新加坡电力市场共24页
2009.4-新加坡电力市场2008年度报告_E文
ContentsPlease click on the buttons above to navigate through the Market ReportLetter from the EMC Chairman 02Market Governance Market Performance Additional InformationMarket Overview Overview09 Overview of the Year 15 Glossary30 Supply 18Market History 04Letter from the Chair, Rules Change Panel 10Demand 16Market Participants' Contact Details31Energy Prices 20Industry Structure 05Market Evolution 11Ancillary Markets24Market Features06Letter from the Dispute 13Resolution CounsellorCompetition in the Generation 26and Retail MarketsSettlement and Prudential Management 27Contracted Ancillary Services 27Market Fees2802Letter from the Chairman Energy Market Company< Contents304The opening of the National Electricity Market of Singapore (NEMS) in January 2003 was the culmination of a number of structural reforms to Singapore’s electricity industry. Singapore’s journey through liberalisation started in October 1995, when industry assets were corporatised and put on a commercial footing. In 1998, the Singapore Electricity Pool (SEP), a day-ahead market, began operation. On 1 April 2001, a new legal and regulatory framework was introduced that formed the basis for a new electricity market.The NEMS places Singapore alongside an international movement to introduce marketmechanisms into the electricity industry as a way to:• increase economic efficiency through competition,• attract private investment,• send accurate price signals to guideproduction and consumption decisions,• encourage innovation and • provide consumer choice.Sale of generation companiesOne of the major changes in the NEMS this year was the sale of the three largest generation companies by Temasek Holdings. The sale of Tuas Power, producing 2,670 megawatts (MW), to the China Huaneng Group for $4.2 billion was announced in March, followed by the sale of Senoko Power, producing 3,300MW, to theLion Power Consortium (led by Japan’s Marubeni Group and France’s GDF Suez) for about $4 billion in September, and PowerSeraya, with a licensed capacity of 3,100MW, to YTL Power for $3.8 billion in December.Market History Market OverviewMarket reform milestones< ContentsIndustry StructureMarket Overview05Singapore’s electricity industry is structured to facilitate competitive wholesale and retail markets. Competitiveness is achieved by separating the ownership of the contestable parts of the industry from those with natural monopoly characteristics. More generation joined the market2008 saw the entry of three new generatorsinto the market. Schering-Plough registered Singapore’s second tri-generation embedded generator in June; Pfizer Asia Pacific had registered the first tri-generation facility (4.8MW) in December 2007. Schering-Plough has two generating units, each 4.9MW in size, generating electricity for self-consumption.In July, IUT Singapore registered the first generator below 10MW that is not an embedded generator. At 2.126MW, it is the smallest generating unit currently registered in the NEMS, and uses abio-methanisation plant to create energy from food waste. Energy not consumed on-site is released into the grid.In addition, Banyan Utilities has also registered as a market participant (MP), with effect from13 November 2008.Participants and service providers in the NEMSGeneration LicenseesAll generators that are connected to thetransmission system are licensed by the EnergyMarket Authority (EMA) unless their facilities areless than 10MW. All generators with facilitiesof 1MW or more that are connected to thetransmission system must participate in theNEMS and be registered with the Energy MarketCompany (EMC).Wholesale Market TradersCompanies other than generators or retailerslicensed by the EMA to trade in the wholesaleelectricity markets.Retail Electricity LicenseesRetailers that sell electricity to contestableconsumers are licensed by the EMA. Retailers thatare registered as market participants purchaseelectricity directly from the wholesale market.MSSLA Market Support Services Licensee (MSSL)is authorised to provide market support services.Such services include consumer registrationand transfer, meter reading and meter datamanagement, retail settlements and billingfor contestable consumers. SP Services is theonly MSSL.Market Operator — EMCEnergy Market Company (EMC) operatesand administers the wholesale market. Thisrole includes calculating