cannot change their behaviour. For example, when Thai citizens go to Canada which is in a different time zone to Thailand, they may have some health problems because they cannot alter their sleeping time. On top of that, individuals cannot eat local foods. That is to say, folk who have to live in a foreign nation may think that local foreign foods are strange for them.To summarize, there are tremendous reasons that residing in a country where folk have to speak a foreign language can cause many problems, and I strongly agree with this notion.------------------------范文2---------------------It is said that, in a country where speaking a foreign language is compulsory, immigrants are faced with various problems in society. I strongly agree with this statement because of some main reasons.Firstly, speaking a country language would help people to communicate with local dwellers. Communication not only helps foreigners to make friends but also expand their social life. In the other word, lack of friendship lead to feeling loneliness. For instance, a person living in a new country, when attending a party is less likely to experience joyfulmoments as a result, he could not understand completely what others talk about so that, he fails to participate in their discussion. Hence speaking a local language play an important role in socializing.Secondly, it is undeniable fact that speaking a foreign language has essential effects on daily life. In fact, in several situations during a day without knowing the language of that area one probably would get in trouble. To illustrate it, when a person goes shopping and cannot explain the specific products which he wants so the seller may make a mistake and give him the wrong goods. Therefore, immigrants have to learn the language of their destination country to live easily and do their work in the best way. Some may argue that in overseas one can speak with own language and translate it with some applications to convey his requests, while in this way it would be really arduous that local accept them in their community.In conclusion, I believe conversation skills with foreign languages contribute to creating close-knit relationships for communication and do other tasks that are necessary for living properly.-------------------------范文3--------------------As we all know, living in a foreign country and dealing with new people is not plain sailing. Surviving in a place where a different language isspoken will not be easy even if you are fluent in that language. So, I agree that one has to face so many social problems as well as practical problems. In this essay, I will dig into some of the issues why it is not that simple to live in a foreign country.The very first thing one has to encounter is the language barrier. The different dialects will surely make you have trouble. Moreover, even buying things from a store will not be easy if you do not understand their accent. Another problem comes from communication with the local dwellers. For example, the local people invite you to a party, but you cannot make new friends because of the language barrier while the others are having fun. Also, you will not get a chance to have conversations with your neighbors. Since you live in a new place you need to widen your social circle so you must be fluent in the language of the country that he intends to move to.In addition, coping with new cultures is another challenging thing. Every country has different religions and manners, so we need to struggle a lot to fit in. If we cannot communicate, we will not get the opportunity to learn about their cultures and we will not settle in their community. The consequences of this are loneliness along with no friends and low socializing. For instance, when I travelled to Spain for business eventhough it was just a week, I felt so alone because I had no one to speak to or hang out with. I cannot imagine myself living there for extra weeks without even knowing a word. These are the detrimental effects of living in a country where you have to speak a foreign language.Taking everything into consideration, although we cannot deny that there are so many problems in migrating to a different country, we can solve these problems with the help of language. Also, as time goes by, we will be used to these problems.。