Implicature and Implication
试从术语学看implicature的汉译
试从术语学看implicature的汉译目前有关conversational implicature的汉译较多，本文旨在探析不同学者选用相应汉译的原因，考证相关汉译的词源，并从术语学角度对相关汉译进行分析，最终确定“会话含意”是较为符合的汉译。
标签：格赖斯；汉译；会话含意；术语引言美国语言学家、哲学家格赖斯（Herbert Paul Grice）于1975年在论文《逻辑与会话》（《Logic and Conversation》）中提出“the theory of conversationa l implicature”。
根據格赖斯的论述，言语中超出说话人涉及之处，只有通过非语言特征以及交流与合作的一般原则才能推断出来。
这里的“超出说话人涉及之处”就是conversational implicature，而一般原则就是格赖斯提出的合作原则和准则。
（维基百科）格赖斯（1975）是这样表述conversational implicature的：“The conversational maxims，however，and the conversational implicatures connected with them，are specially connected（I hope）with the particular purposes that talk（and so，talk exchange）is adapted to serve and is primarily employed to serve.”（会话准则和会话含意密切相关，他们的特定目的在于为谈话服务。
）①“implicature”一词是格赖斯引入的术语，同时他提到了同源词“to implicate”和“implicatum”。
格赖斯阐述“implicature”是一个概括的术语。
（维基百科）从1980年《国外语言学》杂志开始介绍国外的语用学起，该理论的汉译术语使用频率和复现率大大提高。
(完整版)语言学练习题及答案
练习1 1. There is no logical connection between meaning and sounds. A dog might be a pig if only the first person or group of persons had used it for a pig. This is one of the design features of language.A. duality B. arbitrariness C. productivity D. displacement2. Language is a system of two sets of structures, one of sounds and the other of meaning. This is . It makes people possible to talk everything within his knowledge.A. dualityB. arbitrarinessC. productivityD. displacement3. ___ refers to the ability to construct and understand an indefinitely large number of sentences in one’s native language, including those that he has never heard before, but that are appropriate to the speaking situation .A. duality B. arbitrariness C. productivity D. displacement4. __ __ refers to the fact that one can talk about things that are not present, as easily as he does things present. The dog couldn’t be bow-wowing sorrowfully for some lost love or a bone to be lost. A. duality B. arbitrariness C. productivity D. displacement5. ______ means language is not biologically transmitted from generation to generation, but the linguistic system must be learnt anew by each speaker.A. dualityB. ArbitrarinessC. interchangeabilityD. cultural transmission6. ______ means that any human being can be both a producer and a receiver of messages.A. dualityB. ArbitrarinessC. interchangeabilityD. cultural transmission7. To say “How are you.” “Hi” to your friends is the ____ __of language.A. directive functionB. informative functionC. phatic functionD. interrogative function8. “Tell me the result when you finish.” If you want to get your hearer to do something, y ou should use the _____ of language.A. directive functionB. informative functionC. phatic functionD. interrogative function9. A linguist regards the changes in language and language use as __ ___.A. unnaturalB. something to be fearedC. naturalD. abnormal10. A linguist is interested in ___A. speech sounds only B. all sounds C. vowels only11. Which of the following sounds is a voiceless bilabial stop? A. [t] B. [m] C. [b] D. [p12. Which of the following sounds is a voiced affricate? A. [y] B. [t∫] C. [z] D. [dЗ]13. Which of the following sounds is a central vowel? A. [ ə ] B. [ i ] C. [ou] D. [a: ]14. In the following sounds , ______ is a palatal fricative ? A. [ s ] B. [∫] C. [ l ] D. [θ]15. In the following sounds, _____ is a voiceless affricative? A. [dЗ] B. [v] C. [t∫] D. [θ]16. In English if a word begins with a [ l ] or [ r ],then the next sound must be a __ __.A. fricativeB. nasal soundC. semi-vowelD. vowel17. Of the “words” listed below___ is not an English wordA. [r∧b ]B. [ læ b ]C. [məsta:∫]D. [lmæp]18. ___ are produced when the obstruction created by the speech organs is total and audibly released. A. Back vowels B. Stops C. Fricatives D. Glides19. The International Phonetic Association devised the INTERNATIONAL PHONETIC ALPHABET in _____. A. 1965 B. 1957 C. 1888 D. 178820. ___ is a phonological unit , and it is a unit that is of distinctive value.A. PhoneB. PhonemeC. AllophoneD. Sound1. [ f ] is a dental consonant. F2. Phonology studies the characteristics of speech sounds and provides methods for their description, classification and transcription. F 7. The three / p / are allophones. T3. Phoneme is a phonological unit. T4. Phone is a phonetic unit. T5. When we study the different [ p ]’s in “[ pit ], [tip ], [spit ]” , they are similar phones which belong to phonetics. T6. But the three [ p ] belong to the different phoneme / p /. F8. ‘peak’is aspirated , phonetically transcribed as [ph]; ‘speak’ is unaspirated phonetically[ p=]. T9. [ph ], [p=] do not belong to the same phoneme / p /. F10. [p h] and [ p=] are two different phones, and are variants of the phoneme / p /, which is called ALLOPHONES of the same phoneme. T.语义学练习1._______ is not included in Leech’s associative meaning.A. Connotative meaningB. Social meaningC. Collocative meaningD. Thematic meaning2. Among Leech’s seven typ es of meaning is concerned with the relationship between a word and the thing it refers to _____. A. conceptual B. affective C. reflected D. thematic3. According to the referential theory, a word is not directly related to the thing it refers to. They are connected by ____. A. meaning B. reference C. concept D. sense4.”Big” and “Small” are a pair of __ opposites.A. complementaryB. gradableC. completeD. Converse5. The pair of words “same” and “different” are _____.A. gradable oppositesB.converse oppositesC. hyponymsD.contradictory6. A word with several meaning is called ______ word.A. a polysemousB. a synonymousC. an abnormalD. a multiple7. The semantic components of the word “gentleman” can be expressed as __.A. +animate, +male, +human, -adultB. +animate, +male, +human, +adultC. +animate, - male, +human, - adultD. +animate, - male, +human, +adult8. ______is the implied meaning, similar to “implication” and “implicature”. E.g. When we mention about “women”, we’ll think of her soft warm manner.A. DenotationB. Affective meaningC. Reflected meaningD. Connotation9. In the triangle advanced by Ogden and Richards, “thought or reference” is_ __A. word, sentenceB. the objectC. conceptD. symbol10. A linguistic is interested in ___A. What is said.B. What is right both in syntax and in semantics.C. What is grammaticalD. What ought to be said.11. The pair of words “lend”and “borrow” are ___A. gradable oppositesB. relational oppositesC. synonymsD. co-hyponyms12. Nouns, verbs, and adjectives can be classified as _____.A. Lexical wordsB. grammatical wordsC. function wordsD. form words13. What is the meaning relationship between the two words “flower/tulip” ?A. PolysemyB. HomonymyC. HyponymyD. Antonymy14. The words “railway” and “railroad” are ___A. synonyms differing in emotive meaningB. dialectal synonymsC. collocationally-restricted synonymsD. synomyms differing in styles15. The pair of words “wide/narrow” are called__A. gradable oppositesB. complementary antonymsC. co-hyponymsD. relational opposites16. Which of the following two-term sets shows the feature of complementaries?A. single/marriesB. lend/borrowC. hot/coldD. old/young17. The name of “Morning Star”, “Evening Star” and “Venus” is one of the example that different words or name may refer to the same ____A. denotation B. connotation C. reference D. sense18. When we analyze the words “thrifty, economical, stingy”they are synonyms but they have different______A. stylistic meaningB. denotative meaningC. affective meaningD. collocational meaning20. “Seeing those pictures reminds him of his childhood.” The und erlined part in the sentence is_A. agent caseB. object caseC. instrument