prices, schedulinggeneration, clearing and settling markettransactions and procuring ancillary services.EMC also administers the rule change processand provides resources that support the marketsurveillance and compliance process and thedispute resolution process.Transmission License — SP PowerAssetsSP PowerAssets owns and is responsible formaintaining the transmission system.PSOThe PSO (a division of the EMA) is responsiblefor ensuring the reliable supply of electricity toconsumers. The PSO controls the dispatch ofgeneration facilities, co-ordinates scheduledoutages and power system emergency planningand directs the operation of the high-voltagetransmission system.Regulator — EMAThe EMA is the regulator of the electricity industryand has the ultimate responsibility for the marketframework and for ensuring that the interests ofconsumers are protected.ConsumersConsumers are classified as being eithercontestable or non-contestable, dependingon their level of electricity usage. Contestableconsumers may choose to purchase electricityfrom a retailer, directly from the wholesale marketor indirectly from the wholesale market through theMSSL, SP Services. Non-contestable consumersare supplied by SP Services.< Contents06 Market FeaturesMarket OverviewThe NEMS has a number of features that drive efficiency and make its design truly world class. These include:• co-optimisation of energy, reserve and regulation products,• security-constrained dispatch andnodal pricing and• near real-time dispatch.Co-optimisation of energy, reserve andregulation productsA sophisticated process involving about 50,000different mathematical equations is used todetermine the price and quantity of the energy,regulation and reserve products traded. Integralto this process is the concept of co-optimisation,wherein the market clearing engine (MCE)considers the overall costs and requirementsof all products, then selects the optimal mix ofgeneration and IL to supply the market.Security-constrained dispatch and nodalpricingTo determine the prices for products traded on thewholesale market, offers made by generators andILs are matched with the system demand forecastand system security requirements. The MCEproduces security-constrained economic dispatchby taking into account:• available generation capacity,• ability of generation capacity to respond(ramping),• relationship between the provision of energyand reserve and regulation (co-optimisation),• power flows in the system,• physical limitations on the flows that can occurin the transmission system,• losses that are incurred as power istransported and• constraints in relation to system security.This process is run every half-hour todetermine the:• dispatch quantity that each generationunit is to produce,• reserve and regulation capacity eachgeneration unit is required to maintain,• level of IL that is required and thecorresponding prices for energy, reserveand regulation in the wholesale market.Energy prices – referred to as nodal prices – varyat different points on the network. The differencesin nodal prices reflect both transmission lossesand the physical constraints of the transmissionsystem. This means that the true costs to themarket of delivering electricity to each point on theelectricity network are revealed.The MCE models the transmission network anduses linear programming to establish demandand supply conditions at multiple locations (nodes)on the network. Modelling ensures that markettransactions are structured in a way thatis physically feasible given the capacity andsecurity requirements of the transmission system.For each half-hour trading period, the MCEcalculates the prices to be received by generatorsat the 37 injection nodes and the prices atapproximately 653 withdrawal or off-take nodesthat are used as the basis for the price to be paidby customers. This method of price determinationencourages the economically-efficient schedulingof generation facilities in the short term andprovides incentives to guide investment into newpower system infrastructure in the long term.EMC uses metered demand and generation fromthe MSSL and market prices to settle markettransactions on a daily basis. Generators receivethe market price for energy that is determinedat their point of connection to the transmissionnetwork (injection node). Retailers pay the UniformSingapore Energy Price (USEP) for energy, whichis the weighted-average of the nodal