中国文化英语教程 unit10 confucius
中国文化第2章词汇与短语 词汇与短语
Chapter 2 philosophy and religion 词汇与短语1)confucianism [kənˈfyuʃəˈnɪzəm] 英: [kənˈfju:ʃənizm]儒学；儒家；儒家思想2)taoism 美: ['taʊ.ɪzəm] 英: ['taʊ.ɪz(ə)m] 道教；道家学说；3)mohism: [ˈməuizəm] 墨家思想；墨学4)legalism美: ['liɡ(ə)l.ɪzəm] 英: ['liːɡə.lɪz(ə)m] 法家；法律主义5)confucius [kən'fjuʃəs] 英: [kən'fjuːʃəs] 孔子6)mencius美: [mɛnʃɪrs] 英: [menʃɪəs] 孟子7)allegiance美: [ə'lidʒəns] 英: [ə'liːdʒ(ə)ns] 忠诚；忠贞；忠心8)benevolence, justice, allegiance and forbearance (仁、义、忠、恕)9)golden mean 中庸"the golden mean" is not a simple average and compromise,but unbiased, not less and not much.“中庸之道”不是简单的平均与折中，而是不偏不倚、不过不及。
10)ethical: ['eθɪk(ə)l] 道德的；伦理的connected with beliefs and principles aboutwhat is right and wrong11)societal美: [sə'saɪət(ə)l] 社会的；关于社会的connected with society and theway it is organized12)be dutiful to 对有义务13)predominant [prɪˈdɒmɪnənt] 显著的；明显的；盛行的most obvious ornoticeable14)be confined to 局限于15)embrace 信奉16)doctrine: ['dɒktrɪn]教义；主义；学说；信条a belief or set of beliefs held andtaught by a Church, a political party, etc.17)Prolonged: [prə'lɒŋd] 持久的；长期的continuing for a long time18)non-action无为；无所作为；不行动. 顺从自然发展而自化，不加以人为的影响和干预。
中国文化英语教程Unit10讲述资料
Aspiration for Peace
The Great Wall is unparalleled in the world in:
➢ Scale ➢ Span of construction ➢ Great quantities of labor ➢ Degree of difficulty
Aspiration for Peace
Introduction
• Three major renovations (修复) of the Great Wall took place in the Qin (221-206 BC), Han (206 BCAD 220), and Ming dynasties.
• The eat Wall of today is mainly the legacy of the Ming-dynasty renovations.
Aspiration for Peace
We can see the military defense of the Great Wall from the following sentences:
“北筑长城而守藩篱，却匈奴七百余里，胡人不敢南下而牧马。” ——《新书·过秦》
“建塞徼、起亭燧、筑外城，设屯戍以守之，然后边境得用少安。” ——《汉书·匈奴传》
中国文化英语教程文本
Part I Wisdom and BeliefsUnit 1 Confucian thought on heaven and humanityConfucius (551-479 BC), known in China as Kongzi, given name Qiu and alias Zhongni, was a native of Zouyi (present-day Qufu in Shandong Province) of the State of Lu during the Spring and Autumn Period (770-476 BC). A great thinker, educator and founder of Confucianism, Confucius is an ancient sage to the Chinese people. His words and life story were recorded by his disciples and their students in The Analects (Lunyu).Confucius on Heaven: the source of EverythingIn the Shang (1600-1046 BC) and Zhou (1046-256 BC) dynasties, the prevalent concept of “Heaven”was that of a personified god, which influenced Confucius. Generally, however, Confucius regarded “Heaven”as nature. He said, “Heaven does not speak in words. It speaks through the rotation of the four seasons and the growth of all living things.”Obviously, heaven equaled nature, in the eyes of Confucius. Moreover, nature was not a lifeless mechanism separate from humans; instead, it was the great world of life and the process of creation of life. Human life was part and parcel of nature as a whole.Confucius on People: ren and liRen and Li are the two core concepts of Confucius's doctrine about people.When his students Fan Chi asked him about ren, Confucius replied, “love people”. This is Confucius' most important interpretation of ren. Love for the people is universal love. Confucius further emphasized that this kind of love should “begin with the love for one's parents”. He believed no one could love people in general if they did not even love their own parents. Confucius regarded “filial piety and fraternal duty”as the essence of ren. The Doctrine of the Mean (Zhongyong) quotes Confucius as saying, “The greatest love for people is the love for one's parents.”He also said, “Children should not travel far while their parents are alive. If they have no choice but to do so, they must retain some restraint.”He did not mean that children should not leave their parents at all. What he meant was that children should not make the parents anxious about them while away from home. Confucius said again, “Children should think often of the age of their parents. They should feel happy for the health and longevity of their parents. They should also feel concern for the aging of their parents.”By ren, Confucius meant universal love based on love for one's parents. How should peoplelove one another then Confucius said, “One should be aware that other people may have similar desires as oneself. While fulfilling one's desires, allow others to fulfill their desires as well.”He further said, “Do not do toward others anything you would not want to be done to you.”Thus from oneself to one's family, from family to society, one should extend love to all people. Mencius (c. 372-289 BC), a great Confucian scholar, best summarized ren as, “loving one's parents, loving the people, loving everything in the world.”Li refers to rituals, traditions and norms in social life. Of these, Confucius regarded burial ritualsand ancestral worship rituals as the most important, because they rose from human feelings. He said, “A child should not leave his parents' bosom until he is three years old.”He naturally love his parents. The ritual of wearing mourning for a deceased parent for three years was an expression of thechild's love and remembrance.Confucius on the State of lifeBefore Confucius, only the nobility had the right to education. He was the first figure in Chinese history to initiate private education. According to historical records, Confucius taught for many years and trained 3,000 disciples. A total of 72 of them excelled in the “six arts”, ., ritual, music, archery, (carriage)driving, calligraphy, and mathematics. A great educator, Confucius has been admired by later generations as the “sage of sages”.Confucius believed the basic goal of education was to cultivate “persons of virtue”, whoshould have sound character and uplifted minds. Such people should be able to shoulder important social responsibilities and to make contributions to society. Confucius regarded lofty ideals, great virtue, love of people, and the “six