caseD. benefactive case1. Is reference tied to a particular time and place? T2. Every word in a language can find at least one referent in the objective world. ? F3. Can different expressions have the same referent? T4. Can reference be applied to words such as “and” ,”very” in English? F1. Sense is regarded as a kind of intra-linguistic relationship. T2. In most cases, “sense” and “meaning” are different terms for the same thing. T3. Every word has its own sense. F4. A word may have several different senses and several words may have the same sense. T5. Extension, like denotation, is a kind of relation between elements and the objective world. T6. A: He married a blonde heiress. B: He married a blondeThe relation between these two sentences is entailment. F?7. The relation between extension and intension is the same as that between connotation and denotation. T8. People of different cultures may choose different prototype for the same predicate, e.g. ‘bus’. T9. All the words in a language can be used to refer , but only some have sense. F10. Two synonymous words must be identical in sense in every dimension. F11. There are very few perfect synonyms in a language. T12. Entailment is more inclusive than paraphrase. T13. Almost every word in a dictionary is polysemic. T14. Dry and wet are a pair of gradable antonyms. T15. Innocent and guilt are a pair of relative antonyms. F16. The relationship between the Argument and Predicate is Subject to predicate. FVI. Fill in the blanks in the following passage by choosing the appropriate word.Semantics is the study of ______(1) of language. It is one of the three components of _______(2) . According to Chomsky’s theory , it is at the _______(3) level of language. Semantics concentrates on the _______(4) between languages, rather than on the _______(5).1. A. grammar B. structure C. phonetics D. meaning2. A. linguistics B. grammar C. morphology D. syntax3. A. surface structure B. deep structure C. linguistic D. philosophical4. A. form B. similarity C. differences D. meaning5. A. substance B. difference C. similarities D. grammarMost language utterances（话语）depend for their interpretation upon the ________(6) in which they are used, and the vast majority of them have a ________(7) range of meanings than first come to mind. It may seem to you that meaning is so vague, insubstantial, and elusive that it is impossible to come to any clear, concrete, or tangible conclusions about it. Although many kinds of behavior can be described as _______(8), the range, diversity and complexity of meaning expressed in language is unmatched in any other human or non-human communicative behavior. And linguistic________(9)6. A. words B. sentences C. structure D. context7. A. wider B. narrower C. more accurate D. clearer8. A. productive B. effective C. informative D. communicative9. A. stylistics B. philosophy C. semantics D. grammar--the study of meaning in language was neglected very largely in the past because meaning was felt to be inherently ______(10) and at least temporarily beyond the scope of ______(11) investigation. Largely as a result of Chomsky’s theory of ______ (12) grammar, and the technical advances made in linguistics, in logic and philosophy of _______(13) , linguistic semantics is currently enjoying a very considerable revival of interest.10. A. stable B. unstable C. social D. arbitrary11. A. independent B. philosophical C. linguistic D. human12. A. traditional B. transformational C. structural D. systemic13. A. language B. semantics C. the world D. human mind.词汇练习1. The pair of words “lend” and “borrow” are ______.A. gradable oppositesB. relational oppositesC. SynonymsD. co-hyponyms2. The semantic components of the word “woman” can be expressed as ______.A. +animate, +human, +male, -adultB. +animate, +human, -male, -adultC. +animate, +human, +male, +adultD. +animate, +human, -male, +adult3. What is the meaning relationship between the two words “desk and furniture”?A. PolysemyB. HomonymyC. HyponymyD. Antonymy4. The words “dog” and “read” are called ______because they can occur unattached.A. derivational morphemesB. bound morphemesC. inflectional morphemesD. free morphemes?9. Some morphemes have more than one invariable form , such as “dog→dogs”, “cat→cats”“mouse→mice”,which are called_____.A. bound morphemeB. allomorphC. free morphemeD. minimal morpheme10. In English n. v. a. and adv. make up the largest part of the vocabulary. They are also called _____.A. closed class words B. conventional words C. open class words D. compounds11. ______ can be used independently without being combined with other morphemes.A. Free morphemesB. Bound morphemesC. AffixesD. Roots12. The word “bookish” contains two _____.A. phonemesB. morphsC. morphemesD. allomorphs13. ____ morpheme are those that cannot be used independently but have tobe combined with other morphemes, either free or bound, to form a word.A. FreeB. BoundC. RootD. Affix14. ______ modifies the meaning of the stem, but usually do not change the partof speech of the original word.A. PrefixesB. SufficesC. RootsD. Affixes15. The words “make, bus” are called ______.A. derived morphemesB. inflected morph.C. bound morphD. free morpheme16. Which is variable word?A. fromB. untilC. workD. and17. Which processes of lexical change does the Chinese word “国务院”experienced?A. BlendingB. AbbreviationC. BorrowingD. Back-formation18. Which word is created through the process of acronym?A. adB. editC. AIDSD. Bobo19. The word “math” is formed through ___.A. back formationB. clippingC. BlendingD. derivation20. ______ is the branch of grammar that studies the internal structure of words, and the rules by which words are formed. A. Affix B. Inflection C. Allomorph D. Morphologysyntax练习1. When we say that we can change the second word in the sentence “He is waiting outside” with “was”. We are taking about ____inside the sentence.A. Syntactic relationsB. paradigmatic relationsC. Linear relationsD. Government2. The part of the grammar that represents a speaker’s knowledge of the structure of phrases and sentences is called______ .A. Lexicon B. morphology C. Syntax D. semantics3. What does ‘IC’ stands for as a syntactic notion and analytical technique ?A. Inferential ConnectiveB. Inflectional ComponentC. Immediate ConstituentD. Implicative Communication4. If we are to use the technique of IC analysis to analyze the sentence “She broke the window with a stone yesterday”, where is the first cut?Draw a tree diagram of this sentence.A. between stone and yesterdayB. between she and brokeC. between broke and the windowD. between window and with5. ____ is the defining properties of units like noun (number, gender, case) and verb (tense, aspect, etc.).A. Phonology B. Word classes C. Grammatical categories D. Functions of words6. Which of the following items is not one of the grammatical categories of English ?A. genderB. numberC. caseD. voice7. ____ is a relationship in which a word of a certain class determines the form of others in terms of certain categories.A. ConcordB. Immediate constituentC. Syntagmatic relationsD. Government8. ____ proposed to define sentence as the maximum free form.A. BloomfieldB. ChomskyC. HallidayD. Sussure9. The phrase “boys and girls ” is a(n) _____.A. subordinate endocentric constructionB. coordinate endocentric constructionC. subordinate exocentric constructionD. coordinate exocentric construction10. Chomsky holds that the major task of linguistics is to _____.A. study real ‘facts’ in daily settingsB. tells people how to speak appropriatelyC. tell people what is right in language useD. Look for ‘the universal grammar’11. What is the full form of LAD? B. Language acquisition device12. A speaker’s actual utterance in Chomsky’s terminology is called _____.A. deep structureB. linguistic universalsC. universal grammarD. surface structure13. Chomsky studies language from a psychological point of view, holding that language is a form of ____; while Halliday focuses on the social aspect of language, regarding language as a form of ____. A. knowing, doing B. knowing, thinking C. thinking, doing D. doing, knowing 14．