prices at alloff-take nodes.Generators pay for reserve according to howmuch risk they contribute to the system.Regulation is paid for by retailers in proportionto their energy purchase and by dispatchedgenerators up to a ceiling of 5 megawatt hour(MWh) for each trading period.Energy, reserve and regulation products< ContentsMarket FeaturesMarket Overview07Near real-time dispatchMarket prices and dispatch quantities for energy, reserve and regulation are calculated five minutes before the start of each half-hour trading period. This ensures that the market outcomes reflect the prevailing power system conditions and the most recent offers made by generators. The result of near real-time calculation of dispatched generation quantities ensures as little real-time intervention as possible, and hence minimal deviation from a competitive market solution.To support near real-time dispatch, EMC produces market forecast schedules up to a week ahead of the relevant trading period. These forecast schedules increase in frequency as the trading period approaches to ensure that MPs have the information they need to adjust their trading positions prior to physical dispatch.Mix of products traded 2008The total value of products traded in thewholesale market in 2008 was $6.92 billion,a rise of 31.5 percent from 2007. For 2008, thebreakdown of products traded was 99.2 percentfor energy, 0.43 percent for the reserve and0.38 percent for regulation.The share of products traded does not add up to 100%due to rounding.Regulation: 0.38%Energy: 99.20%Reserve: 0.43%< Contents8OverviewMarket Governance09Governing documents and institutionsThe Energy Market Authority (EMA) was established under the Energy Market Authority of Singapore Act 2001. The EMA is the electricity market regulator under the Electricity Act 2001 and is responsible for, among other mandates:• creating the market framework for electricity and gas supply,• promoting development of the electricity and gas industries,• protecting the interests of consumers andthe public,• issuing licences and• advising the Government on energy policies.Rule change processThe day-to-day functioning of the NationalElectricity Market of Singapore (NEMS) wholesalemarket is governed by the Singapore ElectricityMarket Rules.The rule change process is the responsibilityof the Rules Change Panel (RCP). Appointedby the Energy Market Company (EMC) Board,the RCP members represent generators,retailers, wholesale market traders, the financialcommunity, the Power System Operator (PSO),the Market Support Services Licensee (MSSL),the transmission licensee, electricity consumersand EMC, ensuring representation for the manysectors of the industry.The rule change process is designed to maximiseboth transparency and opportunities for publicinvolvement. Rule modifications recommended bythe RCP require the support of the EMC Boardand the EMA. The EMA is required to considerthe interests of consumers when approvingchanges to the Market Rules. Each year, the RCPestablishes and publishes its work plan to ensurethat stakeholders remain informed about the likelyevolution of the market. The work plan can befound at .Market surveillance and complianceThe Market Surveillance and CompliancePanel (MSCP), comprised of professionalsindependent of the market, is responsible formonitoring, investigating and reporting on thebehaviour of market participants (MP) and thestructural efficiency of the market. The panelidentifies market rule breaches and assessesmarket operations for efficiency and fairness. Incircumstances in which the MSCP determinesthat a MP is not compliant with the MarketRules, it may take enforcement action, includinglevying a penalty. The MSCP also recommendsremedial actions to mitigate any rule breachesor inefficiencies identified. The panel publishesan annual report; since 2007 the MSCP AnnualReport has been published together with theNEMS Market Report.Dispute resolutionThe Market Rules contain a process that facilitatesthe resolution of disputes between MP andservice providers. The dispute resolution processis designed to be a cost-effective way of resolvingdisputes and preserving market relationshipsby avoiding court proceedings. This process ismanaged by the Dispute Resolution Counsellor.