arts”as the general principles of education. Of these, virtue was the most important. His students were involved in a variety of professions, including politics, trade, education, diplomacy, ritual ceremony, and classifying ancient books. Whatever they did, they all wanted to improve their learning of the humanities and to enhance their virtue.Unit 2 Laozi's philosophy of Non-actionThe book Laozi was written around the sixth century BC. The author is generally believed to beLao Dan, or Laozi –a recluse who lived during the Spring and Autumn Period. Few records have survived about Lao Dan, who was said to have once held a low civil position in the royal court, in chare of the archival records of the Zhou Dynasty. Yet, due to his great learning, even Confucius was said to have traveled miles to consult him.Laozi, also known as Classic of the Way and Virtue (Dao De Jing), consists of just over 5,000 Chinese characters. Its 81 chapters are divided into two parts, Dao (the Way) and De (Virtue). Short as it is, the book has played a tremendous role in the development of Chinese culture. It became the basis of Daoism, the school of philosophy parallel to Confucianism in ancient China. The thought of Laozi formed the foundation of Daoism, the most influential indigenous school of religion in China. It has also exerted a direct impact on the characteristics, trends of thought and aesthetic sensibilitiesof the Chinese nation. Today Laozi still plays a role in the development of Chinese thinking. Naturalness and Non-action“Naturalness”is an important concept of Laozi's philosophy. It refers to a natural state of being, an attitude of following the way of nature. Laozi emphasized that everything in the world has its own way of being and development: birds fly in the sky, fish swim in the water, clouds float in the sky, flowers bloom and flowers fall. All these phenomena occur independently and naturally without following any human will, and humans should not try to change anything natural. Laozi admonished people to give up on any desire to control the world. Following the way of nature is the way to resolving conflicts between humans and the world.“Non-action”is another important concept of Laozi's philosophy. It is the guarantee of “Naturalness”. Laozi said, “(Dao or the Way) acts through non-action,”by which he did no mean that one should do nothing and passively wait for something to be achieved. Neither did he deny human creativity. What he meant is that human enterprises should be built on the basis of naturalness, not on many attempts to interrupt the rhythm of nature. Human creativity should be in compliance with the ways of nature.The philosophy of Non-contentionOn the basis of “naturalness”and “non-action”, Laozi proposed the view of“overcoming the strong by being weak”. The era Laozi lived in was replete with endless wars. Therefore, war was an important treme for philosophers, and ant-war thinking was the norm. Even the great strategist Sunzi advocated “winning a war without fighting it”, not to mention the great thinker Confucius, who strongly championed a government based on love. Their contemporary Mozi (c. 468-376 BC), founder of Mohism, also condemned wars while calling for “love for all”.According to Laozi, war springs from humanity's bloated desires. Conflict arises out ofpeople's struggles to satisfy their desires, and conflict escalates into war. Therefore, Laozi's philosophy is based on “non-contention”. To him, human striving and competitive strife is the root cause of decline; desiring nothing is the natural way of life.Laozi said, “The greatest virtue is like water.”He compared his philosophy of“non-contention”to water, to distinguish it from the law of the jungle. He said, “Water nourishes everything but contends for nothing.”To Laozi, humans tend to seek higher positions while water always flows to lower places. Driven by desire, humans like whatever they think is superior while despising whatever they think is inferior. Yet water always flows downward. As the source of life, water nourishes all living things on Earth. No life can exist without water. Water contributes to the world without regard for gain or loss. Remaining low, level and tranquil, water embraces and reflects everything under heaven. The way of water is completely different from the way of people with avid desires.But the philosophy of Laozi is by no means weak. On the contrary, it is full of strength.According to Laozi, water accumulates great strength in its weakness and quietude. Its strength can break down all barriers in the world. He said, “Nothing in the world is weaker than water. Yet nothing is stronger than water when it comes to breaking something strong.”Water is a typical example of the weak winning over the strong. Water is invincible because it desires nothing and contends for nothing.Unit 3 Chinese Buddhist CultureWho am I Where am I from Where am I goingMen are mortal. But death is not an once-and-for-all thing. They enter the rotating Wheel of Six Realms:Heaven, Human, Asura, Animal, Hungry Ghost, Hell.Documents stored in computer can be canceled at will, but what we have done in our life, and actually in our innumerable lives, cannot. What has been done has been done. The information is stored in your true “self”, not the physical one, and will accompany you life after life, and determines which Realm you enter.Only when we are completely free from lust, hatred, and folly, can we manage to break away from the capture of the rotating Wheel, and achieve perpetual enlightenment, discovering your true “self”.In Buddhism there isn't any dominating god who controls your destiny. We are the maker of our own fate. What we are at present is a result of what we have done in the past; and what we will be in the future is decided by what we are doing at present. What we have done form the “karma”, which, like a gene, decides on