物理化学概念与术语

物理化学概念与术语BET公式BET formulaDLVO理论DLVO theoryHLB法hydrophile-lipophile balance methodpVT性质pVT propertyζ电势zeta potential阿伏加德罗常数Avogadro'number阿伏加德罗定律Avogadro law阿累尼乌斯电离理论Arrhenius ionization theory阿累尼乌斯方程Arrhenius equation阿累尼乌斯活化能Arrhenius activation energy阿马格定律Amagat law艾林方程Erying equation爱因斯坦光化当量定律Einstein's law of photochemical equivalence爱因斯坦－斯托克斯方程Einstein-Stokes equation安托万常数Antoine constant安托万方程Antoine equation盎萨格电导理论Onsager's theory of conductance半电池half cell半衰期half time period饱和液体saturated liquids饱和蒸气saturated vapor饱和吸附量saturated extent of adsorption饱和蒸气压saturated vapor pressure爆炸界限explosion limits比表面功specific surface work比表面吉布斯函数specific surface Gibbs function比浓粘度reduced viscosity标准电动势standard electromotive force标准电极电势standard electrode potential标准摩尔反应焓standard molar reaction enthalpy标准摩尔反应吉布斯函数standard Gibbs function of molar reaction标准摩尔反应熵standard molar reaction entropy标准摩尔焓函数standard molar enthalpy function标准摩尔吉布斯自由能函数standard molar Gibbs free energy function 标准摩尔燃烧焓standard molar combustion enthalpy标准摩尔熵standard molar entropy标准摩尔生成焓standard molar formation enthalpy标准摩尔生成吉布斯函数standard molar formation Gibbs function标准平衡常数standard equilibrium constant标准氢电极standard hydrogen electrode标准态standard state标准熵standard entropy标准压力standard pressure标准状况standard condition表观活化能apparent activation energy表观摩尔质量apparent molecular weight表观迁移数apparent transference number表面surfaces表面过程控制surface process control表面活性剂surfactants表面吸附量surface excess表面张力surface tension表面质量作用定律surface mass action law波义尔定律Boyle law波义尔温度Boyle temperature波义尔点Boyle point玻尔兹曼常数Boltzmann constant玻尔兹曼分布Boltzmann distribution玻尔兹曼公式Boltzmann formula玻尔兹曼熵定理Boltzmann entropy theorem玻色－爱因斯坦统计Bose-Einstein statistics泊Poise不可逆过程irreversible process不可逆过程热力学thermodynamics of irreversible processes 不可逆相变化irreversible phase change布朗运动brownian movement查理定律Charle's law产率yield敞开系统open system超电势over potential沉降sedimentation沉降电势sedimentation potential沉降平衡sedimentation equilibrium触变thixotropy粗分散系统thick disperse system催化剂catalyst单分子层吸附理论mono molecule layer adsorption单分子反应unimolecular reaction单链反应straight chain reactions弹式量热计bomb calorimeter道尔顿定律Dalton law道尔顿分压定律Dalton partial pressure law德拜和法尔肯哈根效应Debye and Falkenhagen effect德拜立方公式Debye cubic formula德拜－休克尔极限公式Debye-Huckel's limiting equation等焓过程isenthalpic process等焓线isenthalpic line等几率定理theorem of equal probability等温等容位Helmholtz free energy等温等压位Gibbs free energy等温方程equation at constant temperature低共熔点eutectic point低共熔混合物eutectic mixture低会溶点lower consolute point低熔冰盐合晶cryohydric第二类永动机perpetual machine of the second kind第三定律熵third-law entropy第一类永动机perpetual machine of the first kind缔合化学吸附association chemical adsorption电池常数cell constant电池电动势electromotive force of cells电池反应cell reaction电导conductance电导率conductivity电动势的温度系数temperature coefficient of electromotive force 电动电势zeta potential电动现象electrokinetic phenomena电功electric work电化学electrochemistry电化学极化electrochemical polarization电极电势electrode potential电极反应reactions on the electrode电极种类type of electrodes电解池electrolytic cell电量计coulometer电流效率current efficiency电迁移electro migration电迁移率electromobility电渗electroosmosis电渗析electrodialysis电泳electrophoresis丁达尔效应Dyndall effect定容摩尔热容molar heat capacity under constant volume定容温度计Constant voIume thermometer定压摩尔热容molar heat capacity under constant pressure定压温度计constant pressure thermometer定域子系统localized particle system动力学方程kinetic equations动力学控制kinetics control独立子系统independent particle system对比摩尔体积reduced mole volume对比体积reduced volume对比温度reduced temperature对比压力reduced pressure对称数symmetry number对行反应reversible reactions对应状态原理principle of corresponding state多方过程polytropic process多分子层吸附理论adsorption theory of multi-molecular layers 二级反应second order reaction二级相变second order phase change法拉第常数faraday constant法拉第定律Faraday's law法扬思-帕尼思规则Fajans- Pancth's rule反电动势back E.M.F.