F. de Saussure is a(n) _____ linguist .C. Swiss15. What is the construction of the sentence “The boy smiled”?A. ExocentricB. EndocentricC. CoordinateD. Subordinate16. “You sit down” is transformed into “Sit down”. Which transformational rule is used according to TG Grammar ? A. Copying B. Addition C. Reordering D. Deletion17. L. Bloomfield is a famous _____ structural linguist.C. American18. In ______ , Noam Chomsky published his famous book “Syntactic Structure”.B.195719. “A fish is swimming in the pond” is transformed into “There is a fish swimming in the pond”. Which transformational rule is used. A. Copying B. Reordering C. Addition D. Deletion20.The phrase “the man about whom I’ve been talking.” belong to the ______Construction.A. predicateB. endocentricC. subordinateD. exocentric1．Traditional grammar involves a great deal of gender, number and case. T2. “I’m a teacher.” “He studies English.” describe the form of gov ernment.3. “Langue” is much more stable than “parole”. T4. When we mentioned about the usage of a “树”，it is signified; and the sound /shu:/ is signifier, the relationship among them is arbitrary. T5. The sentence “ If the weather is nice, we’ll go out.” is settled at the base paradigmatic relation.F6. Sassure proposed the linguistic study considered in itself. T7. Rheme contributes much more great than theme. F8. IC analysis is used to analyze the semantic feature of the sentence. F12. “He came back very late last night.” The underlying structure is endocentric one. T13. Wh en we mention about “phonetic”and “lexicon components”, they belong to deep structure category. F14. The abstract meaning and ambiguity of the sentence can be analyzed by deep structure. T15. Systemic – functional grammar wanted to link the function with structure of the language.16.By synchrony we mean to study language change and development. F17. The open-class words include prepositions. F18. “The boy smiled” has an exocen tric structure. T19. The IC Analysis is not able to analyze split verbs like “do sb. in”. T20. Langue is relatively stable and systematic while parole is subject to personal and situational constraints.21. Phonology is a branch of linguistics which studies the sentence patterns of a language. F6语用练习1. According to C.Morris and R. Carnap, _____ studies the relationship between symbols and their interpreters of a listener.A. SyntaxB. SemanticsC. PragmaticsD. Sociolinguistics2. There are ______deixis in the sentence “ she has sold it here yesterday. ”.A. 3B. 4C. 5D. 63. We can do things with words ---- this is the main idea of ______.A. the Speech Act TheoryB. the Co-operative principlesC. the Polite principlesD. pragmatics4. _____refers to the utterance of a sentence with determinate sense and reference.A. Locutionary actB. Illocutionary actC. Perlocutionary actD. Speech act5. _____ may be used as an example of indirect speech act.A. “I’ll declare Mr. Williams election tomorrow.”B. “Good morning!”C. “could you open the window?”D. “I command you to report at 6 in the morning tomorrow. ”6. A: Let’s get something to kids. B: Okey , but not I-C-E C-R-E-A-M-S.In the conversation B violets the _____.A: Quantity Maxim B. Quality Maxim C. Relevance Maxim D. Clarity Maxim 7. A: I really like the dinner. B: I’m vegetarian. There is a _____ violation in the conversation.A. QuantityB. QualityC. RelevanceD. Clarity8. A: How are you? B: I’m dead. There is a _____ violation in the conversation.A. QuantityB. QualityC. RelevanceD. Clarity9. A: Would you like a cocktail? It’s my own invention.B: Well, m mm uh it’s not that we don’t drink. There is a _____ violation in the conversation.A. QuantityB. QualityC. RelevanceD. Clarity10. A: Are you going to Steve’s barbecue?B: A barbecue is an outdoor party.There is a _____ violation in the conversation.A. QuantityB. QualityC. RelevanceD. Clarity11. Pragmatics differs from traditional semantics in that it studies meaningnot in isolation, but in _____.A. relationshipB. dependenceC. sentenceD. context12. To analyze the following sentences ______ is Performative.A. You congratulate me.B. I envy you.C. I command you to put out that cigarette.D. I warned you not to go.13. _____ act expresses the intention of the speaker.A. LocutionaryB. IllocutionaryC. PerlocutionaryD. Speech act14. A: Do you know where Mr. Brown is? B: Somewhere in the suburbs of the city.Speaker B violates the maxim of _______.A. quantityB. qualityC. RelevanceD. Clarity15. A: The hostess is an awful bore. Do you think?B: The roses in the garden are beautiful, aren’t they? Speaker B violates the maxim of _____.A. qualityB. quantityC. RelevanceD. Clarity16. A: This bag is a little bit heavy. B: Let me help you. What is the illocutionary act of speaker A?A. This bag is heavy.B. I don’t want to carry it away.C. Could you help me with this bag?D. I’m very happy about it.17. A: The dress she is wearing is beautiful, isn’t it? B: The pattern is nice.What cooperative maxim does speaker B observe?A. QualityB. QuantityC. RelevanceD. Clarity18. Speech Act Theory was proposed by _____ in the late 50’s of the 20th century. A. John Austin19. One of the contributions ____ has made is his classification of illocutionary acts. John Austin20. Cooperative principle was found by _____. A. Paul Grice21. According to Austin’s Speech Act theory, the actual uttering of a sentence with a particular meaning is called ___ A. Perlocutionary B. locutionary C. illocutionary D. indirect speech. 22. A(n )”_____” means that some sentences, in the utterance and the seeming performance of a speech act, perform a certain illocutionary act indirectly.A. direct speech actB. indirect speech actC. illocutionary actD. utterance23. The _____ provided great philosophical insight into the nature of linguistic communication.A. speech act theoryB. CP theory.C. communicative competenceD. linguistic competence24. According to Austin, Speech Acts fall into ______ general categories.A. fourB. twoC. threeD. five25. _____ resulted mainly from the expansion of the study of linguistics, especially that of semantics. A. Pragmatics B. pragmatism C. phonology D. Practicalism26. Once the notion of _______ was taken into consideration, semantics spilled into pragmatics.A. meaningB. contentC. formD. context27. ____ act theory is an important in the pragmatic study of language.A. SpeakingB. SpokenC. SoundD. Speech28. All the utterances that can be made to serve the same purpose may vary in their _____ form.A. syntacticB. semanticC. grammaticalD. pragmatic29. Of the three acts, Pragmatists are more interested in the _______.A. locutionary actB. perlocutionary actC. illocutionary actD. none of the above30. The maxim of quality requires, do not say what you believe to be _____.A. falseB. trueC. briefD. orderly31. Most of the violations of the maxims of the CP give rise to _____.A. utterance meaningB. speech act theoryC. conversational implicaturesD. all of the above32. Pragmatics is a study ofA. language learningB. language acquisitionC. language planningD. language