生物学专业英语试卷及答案
生物英文考试题及答案详解
生物英文考试题及答案详解一、选择题1. Which of the following is not a basic unit of life?A. CellB. OrganC. TissueD. MoleculeAnswer: D. MoleculeExplanation: Molecules are the building blocks of cells but are not considered a basic unit of life. Cells, tissues, and organs are all composed of cells and are essential for life processes.2. What is the process by which plants convert sunlight into chemical energy?A. RespirationB. FermentationC. PhotosynthesisD. TranspirationAnswer: C. PhotosynthesisExplanation: Photosynthesis is the process through which plants, algae, and some bacteria convert light energy into chemical energy stored in glucose molecules.二、填空题1. The genetic material in all living organisms is either _______ or _______.Answer: DNA; RNAExplanation: DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) and RNA (ribonucleic acid) are the two types of nucleic acids that carry genetic information in living organisms.2. The process of an organism developing from a fertilized egg to a mature individual is called _______.Answer: DevelopmentExplanation: Development refers to the series of changes that occur in an organism from the time of fertilization until it reaches maturity.三、简答题1. What are the main differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?Answer: Prokaryotic cells lack a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles, whereas eukaryotic cells have a defined nucleus and various membrane-bound organelles such as mitochondria and the endoplasmic reticulum.Explanation: The primary distinction between these two types of cells is the presence or absence of a nucleus. Prokaryotes, such as bacteria, have their genetic material dispersed in the cytoplasm, while eukaryotes, including plants and animals, have their genetic material enclosedwithin a nuclear membrane.四、论述题1. Discuss the role of DNA in the inheritance of traits.Answer: DNA, or deoxyribonucleic acid, is the molecule responsible for carrying genetic information in all living organisms. It contains the instructions needed for an organism to develop, survive, and reproduce. DNA is composed of four nucleotide bases: adenine (A), thymine (T), cytosine (C), and guanine (G). These bases pair up with each other (A with T, and C with G) to form a double helix structure. The sequence of these bases along the DNA molecule encodes the genetic information that determines an organism's traits. During reproduction, DNA is replicated and passed on to offspring, ensuring the inheritance of traits from one generation to the next.结束语：This examination paper has covered a range of topics in biology, from basic concepts to more complex processes, aiming to test the students' understanding and application of biological knowledge. It is hoped that through this test, students can identify areas for improvement and continue to deepen their study of biology.。
生物专业英语试题及答案
生物专业英语试题及答案一、词汇题（每题2分，共20分）1. 以下哪个单词表示“细胞分裂”？A. Cell divisionB. Cell fusionC. Cell differentiationD. Cell metabolism答案：A2. “基因”在英文中的正确表达是？A. GeneB. GenusC. GenotypeD. Genomics答案：A3. 哪个术语与“光合作用”相关？A. PhotosynthesisB. RespirationC. FermentationD. Anaerobic respiration答案：A4. “遗传工程”的英文表达是什么？A. Genetic engineeringB. Genetic mutationC. Genetic selectionD. Genetic variation答案：A5. “酶”的英文单词是？A. EnzymeB. HormoneC. ProteinD. Lipid答案：A6. “生态系统”在英文中如何表达？A. EcosystemB. BiosystemC. EcosystemsD. Biosphere答案：A7. “进化”的英文对应词是？A. EvolutionB. DevolutionC. InvolutionD. Revolution答案：A8. “克隆”在生物学中的英文术语是什么？A. CloningB. CopyingC. DuplicationD. Replication答案：A9. “物种”的英文单词是？A. SpeciesB. GenusC. VarietyD. Type答案：A10. “微生物”的英文表达是？A. MicroorganismB. MacroorganismC. OrganismD. Microbe答案：A二、阅读理解题（每题5分，共30分）阅读以下段落，并回答问题。