< Contents10 Dear Industry Members,2008 was another eventful year for the Rules Change Panel (RCP), as we tackled a wide spectrum of economic, financial and administrative issues. I am heartened to report that as a team, the RCP applied sound design principles in assessing Singapore’s changing electricity landscape, implementing rule changes that will benefit the market.In assessing rule changes, the panel is always mindful of instances in which theoretical assumptions of a perfect market do not hold. One good example is the procurement of ancillary service contracts, in which the small number of potential providers makes it difficult to achieve a perfectly competitive outcome. To address this situation, the RCP recommended two rule changes this year: the first, to ensure that price and quantity information of ancillary service contracts is not disclosed in non-competitive procurement outcomes, in order to prevent collusion; and the second, to introduce the provision of an independent assessment, ensuring that ancillary service proposals do not over-provide and are cost effective.Further, the RCP grappled with whether or not offer and dispatch data of generators should be released. Several other electricity markets publish such data at either the facility or aggregated level, sometimes with a time lag. However, the RCP made a conscious decision not to publish such data, given the present high market concentration in the Singapore electricity market, and given that offer patterns do not vary significantly over time. The panel will keep this issue in mind, and review its decision as the market concentration, using the vesting contract level as a proxy, falls.The RCP continually strives to streamline andenhance the operations of the wholesale market.As part of its efforts to enhance service delivery,EMC proposed to implement self-billing,whereby EMC, as the customer, prepares theMP-supplier’s (e.g., generators) tax invoice, andforwards a copy to the supplier. This serviceis possible since all settlement information iscentralized at EMC, and removes the need forMP-suppliers to issue tax invoices at their end.This year also marks the end of term for thecurrent Panel, which ran from 2006 to 2008.For their invaluable contributions to the RCP,I would like to thank outgoing members:Dr Kang Cheng Guan (PSO), Mr Low Boon Tong(PowerSeraya), Mr Tay Swee Lee (Senoko Power),Dr Daniel Cheng Tai Yip (SP Power Assets) andMr Henry Gan Wee Teck (EMC), as well as thosecontinuing service on the next panel: Mr Philip Tan(Tuas Power), Ms Annie Tan (Keppel Electric),Mr Ng Meng Poh (Sembcorp Power), Mr DallonKay (Diamond Energy), Mr Lawrence Lee (SPServices), Mr Robin Langdale (ICPAS), Dr GohBee Hua (CASE) and Mr Michael Lim (SICC).I also would like to welcome Mr Yeo Lai Hin (PSO),Mr Sim Meng Khuan (PowerSeraya), Mr Yu TatMing (Senoko Power), Mr Chan Hung Kwan (SPPowerGrid) and Mr Kenneth Lim Khoon Seng(EMC) to the new 2009-2011 Panel. I have fullconfidence that with the mix of experience fromthe incumbent members and fresh perspectivesfrom the new members, the RCP will be well-equipped to tackle upcoming challenges.I would like to take this opportunity to express mygratitude to all who have contributed to making2008 such a fruitful year for the RCP; from myfellow RCP colleagues who have been a pleasureto work with, to our EMA regulators and EMCBoard for considering RCP’s rule changeproposals, and to the MPs who have activelycontributed constructive feedback during the rulechange process. Last but not least, I would like tothank EMC’s Market Administration Team for theirtireless efforts and insightful analyses, which werea great help to the RCP in arriving at decisions.I look forward to continued support from allquarters in the new year ahead, as we continueto guide market evolution amidst changes to theindustry landscape.Dave CarlsonChairRules Change PanelLetter from the Chair, Rules Change PanelMarket Governance< Contents2008 was an eventful year for the RCP, which worked productively on the following rule change proposals:Ancillary servicesEMC procures contracted ancillary services (e.g., black start) on behalf of the PSO. Giventhe small number of such service providers,and the location-specific nature of these services, additional effort is taken to ensure competitive outcomes and reasonable rates in the procurement process. This year, two rule changes were made to enhance the procurement process:Publication of ancillary service contractsThis rule change looked at the publication of information associated