反渗透reverse osmosis反应分子数molecularity反应级数reaction orders反应进度extent of reaction反应热heat of reaction反应速率rate of reaction反应速率常数constant of reaction rate范德华常数van der Waals constant范德华方程van der Waals equation范德华力van der Waals force范德华气体van der Waals gases范特霍夫方程van't Hoff equation范特霍夫规则van't Hoff rule范特霍夫渗透压公式van't Hoff equation of osmotic pressure 非基元反应non-elementary reactions非体积功non-volume work非依时计量学反应time independent stoichiometric reactions 菲克扩散第一定律Fick's first law of diffusion沸点boiling point沸点升高elevation of boiling point费米－狄拉克统计Fermi-Dirac statistics分布distribution分布数distribution numbers分解电压decomposition voltage分配定律distribution law分散系统disperse system分散相dispersion phase分体积partial volume分体积定律partial volume law分压partial pressure分压定律partial pressure law分子反应力学mechanics of molecular reactions分子间力intermolecular force分子蒸馏molecular distillation封闭系统closed system附加压力excess pressure弗罗因德利希吸附经验式Freundlich empirical formula of adsorption 负极negative pole负吸附negative adsorption复合反应composite reaction盖·吕萨克定律Gay-Lussac law盖斯定律Hess law甘汞电极calomel electrode感胶离子序lyotropic series杠杆规则lever rule高分子溶液macromolecular solution高会溶点upper consolute point隔离法the isolation method格罗塞斯－德雷珀定律Grotthus-Draoer's law隔离系统isolated system根均方速率root-mean-square speed功work功函work content共轭溶液conjugate solution共沸温度azeotropic temperature构型熵configurational entropy孤立系统isolated system固溶胶solid sol固态混合物solid solution固相线solid phase line光反应photoreaction光化学第二定律the second law of actinochemistry光化学第一定律the first law of actinochemistry光敏反应photosensitized reactions光谱熵spectrum entropy广度性质extensive property广延量extensive quantity广延性质extensive property规定熵stipulated entropy过饱和溶液oversaturated solution过饱和蒸气oversaturated vapor过程process过渡状态理论transition state theory过冷水super-cooled water过冷液体overcooled liquid过热液体overheated liquid亥姆霍兹函数Helmholtz function亥姆霍兹函数判据Helmholtz function criterion亥姆霍兹自由能Helmholtz free energy亥氏函数Helmholtz function焓enthalpy亨利常数Henry constant亨利定律Henry law恒沸混合物constant boiling mixture恒容摩尔热容molar heat capacity at constant volume恒容热heat at constant volume恒外压constant external pressure恒压摩尔热容molar heat capacity at constant pressure恒压热heat at constant pressure化学动力学chemical kinetics化学反应计量式stoichiometric equation of chemical reaction化学反应计量系数stoichiometric coefficient of chemical reaction 化学反应进度extent of chemical reaction化学亲合势chemical affinity化学热力学chemical thermodynamics化学势chemical potential化学势判据chemical potential criterion化学吸附chemisorptions环境environment环境熵变entropy change in environment挥发度volatility混合熵entropy of mixing混合物mixture活度activity活化控制activation control活化络合物理论activated complex theory活化能activation energy霍根-华森图Hougen-Watson Chart基态能级energy level at ground state基希霍夫公式Kirchhoff formula基元反应elementary reactions积分溶解热integration heat of dissolution吉布斯－杜亥姆方程Gibbs-Duhem equation吉布斯－亥姆霍兹方程Gibbs-Helmhotz equation吉布斯函数Gibbs function吉布斯函数判据Gibbs function criterion吉布斯吸附公式Gibbs adsorption formula吉布斯自由能Gibbs free energy吉氏函数Gibbs function极化电极电势polarization potential of electrode 极化曲线polarization curves极化作用polarization极限摩尔电导率limiting molar conductivity几率因子steric factor计量式stoichiometric equation计量系数stoichiometric coefficient价数规则rule of valence简并度degeneracy键焓bond enthalpy胶冻broth jelly胶核colloidal nucleus胶凝作用demulsification胶束micelle胶体colloid胶体分散系统dispersion system of colloid胶体化学collochemistry胶体粒子colloidal particles胶团micelle焦耳Joule焦耳-汤姆生实验Joule-Thomson experiment焦耳-汤姆生系数Joule-Thomson coefficient焦耳-汤姆生效应Joule-Thomson effect焦耳定律Joule's law接触电势contact potential接触角contact angle节流过程throttling process节流膨胀throttling expansion节流膨胀系数coefficient of throttling expansion 结线tie line结晶热heat of crystallization解离化学吸附dissociation chemical adsorption 界面interfaces界面张力surface tension浸湿immersion wetting浸湿功immersion wetting work精馏rectify聚（合）电解质polyelectrolyte聚沉coagulation聚沉值coagulation