Biotechnology is the use of living organisms and bioprocesses to develop or make products. It involves the use of organisms, cells, and cellular components to research and produce goods and services. Modern biotechnology provides breakthrough products and technologies to combat debilitating and rarediseases, reduce our environmental footprint, feed the hungry, use less and cleaner energy, and have safer, cleaner and more efficient industrial manufacturing processes.11. 根据段落，生物技术涉及哪些方面？A. 使用生物和生物过程开发产品B. 仅使用生物过程C. 仅使用生物D. 使用生物和非生物过程答案：A12. 现代生物技术提供了哪些突破性的产品和技术？A. 治疗罕见疾病B. 减少环境影响C. 提供食物D. 所有上述选项答案：D13. 根据段落，生物技术如何帮助环境？A. 减少环境足迹B. 增加污染C. 加剧气候变化D. 消耗更多资源答案：A14. 生物技术如何帮助解决饥饿问题？A. 提供更少的食物B. 提供更多的食物C. 提高食物价格D. 降低食物质量答案：B15. 生物技术在工业制造中的作用是什么？A. 提高效率B. 降低安全性C. 增加污染D. 减少清洁度答案：A三、完形填空题（每题3分，共15分）阅读以下短文，从所给选项中选择最合适的一项填入空白处。
大学英语生物学考试试题及答案
大学英语生物学考试试题及答案考试试题：Section A: Multiple Choice Questions (共50题，每题1分，共50分)从A、B、C、D四个选项中，选出一个最佳答案，并将选项的字母代号填涂在答题卡相应的位置。
1. Which of the following is the study of relationships between organisms and their environments?A. PhysiologyB. GeneticsC. EcologyD. Evolution2. What is the primary role of ribosomes in a cell?A. Synthesis of lipidsB. Protein synthesisC. Cell divisionD. Energy production3. Which organelle is responsible for the production of ATP in eukaryotic cells?A. MitochondriaB. Endoplasmic reticulumC. NucleusD. Golgi apparatus4. Which of the following is responsible for the transportation of water and nutrients in plants?A. PhloemB. XylemC. StomataD. Chloroplasts5. What is the function of the respiratory system in humans?A. Regulation of body temperatureB. Production of hormonesC. Exchange of gasesD. Elimination of waste products...Section B: Short Answer Questions (共5题，每题10分，共50分)根据题目要求回答问题，并将答案写在答题卡上。
生物医学英语试题及答案
生物医学英语试题及答案一、选择题（每题2分，共20分）1. Which of the following is the most common type of cancer in the world?A. Lung cancerB. Breast cancerC. Prostate cancerD. Colorectal cancer答案：A2. The term "pathogen" refers to:A. A substance that causes diseaseB. A person who has a diseaseC. An organism that causes diseaseD. A symptom of a disease答案：C3. What is the primary function of red blood cells?A. To carry oxygenB. To fight infectionsC. To clot bloodD. To regulate body temperature答案：A4. The nervous system is divided into two main parts: thecentral nervous system and the:A. Peripheral nervous systemB. Autonomic nervous systemC. Sympathetic nervous systemD. Parasympathetic nervous system答案：A5. Which of the following is a characteristic of a viral infection?A. Presence of bacteria in the bloodB. Inflammation of the heartC. Infection by a virusD. Infection by a fungus答案：C6. The hormone responsible for the regulation of blood sugar levels is:A. InsulinB. Thyroid hormoneC. CortisolD. Adrenaline答案：A7. What is the term for the process by which the body maintains a stable internal environment?A. HomeostasisB. MetabolismC. Circadian rhythmD. Immunity答案：A8. The largest organ in the human body is:A. The brainB. The liverC. The skinD. The heart答案：C9. Which of the following is a type of connective tissue?A. Muscle tissueB. Nervous tissueC. Epithelial tissueD. Cartilage答案：D10. The process of cell division that results in two identical cells is called:A. MitosisB. MeiosisC. ApoptosisD. Cytokinesis答案：A二、填空题（每空1分，共20分）1. The study of the structure of organisms is called__________.答案：anatomy2. The process by which cells extract energy from nutrients is known as __________.