in use33. The significance of Grice’s CP lies in the fact that it explains how it is possible for the speaker to convey ______ that which is literally said.A. more thanB. less thanC. the same asD. none of the above34. If a sentence is regarded as what people actually utter in the course of communication, it becomes ______.A. a sentenceB. an actC. a unitD. an utterance35. The part of the response to the speech acted by the hearer is _____.A. LocutionB. IllocutionC. PerlocutionD. Direct action36. _____ may perform an act but lay stress on describing the action.A. Speech Act TheoryB. PerlocutionC. PerformativeD. Constative37. A: Good luck to you! B: Thank you. What politeness principle does speaker A observe?A. Generosity maximB. Tact maximC. Modesty maximD. Agreement maxim38. “What a marvelous dinner you cooked!”What politeness maxim does the speaker of the utterance observe?A. Sympathy maximB. Approbation maximC. Modesty maximD. Agreement maxim39. “I swear I have never seen the man before.” This sentence is a ____.A. performativeB. ConstativeC. indirect speechD. procedure40. Conversational Implicature can be___.A. CalculabilityB. CancellabilityC. Non-ConventionalityD. all of above1. Speech act theory was proposed by Austin and has been developed by Grice. F2. Searle suggests 5 basic categories of illocutionary acts as follows: assertives, commissives, expressives, directive and declaratives. T3. “We can do things with words” ----this is the main idea of the Speech Act Theory. T4. “I hereby declare war ” is the typical utterance of “speech act theory”. T5. At first , Austin classifies utterances into two types: constatives and performatives. T6. “Locution” means the speaker’s intention. F7. “Perlocution” is used to bring effects on the hearer. T8. “Can you pass me the salt, please? ” is a question, but it is a direct speech act. F9. In a certain sense pragmatics studies how words influence the interpretation of utterances. T10. “Pragmatics “ is the study of meaning that is not accounted for in semantics. T11. “In Semantics” the sentence meaning should be studied. T12.“ In pragmatics ” the utterance meaning should be studied. T13. The CP Principle, put forward by P. Grice, has four maxims, for writing as well as speaking. F14. Deixis is a technical term for one of the most basic things we do with utterances. T15. “What’s that?” that is a location deixis. FPragmatics is concerned with the study of _16____ as communicated by a speaker and interpreted by a listener. It has consequently __17___ to do with the analysis of what people mean by their utterances than what the words or phrases in those utterances might mean by __18__. __19___ is the study of speaker meaning.16. A. speech B. meaning C. utterance D. communication17. A. less B. impossible C. possible D. more18. A. itself B. himself C. themselves D. yourself19. A. Semantics B. Context C. Syntax D. PragmaticsIf semantics is the study of __1D__that comes from ‘purely linguistic knowledge’ pragmatics concerns all the ‘__2A__of meaning that cannot be predicted by linguistic knowledge alone and takes into account knowledge about the physical and __3_C_world’. So pragmatics is the study of meaning that is not accounted for in__4_B_.a) aspects b) semantics c) social d) meaningSemantics and __1_C_are complementary to__2A__ —hence ‘complementarism’. According to Morris’s trichotomy , __3__ is the study of ‘the formal relation of signs to one another’, __4__ is the study of ‘the relation of signs to the objects to which the signs are applicable ’,and pragmatics is the study of ‘the relation of signs to__D5__’.a) Each other b) Pragmatics c) semantics d) interpreters e) syntax。
2019年托福专业词汇表：implication什么意思(附翻译及例句)
2019年托福专业词汇表：implication什么意思(附翻译及例句)implication英[mplken] 美[mplken]n.含义;含蓄，含意，言外之意;卷入，牵连，牵涉，纠缠;[逻辑学]蕴涵，蕴含蕴涵;蕴含式;含义;牵连词形变化：复数：implications派生词： implicational双语例句1 . The implication that marital infidelity enhances a leader's credibility is preposterous.婚姻不忠会提升领导人可信度的暗示荒谬之极。
来自柯林斯例句2 . The implication was plain, if left unstated.其含意不言而喻。
来自柯林斯例句3 . The implication took a while to sink in.其中的含意要花点时间才能完全领会。
来自柯林斯例句4 . He smiled, with the implication that he didn't believe me.他微笑了, 暗示着不相信我.来自《现代英汉综合大词典》5 . He is by implication requesting me to resign.他示意要我辞职.来自《简明英汉词典》网络释义-implication1 . 蕴涵蕴涵(implication或entailment)在命题逻辑和谓词逻辑中用来描述在两个句子或句子的集合之间的联系。
2 . 蕴含式imaginary root 虚根implication蕴涵式;蕴含式imply3 . 含义由此便产生了这样的结论：在奥古斯丁之前，早期教会总体上对保罗神学及其含义(implication)缺乏注重。
标准的参考书在谈“称义论”时即使会提到奥利金(Origen)在罗马书释义中对其的应用，不过.4 . 牵连...phical)之本质与政治事物(the political)之本质间一直存有的密切关联。
直译和意译
直译和意译从“含意本体论“观照下的“译意”与“意译”一，“译意“与”意译“一般可以认为，译意是翻译的动机，即翻译因意而生，为意而动，并且归并为意。
而意译则是一种翻译方法，它要求译者原文的意思，而不是一味顾及原文的表达方式，语言走向和文化特色。
就译意和意译的相同之处而言，他们都与“意“密切联系，而且脱不开”意“的蕴涵。
那么，什么是意？译与意二者哪一个主动，哪一个被动——也就是说，是意制约，支配着译，还是译制约支配着意？这样的问题是值得辨析的。
因为，他们有可能说明译这个核心问题的内在因素和根本性质。
二，“意“的含糊—语义学和阐释学中的”意义”如果把翻译限制在语言层面，我们就会发现，与意有关的阐述最有力的莫过于语义学。
这是因为，尹聪字面上看，“语义”便指向语言的意义，指向意义与语言的关联或混合。
但是，意义一旦进入逻各斯（理性）的理性天地，我们便很难理清它逻各斯的理性主义张扬出的精神的基础上，一种途径，一种工具的同时，意义也便相应地混同为渠道之中的内容，路径引向的目的，或者工具之内的价值。
在语义学的范畴内，意义“似乎”被视为独立于语言或者意义本身就是始终立于语言之外的存在物。
一方面，意义只能是意义，因为语言只不过是机器;它承载了意义，因而被称为载体。
但是，另一方面，意义有无法脱离语言而独立的存在着，意义只是在语言之中存在着。
语言因此称为它的先验的形式，既不可证明或无法推论，又不能界定出二者的区别和差异。
这样，对意义的研究往往因为语言本身深陷入两难局面：即把语言当做意义的一个组成部分，有需要将意义归结为语言的运作或归属为语言本身。
三，“意义”的意义——汉译本体论“中的意义语义学的“意义“纠缠在语言的运用中，尤其把语言表达当做意义之源:而阐释学论说中的”意义“沉降在理解过程中，并且把理解的结果等同于“意义”。
这两个极端，一个取消了“意”的独立性，另一个取缔了“意”的自主性。
所以，很明显，如果想保持住“意”本身的整体性，必然需要使之回归，恢复它应有的生存—本体论地位，即在其这一地位中“让…..存在”。
关联理论视角下的话剧翻译-以《茶馆》两个英译本为例
关联理论视角下的话剧翻译—以《茶馆》两个英译本为例On Drama Translation from the Perspective of Relevance Theory—A Case Study ofTwo English Versions of Teahouse学科专业：外国语言学及应用语言学研究生：房宜燕指导教师：段维彤副教授天津大学文法学院二零一三年五月独创性声明本人声明所呈交的学位论文是本人在导师指导下进行的研究工作和取得的研究成果，除了文中特别加以标注和致谢之处外，论文中不包含其它人已经发表或撰写过的研究成果，也不包含为获得天津大学或其它教育机构的学位或证书而使用过的材料。
与我一同工作的同志对本研究所做的任何贡献均已在论文中作了明确的说明并表示了谢意。
学位论文作者签名：签字日期：年月日学位论文版权使用授权书本学位论文作者完全了解天津大学有关保留、使用学位论文的规定。
特授权天津大学可以将学位论文的全部或部分内容编入有关数据库进行检索，并采用影印、缩印或扫描等复制手段保存、汇编以供查阅和借阅。
同意学校向国家有关部门或机构送交论文的复印件和磁盘。
（保密的学位论文在解密后适用本授权说明）学位论文作者签名：导师签名：签字日期：年月日签字日期：年月日摘要斯珀伯和威尔逊的关联理论是一种交际理论,认为言语交际是一个明示—推理的过程。
格特率先将关联理论应用到翻译研究中，他认为翻译在本质上也是一种言语交际行为，给翻译研究带来了新的视角。
中西方学者纷纷将关联理论和翻译进行了讨论，证明了关联理论对翻译的强大解释力。
话剧翻译是文学翻译的一个重要组成部分，但是无论从广度还是深度上，国内外翻译界对话剧翻译理论与实践的研究远远落后于对诗歌和小说的翻译研究。
作为跨文化交流的重要渠道，话剧翻译的重要性日益彰显。
但是，由于话剧文本和演出的复杂性，话剧翻译研究长期以来缺乏系统的理论指导。
对于话剧翻译的关注也相对集中在对话剧语言的具体特点或者是一些语言学方面的理论与话剧语言结合分析的层面上。
3GriceanPragmatics---Implicature课件
3.3 Types of implicatures
conventional implicature (规约含义). 规约意义与某些词语（如but、therefore等）的规 约意义密切相关，但对话语的真假值没有影响。 如：Smith is poor, but he is honest. 此句中but所触发的贫穷和诚实的对立就是一种规 约含义。
Contents
3.1 Natural vs. non-natural meaning 3.2 Implicature and implication 3.3 Types of implicatures 3.4 Features of conversational implicatures
3.2 Implicature and implication
Grice pointed out the inadequate attention to the nature and importance of the conditions governing conversation. According to him, “and” means basically the same as “˄” and the additional meaning like “then” as found in the second sentence is an implicature that we infer in consideration of the context.
3.2 Implicature and implication
Implicature and implicatum implicature: implying implicatum: what is implied Implicature covers the meaning of implicatum, used in both singular and plural forms to refer to what is implicated or implied. Implicatum: out of use
Unit 3 Gricean Pragmatics Implicature格莱斯语用学会话含义
Implication
Definition:
Implication belongs to the
logical semantics, it discusses the relationship between two
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propositional logics.
Example:
p: The president was assassinated.
semantics