your future story. But this “gene”can of course be modified, by doing good deeds and obtaining healthy biological and spiritual energy, so as to change our future course of career. We are, therefore, our own master. What are the basic requirements for a BuddhistFive Prohibitions for the laymen:1) Don't kill;2) Don't steal;3) Don't seek aberrant sensual pleasures;4) Don't talk irresponsibly;5) Don't drink alcohol.Part II Creativity and ExchangeUnit 4 The Silk RoadThe silk road refers to a transport route connecting ancient China with Central Asia, West Asia, Africa, and the European continent. It appeared as early as the second century BC and was traveled mainly by silk merchants. The term “Silk Road”, or “die Seidenstrasse”in German, was first noted down by the German geographer Ferdinand Von Richthofen at the end of the 19th century.The silk road began in Chang'an (present-day Xi'an, capital of Shaanxi Province), passingthrough Gansu and Xinjiang to Central Asia, West Asia, and to lands by the Mediterranean. Therewere no signs of communication between ancient Chinese civilization and Mediterranean civilizationin earlier history. In about the seventh century BC, the ancient Greeks began to learn about an ancient civilization to the east, yet knew little about it. Before the Silk Road, according to archeological findings, there had already existed an intermittent trade route on the grasslands from the Yellow River and the Indus River drainage areas to the Euphrates and the Tigris, and the Nile drainage areas. Yetreal communication between China, Central and West Asian countries, Africa and the European continent did not develop until the opening of the Silk Road.Zhang Qian, Trail BlazerThe pioneer who blazed the trail of the Silk Road was Zhang Qian (c. 164-114 BC). In ZhangQian's time, the Chinese has little knowledge about Central and West Asian countries, Africa or Europe, although they were aware of the existence of many different countries and cultures in faraway places to the west.During the reign of Emperor Wu (r. 140-135 BC), there were 36 small kingdoms in the Western Regions (present-day Xinjiang and parts of Central Asia). All of them were later conquered by the Huns, who then posed a direct threat to the Western Han and blocked the dynasty's path west.Under these circumstances, Emperor Wu appointed Zhang Qian to lead a team of more than 100 envoys to the Western Regions.The mission was to unite the Indo-Scythic people against the Huns, who once killed theirchieftain. Zhang Qian's team set out in 138 BC. No sooner had they entered the Hexi Corridor (northwest of present-day Gansu Province), than they were captured by the Huns. After being held under house arrest for over ten years, Zhang Qian and only one other remaining envoy managed to escape and return to Chang'an in 126 BC. Their accounts about the Western Regions were arevelation to Hun emperor and his ministers.In the next two decades, Emperor Wu launched three major campaigns against the Huns,forcing them to retreat from the Western Regions. In 119 BC, the emperor sent Zhang Qian on a second mission to the Western Regions. This time Zhang Qian went further west, while his deputies reached more than a dozen countries in South and West Asia, and the Mediterranean.Zhang Qian's two missions to the Western Regions opened up the road to the west. EmperorWu adopted a series of measures to strengthen ties with the Western Regions, including encouragingHan People to trade there.Soon the route was bustling with caravans of camels carrying goods of all types andreverberating with the tinkling of their bells. Through the Silk Road, trade flourished between China and Central, South and West Asian countries, Africa and Europe. In 166, envoys from Rome arrived via the Silk Road in Chang'an, were they set up an embassy.Part III Art and AestheticsUnit 5 Music: Govern the Country, Nourish the MindThe tradition of Chinese music dates back to remote antiquity. Governing the country and nourishing the mind through music are two of the main functions of this tradition.Governance Through MusicAccording to ancient Chinese culture, rituals provided the norms of conduct of people. The goalwas to maintain social order.Music was for the mind's cultivation and expression. Its purpose was to enhance people'soutlook on life and imbue them with energy and creativity, such that they could enjoy a more harmonious and happier spiritual life. Individual contentment would then lead to social harmony, as well as to a more harmonious relationship between people and nature. The highest level of ancient Chinese music was to represent spiritual with nature.The prominent stature of music in ancient China explains the emergence of sophisticated instruments from early times. Chime bells were one example. First used in the Shang Dynasty, they became quite popular during the Western Zhou Dynasty (1046-771 BC). In 1978, a fine set of chime bells was unearthed in Hubei Province, from the tomb of Marquis Yi, a local lord in a small state called Zeng during the Warring States Period.The Marquis Yi chime bells consist of 65 bells arranged in three rows. The first row includes 19niu bells, and the second and third rows include 45 yong bells. The bells in each row differ from one another in shape and size, emanating(发出) different tones. In addition, there is a separate and much larger bell used to adjust pitch. Like the bells, the from is made of bronze, weighing as much as five tons or more. The total weight of the bells is more than 440 kilograms. While the bells bear inscriptions totaling more than 2,800 Chinese characters relating to music and the making of the instrument, the frame is carved with exquisite patterns in relief (浮雕) and fretwork(回纹细工). Instruments of such a scale and such fine craftsmanship were quite rate in the world at the time. Five musicians were needed to play the instrument. Each