with the procurement of ancillary services.Previously, the amount of information that EMC published on ancillary service contracts depends on whether or not EMC contracts ancillary services in the presence of market power, as determined by the MSCP. However, the MSCP felt that it is not the appropriate body to make such an assessment, as it is not vested with powers under the Market Rules or Electricity Act to adjudicate market power issues.To address this question, the RCP recommendsthat if EMC employs a competitive tenderingor negotiation process to identify multiplepotential ancillary service providers to determinecompetitive prices and other contract terms, thenthe commercial terms of such contracts shall betreated as confidential information. Otherwise,EMC shall have to publish the relevant terms andconditions of the contracts in order to encouragecompetition among various potential providers.This change thus leverages the existing processfor contracting ancillary service to determine thepresence of market power, removing the need forthe MSCP to determine market power.The EMC Board, having considered the RCP’sproposal, countered that if the ancillary serviceis procured through a competitive tendering ornegotiation process with multiple potential ancillaryservice providers, the price of the ancillary serviceshall be published. However, in a non-competitivemarket situation, the EMC Board recognises thatthe disclosure of prices and quantities of individualwinning contracts may facilitate collusion andgaming amongst suppliers, to the detriment of themarket. Thus, in this non-competitive situation,the price and quantity of the ancillary service shallnot be published. The Board further suggestedthat the key requirements pertaining to an ancillaryservice contract should be made known at theonset of the procurement process.Auditing of contracted ancillary services proposalsIn procuring contracted ancillary services, EMCwill conduct a competitive tender or negotiatewith multiple potential ancillary service providers(PASPs) to determine competitive prices and theterms for such services. Where this is not feasible,EMC will negotiate ancillary service contractsdirectly with a single provider.As future contracted ancillary services could entailsignificant capital investment, EMC proposedintroducing a provision for the independentassessment of the PASP proposals, to ensure thattheir proposals do not over-provide and are costeffective. This rule change introduced the provisionof an audit, which will be conducted for cases inwhich the PSO or EMC would like an independentview of the proposals. The audit will be carried outby a consultant engaged by EMC, with inputs fromthe PSO and the respective PASP. The consultantfees will be recovered from the market through theMonthly Energy Uplift Charges (MEUC).While the independent findings will not be bindingon the PASP, it is envisioned that the findings willserve to facilitate the negotiation process betweenthe PSO, EMC and the PASP.System securityRegistration of generation facilities at the samegenerating stationIn the NEMS, generation facilities are classifiedas either Generation Settlement Facilities (GSF)or Generation Registered Facilities (GRF). UnlikeGRFs, GSFs are not subject to the PSO’s dispatchand can generate electricity according to theirneeds. (These generators can start or stop of theirown accord.)Under the existing rules, only generation facilitieswith nameplate ratings of less than 10 megawatts(MW) can be registered as GSF. This is becausethe operations of multiple GSFs with aggregatecapacities of 10MW or more at the same physicallocation, which are not subjected to dispatch,could destabilize the power system andcompromise system security.A generation facility is defined in the MarketRules as “one or more generating units at thesame physical location”. Hence, to determineif a generation facility qualifies as a GSF, theaggregate nameplate rating of all generating unitsat the same physical location has to be less than10MW. However, some MPs and potential MPmisunderstood that the 10MW threshold appliedto each generating unit’s individual nameplaterating, and may have attempted to register theunits individually as GSFs, even though theiraggregate nameplate rating exceeded 10MW.The RCP supported this rule change to makeit explicit in the Market Rules that multiplegenerating units at the same