Logical implication （逻辑蕴含）
meaning
Pragmatics
Conversational implicature （会话含义）
Implicature & Implication
The word ‘implicature’, like its cognate(同源词) ‘implication’, is derived from the verb ‘to imply’. Etymologically speaking（从词源学 角度讲）, ‘to imply’ means ‘to fold something into something else’. What is implied, or ‘folded in’ has to be ‘unfolded’ in order to be understood.
Example sentences: natural meaning
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The number of concentric rings（年轮） means that the tree lived so many years.
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2 Those black c来自ouds mean rain.
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语言学专业词汇中英文对照版
语言学术语（英-汉对照）表applied linguistics 应用语言学blending混成法A applied sociolinguistics 应用社会语borrowing 借用借词abbreviation 缩写词，略语言学bound morpheme 粘着语素ablative夺格，离格appropriacy 话宜性bounding theory 管辖论accent 重音（符）appropriateness话宜性得体性bracketing 括号法accusative 宾格approximant 无摩擦延续音brevity maxim 简洁准则achievement test 成绩测试aptitude test素质测试bridging 架接acoustic phonetics 声学语音学Arabic阿拉伯语broad tran scripti on 宽式音标acquisition 习得arbitrari ness 任意性broadening 词义扩大acronym缩略语argument 中项中词主目Brown corpus布朗语料库action process 动作过程article 冠词 Cactor动作者articulation 发音calculability 可计算性address form 称呼形式articulator 发音器官calque仿造仿造词语addressee受话人articulatory phon etics 发音语音学can cellability 可删除addresser发话人artificial speech 人工言语cardinal numeral 基数adjective形容词aspect 体cardinal vowel 基本兀音adjunct修饰成分附加语aspirated 吐气送气case 格adverb畐恫assimilation 同化case grammar 格语法affix词缀associative 联想case theory 格理论affixation词缀附加法associative meaning 联想意义category 范畴affricate塞擦音assonance准压韵半谐音categorical component 范畴成分agreeme nt —致关系attributive 属性修饰语定语causative使役的使投动词airstream 气流auditory phon etics 听觉语音学center 中心词alliteration 头韵authe ntic in put 真实投入central determ iner 中心限定词allomorph词/语素变体authorial style 权威风格chain relation 链状关系allophone音位变体authori ng program 编程chain system 链状系统allophonic variation 音位变体aut onomy 自主性choice选择allophony音位变体现象auxiliary 助词choice system选择系统alveolar ridge 齿龈auxiliary verb 助动词circumstanee 环境因子alveolar齿龈音 B class词类ambiguity 歧义babbl ing stage婴儿语阶段class shift词性变换analogical creation 类推造子back-formation 逆构词法clause小句从句anapest抑抑扬格base component 基础部分click吸气音咂音anaphor前指替代behavioural process 行为过程clipping截断法anaphoric reference 前指照应behaviourism 行为主义closed class圭寸闭类animate有生命的bilabial双唇音closed syllable 闭音节annotation 注解bilabial nasal 双唇鼻音cluster 音丛antecedent先行词前在词bilateral oppositi on 双边对立coarticulation 协冋发音anthropological linguistics 人类语言bilingualism双语现象coda结尾音节符尾学bi nary divisio n 二分法code语码信码anticipatory coarticulation 逆化协同bi nary feature 二分特征cognitive psychology 认知心理学发曰binary taxonomy 二分分类学cognitive system 认知系统antonomasia换称代类名binding 制约cohere nee相关关联antonym 反义词binding theory 制约论cohension 衔接antonymy 反义（关系）blade舌叶舌面前部co-hyponym 同下义词appellative 称谓性blank verse 无韵诗colligation 类连结collocative meaning 搭配意义color word 色彩词color word system 色彩词系统comma nd 指令com mon core 共核com mon noun 普通名词com muni cati on 交际com muni cative compete nee 交际能力com muni cative dyn amism, CD 交际性动力com muni cative Ian guage teach ing, CLT 交际语言教学法com muni cative Sentence Patter n, CSP 交际性句子模式com muni cative syllabus 交际教学大纲com muni cative test 交际性测试com muni cative-grammatical approach 交际-语法教学法compact disk 激光盘comparative degree 比较级compete nee 能力complement 补语compleme ntary antonym 互补反义词complementary antonymy 互补反义关系compleme ntary distributi on 互补分布complex predicate 复合谓语component 成分componential analysis 成分分析composite propositi on 复合命题compositionality 复合性compound 复合词复合句comprehension 理解computation 计算computati on al li nguistics 计算语言学computational system 计算系统computer-assisted learning, CAL 计算机辅助学习computer corpus 计算机语料库computer hardware 计算机硬件computer literacy 计算机操作能力computer n etworks 计算机网络computer system 计算机系统computer-assisted instruction, CAI 计算机辅助教学computer-assisted learning,CALL 计算机辅助语言学习conative意动的concept 概念conceptual meaning 概念意义concord —致(关系) concordanee共现关系concrete noun 具体名词concurrent同时发生的conjugation 词形变化conjunct连接副词conjunction 连接词conjunction buttress ing 连接词支撑conno tati on 内涵consequent 跟随成分consonance 辅音韵consonant 辅音con sta nt oppositi on 不变对立constative 表述的con stitue nt comma nd 成分指令con stituent propositi on 成分命题constituentstructure analysis 成分结构分析constituent 成分con struct 编制con structvalidity 编制效度construction 构建constructivism 构建主义content analysis 内容分析conten t validity 内容效度contentword 实义词con text depe ndent 语境依赖的con text of situati on 情景语境con text语境con textual an alyses 语境分析con textualmeaning 语境意义contrastive analysis 对比分析control theory 控制理论con trolled Ianguage 有控制的语言convention 常规规约conventional meaning 常规意义规约意义conventionality常规性规约性conversati onal implicature 会话含义conversational maxim 会话准贝V con verseantonymy 相反反义现象conversion 变换cooperative principle, CP 合作原贝U coordin ate con struct ion 并列结构coord ination并歹U coreferential 互参的coronal舌面前音corpus data语料库语料corpus (plcorpora)语料素材corpus linguistics语料库语言学con text上下文countable可数(名词)coun terfactual propositi on 反事实命题couplet对句对联creativity创造性原创性Creole克里澳尔语混和语cross-cultural communi cati on 跨文化交际cross-linguistic 跨语言的culturally-specific文化特异的curriculum教学大纲customizing 定制的D dactyl扬抑抑格Dani Ian guage 达尼语data retrieval, DR 资料检索database数据库dative (case)与格dative moveme nt 与格移动declarative 陈述句decoding 解码deductive演绎的deepstructure 深层结构defeasibility消除可行性definite 有定的degenerate data 无用的语料deixis指称delicacy精密阶denotation 夕卜延指称dental齿音dentalization 齿音化derivation 彳衍生derivati onal affix 彳衍生词汇derivati onal morphology 派生形态学descriptive adequacy 描写充分性descriptive linguistics 描写语言学designfeature 结构特征determiner 限定词developing grammar 发展语法devia nt 变体deviation偏离变异devoicing清音化diachronic linguistics 历时语言学diachronic历时的diacritic附加符号变音符diagnostictest诊断性测试dialect 方言dialectology 方言学digitized sound数字化语音dimetre 二音步诗行diphthong 二合元音双元音directobject直接宾语direct speech, DS 直接言语direct thought, DT 直接思想direct ion ality方向性discourse语篇话语discourseanalysis语篇分析话语分析discourse interpretatio n 语篇理解discrete分离的离散的discrete-point grammar 离散语法discrete point test 分立性测试disjunction分离关系displacement 移位dissimilatio n 异化（作用）dist in ctive feature 区别性特征distinguisher 辩义成分do-insertion rule do添加规贝U domain 范围领域dorsal舌背音舌中音dorsum舌背（音）doublecomparative 双重比较drill-a nd-practicesoftware 操练软件D-structure D 结构dual双数dualistic view 二分观点duality 二重性E early Modern English 早期现代英语economy经济性简洁性ejective爆发音electronic mail 电子邮件Elizabethan English伊利莎白时期英语ellipsis 省略（法）elliptical sentence structure省略句子结构embedded element 嵌入成分emic位学的emotive感情的empirical经验主义的empirical data经验主义的语料empiricalvalidity 经验效度empiricism 经验主义empty category, EC 空范畴enabling skills使成技能化encoding 编码end rhyme 末端韵en doce ntric con struct ion 内向结构entailment 蕴涵entry con diti on 入列条件epenthesis 插音增音equipolle nt opposition 均等对立equivale nee 相等equivale neereliability 相等信度error analysis 错误分析EST科技英语eth ni city ide ntity 民族认同eth no graphy of com muni cati on 交际民族学etic非位的素的event process事件过程example-based mach ine tran slati on 基于例句的机器翻译exchange error 交换错误exchange sequenee 交际序歹U exchange structure 交际结构exhaustive 穷尽的彻底的existent存在物existential 存在句existential process 存在过程existential quantifier 存在数量词exocentric夕卜向的exoce ntric con struct ion 夕卜向结构experiential 经验的experiential function 经验功能experimental psycholinguistics 实验心理语言学explanatory adequacy 解释充分性explicit grammar instruction, EGI 明显的语法教学法expression minimization 表达最底程度expressive 表达的extended standard theory, EST 扩展标准理论extensive引申的扩展的extent-condition format 程度条件格式exter nal evaluatio n 夕卜部评估external qualifier 外部修饰语extri nsic sources of error 夕卜在的错误来源eye movement 眼部移动Fface validity卷面效度facilitation 便利促进Fasoldfeasibility 可行性feature 特征feedback 反馈felicity con diti on 适宜性条件恰当条件feminine 阴性fiction 小说figurative Ianguage 比喻性语言象征性语言figures of