答案：metabolism3. The basic unit of heredity is the __________.答案：gene4. The medical specialty that deals with the diagnosis and treatment of diseases of the heart and blood vessels is called __________.答案：cardiology5. The hormone that stimulates the growth and development of bones and muscles is __________.答案：growth hormone6. The study of the causes and effects of diseases is called __________.答案：pathology7. The body's response to injury or infection is known as__________.答案：inflammation8. The process by which the body gets rid of waste products is called __________.答案：excretion9. The largest gland in the human body is the __________.答案：liver10. The study of the nervous system is called __________.答案：neurology三、简答题（每题10分，共20分）1. Explain the role of the immune system in defending the body against infections.答案：The immune system plays a crucial role in defending the body against infections by recognizing and eliminating harmful pathogens such as bacteria, viruses, and otherforeign substances. It consists of various cells, tissues, and organs that work together to protect the body. When a pathogen enters the body, the immune system responds by activating white blood cells and producing antibodies that target and neutralize the invaders. This response helps to prevent the spread of infection and promotes healing and recovery.2. Describe the process of respiration in humans.答案：Respiration in humans is a process that involves the exchange of gases, primarily oxygen and carbon dioxide, between the body and the environment. It consists of two main stages: inhalation and exhalation. During inhalation, air containing oxygen is drawn into the lungs through the nose or mouth, then travels down the trachea and into the bronchi, which branch into smaller tubes called bronchioles. The bronchioles end in tiny air sacs called alveoli, where the exchange of gases occurs. Oxygen from the air diffuses across the thin walls of the alveoli into the bloodstream, where itbinds to hemoglobin in red blood cells. At the same time, carbon dioxide, a waste product of cellular respiration, diffuses from the blood into the alveoli. During exhalation, the diaphragm and intercostal muscles relax, causing the chest cavity to decrease in size and forcing the carbon dioxide-rich air out of the lungs. This cycle of inhal。
生物专业英语试题附答案
---------------------------------------------------------------最新资料推荐------------------------------------------------------生物专业英语试题附答案生物专业英语试题及答案一、将下列英文术语或缩写译为合乎学术规范的中文术语： 1、Odorant receptor 气味受体（气味感受器、嗅觉受体、嗅觉感受器也得 1 分；仅答受体或感受器，则得 0.5 分）。
2、Differentially expressed gene 差异化表达基因（答为“不同表达基因”，仅得 0.5 分）。
3、MOE 主要嗅（觉）上皮[答为“嗅（觉）上皮”也得 1 分；若写出其英文术语全称“Main olfactory epithelium”，也得分]。
4、VNO4 犁鼻器（答为“信息素外周感受器”也得 1 分；若写出其英文术语全称“Vomeronasal organ”，也得分）。
5、Social behavior 社会行为（答为“社群行为、社交行为”也得 1 分）。
6、Monogamy 一夫一妻制（答为“一雄一雌制、单配制”也得 1 分）7、Vasopressin 加压素（答为“抗利尿素”仅得 0.5 分）。
8、Oxytocin 催产素。
9、Kin recognition 亲属识别。
10、Autism 自闭症/孤独症。
11/ 1611、NIH (美国)国家(立)卫生研究院(所)(若写出其英文术语全称NIH = National Institutes of Health 也得分)。
12、HHMI 霍华德·休斯医学研究所(若写出其英文术语全称 HHMI = Howard Hughes Medical Institute 也得分；或者译为 Howard Hughes 医学研究所，也得全分)。
13、Nanotechnology 纳米技术（纳米科技、奈米技术、奈米科技）。
2020-2021某大学《生物专业英语》期末课程考试试卷(含答案)