bell produces two tones when struck at the respective sound points as marked. The entire set of chime bells is able to produce all the tones of a modern piano.Consoling the Mind with MusicWild Geese Landing on the The Chinese zither tends to create a tranquil air. The composition Shallow Shore is such an example. With a relaxed rhythm, the first part of the piece depicts a calm Yangtze River under a clear autumn sky. The second part progresses into livelier rhythms to imitatethe chirping of many birds. The third part presents a thematic scene of wild geese leisurely landing on the shallow shores of the Yangtze, as a gentle breeze makes the water ripple. To Chinese musicians and music lovers, the contentment of the wild geese represents the human heart.The zither was also instrumental in communication between ancient scholars and artist. The Three Stanzas of Plum Blossoms, was based on an Eastern Jin Dynasty famous zither composition,One ) (-383).桓伊王子猷story of the poet Wang Ziyou () (c. 338-386) and the flute player Huan Yi (day the poet was taking a boat trip when he overheard someone on the riverbank say Huan Yi waspassing by. Although the two had never met before, they admired each other as poet and flute player. Despite his lower rank of office, Ziyou sent a family member to request Huan Yi to play the flute. Three Stanzas of Plum played and Yi dismounted from his carriage Without hesitation, Huan Blossoms, while Ziyou listened from his boat. After finishing, Huan Yi mounted his carriage and drove on. Ziyou, too, continued with his boat journey. The two of them exchanged not a single word, s three 'yet both were content with the communication of their hearts through the music.The flutestanzas were later converted into a composition for the Chinese zither, which has become one of thethe of its eulogy expression of otherworldly feelings through best-known musical works –as ans purity, fragrance and resistance to the cold.'plum flower Unit 6 Flying strokes of CalligraphyThe evolution of Chinese characters font甲骨文the Oracle bone script→金文Jinwen (Inscriptions on bronze )→篆书Seal script→隶书Official script→楷书Regular script→草书Cursive script→行书running scriptWang Xizhi and Preface to the Lanting Pavilion CollectionIn the Hall for Cultivation of Mind of the Palace Museum, there is a Three-treasurer Study,which derives its name for the three most valuable calligraphic works housed here. These three treasures, most valued and adored by Emperor Qianling (r. 1736-1795) of the Qing Dynasty, were A Sunny Scene after a Quick Snow by Wang Xizhi, Mid-Autumn by Wang Xianzhi and Boyuan byWang Xun (349-400). As father and son, Wang Xizhi and Wang Xianzhi hae been known as the“Two Wangs”, their works universally recognized as the peak of Chinese calligraphy.Unit 7 Porcelain –Calling Card of Chinese CultureIn English, the country and “porcelain”share the same name –“China”. This proves that Europeans have long known of China's relationship to porcelain. Porcelain found its way to Europein the 15th century, occupying an important position in the exchanges between China and other countries. The Keisel Randy Museum in Germany houses a blue-and-white bowl dating back to the Ming Dynasty. Throughout history, China, along with other Asian countries, and Europe maintaineda busy and vast trade in porcelain. From 1602 to 1682, the Dutch East India Company transported more than 16 million articles of porcelain to Europe. Porcelain garnered a good reputation for Chinafor its sophistication and elegance, and played an important role in the wave of the European idealization of China during the 17th and 18th centuries. In the rococo style popular in Europe of that time, one could sense, from time to time, the influence of “Chinese vogue”represented by China's styles of porcelain and gardens.Porcelain is of great significance in the history of Chinese civilization. Pottery was thepredecessor of porcelain, while glazed pottery was the basis for the emergence of porcelain. Aroundthe first century, porcelain production first emerged in China, and by The Song Dynasty it had become mature. Song-Dynasty porcelain represented the acme of Chinese porcelain technique. Fivefamous kilns, the Jun, Ding, Guan, Ge, and Ru, were all creative and original in their respective products, and their porcelain ware has been imitated by later generations throughout the ages. In the Yuan Dynasty, Jingdezhen became the center of the Chinese Porcelain industry.Pure Blue-and-White PorcelainPure and elegant beauty is the goal that porcelain pursues, and this ideal is best explained in the production of blue-and-white porcelain.Blue-and-white porcelain is a typical artifact of porcelain in China. Among the porcelainexported during the Ming and Qing dynasties, 80 percent was blue-and-white. Chinese-madeblue-and-white porcelain ware emerged long before the founding of the Tang Dynasty, but it was not until the Yuan Dynasty that this type of porcelain came to be produced in quantity, with the attendant masterpieces. The Ming Dynasty witnessed the maturity of the art, and a large number of valuable pieces were produced in this period. Jingdezhen, a small town that created the enchantingblue-and-white porcelain of the Yuan Dynasty, became its porcelain-producing center; and in the subsequent Ming Dynasty, the imperial kilns were established here. Blue-and-white porcelain is now the most representative of Chinese porcelain.To produce blue-and-white porcelain, cobalt oxide is requisite. It is employed to draw on thewhite roughcast before glaze is applied. After kilning at a high temperature, the roughcast turns into blue-and-white porcelain, since cobalt oxide turns blue with heat. The white surface with blue patterns and a shiny sheen of glaze produces a pure, elegant and transparent effect.Unit 8 Peking Opera: Artistry of PerformersThe Delights of Peking Opera MasksChina's Peking Opera