value绝对反应速率理论absolute reaction rate theory 绝对熵absolute entropy绝对温标absolute temperature scale绝热过程adiabatic process绝热量热计adiabatic calorimeter绝热指数adiabatic index卡诺定理Carnot theorem卡诺循环Carnot cycle开尔文公式Kelvin formula柯诺瓦洛夫－吉布斯定律Konovalov-Gibbs law科尔劳施离子独立运动定律Kohlrausch's Law of Independent Migration of Ions 可能的电解质potential electrolyte可逆电池reversible cell可逆过程reversible process可逆过程方程reversible process equation可逆体积功reversible volume work可逆相变reversible phase change克拉佩龙方程Clapeyron equation克劳修斯不等式Clausius inequality克劳修斯－克拉佩龙方程Clausius-Clapeyron equation控制步骤control step库仑计coulometer扩散控制diffusion controlled拉普拉斯方程Laplace's equation拉乌尔定律Raoult law兰格缪尔－欣谢尔伍德机理Langmuir-Hinshelwood mechanism兰格缪尔吸附等温式Langmuir adsorption isotherm formula雷利公式Rayleigh equation冷冻系数coefficient of refrigeration冷却曲线cooling curve离解热heat of dissociation离解压力dissociation pressure离域子系统non-localized particle systems离子的标准摩尔生成焓standard molar formation of ion离子的电迁移率mobility of ions离子的迁移数transport number of ions离子独立运动定律law of the independent migration of ions离子氛ionic atmosphere离子强度ionic strength理想混合物perfect mixture理想气体ideal gas理想气体的绝热指数adiabatic index of ideal gases理想气体的微观模型micro-model of ideal gas理想气体反应的等温方程isothermal equation of ideal gaseous reactions理想气体绝热可逆过程方程adiabatic reversible process equation of ideal gases 理想气体状态方程state equation of ideal gas理想溶液ideal solutions理想稀溶液ideal dilute solution理想液态混合物perfect liquid mixture粒子particles粒子的配分函数partition function of particles连串反应consecutive reactions链的传递物chain carrier链反应chain reactions量热熵calorimetric entropy量子统计quantum statistics量子效率quantum yield临界参数critical parameter临界常数critical constant临界点critical point临界胶束浓度critical micelle concentration临界摩尔体积critical molar volume临界温度critical temperature临界压力critical pressure临界状态critical state零级反应zero order reaction流动电势streaming potential流动功flow work笼罩效应cage effect路易斯－兰德尔逸度规则Lewis-Randall rule of fugacity 露点dew point露点线dew point line麦克斯韦关系式Maxwell relations麦克斯韦速率分布Maxwell distribution of speeds麦克斯韦能量分布MaxwelIdistribution of energy毛细管凝结condensation in capillary毛细现象capillary phenomena米凯利斯常数Michaelis constant摩尔电导率molar conductivity摩尔反应焓molar reaction enthalpy摩尔混合熵mole entropy of mixing摩尔气体常数molar gas constant摩尔热容molar heat capacity摩尔溶解焓mole dissolution enthalpy摩尔稀释焓mole dilution enthalpy内扩散控制internal diffusions control内能internal energy内压力internal pressure能级energy levels能级分布energy level distribution能量均分原理principle of the equipartition of energy能斯特方程Nernst equation能斯特热定理Nernst heat theorem凝固点freezing point凝固点降低lowering of freezing point凝固点曲线freezing point curve凝胶gelatin凝聚态condensed state凝聚相condensed phase浓差超电势concentration over-potential浓差极化concentration polarization浓差电池concentration cells帕斯卡pascal泡点bubble point泡点线bubble point line配分函数partition function配分函数的析因子性质property that partition function to be expressed as a product of the separate partition functions for each kind of state碰撞截面collision cross section碰撞数the number of collisions偏摩尔量partial mole quantities平衡常数（理想气体反应）equilibrium constants for reactions of ideal gases平动配分函数partition function of translation平衡分布equilibrium distribution平衡态equilibrium state平衡态近似法equilibrium state approximation平衡状态图equilibrium state diagram平均活度mean activity平均活度系统mean activity coefficient平均摩尔热容mean molar heat capacity平均质量摩尔浓度mean mass molarity平均自由程mean free path平行反应parallel reactions破乳demulsification铺展spreading普遍化范德华方程universal van der Waals equation其它功the other work气化热heat of vaporization气溶胶aerosol气体常数gas constant气体分子运动论kinetic theory of gases气体分子运动论的基本方程foundamental equation of kinetic theory of gases气溶胶aerosol气相线vapor line迁移数transport number潜热latent heat强度量intensive quantity强度性质intensive property亲液溶胶hydrophilic sol氢电极hydrogen electrodes区域熔化zone melting热heat热爆炸heat explosion热泵heat pump热功当量mechanical equivalent of heat热函heat