speech修辞手段修辞格finite element 有定成分finite有定的有限的finite state grammar 有限状态语法first-person narrator 第一人称叙述者Firthia n pho no logy 弗斯音系学flap闪音flexibility灵活性变通性floppy disk 软盘focus焦点中心folk etymology 俗词源学民间词源foregrounded features 突出特征foregrounding 突出前景话foreignIanguage teaching 夕卜语教学form形式formal differenee 形式差异formalization 形式化formation 形成formative构形成分构词成分free form 自由形式free in direct speech, FIS 自由间接言语free in direct thought, FIT 自由间接思想free morpheme 自由语素free root morpheme 自由词根语素free variant 自由变体free verse 自由韵文French法语frequency effect 频率效应fricative (摩)擦音frictio n 摩擦front舌面前舌前的fully automatic high quality tran slatio n,FAHQT全自动高质量翻译fun cti on word 功能词function 功能functional grammar 功能语法fun cti on al li nguistics 功能语言学functional sentence perspective, FSP 功能句子观functions of Ianguage 语言功能fusion溶合fuzzy模糊的Ggender differenee 性别差异general linguistics 普通语言学generalisation 概括generative grammar 生成语法generative semantics 生成语言学genitive属格所有格genre体裁语类German德语give n (in formatio n)已给信息global task整体任务glottal 喉音glottal stop 喉塞音goal目标gover nment theory 支配理论government支配己grammatical analysis 语法分析grammatical function ;; grammaticalstructure 语法结构gradable antonymy 分等级的反义关系gradual opposition 渐次对立grammaticalcategory 语法范畴grammatical concept 语法概念grammatical descripti on 语法描写grammatical form 语法形式grammaticalmarker 语法标记grammatical meaning 语法意义grammatical orga ni zati on 语法组成grammatical patter n 语法类型grammaticalprocess 语法过程grammatical rule 语法规贝U grammatical sentence pattern, GSP 语法句形grammatical structure 语法结构grammatical subject 语法主语grammaticalsystem 语法系统grammatical word 语法词graphitic form 文字形式Gricean maximGrice 准贝H group词组guttural 腭音Hhalf-rhyme 半韵hard palate 硬腭head中心词中心成分headed con structi on 中心结构heptameter七音步诗行hierarchical structure 等级结构hierarchical system 等级系统hierarchy等级体系high高(元音)historical linguistics 历史语言学holophrastic stage 单词句阶段homonym 同音/形异议词Hopi Hopi 语horiz on tal relati on 链状关系Horn scale霍恩阶human cognitive system 人类认知系统human Ianguage 人类语言human speech人类言语huma n tran slati on 人译hypercorrect ion 矫枉过正hyponym下义词hyponymy下义关系hypothesis 假设hypothesis-deduction 假设-演绎Iiamb抑扬格iambic pentameter 抑扬格五音步诗行IC an alysis直接成分分析法ICALL (intelligent CALL)智能计算机辅助语言学习ideatio nal (fun ctio n) 概念功台匕冃匕identifying 认同的idiom 成语习语idiomatically-governed 习语支配己的ill-formed sentences 不合适的句子illocutionary act话中行为施为性行为illocutionary force言外作用施为作用imagi native (function)想象功能immediacy assumptio n 即时假定immediate constituent analysis 直接成分分析法imperative rule 祈使规贝U imperative 祈使语气命令的implicate 意含implication 蕴涵含义implicati on conn ective 蕴涵连接implicature 含义言外之意implied meaning 蕴涵意义implosive内破裂音内爆音inanimate 无生命的inclusiveness relation 内包意义indefinite 不定的，无定的indicative陈述式陈述语气in direct object 间接宾语indirct speech, IS 间接言语in direct thought, IT 间接思想Indo-European Ianguages 印欧语言_:言inference 推论推理inference drawing 推论inferen tial com muni cati on 推论交际infinitive 不定式infix中缀in flection屈折(变化)inflectional affix 屈折词缀inflectional morphology 屈折形态学inflective endings 屈折结尾in formati on retrieval 信息检索in formati on structure 信息结构in formative (fun ctio n) 信息功台匕冃匕inn ate ness 先天性inn ate ness hypothesis (语法)天赋假设in put输入in put hypothesis 语言输入说in strume ntal (function) 工具功台匕冃匕integrative test综合性测试intensifier强调成分intensive强调的增强的in teract ional (fun ctio n) 交互功台匕冃匕in terde ntal 齿间音in terface 界面interferenee 干扰in terject ion 感叹词interlanguage 中介语interlingua 国际语interlingual approach 语际法interlocutor 会话者internal evaluati on 内部评估in ternal structure 内部结构international phonetic alphabet, IPA 国际音标in ternet互联网interpersonal 人际的in terpers onal function 人际功台匕冃匕in terpretatio n 解军释interrogative sentence 疑问句intonation 语调in tra-l in guistic relati on 语言内关系intransitive不及物的intrinsic sources of error 错误的内源in variable word 不变词invention 新创词语inversion倒置，倒装IPA chart国际音标图IPS symbol国际音标符号irony讽刺反话isolated opposition 孤立对立Italian意大利语JJapanese 日语jargon黑话行语Jespers on,Otto Johnson & Johnson Johnson Jon es,Daniel K kernel sentence 核心句keyword关键词knowledge 知识known in formatio n已知信息KrashenKruszewski, MikolajKuno, SusumoLlabel标示标记labial唇音labiodental 唇齿音Ianguage 语言Ianguage acquisition device, LAD 语言习得机制Ianguage attitude 语言态度Ianguagechoice 语言选择Ian guage comprehe nsion语言理解Ianguage data语言素材Ianguage learning 语言学习Ianguagemaintenance 语言维护Ian guage processing 语言处理Ianguage structure 语言结构Ianguage system 语言系统Ian guage teaching 语言教学Ianguage universal 语言普遍性Ianguage use语言使用Iangue语言(系统)larynx喉头lateral边音旁流音Latin拉丁语Lati n grammar 拉丁语法lax vowel松元音length长度音长letter字母level层，级，平面Levi nson, Stephe n lexeme词位词素lexical ambiguity 词汇歧义lexical change 词汇变化lexical level 词汇层lexical meaning词汇意义lexical morphology 词汇形态学lexical studies 词汇研究lexical word 词汇词lexicogrammar 词汇语法lexicon词汇词典lexis 词liaison连音连续limerick打油诗line诗行lin ear phono logy 线性音系学linearstructure 线形结构linguistic university 语言普遍性linguistic behaviour 语言行为linguistic behaviour potential 语言行为潜势lin guistic compete nee 语言能力lin guistic con text 语言语境上下文linguistic data 语言素材linguisticdescription 语言描写linguistic determinism语言决定component 形态形态音位学形态音系学change 形态句法论linguistic facts 语言事实lin guistic relativity 语言相对性 linguistic sexism 语言性别歧视 linguistic structure 语言结构 linguistic theory 语言理论 linguisticunit 语言单位 linguistic universal 语言普遍性linguistic variation 语言变异 linguistics 语言学 lip rounding 圆唇化literal language 本义语言 literary stylistics文学文体学 loan translation 翻译借词loanblend 混合借词 loan shift 转移借词 loan word 借词 local area networks, LAN 局域网 locuti on ary act 发话行为，表述性言 语行为 logical component 逻辑成分 logical connective 逻辑连词 logical form component 逻辑式成 分logical form representation 逻辑式表 达 logical formula 逻辑公式 logical function 逻辑功能 logical semantics 逻辑语义学 logicalstructure 逻辑结构 logical subject 逻辑主语 logophoricity 词照应 Lon don School 伦敦学派 long vowed 长元音 loss of sound 语音脱落 loudness 响度M mach inetran slati on机 器 翻译macrolinguistics 宏观语言学 macropropositi on 宏观命题 macrostructure 宏观结构 main clause 主句Mali no wski, Bron islaw man-machine symbiosis 人机共生 manner maxim 方式准贝V manner of articulati on 发音方式marked 标记的 masculine 阳性matalinguistic 元语言学的 material （process ）物质过程 mathematical prin ciples 数学原 理maxim 准则maximal on set prin ciple 最大节首辅 音原则 meaningpote ntial意 义 潜势meaning shift 转移 meaning意义mental （processs ）思维过程心理过 程 mentalism 心灵主义 message 信息 metafuncti on 元功能 metalinguistic 元语言的 metaphor 隐喻 metathesis 换位（作用） met on ymy 换喻转喻 metre 韵律 metrical patter ning 韵律格式 microcomputer 微机 microprocessor 微处理器 mid 中（元音） mind 思维 mini mal attachme nt theory 最少接触 理论minimal pair 最小对立体 mi ni malist programminimum free form 最小自由形 式 mirror maxim 镜像准贝U mistake 错误 modal subject 语气主语 modal verb 情态动词 modality 情态 modern French 现代法语modification 修饰 modifier 修饰语 monom orphemic 单语素的 monophonemic 单音位的mon ophth ong 单元音 mono syllabic 单音节的Motague grammar 蒙太古语法 mood 语气 morph 形素词素形式 morpheme 语素 词素 形 素morpheme-exchange error 词素交错 误 morphemic shape 词素形状 morphemic structure 词素结构 morphemic tran scripti on词素标morphological change 形态变化morphological rule 形态规贝 U morphology形态学morpho-pho nemic 音位成分morphoph on emics morphoph ono logy morpho-s yn tactical 变化 mother ton gue 母语 本族 语 motivation 动因动机 move （移动） MT 机器翻译 MT quality 机译质量multilateral oppositi on 多边对立 multi-level phono logy 多层 次音系 学 multilingualism 多语制多语现象 Nnarratee 被叙述者narrator 叙述者narrator 'representation of speech acts, NRSA 言语行为的叙述者表 达 narrator'representation of speech,NRS 言语的叙述者表达 narrator'representation of thoughtacts, NRTA 思维行为的叙述者表 达 narrator'representation of thought,NRT 思维的叙述者表达 narrow tran scripti on 窄式音标 narrowing 狭窄化 n asal 鼻音 nasal cavity 鼻腔 n asal sound 鼻音 n asal stop 鼻塞音 nasal tract 鼻道 nasality 鼻音性 nasalization 鼻音化 Nash, Walternative speaker 操本族语者 natural language 自然语言 n aturalistic data 自然语料near-adult grammar 近成人语法 negation 否定否定结构negative 否定的negative interferenee 负面干扰 negative marker 否定标记 negative transfer 负转移 neogrammarian 