radiates with the beauty of resplendent color –vivid, intense and glamorous. This artistic beauty comes not only from the costumes but also from the masks of exaggerated, dazzling designs, gleaming with red, purples, whites, yellows, blacks, blues, greens, every diverse color imaginable.Masks, applied to the two roles of the “jing”or “painted-face role”and the “chou”or “clown”, serve two purposes. One is to indicate the identity and character of the role. For example, a “red face”means the person is loyal and brave; a “black face”signifies the person is straightforward; and “a white face”identifies the person as crafty and evil. The other purpose is to express people's appraisal of the roles from a moral and aesthetic point of view, such as respectable, hateful, noble, ridiculous, etc.Peking Opera Performance: Sing, Speak, Act, and FightThe performance of a Peking Opera actor can be summarized into four basic aspects, of singing, speaking, acting, and fighting, the core of which is a combination of song and choreography. Singing is of utmost importance in the performance of Peking Opera, because first of all, Peking Opera is a singing art. Any famous Peking Opera boasts several wonderful arias that are well-known and popular with audiences. The charm of the melodies usually embodies the sublime realm of the art of Peking Opera. Unable to appreciate the magic of Peking Opera arias, one would fail to enjoy the profound beauty of the art itself.Speaking refers to character monologs and dialogs, which serve to propel the development ofthe story. Speaking, like singing, needs to be executed in an appealing way.Acting and fighting mean that actors employ physical movements to express the emotions of the characters and the circumstances. Acting includes body movements and eye movements, solo dancingor group dancing, etc. Most of the dancing is choreographed movements from everyday life. Fighting Pekingof art the As scenes. battle or fight depict to acrobatics and arts martial choreographed isOpera depends on movement to depict events, actors are given much room to perform on the the Picking up the Jade Bracelet, the young woman Sun Yujiao and the young scholar fall in love operawith each other, their eyes affixed on each other as if a thread connected them. Then, as MatchmakerLiu uses her pipe to pull the “virtual”line up and down, the young couple's eyes accordingly the significance to and add much and down. These actions produce great humor move up“world of images”, but at the or the ”“play performance.Acting and fighting serve the wholeKing Chu Bids same time they are themselves a beautiful art in both form and skill. For example, in Farewell to His Concubine, artist Mei Lanfang performed a sword dance in a miraculously skillful way, which became very popular with audiences. This is a type of beauty in form. As for the beauty of skill,.”this usually includes some very difficult acrobatic movements, often referred to as “superb skillsspeaking, singing, fact that the Peking Opera lies in the of The uniqueness performances inacting, and fighting, all focus on one or two actors in the play.“mingjue”was used to refer to famous , hence er”jueThese performers used to be called “'actors or actresses. In this sense, the world of imagery created in Peking Opera mainly relies on thesinging, speaking, acting, and fighting of actors, especially in the performance of the famous plays.This is the biggest difference between Peking Opera and other forms of performing arts in terms ofwell –art of performers”“And the remark –Peking Opera is the aesthetic appreciation. describes its quintessence.Visual World“”The Beauty of ais a distinctive feature of Peking Opera. Its virtually consists of two ”Depicting a “visual worldaspects: one is virtual movements, and the other virtual settings. Virtual movement refers to imitatingactions onstage. For example, riding a horse. Onstage, an actor cannot ride a real horse, but can onlyhold a whip and imitate the movement of galloping by walking around the stage, turning the body, wielding the whip, and pulling the reins. A virtual setting means creating an imagined environment onstage. For example, rowing a boat. As there is no water or boat on the stage, an actor usually takesthe rowing of a boat on water.”an oar and, through actions, makes the audience “see At the Crossroad. This opera describes the story of two yamen runners escorting Jiao One isZan to prison. On the way they stay at an inn for the night. Ren Tanghui, whose task is to protect Jiao Zan, checks in at the same time. The owner of the inn, however, suspects Ren Tanghui is planning tos room at night. Thus a fight starts. What is special murder Jiao Zan, so he gropes his way into Ren'the yet is brightly lit; fight happens about the performance is that, although the at night, the stagefeature which performances, from the actors' pitch-dark audience is able to sense it is a nights sword swishes down, only 'stealthy movements typical of people in darkness. Sometimes, one man s face, yet the latter feels nothing, thus producing a breathtaking 'a few inches away from the otheryet meaningful and humorous effect.RiverAutumn story Opera. This transplanted from The other example is Sichuan , a playdescribes a young nun, Chen Miaochang who leaves the nunnery to pursue her lover Pan Bizheng. Onstage, there is neither water nor boat, but through the performance of the young woman and thethat the stage is a river. The boat sways forward; “see”old boatman, the audience is able to obviously。
中国文化概览