2020-2021《生物专业英语》期末课程考试试卷一、短语翻译（共10小题，每小题2分，共20分）1、醇类物质的命名；2. 诱导和反馈抑制3. 分支代谢途径调节4. 酶的固定化5、核苷酸和核酸6、微生物和病毒7、常规分批发酵法酒精生产工艺8、黑曲霉柠檬酸生产的生物化学9、L-谷氨酸的发酵10细菌的基因克隆;二、根据专业词汇的构词法翻译下列专业词汇（共10小题，每小题2分，共20分）1、Dihydroxyacetone;2、Deoxyribonucleic acid；3、Monocarboxylic acid;4、Multilayered;5、Coenzyme；6、Immunoradioautography; 7、polysaccharide; 8、Tricarboxylic acid cycle；9、Macromolecule；10、Biodegradable surfactant;三、阅读理解（共2小题，每小题10分，共20分）(一) Regulation of Branched Metabolic PathwayBiosynthetic metabolic pathways often have a common enzyme sequence and then branch leading to more than one end-product. Microorganisms have evolved feedback mechanisms, whereby a build-up of one end-product cause a feedback effect on the first enzyme of the branch leading to that product. In addition, mechanisms exist whereby the end-product of a branched pathway causes partial feedback inhibition of the first enzymes of the common sequence so that the flux of substrate passing through this sequence is proportionately reduced. This effect is achieved by use of isoenzymes, concerted feedback regulation and cumulative feedback regulation. These regulatory effect can be of two types: inhibition of enzyme activity and repression of enzyme synthesis. Where isoenzymes (multiple enzyme forms capable of catalysing the same reaction) are involved, the synthesis or inhibition of each enzyme form may be regulated by a different end-product. With concerted feedback regulation, only one enzyme is involved, but more than one product must be present to inhibit activity or repress enzyme synthesis. With cumulative feedback regulation, each end-product causes partial inhibition or repression and all end-products are required to completely block activity or synthesis.1.In the first sentence, ‘a common enzyme sequence’ means:(1)the reaction sequence catalysed by the enzymes(2)that the enzyme has the same amino acids sequence2.In concerted feedback regulation the enzyme is inhibited and repressed by(1)several kinds of end-products(2)only one kind of end-product3.The isoenzymes means:(1)the enzymes have different functions(2)the enzymes are capable of catalysing the same reaction4.With cumulative feedback regulation, each end-product causes:(1)complete inhibition and repression(2)partial inhibition or repression(二）Immobilization of enzymesEnzymes are often used as nonrecoverable chemical reagents, in which case they are added to the substrate incubated at the required temperature and pH for a period and subsequently destroyed. Amylase, proteases and other inexpensive bulk enzymes are used in this way. Alternatively, enzymes may be attached to an inert support (immobilized). This offers the advantages of (1) recovery and re-use of the enzymes, in batch reactors; or (2) the development of continuously operated enzyme reactions similar to continuous fermentation systems used for microorganisms; (3) the possibility of multi-enzyme systems; and (4) the enzyme does not remain in the processed solution. However, there are some disadvantages, the enzyme may be stabilized by immobilization but it may also lose activity, and the process becomes technically more complex.There are many ways to immobilize enzymes, the common procedures involve (1)absorption to an insoluble support of either organic or inorganic origin. Cellulose, dextran, nylon and bentonite are some of the many carriers that have been used. Attachment may be by physical adsorption, ionic binding or covalent bonding. (2) Entrapment methods in which the enzyme is localized within apolymer matrix are popular and include gel or fiber entrapment and microencapsulation in which the enzyme is enclosed within sperical semipermeable polymer membranes. (3) A simple but effective procedure is to immobilize the enzyme within the host cell by heat treatment or covalent cross-linking following by pelleting the cells.Are the following statements true or false?