新语法学家 network 网络n etwork computer 网络计算机 neutralizable opposition 可中立对\立new in formati on 新信息 new stylistics 新文体学 node 节nominal group 名词词组 nominalization 名词化 nominative 主格non-authe ntic in put 非真实语料的输 入 non-contrastive analysis 非对比性分 析 non-conven ti on ality 非规约性non-detachability 非可分离性 non-I in ear pho no logy 非线 性音系 学 non-l in guistic en tity 非语言实体 non-pul monic sound 非肺闭塞音 non-reciprocal discourse 非交替性语 篇 non-reflexive pronoun 非反身代词nonsense word stage 无意义词语阶段non verbal cues非言语提示norm 规范notation system 标写系统notion 意念no ti on al-fu nctional syllabus 意念功能教学大纲noun phrase名词短语noun名词number system 数字系统number数字O object宾语object-deleti on 宾语省略objective case 宾格objectivity 客观性obligatory 强制性observational adequacy 观察充分性abstruction 阻塞OCR scanner光学字符阅读器扫描仪octametre 八音步诗行Old En glish 古英语on e-place predicate 一位谓语on-I ine tran slati on 在线翻译onomatopoeia 拟声词on set节首辅音ope n class开放类open syllable 开音节operational system 操作系统operative可操作性operator 操作词oppositeness relation 对立关系opposition 对立optimal releva nee 最适宜关联option 选择optional可选择的oral cavity 口腔oral stop 口阻塞音ordinal numeral 序数词origin of Ianguage 语言起源orthography 正字法oste nsive com mun icati on 直示交际output 产出overgeneralization 过分法则化Ppalatal腭音舌面中音palatal-alveolar 腭齿龈音palatalizati on (硬)腭化paradigm聚合体paradigmatic relatio n 聚合关系paraphrase 释义意译parole言语part of speech 词类participant 参与者particle小品词语助词particular grammar 特定语的语法partitive 部分的部分格passive tran sformati on 被动转换passive (voice)被动语态pattern drill technique 句型操练法pattern 模式patterning 制定模式pause停顿peak (节)峰perceptual span 感知时距perfectionism 完善主义perfective 完成体performanee test 语言运用测试performanee 语言运用performative (verb) 行事性动词perlocutionary act 话后行为perseverativecoarticulation 重复性协同发音person人称perso nal (fu nctio n)自指性功能pharyngeal卩因头音喉音pharynx 喉头phatic (communion)寒暄交谈交感性谈话phone 音素音子phon ematic unit 音声单位phoneme 音位phonetic alphabet 音标phonetic form component 语音形式部分phon etic similarity 语音相似性phonetic symbol 语音符号phon etictran scriptio n（法）phonetics语音学phono logical an alysis 音位分析phono logical comp onent音位咅B分phono logical level 音系层phono logicalprocess 音位过程phono logical representati on 音位表达phono logical rule 音位规贝U phono logicalstructure 音位结构phono logical system 音位系统phono logical varia nt 音位变体phono logy音系学phrasal verb短语动词phrase短语phrase structure 短语结构phrase structure grammar 短语结构语法phrase structure rule, PS rule 短语结构规则pidgin皮软语洋泾滨语不纯正外语Pitch音咼声调咼低place of articulation 发音部位play剧本plosion 爆破plosive爆破音爆发音plural复数pluralism多元主义plurality复数形式poetic （function）诗学功能poetry诗歌polymorphemic （word）多语词polysyllabic 多音节（词）polysystemicanalysis 多系统分析Portugese葡萄牙语positive transfer 正移转possessive所有的属有的possible grammar 可能语言的语法postalveolar 后齿龈音post-Bloomfieldian linguistics 后布龙菲尔德语言学postdeterminer 后限定词post-structuralistview 后结构主义观占八、、pragmatic inference 语用推论pragmaticroles 语用角色pragmatics 语用学PragueSchool 布拉格派predeterminer 前限定词predicate calculus谓语演算predicate logic 谓语逻辑predicate谓语predicator 谓语（动）词predictivevalidity 预测效度pre-editing预先编辑译前加工prefix前缀pre-modified in put 预修正的入premodifier 前修饰语preposition 介词prepositional calculus 介词演算prepositi onal logic 介词逻辑prepositionalopposition 介词\立prepositi onal phrase 介词语prescriptive 规定式presupposition 前提预设primary cardinal vowel 主要基本元音primary stress主重音第一重音prin ciple ofin formative ness 信息性原则principle of least effort 最省力原则prin ciple of qua ntity 数量原贝U privativeopposition 表非对立表缺对立process 过程producti on error 产生性错误productivity多产性proficiency test 水平测试pro-form代词形式替代形式programming Ianguage 编程语言progressive 进行体progressive assimilation丿顺同化projection rule 投射规则pronominal 代词pronoun 代词pronun ciation 发音pronun ciati on dictionary 发音词典pronun ciati on 发音proportionalopposition 部分对\立propositi on 命题prose style散文风格prosodic analysis节律分析超音质分析psycholinguistics 心理语言学psycholinguistic-socioli nguistic approach心理-社会语言学方法psychological reality 心理现实psychological subject 心理主语psychology of Ianguage 语言心理学psychometric-structuralist approach 心理测定-结构主义法pulmonic sound 肺闭塞音Put on ghua普通话QQ-based implicature基于质量的含义Q-principle质量原则quality 量quality maxim 质量准贝Uquantifier 数量词quantitative analysis 定量分析qua ntitative paradigm 数量变化表qua ntity maxim 数量准贝U quatrain 四行诗Rrange范围rank 级rati on alism 理性主义raw data原始素材R-based implicature 基于关联的涵义reader读者readi ng comprehe nsion 阅读理解realisation 体现recall回忆received pronunciation, R P 标准发音receiver受话者信息接受者recency effect 近期效应recognition 识别recursion 可溯recursive可溯的还原的recursiven ess 递归性reference所指参照referential meaning 所指意义refere ntial theory 所指理论referential 所指的reflected meaning 反映意义reflexive (form)反身形式regional dialect 地域方言register 语域regressive assimilation 逆同化regulatory (function)控制性语言功台匕冃匕relation maxim 关系准则relational opposite 关系对立relational process 关系过程relative clause 关系分句关系从句relative pronoun 关系代词relative unin terruptibility 相对的非间断性releva nee theory 关联理论reliability 信度repetition 重复representational system 表达系统representational 表达实体residue剩余成分restricted Ianguage 限制性语言retrieval process 检索过程retrieval system 检索系统retroflex sound 卷舌音reverserhyme 反陨revised exte nded sta ndardtheory, REST修正扩展标准理论rewritingrules 重写规贝U rheme述位rhetorical skill修辞技能rhyme韵韵角压韵rhythm韵律节奏Roman alphabet letter 罗马字母root词根root morpheme 词根语素round vowel 圆元音R-principle关联原则rule system规则系统rule-based approaches 基于规则的方法rules of Ianguage 语言规贝USsameness relation 相同关系Sanskrit 梵文Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis 萨丕尔-沃夫假设Saussure索绪尔scale of delicacy 精密阶schema图式scheme-oriented Ianguage 面向图式的语言second Ianguage acquisition 第二语言习得secondary cardinal vowel 次要基本元音sec on dary stress 次重音segment 音段selection restriction 选择限制selectionalrules 选择规贝U self-reflexive 自反身sema ntic associati on n etwork 语义关联网络semantic change 语义变化sema ntic comp onent 语义咅B分semantic feature 特征sema ntic in terpretati on 语义解释semanticinterpretative rules 语义解释规则semantic process 语义过程sema ntic represe ntati on 语义表达semantic sentence pattern, SSP 语义句型semantic triangle 语义三角semantics语义学semi-consonant 半辅音semiotic system 符号系统semiotics符号学semi-vowel 半元音sense relation 意义关系sense意义sentence 句子sentencefragments 句子成分sentence meaning 句义sentence memory 句子记忆sentence stress句重音sentence structure 句子结构sentential calculus 句子演算setting 场景sibilant咝擦音sig n符号signified所指受指signifier能指施指simile明喻simulta neity同时性singular 单数situatio nal con text 情景语境situational level 情景层situationalsyllabus 情景教学大纲situational variation情景变异slot空缺social role社会角色socialsemiotic社会符号学socio-cultural role 社会文化角色socioli nguistic study of Ian guage语言的社会语言学研究sociolinguistic studyof society 社会的社会语言学研究sociolinguistics 社会语言学sociologicalapproach 社会学方法soft palate 软腭solidarity 团结sonnet十四行诗sonorant 响音sonority scale 响音阶sound语音soundimage语音图像sound pattern 语音模式sound segment 音段sound system语音系统sound wave 音波speaker ' s meani说话者意义speech言语speech act theory 言语行为理论speechcommunity 言语社团speechcomprehension 言语理解speech event 言语事件speech function 言语功能speechmode言语方式speech organ言语器官speech perception 言语感知speechpresentation 言语表达speech product ion ;言语产生speech research 言语研究speechrole 言语角色speech sound 语音speechsyn thesis 言语合成spelling拼写，拼法splitinfinitives分裂的不定式spoken corpus 口语语料库spoken Ianguage translation 口语翻译spondee扬扬格spoonerism 首音互换斯本内现象spread展元音S-structure表层结构stability稳定性stability reliability 稳定性效度Sta ndard English 标准英语standard theory 标准理论standardization 标准化statistical analysis 统计分析status地位stem词干stimulus 刺激stimulus-response 刺激反应stop闭塞音stored knowledge 储存知识strategicknowledge学习策略知识stratification 层stream of consciousness 意识流stresspattern 重音模式stress重音structuralanalysis 结构分析structural (structuralist) grammar 结构语法structural syllabus结构教学大纲structural test 结构测试structuralism 结构主义structuralist linguistics 结构主义语言学structuralist view 结构主义观点style文体风格stylistic analysis 文体分析stylistics 文体学subcategorize 次范畴subject 主语subject-deletion 主语省略subjective test主观性测试subjectivity 主观性subjunctive mood 虚拟语气subord in