《中国文化概览》Mid-Term ReviewChapter 51.What is Confucianism? P582.Who is Confucius?3.Explain The Analects.4.What is the core of Confucious’ philosophy?5.已所不欲，勿施于人翻译p596.老吾老，以及人之老翻译7.性本善8.Explain 四书五经p609.What is Tao?10.The main thoughts of Taoism—1) 道生万物2）事物在两极之间的恒常变化3）无为11.道可道，非常道p6112.道教的影响p6213.传宗接代14.普度众生p6315.人生七苦p6416.Word Bank: 朝三暮四轮回报应八戒极乐世界Chapter 10 Food Culture1.词汇：美食家，色香味俱全，四大菜系，枸杞，海鲜，野味，点心，猪杂，味重，泡菜，味汤，奶汤，大运河，蟹黄，烧麦，犀牛，乌木，横截面，刺绣，泥塑2.解释：1) List four traditional cooking methods2）List three Sichuan Cuisine dishesChapter 11 Tea Culture1.词汇：本草纲目，茶道，茶圣，茶经，禅师，禅宗，茶艺师，戏班，三皇五帝，茶具，品茶，色香味形，花茶，紫砂壶2.解释：1）为什么茶斟七分？2）端茶送客Chapter 15 Chinese Traditional Folk Entertainments1.词汇：益智游戏，竞技游戏，捉迷藏，跳绳，踢毽子，一次踢500下，元宵节，井栏，七巧板，九连环，文人，拨弦乐器，打击乐器，吹奏乐器，拔河，赛龙舟，斗鸡，荡秋千，放风筝，慈溪太后，踩高跷，舞龙狮，打腰鼓2.解释：1）What is shuttlecock made of? (p159)2）What is gongbi painting? (p161)3）How was the dragon boat festival originated? (p162)4）What dose kongzhu look like? (p166)Chapter 22 Folk Art and Handicraft1.词汇：剪纸，中国结，纽扣结，万字结，葫芦，兽皮，上浆，刺绣，针法，双面绣，缎，五代十国，泥塑，十字绣2.解释：1）What is paper-cuts? (p239)2）Explain the significance of Chinese knot. (p240)Chapter 20 Folk Musical Instruments1.词汇：打击/吹奏/弹拨/拉弦乐器，民族管弦乐器，跨三个八度，紫禁城，新石器时代，拨片，（定音的）品，鼻音，忧伤的曲调，独奏，吹奏孔，笛膜孔，按音孔，棒子腔，细腻委婉，七弦琴，云冈石窟，壁画，太平鼓，特色乐器，桃形的，扁圆形，圆锥形，音域2.Word Bank: 共鸣体，震音，连音，弦外音，浅浮雕，咏叹调。
英语畅谈世界文化Lesson19 Confucius 孔子(中国)
Lesson19: Confucius 孔子（中国）原文：FS: Foreign student S: StudentS: Hi Zhang Ping. What are you reading?FS: It's about Confucius and his rules for life.S: Rules for life, like in a religion?FS: Exactly !Confucianism is one of " The Three Ways" , along with Buddhism and Taoism.S: Oh, I see. When did he live?FS: He lived from 551-479 BC. His life defines the end of The Spring and Autumn Period in Chinese history. It wasn't until many years after he died that he became the dominant Chinese philosopher of morality and politics.S: So, when did he become famous?FS: In the Warring States Period from 390-305 BC, they extended and systematised his teachings, but they didn't become what we know today until the Han dynasty.S: So, it was years and years after his death? I guess it's a little like Jesus, whose teachings became the official religion of the Roman Empire 300 years later.FS: But Confucianism is all based on a terminology ofmorality.S: What do you mean by that?FS: OK … for example, he believed in benevolence, charity, humanity and love. Or overall, kindness, which is called " Ren".S: Be kind to each other, that makes sense.FS: Yes, and right conduct, morality and duty co one's neighbour. It's called righteousness, or "Yi".S：Yes，the Bible says we should love our neighbours, so that's a little similar.FS：Most religions have things in common. Also, profit, gain and advantage, which are not proper motives for actions affecting others. It's called " Li" , and it's why Confucius thought that commerce and industry were bad ideas.S：I see. So are these the 3 main things?FS：Yes. "Ren" is in the "Being" category. "Yi" the "Doing or Means" category and " Li" is part of the " Ends" category.S：Sounds complicated !FS：A simple way to remember is this …. to love others; to honour one's parents; to do what is right instead of whatis of advantage; to practice "reciprocity, " or " don't do to others what you would not want yourself"; to rule by moral example, called "De" instead of by force and violence.S: OK, so be a nice, kind person, love each other and don't fight.FS: Yes, that's right.译文：FS：外国学生 S：学生S: 张萍，你好！你在看什么书？FS : 关于孔子及其人生准则的书。
中国文化英语教程复习课件综合版
中国⽂化英语教程复习课件综合版Review Outline for "English Introduction to Chinese Culture Course" Overview & Introduction: See the picture on the right, and describe them in English.Video: This is ChinaBBC: Wild ChinaFull Name of China:PRC-People's Republic of ChinaNational Flag:the red five-star flagParty in power:CPC-Communist Party of ChinaCPPCC-Chinese People's Political Consultative ConferenceNational EmblemKey words:Forbidden City/ Imperial Palace;Temple of Heaven;Summer Palace;Ming Tombs;The world-renowned Badaling section of the Great Wall;to be added more...Enjoy videos:NBC北京奥运会⽚头《北京欢迎你》GeographyLocationSoutheast Asia , the Pacific Ocean, the world…s third largest country.9.6 million square kilometers, 18,000 kilometers, a rooster.northern end: Mohe, Heilongjiang Province,south: Zengmu Anshawest: Pamirseast: the conjunction of the Heilongjiang (Amur) River and the Wusuli (Ussuri) River.BoundaryEast: KoreaNorth: MongaliaNortheast: RussiaNorthwest: Russia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, TajikistanWest & Southwest: Afghanistan, Pakistan, India, Nepal, BhutanSouth: Myanmar, Laos, VietnamMarine-side neighbors include eight countries -- North Korea, Korea, Japan, Philippines, Brunei, Indonesia, Malaysia and Vietnam.TopographyTerrain--The vast land expanses of China include plateaus, plains, basins, foothills, and mountains.Ladder topography ( 4 steps of a staircase)---First Step: Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, with an average elevation of about 4,000 metres. The highest peak：Mt. Everest (Mt. Qomolangma)The second step: large basins and plateaus, most of which are 1,000 - 2,000 meters high.--the Inner Mongolia Plateau; the Loess Plateau; the Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau; the Tarim Basin; the Junggar Basin; the Sichuan Basin. Enjoy the following pictures.The third step: the foothills and lower mountains, with altitudes of over 500 meters.The fourth step: along the sea; a continental shelf.Rivers and LakesMore than 50,000 rivers have drainage areas that exceed 100 square kilometers; more than 1,500 exceed 1,000 square kilometers.Famous riversThe Yangtze, the longest in China and even in Asia, is the third-longest in the world.The Yellow River, 'Mother River of the Chinese People', is just behind the Yangtze, both flowing into the Pacific Ocean.LakesMiddle-Lower Yangtze Plain and Qinghai-Tibet Plateau ——most Lakes here ---In southeast China, most lakes are fresh water. Poyang Lake,Dongting Lake, Taihu Lake and Hongze Lake are all fresh water lakes.