（1）Amylase, proteases and other inexpensive bulk enzymes are destroyed after the enzyme-catalyzed reaction is completed ( )（2）The advantages of immobilization of the enzymes include the stability of the enzymes and the increase of the enzyme activity ( )（3）By immobilization of the enzymes, it is possible to operate the enzyme reactions continuously ( )（4）In the last paragraph, the word “insoluble support” has the same meaning as the word “carrier”四、英译汉（共2小题，每小题10分，共20分）(1) Previously, enzymes were prepared mainly from animal organs and plant seeds. However, these sources of enzyme have their limits both in quantity and quality. Microbes, on the contrary, can be cultured at large scale by simple methods. Also, in this case, selective production of certain enzyme in large quantities is possible by adjusting the conditions of culture. Further, microbes have marked adaptability, and mutant species can be induced artificially. Thanks to these advantageous properties, enzymes which cannot be produced from animals and plants can be obtained from microbes.(2)The establishment of L-glutamic acid fermentation provided a significant impetus to the development of microbial production of primary metabolites. Encouraged by the establishment of the L-glutamic acid fermentation, various research projects have been carried out in the attempt to isolate wild strains or derive genetic mutants producing various kinds of amino acids. As a result, almost all of the amino acids are now commercially produced by fermentation.五、汉译英（共5小题，每小题4分，共20分）1. 化合物是一种可以分解成两种或两种以上元素的物质2. 这些微生物的相关特性是它们是非病原性的(nonpathogenic)，而且易于保存，培养时花费不多。
生物专业英语卷A答案【考试试卷答案】
生物专业英语试卷答案(A)一．单词翻译(每题1分，共10分)1合子，受精卵、同源性，同种性 2死亡率、出生率3叶绿素、核酮糖二磷酸 4减数分裂、有丝分裂5等位基因、同源染色体对 6 photosynthesis ribosome7 diploid haploid 8 dominant recessive9 adenine cytosine 10 species regeneration二．判断题(每题1分，共10分)R， R， F， F， F， R，R，R， F， F三．阅读理解(每题2分，共40分)1 B、A、D、B、C2 A、D、D、A、C3 C、C、A、A、B、B4 B、C、D、D四．中英文互译（参考答案）（共40分）1.英文短句翻译成中文（每小题2分，共20分）（1）所有的真核生物细胞具有多种不同的细胞器，并且每种细胞器都有特定的作用。
（2）光合作用只能发生于绿色植物，藻类，某些原生生物和细菌等含有叶绿素的细胞中。
（3）生物体染色体螺旋化、浓缩化状态的图形表示被称为染色体组型。
在大多数细胞中，染色体组型显示出除性染色体外的所有染色体都是成对出现的，也就是同源染色体对。
（4）在一个性状上，生物体从每个亲本继承相同的等位基因，在这个性状上就是纯合的。
如果继承了不同的等位基因，在这个性状上生物体就是杂合的。
（5）前导链是连续合成的，而后随链是以短的直线状的冈崎片段合成。
（6）分类学大量揭示了关于生物间的进化关系。
一个进化枝是分类学上的一个单元，它的成员起源于一个共同的祖先。
（7）所有的真菌行使胞外的消化作用：它们分泌酶，消化有机物质，然后吸取产生的养分。
（8）器官发生过程中，当胚胎内部和表面的细胞特化时，胚胎的器官和组织形成。
（9）覆盖在广阔地理范围的一个物种的种群通常以梯度变异分布—梯度变异是指每个种群在进化适应它自身的本地环境时，在一个或多个性状上的逐渐变化。
（10）在一个群落中，正如竞争，捕食，和其他的因素相互作用来决定种群的大小一样，种群分布也是很多相关因素的结果。
生物专业英语课后练习题含答案
生物专业英语课后练习题含答案1. Multiple Choice1.Which of the following is the most important considerationwhen designing a polymerase chn reaction (PCR)?A. The length of the primerB. The temperature of the PCRC.The amount of DNA in the sample D. The thermal stability of the DNA polymeraseAnswer: D2.Which of the following describes the function of arestriction enzyme in molecular biology?A. Restriction enzymes are used to replicate DNA.B.Restriction enzymes are used to sequence DNA. C. Restrictionenzymes are used to cut DNA at specific sites. D. Restrictionenzymes are used to amplify DNA.Answer: C3.The gel electrophoresis separates DNA fragments according towhich of following parameters?A. SequenceB. SizeC. ConcentrationD. ChargeAnswer: B4.Which of the following is not a component of a typicalprokaryotic cell?A. NucleusB. Cell wallC. RibosomeD. PlasmidAnswer: A5.Which of the following is responsible for the majority ofoxygen production on