ate con structi on 从属结构subord ination 从属substitutability 替代性substitution 替换suffix后缀superlative degree 最高级superord in ate 上坐标词suprasegmental feature 超语段特征surface form 表层形式surface representation 表层表达surface structure 表层结构syllabic structure 音节结构syllabification 音节划节syllable 音节syllabus design教学大纲设计syllabus教学大纲syllogism三段论法symbol符号synchronic (linguistics)共时(语言学) synonym 同义词synonymous 同义的synonymy同义现象syntactic component 句法部分syntactic features 句法特征syn tactic function 句法功能syntactic marker 句法标记syntactic process 句法过程syntactic restriction 句法限制syntactic structure 句法结构syntactical change 变化syntagmatic relation 组合关系syn tax句法system network 系统网络system of sig ns 符号系统system of systems系统的系统systemic(grammar)系统语法systemic-functional Grammar, SFG 系统功能语法Ttacit knowledge默契的知识tagmeme 法位tagmemics法位学tap 一次接触音target Ianguage 目标语言tautology同义反复冗辞template 模块tense vowel 紧元音tense时态test content测试内容test form测试形式testee受试者testing 测试test-retest reliability 一测再测信度tetrameter 四音步诗行text语篇text comprehe nsion 语篇理解text encoding 语篇编码text in terpretati on 语篇解释text style语篇风格textual organization 语篇组织textual语篇功能theme 主位theoretical li nguistics 理论语言学third-person narrator 第三人称叙述者thought prese ntati on 思想表达three-place predicate 三位谓语tone声调音调tongue height 舌高tongue position 舌位tongue tip 舌尖topic主题trace theory 轨迹论traditi onal grammar 传统语法transcribed 标音transcription 音标标音transfer 移转transfer approach 移转法utteranee 语句 uvular 小舌音uvula 小舌 tran sformati on 转换transformation of interrogation 疑问 转换 transformational component 转换咅B 分、transformational grammar 转换 语法 transformational process 转换过程 tran sformati onal rule 转换规贝 U tran sformati on al-ge nerative grammar, TG grammar 转换生成语法 transitivity 及物性 translation 翻译 tree diagram 树形图 trill 颤音 trochee 抑扬格长短格 trope 转喻隐喻 truth con diti on 真值条件 truth value 真值 tu/vous disti nction 你 / 您区别 turn length 话语轮次长度 turn quantity 话语轮次数量 turn-taking 依次发言 two-place predicate 二位谓语 two-word uttera nee 二词话语 typology 类型学 UUn aspirated 不松气的 un derly ing form 底层形式 un derly ing represe ntati on 底层表达 unin terruptibility 非中断性universal grammar, UG 普遍语法 universal quantifier 普遍限量词 universal 普遍现象 universality 普遍性 universals of Ianguage语言的普遍现 象unmarked 未标记的 unrounded vowel 非圆元音 urban dialectology 者E 市方言学 user 用户 user-friendly 方便用户的 utteraneemeaning 语句意义V validity 效度 variable 可变化的 variable word 可变化词 variation 变异 variety 变体语体 velar 软腭音 velarization 腭音化 velum 软口盖 verb 动词 verb phrase 动词短语 verbalcom muni cati on 言语交际 verbal process言语过程 verbiage 言辞 vernacularIanguage education 本地 化教育 vertical relation 选择关系 vocabulary 词汇 vocal cord 声带 vocal organ 发音器官 vocal tract声道 vocative 呼格 voice 语态 voicedconsonant 浊辅音 voiced obstruent 浊塞音 voiced (sound)浊音 voiceless consonant 清辅音 voiceless obstruent 清塞音 voiceless(so und)清音 voicing 浊音化，有声化 vowel glide 元音音渡 vowel 兀音 W web page 网页 Wh-interrogative 特殊疑问句 women register 女性语域 word 词 word class 词类 word formatio n 词语形成 word group 词组 word meaning 词义 word order 词序 working memory system 工作记忆系 统 writi ng 文字writing system 文字系统writte n Ian guage 书面语 writte n text 篇章 XX-bar Theory X-bar 理论 Yyes/no in terrogative 是非问句 yes/no question 是非问句 Zzero form 零形式word recog niti on 词语识另 U word formatio n 词语形成 word-for-word 逐词翻译 wording措辞。
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(iii)non-detachability不可分离性 不可分离性 A conversational implicature is attached to the semantics content of what is said, not to the linguistic form.It’ll not be separated from theutterance as a whole, even though the specific words may be changed.
For example, Premier Zhu Rongji's made a speech at MIT(麻省理工学院 麻省理工学院),April 14th,1999.He began 麻省理工学院 to his talk with a reference to MIT, saying that when he was in Tingiua,he wished he could have a chance to study and get a degree at MIT some day.Now he went on .“但是，校长先生请不要误会， 但是， 但是 校长先生请不要误会， 我决不是想要个荣誉学位。 我决不是想要个荣誉学位。”
（iv）Non-conventionabity 非规约性
Conversational implicature is different from the conversational meaning of words(话语的规约意义 话语的规约意义). 话语的规约意义 To show the differences more clearly, we can have a look at some examples of entailment. In the semantics,entailment is a ogical relationship between two sentences in which the truth of the second necessarily follows from the truth of the first, while the falsity of the first follows from the falsity of the second.
Here‘s an example： ： A: Where is Tom? B: His white Buick is outside Sue's house.
特征
(¡¡)Cancellability 可撤消性 We said that the presence of a conversational implicature lies on a number of factors: the conversational meaning of words used, the CP, the linguistic and situational contexts, etc. So if any of them changes, the implicature will also change.
communication as determined by the
conditions of society.
Semantics Meaning = Pragmatics Conversational implicature Logical implication
Logical implication
Defination : Implication belongs to the logical semantics,it
discusses the relationship between two propositional logics.
logical implication: “ if p, then q ” or “p →q”.
Conversational implicature
Characteristics
Calculability
(可推导性)
Cancellability
可撤消性
Non-detachability Non-conventionality
不可分离性 非规约性
(¡) Calculability(可推导性 可推导性) 可推导性
liststhe necessary data as follows:(1)话语的规约意义及其涉及的指 话语的规约意义及其涉及的指 标对象包含在内(2)合作原则及其四项准则 话语的语境,无论是语气 合作原则及其四项准则(3)话语的语境 标对象包含在内 合作原则及其四项准则 话语的语境 无论是语气 语境或是其他语境(4)背景方面的其他知识 背景方面的其他知识(5)交谈双方都知道上述四 语境或是其他语境 背景方面的其他知识 交谈双方都知道上述四 条中涉及的相关信息
John is a name of a person. So can be replaced by somebody; cow is a kind of animal. So we can say Ex 1 always have the entailments in Ex 2. In this case, entailment is determinate. In contrast, implicature is indeterminate, and it varies with the context. This is sometimes seen as another characteristic of converational implicature.
The fact that speakers try to convey conversational implicatures and hearers are able to understand them suggests that implicatures are calculable. They can be worked out on the basis of some previous information. In his paper, Grice
？
Conversational implicature
Conversational implicature
First ,let’s see two small dialogues
Ex1: -What happened to the roast beef? I put it here just now. -Oh, the dog looks so happy. Ex2: -Where is Milington? -I'm sure he is still on the earth.
Leader:王超莉 王超莉 Presenter:谭雪莹、 谭雪莹、 谭雪莹 王慧 Answerer:房建新、 房建新、 房建新 杨霞、 杨霞、顾晓东 PPT maker：袁呈宝 ：
TOPIC
Implicature
＆
Implication
Pragmatics studies the use of human
Implication can’t be conceled. 在所有p为真的情况下，命题q都为真，那么p蕴 含q。 如果p蕴含q，只要p为真,q就不能被取消。 q p q p ,q
p: The president was assassinated . q: He is alive. The president was assassinated. However, he is still alive.
Conversational implicature
Definition Proposal Characteristics
Conversational implicature
• Defination :A conversational implicature is
something which is implied in conversation. That is, something which is left implicit in actual language use. 会话含义是指会话中暗含的内容,即未在实际语言使 会话含义是指会话中暗含的内容 即未在实际语言使 用中明确表达的内容. 用中明确表达的内容
Self-controdictory
The logical connectives are not exactly the same as their counterparts in English. That is logic and everyday life do not always look at things the same way.
会话含义依附于话语的语义内容而不是话语的语义形式。 会话含义依附于话语的语义内容而不是话语的语义形式。即使某些词改 会话含义也不会从话语整体中分离出来。 变，会话含义也不会从话语整体中分离出来。
For instance, A. John’s a genius. B.John’s an expectionally clever human being. C.John’s an enormous intellect. D. john’s a big brain. A-D said ironically will all implicate John’s an idiot. 约翰真是个白痴。 约翰真是个白痴。 But, pay attention please, if conversationaiml implicature is related to the Manner maxims, it’s an exception to this characteristic. Because they rely on the form rather the content. Look at this: A: Let’s get the kids something. B: Okay, but I veto I-C-E-C-R-E-A-M-S. 特征 but I disagree to buy ice creams.