physical locationmust be registered as GRFs and be subject toPSO’s dispatch, if their aggregate nameplaterating is 10MW or more.Administrative changesModification to market manual for EMCto perform self-billingUnder the current market structure, EMC acts as a middleman, whereby it purchases electricity, ancillary services and other electricity products and services from MP-suppliers (e.g., generators), and sells them to MP-buyers (e.g., retailers/ MSSL). Correspondingly, EMC collects payment from MP-buyers, and makes payments toMP-suppliers. Before an MP-supplier can issue a tax invoice to EMC, EMC has to notify theMP-suppliers of the amount to be invoiced.To enhance service delivery, EMC proposedto implement self-billing, since all settlement information is centralized at EMC. Self-billingis essentially an arrangement between aGST-registered supplier (i.e., MP-supplier) and a GST-registered customer (i.e., EMC), in which the customer prepares the supplier’s tax invoice, and forwards a copy to the supplier. Since EMC has all the information required to determine the value of the goods and services providedby all MP-suppliers, EMC can issue itselfbuyer-created tax invoices on the MP-suppliers’ behalf and provide each MP-supplier with a copy. This process removes the need for the MP-suppliers to issue tax invoices at their end.The proposed modification to the Market Operations Market Manual (Settlement) ensures that EMC meets the conditions required by the Inland Revenue Authority of Singapore (IRAS) for self-billing. The RCP unanimously recommended this proposal to enhance the efficiency of the invoicing process.Review of qualifications for members of thedispute resolution and compensation panelThe Singapore Electricity Market Rules providefor a set of Dispute Resolution Procedures whichaim to resolve disputes between parties amicably,avoid incurring unnecessary costs, and maintainrelationships that are important in Singapore’selectricity market community. These proceduresare administered by the Dispute ResolutionCounsellor, who appoints two separate panels,a mediation panel and an arbitration panel(collectively known as the Dispute Resolution andCompensation Panel) from which he will selectsuitable mediators or arbitrators for future disputes.During a review of the Dispute ResolutionProcedures, it was proposed to broaden theselection criteria for the Dispute Resolution andCompensation Panel. Current Market Rulesrequire candidates with legal backgrounds tohave practiced as advocates and solicitors of theSupreme Court of Singapore. EMC assessed thecurrent selection criteria for candidates with legalbackgrounds and found that it was restrictivein comparison to comparable arrangements atorganizations such as the Singapore MediationCentre (SMC) and the Singapore InternationalArbitration Centre (SIAC).As such, the RCP supported the proposal toinclude an additional criterion for greater flexibility,by qualifying candidates with legal backgrounds,so long as they have experience as arbitrators ormediators in previous disputes.Update of market operations market manual– standing offers, offer variations andstanding data (chapter 6, Market Rules)The current issue of the Market Manual was lastupdated and published in May 2004. Since then,there have been changes to both the MarketRules and market operations. The Market Manualwas thus reviewed and updated to align it withthe current Market Rules. The Market Manual wasthen rewritten for greater readability, clarity andlogical organisation.In addition, a timetable for submissions of offervariations for energy, reserve and regulation inAppendix 6A.2 of Chapter 6 of the Market Ruleswas put up for a rule change, to ensure that therepresentation of applicable periods noted in thetimetable coordinates accurately and consistentlywith other timetables in the same Appendix.Publication of market informationPublishing generation offers anddispatch quantitiesCurrently, generator offers and dispatch quantitiesin the Singapore wholesale electricity marketare not published at either the generationfacility-level or the aggregated level. Some MPsrequested that EMC review the question ofwhether or not releasing such data would bebeneficial to the market.EMC’s review noted that, in line with economictheory, the release of more information enhancestransparency and reduces the cost of riskmanagement for generators. However, giventhe