Earth?A. FungiB. AlgaeC. ProtozoaD. BacteriaAnswer: B2. Short Answer1.What is the difference between genotype and phenotype?Genotype refers to the set of genes an organism carries, while phenotype refers to the observable trts that result from the interaction between the organism’s genes and its environmen t.2.Describe the process of translation.Translation is the process by which the information encoded in mRNA is used to synthesize a protein. It occurs on ribosomes, which contn two subunits (the small subunit and the large subunit).The process begins with the small subunit binding to the mRNAmolecule; this initiates the process of recognition of the start codon (AUG). Once the start codon is identified, the ribosome will recruit the first tRNA (transfer RNA) molecule, which carries an amino acid. The amino acid is then added to the growing peptide chn as the ribosome moves along the mRNA molecule, one codon at a time. This continues until a stop codon is reached, at which point the ribosome releases the newly synthesized protein, and the mRNA molecule is degraded.3.What is the difference between prokaryotic and eukaryoticcells?Prokaryotic cells are simpler in structure than eukaryotic cells and do not have a nucleus or membrane-bound organelles. They are typically much smaller than eukaryotic cells. Eukaryotic cells, on the other hand, have a nucleus and many membrane-boundorganelles (such as mitochondria, chloroplasts, and theendoplasmic reticulum). They are generally larger and more complex than prokaryotic cells.3. True or False1.Bacteria are always harmful to humans.False2.The most diverse group of organisms on Earth is arthropods. True3.The Calvin cycle is the process by which photosynthesisoccurs.True4.Fungi are eukaryotic organisms that are primarilydecomposers.True5.RNA splicing removes introns from the primary RNA transcript,leaving only exons.True4. MatchingMatch the following terms with their correct definition or function:1.EnzymeC. Protein molecule that acts as a catalyst in a biochemicalreaction2.GlycolysisD. The process by which glucose is broken down into pyruvate3.MitochondriaA. Organelle responsible for cell respiration4.NucleusB. Organelle responsible for the storage and transmission ofgenetic informationAnswer:1.C2.D3.A4.BConclusionThis set of practice questions is designed to test your understanding of some of the key concepts in biology. By exploringtopics like genetics, cell structure, and molecular biology, you can gn a deeper appreciation for the complexity and diversity of life on Earth.By engaging with these questions and testing your knowledge, you can become a more confident and capable biologist.。
- 1、下载文档前请自行甄别文档内容的完整性，平台不提供额外的编辑、内容补充、找答案等附加服务。
- 2、"仅部分预览"的文档,不可在线预览部分如存在完整性等问题,可反馈申请退款(可完整预览的文档不适用该条件!)。
- 3、如文档侵犯您的权益，请联系客服反馈,我们会尽快为您处理(人工客服工作时间：9:00-18:30)。
一、词汇互译（共10小题，每题3分，共计30分）1、citric acid：柠檬酸2、glucose isomerase：葡萄糖异构酶3、mutation：突变4、interferon：干扰素5、ultracentrifugation:超离心6、无血清培养基：serum free medium7、生物反应器：bioreactor8、包埋：entrapment9、参比变量：reference variable10、果糖：frutose二、英译汉（共5小题，每题10分，共计50分）1、Most of the structures that make up animals,plants and microbes are made from three basic classes of molecule:amino acids,carbohydrates and lipids(often called fats).As these molecules are vital for life,metabolic reactions either focus on making these molecules during the construction of cells and tissues,or breaking them down and using them as a source of energy,in the digestion and use of food.构成动物、植物和微生物的主要结构是由三个基础种类的分子组成：氨基酸、碳水化合物和脂类（常成为脂肪）。