---Qinghai Lake, the largest ,a beautiful natural salt-water lake.Nam Co Lake, saltwater lakeMan-made Canals: the Grand Canal between Beijing and Hangzhou.ClimateTemperature (from south to north):Equatorial-- tropical--subtropical--warm-temperate--temperate--cold-temperate zones. Precipitation: gradully declines from the southestern to the northestern inland area.An Outline HistoryChinese people: the descendants of Yan and Huang. Three Sovereigns:Fuxi (伏羲)Nüwa (⼥媧)Shennong (神農)Yao: Lunar calendarShun: a man with great virtuesYu the Great: conquering the floods; founder of Xia DynastyQin Shi Huang: the first emperor of ChinaAdministrative DivisionsA three-tier system: provinces, counties, townships.23 provinces; 5 autonomous regions;4 municipalities directly under the control of the Central Government;2 special administrative regions (SARs）PopulationHuge; No.1 in the world;Unevenly distributed; populations density;The policy of “ family planning” or “one child policy”Birth rate; mortality rateEthnic Groups56 ethnic groups: Han nationality and other55 minority ethnic groups;Political SystemFundamental law: The Constitution of the People?s Republic of ChinaHighest organ of state power: the NPC (National People?s Congress); NPC and its Standing Committee have the rights of legislation, decision, supervision, election and removalParties: Communist party; eight democratic parties.Executive body: the State CouncilChinese Philosophya collective designation for various schools of thoughts, among which the Confucianism, Taoism and Buddhism are the most influential in Chinese culture.One of the three philosophy systems in the world. (the other two: Western and Indian philosophy) Origin: Xia, Shang, and Zhou dynasties. Yi Jing ("the Book of Changes)prosperity: the Spring and Autumn Period; the Warring States Period. "A hundred schools of thought contend" (百家争鸣）The Development of Ancient Chinese PhilosophyThe Philosophy in Pre-Qin times（先秦⼦学）The orthodox Philosophy during the Han Dynasty (两汉经学）Metaphysics during the Wei and Jin Dynasties (魏晋⽞学）The Buddhist Philosophy during the Sui and Tang Dynasties (隋唐佛学）Neo-Confucianism in Song and Ming Dynasties (宋明理学）Application Philosophy in the Ming and Qing Dunasties (明清实学）The Philosophy in Pre-Qin timesHundred schools of thoughts (诸⼦百家）Main representations:Confucianism(儒家); Taoism (道家); Mohism (墨家); Legalism (法家); School of Yin-yang(阴阳家); Logicians（名家); School of Agriculture (农家); School of Diplomacy (纵横家); The Miscellaneous School (杂家); School of "Minor-talks" (⼩说家); School of the Military (兵家）Most influential: Confucianism(儒家); Taoism (道家); Mohism (墨家); Legalism (法家)Confucianism：Confucius MenciusConfucianism：The Analects (Lun Yu）Some well known Confucian quotes:"To know your faults and be able to change is the greatest virtue." (“知错能改，善莫⼤焉”）"What you do not wish for yourself, do not do to others." （“⼰所不欲，勿施于⼈”）"Knowledge is recognizing what you know and what you don't." （“知之为知之，不知为不知，是知也”）"Reviewing the day's lessons. Isn't it joyful? Friends come from far. Isn't it delightful? One has never been angry at other's misunderstanding. Isn't he a respectable man?"（“学⽽时习之，不亦说乎？有朋⾃远⽅来，不亦乐乎?⼈不知⽽不愠，不亦君⼦乎？”）Confucian Thoughts on Heaven and Humanity"Heaven does not speak in words. It speaks through the rotation of the four seasons and the growth of all living things. ("天何⾔哉？四时⾏焉，百物⽣焉，天何⾔哉？“）Confucian "Heaven " also had a certain sacred element, which was related to it being the source of life. Thus Confucius required people to hold Heaven in awe.---天⼈合⼀的哲学基础。
孔子思想中华文化英语作文高一级
孔子思想中华文化英语作文高一级Confucius and His Awesome IdeasYou know how some really old guys from way back when had these brilliant ideas that shaped entire civilizations? Well, one of those wise dudes was Confucius, and his thoughts on ethics, society, and being a decent human being ended up becoming the backbone of Chinese culture for thousands of years!Confucius lived from 551-479 BCE in ancient China during the Zhou Dynasty period. Back then, China was made up of lots of small feuding states always at war with each other. It was a pretty chaotic time. Confucius traveled around trying to share his philosophy and hopefully advise rulers on how to restore societal order and peace.Unfortunately, the kings and nobles didn't really listen to his radical ideas about ruling with righteousness and virtue instead of just brute force. Confucius got fed up with the politics and spent his later years teaching students his ethical beliefs that we now call Confucianism.So what was this Confucian philosophy all about? At its core were ideas about moral cultivation, harmonious relationships,and being an all-around upright, benevolent person. Confucius stressed qualities like righteousness, filial piety (respecting your parents/elders), sincerity, loyalty, and doing what is right instead of just following rituals mindlessly.One of his most iconic teachings was the Golden Rule concept of "Do not do to others what you do not want done to yourself." Basically, treat others with kindness and compassion, just like you'd want to be treated. This idea of reciprocal consideration for others was revolutionary at the time.Confucius also had specific beliefs about how a stable, harmonious society should function. He supported having a strong families as the building blocks, with the father as the respected leader. Children were expected to be completely obedient to their parents. Similarly, subjects owed complete obedience and loyalty to virtuous rulers.For the rulers' part, Confucius said they had to be moral exemplars who governed wisely and righteously for the benefit of the people, not just out of personal interest. He felt that leaders should be educated scholar-gentlemen well-versed in ethics, arts, and rituals rather than those who took power by force.While it seems kind of strict and hierarchical today, this system aimed to create order and collective welfare through clearly defined roles and duties for all members of society. If everyone behaved properly according to their station, all would be harmonious under aBune ruler.At the individual level, Confucians focused on constantly cultivating one's