highly concentrated nature of the electricitymarket, the release of such strategic informationat either the facility or aggregated level couldfacilitate collusion and the exercise of marketpower. In addition, the availability of such datacould erode the incentive for generators to beguided only by their true marginal cost in theiroffers, which was the market design intent.On balance, EMC proposed not to release suchdata while the market remained concentrated.Practices in other electricity markets suggestthat introducing a time-lag dilutes the strategiccontent of offer information. Among marketsthat make offer information available, such lagsrange from one day to six months. However,given Singapore’s relatively stable and predictableload pattern, it was observed that offer patternsdo not vary significantly over the years. Sincethe strategic value of delayed offer informationdoes not diminish, EMC felt that it would not beappropriate to release even delayed data.The RCP concurred with EMC’s proposal not topublish the data, although this decision would bereviewed when the level of market concentration islowered. The RCP decided to monitor the vestingcontract level as a gauge of market concentration,and will review this decision as needed.。
世界主要电力期货市场分析概述
世界主要电力期货市场分析概述电力期货市场是全球金融市场中的重要组成部分。
随着能源需求的不断增长和能源供应的不稳定性，电力期货市场的发展变得愈发关键。
本文将对世界主要电力期货市场进行概述，旨在为读者提供对电力期货市场的基本了解。
一、电力期货市场简介电力期货市场是指以电力作为标的物的金融衍生品交易市场。
它提供了一个平台，供企业和投资者对电力价格进行交易、风险管理和投资。
二、欧洲电力期货市场欧洲电力期货市场是全球最大、最活跃的电力期货交易市场。
该市场主要以欧式期权形式交易，参与者包括发电企业、贸易商、电力交易所等。
其中，德国、法国和英国等国家的市场规模最大。
德国电力期货市场是欧洲最大的电力期货市场之一。
该市场以德国电力期货交易所为主要交易平台，提供了丰富的衍生品合约和期权，吸引了众多国内外投资者的参与。
法国电力期货市场是欧洲最早成立的电力期货市场之一。
该市场以法国电力交易所为核心交易所，其特点是多元化的交易品种和高度透明的交易机制，成为欧洲电力期货市场中的重要一员。
英国电力期货市场同样具有重要地位。
该市场以伦敦国际金融期货交易所为主要平台，拥有广泛的参与者和完善的交易机制，对外开放程度高，是欧洲电力期货市场的重要组成部分。
三、北美电力期货市场北美电力期货市场经历了较长的发展历史，并取得了显著的成就。
该市场主要以美国电力交易所为主要交易平台，吸引了大量的参与者和交易量。
美国电力期货市场的特点是市场规模大、交易品种多样化、交易工具成熟。
此外，由于北美电网的互联互通性，市场参与者可以进行跨境交易，增加了市场的流动性和投资机会。
四、亚洲电力期货市场亚洲电力期货市场相对于欧美市场较为年轻，但正在快速发展。
中国、日本和新加坡等国家的电力期货市场逐渐崭露头角。
中国电力期货市场是亚洲最大的电力期货市场。
该市场以上海期货交易所和大连商品交易所为主要交易平台，日益完善的电力市场体系和广大的市场参与者成为该市场发展的重要动力。
新加坡电商市场介绍
新加坡市场概览2019.11目录坐标: 新加坡124基础信息电商市场规模及相关设施人口特征及消费习惯消费品类3基础信息新加坡地理：东南亚中南半岛南端的一个城邦岛国、城市国家，富裕的亚洲四小龙之一；亚洲重要的金融、服务和航运中心之一首都：新加坡城语言：英语、华语、马来语、泰米尔语人口：世界人口密度第三高的国家或地区；全国人口已达583万，在本地居民（本国公民及永久居民的总称）中，华人占74.2%年龄结构：人口年龄中位数为41岁新加坡人口密度世界第三，国民富足；华人占比接近3/4，中国是其第一大贸易国国民经济：2018人均GDP 64,579美元，增长7.06%人均收入：2018年全国的工资中位数——4,437新币/月（23,002.43人民币）对外贸易：2018年新加坡从中国大陆进口了496.62亿美元，约为同期新加坡进口总额的13.4%2007-2018新加坡人均国内生产总值Source: Statista Research Department, CEIC data.目录坐标: 新加坡124基础信息电商市场规模及相关设施人口特征及消费习惯消费品类3电商市场规模与潜力新加坡电商用户渗透率直至2023年将达73.2 %用户数预计可持续增加到439万Source: Statista Research Department, e-Commerce Singapore; Google & Temasik Report, e-Commerse SEA 2019,EDB Singapore E-Commerce2019年新加坡电商市场规模达19亿美元，预计2025年市场规模可达70亿，年均复合增长率22%2019年472.6美元2023年1,071.3美元402万439万+ 37万20192023新加坡电商规模25年可达70亿美元，政府推出零售业转型路线提振电商收入占比ARPU 年复合增长率22.7 %18%22%新加坡电商市场规模（GMV ，美元）10亿19亿70亿201520192025新加坡贸易与工业部：推出零售业转型路线图，多渠道销售将成为新加坡零售业的主要推动力。
新加坡电力市场
3、新加坡电力市场的现状
系统监管者
新加坡新的 电力市场模型
系统操作者
电力供应 发电公司
现场议价 市场 零售市场 客户
后备市场
3、新加坡电力市场的现状
3.2 电力市场的贸易 （1）批发市场 批发市场是有关能源、调节、储备的“实时”市 场或现货市场。在这个市场中，买卖双方通过能源 市场公司运营的批发市场进行能源、调节、储备的 交易。每半个小时，现货市场确定：每个发电厂的 发电量；由每个厂所保持的备用和调节容量；相应 的现货市场的能源、调节、备用的价格。发电量和 电价由发电商提出的价格—电量报价及电力系统运 营机构制定的需求预测确定。全部的最低成本调配 计划和市场价格每半个小时公布一次。
1新加坡电力市场概况overview1新加坡电力市场概况overview电力市场8家发电公司能源市场管理局ema电网公司能源市场公司sp服务公司8家零售公司三分天下senokopowerpowerseraya大士能源公司电力公司组成新加坡发电商组成2电力市场改革reform改革轨迹厂网分离批发市场输配分离实时批发市场零售市场第一阶段1993年成立公用事业管理局pub负责电力自来水和煤气的供应
3、新加坡电力市场的现状
3.3 电力市场的运行 a 价格的确定： 电力改革以来，新加坡的零售电价大约下降了 6%。能源管理局有关电力改革的宣传都是正面的。 发电价格中燃料成本约占75% ，约60新元/ （MW· h），受国际原油价格波动的影响较大；其 他运行成本约20新元/（MW· h）；人力成本约占3%。 竞价上网的最高电价曾达到3788新元/（MW· h） （只有2h），在负荷低时，目前可以以0元售电 （保持机组在运行，如果停机后重启不成，竞价上 网的代价非常高；同时燃气电厂因用气合同限制， 必须用满一定量的天然气），市场进一步放开后， 甚至 可以出现负电价。
1新加坡电网资产管理、客户管理
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状态维修规划
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现在
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电缆状态监测最新突破
振荡波测试
高科技应用与贯彻 避免115宗电缆故障
振荡波测试
配电电缆
22kV 6.6kV 电缆 - 2007年
历来最佳业绩
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电网运作业绩
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0.071
0.097
0.097
0.084
0.06
0.04
19
230kV电缆终端状态监测 红相图谱-确认局放
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230kV电缆终端状态监测
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Red Phase
Yellow Phase