content热化学thermochemistry热化学方程thermochemical equation热机heat engine热机效率efficiency of heat engine热力学thermodynamics热力学第二定律the second law of thermodynamics热力学第三定律the third law of thermodynamics热力学第一定律the first law of thermodynamics热力学基本方程fundamental equation of thermodynamics 热力学几率thermodynamic probability热力学能thermodynamic energy热力学特性函数characteristic thermodynamic function热力学温标thermodynamic scale of temperature热力学温度thermodynamic temperature热熵thermal entropy热效应heat effect熔点曲线melting point curve熔化热heat of fusion溶胶colloidal sol溶解焓dissolution enthalpy溶液solution溶胀swelling乳化剂emulsifier乳状液emulsion润湿wetting润湿角wetting angle萨克尔－泰特洛德方程Sackur-Tetrode equation三相点triple point三相平衡线triple-phase line熵entropy熵判据entropy criterion熵增原理principle of entropy increase渗透压osmotic pressure渗析法dialytic process生成反应formation reaction升华热heat of sublimation实际气体real gas舒尔采－哈迪规则Schulze-Hardy rule松驰力relaxation force松驰时间time of relaxation速度常数reaction rate constant速率方程rate equations速率控制步骤rate determining step塔费尔公式Tafel equation态－态反应state-state reactions唐南平衡Donnan equilibrium淌度mobility特鲁顿规则Trouton rule特性粘度intrinsic viscosity体积功volume work统计权重statistical weight统计热力学statistic thermodynamics统计熵statistic entropy途径path途径函数path function外扩散控制external diffusion control完美晶体perfect crystalline完全气体perfect gas微观状态microstate微态microstate韦斯顿标准电池Weston standard battery维恩效应Wien effect维里方程virial equation维里系数virial coefficient稳流过程steady flow process稳态近似法stationary state approximation无热溶液athermal solution无限稀溶液solutions in the limit of extreme dilution 物理化学Physical Chemistry物理吸附physisorptions吸附adsorption吸附等量线adsorption isostere吸附等温线adsorption isotherm吸附等压线adsorption isobar吸附剂adsorbent吸附量extent of adsorption吸附热heat of adsorption吸附质adsorbate析出电势evolution or deposition potential析因子性质property that partition function to be expressed as a product of the separate partition functions for each kind of state稀溶液的依数性colligative properties of dilute solutions稀释焓dilution enthalpy系统system系统点system point系统的环境environment of system相phase相变phase change相变焓enthalpy of phase change相变化phase change相变热heat of phase change相点phase point相对挥发度relative volatility相对粘度relative viscosity相律phase rule相平衡热容heat capacity in phase equilibrium相图phase diagram相倚子系统system of dependent particles悬浮液suspension循环过程cyclic process压力商pressure quotient压缩因子compressibility factor压缩因子图diagram of compressibility factor亚稳状态metastable state盐桥salt bridge盐析salting out阳极anode杨氏方程Young's equation液体接界电势liquid junction potential液相线liquid phase lines一级反应first order reaction一级相变first order phase change依时计量学反应time dependent stoichiometric reactions逸度fugacity逸度系数coefficient of fugacity阴极cathode荧光fluorescence永动机perpetual motion machine永久气体Permanent gas有效能available energy原电池primary cell原盐效应salt effect增比粘度specific viscosity憎液溶胶lyophobic sol沾湿adhesional wetting沾湿功the work of adhesional wetting折射率index of refraction真溶液true solution真实电解质real electrolyte真实气体real gas真实迁移数true transference number振动配分函数partition function of vibration振动特征温度characteristic temperature of vibration 蒸气压下降depression of vapor pressure正常沸点normal point正吸附positive adsorption支链反应branched chain reactions直链反应straight chain reactions指前因子pre-exponential factor质量作用定律mass action law制冷系数coefficient of refrigeration中和热heat of neutralization轴功shaft work转动配分函数partition function of rotation转动特征温度characteristic temperature of vibration 转化率convert ratio转化温度conversion temperature状态state状态方程state equation状态分布state distribution状态函数state function准静态过程quasi-static process准一级反应pseudo first order reaction自动催化作用auto-catalysis自发过程spontaneous process自由度degree of freedom自由度数number of degree of freedom自由焓free enthalpy自由能free energy自由膨胀free expansion组分数component number最低恒沸点lower azeotropic point最高恒沸点upper azeotropic point最佳反应温度optimal reaction temperature最可几分布most probable distribution最可几速率most propable speed。