由于这些分子对生命非常重要，因此代谢反应关注的或者是在细胞和组织形成中这些分子的形成，或者是在消化和食物利用中分解它们并将它们作为能量的来源。
2、The researcher then uses these"scissors"to cut an opening into the plasmid—the ring of DNA often found in bacteria outside of a cell.Next,the researcher"pastes"or places the gene segment into the plasmid.Because the cut ends of both the plasmid and the gene segment are chemically"sticky"they attach to each other,forming a plasmid containing the new gene.To complete the process,researchers use another enzyme to paste or secure the new gene in place.研究人员再用这些“剪刀”在质粒上打开一个缺口（质粒是一种环状双链DNA，通常位于细菌细胞外）。
然后，将目的基因节段粘到质粒上。
因为质粒和目的基因的节段在化学上都是具有“粘性”的，所以它们能相互粘连在一起，从而形成了一个包含新基因的质粒。
为了完成这个过程，研究人员还须使用另外一种酶来把新移入的基因固定。
3、Polymerase Chain Reaction(PCR)is a technique for reproducing specific DNA sequences in vitro.This process,invented by Kary Mullis in1987,has been automated for routine use in laboratories world wide.The process is carried out within a machine called thermocycler,and it can produce millions or billions of copies of a piece of DNA in a few hours.聚合酶链式反应（PCR）是一种体外复制特异DNA序列的技术。
Kary Mullis在1987年发明的这项技术已经自动化，并在世界上各个实验室中常规使用。
此过程是在称为热循环仪（thermocycler）中进行的。
它在数小时内，就可将一段DNA复制成数百万甚至数十亿个考贝。
4、Stem cells are unspecialized cells that have two important characteristics that distinguish them from other cells in the body.First,they can replenish their numbers for long periods through cell division.Second,after receiving certain chemical signals,they can differentiate,or transform into specialized cells with specific functions,such as a heart cell or nerve cell.干细胞是未分化的细胞，它有两个重要的特征使之有别于身体中的其它细胞。
首先，它们可以通过细胞分裂来长期补充自己的数量。
其次，在接收到某种化学信号之后，它们可以分化，或转化成具有特定功能的特殊细胞，比如心脏细胞或神经细胞。
5、The synthesize technology of biodiesel by lipase method have the advantages of moderation condition,simple procedure,low energy consumption and environmental friendly. However,it is difficult for the development and industrialization of biodiesel produced by lipase method due to the high cost of lipase,toxicity effect of organic solvent to lipase and the special catalysis of lipase.脂肪酶法合成生物柴油条件温和、工序简单、能耗低、绿色环保。
但是由于脂肪酶成本高，有机溶剂对脂肪酶有毒性，脂肪酶具有催化特异性等因素的影响，使酶法生产生物柴油难以有较大的突破和产业化。
二、汉译英（共2小题，每题10分，共计20分）1、光合作用以二氧化碳和水为原材料并经历两步化学反应。
第一步，称光反应，水分子分解，氧分子释放，ATP和NADPH形成。
此反应需要光能的存在。
第二步，称暗反应，二氧化碳被还原成碳水化合物，这步反应依赖电子载体NADPH以及第一步反应产生的ATP。
Photosynthesis starts with CO2and H2O as raw materials and proceeds through two sets of partial reactions.In the first set,called the light-dependent reactions,water molecules are split(oxidized),O2is released,and ATP and NADPH are formed.These reactions must take place in the presence of light energy.In the second set,called light-independent reactions, CO2is reduced(via the addition of H atoms)to carbohydrate.These chemical events rely on the electron carrier NADPH and ATP generated by the first set of reactions.2、生物工程是属于应用生物科学和技术的一个领域，它包含生物或其亚细胞组分在制造业、服务业和环境管理等方面的应用。
生物工程以细菌、酵母、真菌、藻类、植物细胞或培养的动物细胞为工业过程的要素。
只有将微生物学、生物化学、遗传学、分子生物学、化学和化学工程等多种学科和技术结合起来，生物工程的应用才能获得成功。
Biotechnology is an area of applied bioscience and technology which involves the practical application of biological organisms,or their subcellular components to manufacturing and service industries and to enviromental management.Biotechnology untilizes bacteria,yeasts, fungi,algae,plant cells or cultured mammalian cells as constituents of industrial processes. Sucessful application of biotechnology will result only from the integration of a multiplicity of scientific disciplines and technologies,including microbiology,biochemistry,genetics, molecular biology,chemistry and chemical and process engineering.。