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平均过网费
分（新币）／千瓦时
新加坡电力市场交易与资金清算模式探析
新加坡电力市场交易与资金清算模式探析摘要：电力交易市场化改革是深入推进能源生产和消费革命的关键所在。
“放开两头，管制中间”的改革方向使得电网企业盈利模式发生重大变化，电费资金结算方式是否需要发生改变亦受到业内广泛关注，本文针对新加坡电力市场化改革后电费资金结算规则，进行系统分析，以助于社会各界加深这一问题的认识，保障改革的顺利推进。
关键词：售电公司；资金结算；托底服务一、新加坡电力市场交易现状目前，新加坡的电力市场是按照“放开两头、监管中间，交易和调度独立”的思路设计，并于2003年开始正式运行。
在电力批发市场上，发电企业实行竞价上网，售电公司则按照竞价形成的统一价格购入电能。
在电力零售市场上，售电公司将从批发市场采购的电能按照不同类型的价格套餐向服务的电力用户供应，管制类用户则按政府定价水平向托底供应商新加坡能源服务公司购电。
在零售市场中，用户根据月平均用电量水平被划分为自选用户和非自选用户，其中居民均被划分为非自选用户。
自选用户可以向任一售电公司或批发市场购入电能，非自选用户只能从托底能源服务公司购电。
同时，为吸引客户，售电公司也可提供弹性方案满足用户的个性化需求，弹性方案的电费可以不包含全部的费用，并且可在合同期限内根据条款和条件变化，灵活地决定电能价格结构以及期限。
二、新加坡电力交易资金清算模式的特征分析（一）市场化交易的电能资金结算方式取决于交易主体自身选择对于选择直接参与电力市场交易的自选电力客户，由于其直接参与电能批发市场交易，可直接与发电企业进行资金结算；对于选择从售电公司购电的自选电力客户，资金结算方式有两种选择，即售电公司合并计费或分开计费，若选择分开收费，购电费、服务费支付给售电公司，输配电费、代收税费直接支付给负责托底的新加坡能源服务公司，直接参与市场交易的售电公司将购电费直接支付给发电企业，而不直接参与市场交易售电公司通过新加坡能源服务公司代理结算；若选择合并收费，用户将购电费、服务费、输配电费、代收税费合并支付给售电公司，售电公司再将购电费支付给发电企业，将输配电费、代收税费支付给新加坡能源服务公司，而不直接参与市场交易的售电公司通过新加坡能源服务公司代理结算。
新加坡大型能源公司的改革情况2009-06-04
新加坡能源电网公司改革情况1995年10月前，新加坡供电部门隶属于政府公用事业局，与供水、煤气部门合署。
1995年10月，公用事业局进行改革，供电、煤气部分从政府中分离，成立了新加坡能源有限公司。
2000年，新加坡实行厂网分离，发电厂从新加坡能源有限公司分离。
2003年，新加坡能源有限公司实行资产与经营分离，新加坡能源有限公司改为新加坡能源控股（集团）有限公司，其下成立了四个专业子公司，分别为：资产有限公司、电网有限公司、服务有限公司、煤气有限公司。
新加坡能源电网有限公司负责输配电业务。
负责供应可靠及有质量之电力，它已荣获ISO 9001:2000在电网开发及管理的认证，其专业技术涵盖网络规划，计划管理，电网管理，控制与通讯，以及状态监视，新加坡的电网供电可靠度绩效名列世界前茅。
新加坡能源电网有限公司2008年的负载尖峰需求为6073MW，1999年至2008年平均成长率为3.73%，预估2009-2018年为4.30%。
输配电系统电压等级，最高电压400Kv，依次为230/66/22/6.6Kv，一般用户电压则为400/230V。
新加坡幅员不大，其输配电系统全面采用地下电缆。
输配电工程均可如期如量完成，新加坡电力系统完全符合N-1规划准则，安全裕度充足，没有供电困难，并且系统装置均有监测设备，能准确预测设备故障，电网供电绩效卓著。
新加坡能源电网有限公司超高压输电系统以230 kV划分，分东、西、南、北四个区域，400 kV干线仅为包含三座变电所及一座电厂的环路。
新加坡能源电网有限公司近年新成立电能质量管理中心，主要通过监录设备将系统运转数据搜集，除作为事故分析外，主要是定期提供系统运转信息，供重要用户参考，约每3个月由新加坡能源电网有限公司管理高层主动联系用户报告，大大增进了与用户的联系。
2003年，新加坡政府要求加大市场竞争力度，实行厂网分离，尽可能地把竞争引入各个环节，因此对电力销售环节进行改革，引入了电力零售商，完善了电力市场运作机制。
国外电力期货市场比较及产品设计分析
国外电力期货市场比较及产品设计分析作者：刘力维牟星宇来源：《今日财富》2022年第29期随着我国电力市场化改革的推进，电力期货市场的重要性愈发显著。
我们通过对国外成熟电力期货市场架构的比较及其电力金融产品的设计分析，总结出其一般规律，对我国电力期货市场建设提出相关意见。
我们具体分析了美国、澳大利亚、欧洲、新加坡的电力金融市场，从交易特点、市场规模、市场价格比较三方面对各自市场进行比较分析。
并从交割方式、交易价格、交割周期、交割时段等方面总结出电力期货设计的考虑要素。
一、国外电力期货概况（一）电力期货的基本概念特征电力期货是指在未来某一日期或时间，通过集中竞价或计算机自动撮合交易等方式进行的无实物交割模式的合同，且具有标准化、交易集中化、每日无负债结算制度和杠杆机制等特征。
（二）电力期货与其他电力金融衍生品比较电力金融衍生品主要分为电力期货、远期合约、电力期权三类。
针对远期合约，高林峰（2017）在总结中外文献的基础上，指出电力远期合约是一种简单的场外交易合约，需要交易双方详细商谈，多用于电力金融市场建设初期。
针对电力期权，其为支付一定的溢价后，在未来一定时期内以特定价格交易一定数量的电力产品的权利。
不同的是，电力期权的持有人可以行权亦可不行权。
对于电力期货与远期合约的比较，曹毅刚、沈如刚（2005）指出，电力期货合约是基于远期合约的高度标准化的远期合约，且二者存在着一定差异，并不等同。
二、国外主要电力期货市场比较我们通过文献分析法、比较分析法从以下方面进行比较研究。
（一）交易特點总体而言，全球经济一体化的发展带动了全球电力贸易的一体化。
对筹划能源互联网，构建新型电力市场交易模式尤为重要。
全球电力期货市场是电力现货市场的延伸和金融一体化。
它具有价格发现和风险规避的重要市场功能。
各种电力金融产品的推出也积极引导着电力市场的投资和发展。
1.美国电力期货市场特点美国采用PJM市场，为集中式的电力市场模式，其电力金融产品包含了电力期货在内的虚拟交易、阻塞交易等多样金融产品。
新加坡电力为什么能？
《南方能源观察》9月刊：新加坡电力为什么能？2011年09月26日15:33腾讯绿色频道蒋志高我要评论(0)字号：T|T新加坡电力为什么能？全球最佳的电力供应之一，是怎样做到的?文化冲击从刚上SQ581就开始了。
"旅客朋友们，我们抱歉地通知，由于白云机场航空管制的原因，我们的飞机预计将延迟五分钟起飞。
"我和右边的团友对视了一下，彼此露出了会心的微笑--五分钟的延误也需要播报，未免让我们有点受宠若惊。
这是一个41人的团队，其中36名为南方电网公司的"百名优秀年轻干部培训班"二班学员。
整个培训班有三个班级，共107人，年龄都在30岁左右。
南方电网公司干部学院的老师说，这是南方电网自2002年成立以来，第二次如此大规模的培训。
第一次是在公司成立之初，总共举行了七次。
据说，那批人后来被称为"黄埔七期"。
5分钟后，飞机准时起飞，目的地--新加坡。
在临行前一周，我到广州购书中心买了两本关于新加坡的书籍--其实是一本。
书名叫《新加坡为什么能》。
上卷的小标题叫：一党长期执政何以保持活力、廉洁。
下卷的小标题叫：和谐社会是怎样建成的。
这本书由深圳大学的一位学者写成，新加坡现任总理李显龙作序。
公开报道显示，中国至少有两个重要省市的党政领导干部学习过这本书。
现在，这36个年轻人要去新加坡，探寻一个答案：新加坡电力为什么能？"相当于我们参加一个比赛，从200名跑到了20名，回头看似乎取得不错的成绩，但现在我们要向第一名看齐。
"一位学员说。
某种程度上，你甚至可以把这个当成中国的一个隐喻。
80/20法则80/20法则能够帮助个人和组织以最少的付出获取最大的回报；提升个体的工作效率，增强幸福感；增加企业的效益；提高任何团体的效率；并且能够降低公共服务成本，进而增加其数量，提高其质量--理查德.科克在致了热烈的欢迎辞后，新加坡能源国际咨询公司高级顾问、原新加坡能源电网公司副董事经理曾瑞棠说："现在你们想象自己是一张白纸，在这里开始一个新篇章。
新加坡电力零售市场改革的经验启示
新加坡电力零售市场改革的经验启示从2002年的国发5号文到2015年的中发9号文，我国电力体制改革一直在砥砺前行。
改革的设计者始终围绕着“打破垄断、引入竞争”的宗旨勾绘蓝图，但相比上一轮改革路径“厂网分开、主辅分离、输配分开、竞价上网”，新一轮的电改更侧重于“三放开、一独立、三强化”，在推进方式上更强调稳妥有序、先试点再推开。
新加坡电力行业的改革历程最早也是垂直一体化运营，国企新加坡能源公司下设发电公司、输电公司和供电公司，1993年的电力行业改革实行“厂网分开”，发电公司从新加坡能源公司（简称新能源公司）独立出来，发电市场初步放开。
1998年开始借鉴英国经验，建立电力批发市场，提高发电市场的开放程度，组建新的市场能源管理局（EMA），并设定电力系统的运行者（PSO），负责电网安全稳定运行，按分电压等级核算输电网的使用费。
当一切准备就绪，2001年开始，按照容量的大小分阶段向用户开放零售市场，截至2015年，月平均用电量在2000千瓦时以上的客户已放开竞争，用电量约占总社会用电量的80%，目前仅剩下中小居民客户尚未放开。
我国电改将何去何从，需结合国内实际问题因地制宜地解决，电力市场到底是选择英国分散式或是美国的集中式，还是设计出适合国内电力市场的新模式仍待商榷，但在电力零售市场改革方面，新加坡的现状与我国的未来也许有着更多相似之处。
我们都将按容量大小分阶段放开客户选择权，而且新加坡电力零售市场目前仍处于部分放开的状态，工商业客户放开速度较快，居民客户的放开更为谨慎、稳妥。
在类似的改革过渡阶段，我们将面临很多类似的现实问题，例如如何在传统零售商和新进入的零售商之间分配营销业务、如何在多主体之间电费结算、如何分摊电费回收风险、如何建立保底服务机制等。
电力用户的购电选择目前，新加坡电力零售市场仍处于部分放开的状态。
根据年用电量，新加坡的电力用户被分为拥有自选电力供应资格的用户和不拥有自选电力供应资格的用户。