moral character through rituals, studying ethics, and sincere self-reflection. The goal was to become a virtuous "superior person" who did the right thing not out of obligation but because it became second nature after enoughself-improvement.Confucius felt that ideal people should exemplify qualities like humaneness, righteousness, propriety, wisdom, and integrity in everything they did. Education was prized as the way to become a highly ethical, erudite scholar-official deserving of respect and able to serve society well.So as you can see, Confucianism was about much more than just a few sayings. It became a total system of thought covering everything from morality to family to politics to self-cultivation. It essentially defined the Chinese value system for education, social roles, governance ideals, and proper conduct for over 2,000 years!The Confucian philosophy shaped the imperial governing system, the importance of study/scholarship, emphasis on family loyalty, and the general social order in China until really recently. It was so deeply ingrained that it became like the core operating code for Chinese society, determining the norms for how people should interact and behave.It's pretty crazy that the thoughts of one guy from so long ago ended up becoming the bedrock principles behind one of the world's oldest continuous civilizations! But I guess when your ideas for achieving harmony through ethics, ritual, and clearly defined roles just seem to make a lot of sense, they tend to stick around.Even today, you can still see aspects of Confucian teachings coming through in cultural attitudes about respect for elders, academic achievement, and doing your prescribed duty for society's greater good. While China has modernized rapidly, parts of the Confucian mindset remain ingrained in the value system.So there you have it - Confucius wasn't just another old philosopher spouting ideas, but the developer of an entire ethical framework that defined Chinese culture perhaps more deeply than any other single philosophy has shaped a civilization.His thoughts on morality, relationships, society, andself-improvement were so compelling that they held sway for over two millennia. Not too shabby for a wandering scholar from the 5th century BCE! Confucius' legacy reminds us that some ideas are just so wise, they truly can stand the test of time.。
中国文化英语教程的十单元Confucianism 课后习题
中国文化英语教程的十单元Confucianism 课后习题1、—Can you play tennis?—______. But I can play basketball.（）[单选题] *A. Yes, I canB. Yes, I doC. No. I can’t(正确答案)D. No, I don’t2、Hearing that he had passed _____ health examination, he immediately made _____ call to his parents. [单选题] *A. a; /B. the; /C. the; a(正确答案)D. a; the3、—Judging from ____ number of bikes, there are not many people in the party.—I think so. People would rather stay at home in such _____ weather. [单选题] *A. the, aB. a, /C. the, /(正确答案)D. a, a4、The relationship between employers and employees has been studied（）. [单选题] *A. originallyB. extremelyC. violentlyD. intensively(正确答案)5、If the manager had to choose between the two, he would say John was _____ choice. [单选题] *A. goodB. the bestC. betterD. the better(正确答案)6、40．—________ apples do we need to make fruit salad?—Let me think…We need three apples. [单选题] *A．How longB．How oftenC．How muchD．How many(正确答案)7、The teacher asked him to practice playing the piano _______. [单选题] *A. often as possibleB. as often possibleC. as possible oftenD. as often as possible(正确答案)8、pencil - box is beautiful. But ____ is more beautiful than ____. [单选题] *A. Tom's; my; heB. Tom's; mine; his(正确答案)C. Tom's; mine; himD. Tom's; my; his9、My home is about _______ away from the school. [单选题] *A. three hundred metreB. three hundreds metresC. three hundred metres(正确答案)D. three hundreds metre10、_______ win the competition, he practiced a lot. [单选题] *A. BecauseB. In order to(正确答案)C. Thanks toD. In addition to11、32．There are about __________ women doctors in this hospital. [单选题] *A．two hundred ofB．two hundreds ofC．two hundredsD．two hundred (正确答案)12、His picture is on show in London this month. [单选题] *A. 给...看B. 展出(正确答案)C. 出示D. 上演13、It’s usually windy in spring, ______ you can see lots of people flying kites.（）[单选题] *A. so(正确答案)B. orC. butD. for14、Wang Dong usually gets up at 6:00 _______ he can catch the early school bus. [单选题] *A. as ifB. so that(正确答案)C. untilD. after15、34．My mother isn't in now, but she will be back ______ ten minutes. [单选题] * A．forB．beforeC．in(正确答案)D．at16、He made ______ for an old person on the bus. [单选题] *A. room(正确答案)B. roomsC. a roomD. some rooms17、49．________ is the price of the product? [单选题] *A．HowB．How muchC．What(正确答案)D．How many18、This girl is my best friend, Wang Hui. ______ English name is Jane.（）[单选题] *A. HeB. HisC. SheD. Her(正确答案)19、1．I saw ________ action film with my friend yesterday, and ________ film was amazing. [单选题] *A．a...aB．a...theC．an...the(正确答案)D．an...a20、（）it is to have a cold drink on a hot day! [单选题] *A. What a great funB. How great funC. What great fun(正确答案)D. How a great fun21、We must try hard to make up for the lost time. [单选题] *A. 弥补(正确答案)B. 利用C. 抓紧D. 浪费22、Don’t forget _______ those books when you are free. [单选题] *A. to read(正确答案)B. readingC. readD. to reading23、When Max rushed to the classroom, his classmates _____ exercises attentively. [单选题] *A. didB. have doneC. were doing(正确答案)D. do24、No writer will be considered（）of the name until he writes a work. [单选题] *A. worthlessB. worthy(正确答案)C. worthwhileD. worth25、Tom didn’t _______ his exam again. It was a pity. [单选题] *A. failB. winC. pass(正确答案)D. beat26、I don’t like playing chess. It is _______. [单选题] *A. interestingB. interestedC. boring(正确答案)D. bored27、While I _____ the morning paper, a headline caught my eye.. [单选题] *A. have readB. was reading(正确答案)C. had readD. am reading28、We need a _______ when we travel around a new place. [单选题] *A. guide(正确答案)B. touristC. painterD. teacher29、--What’s the weather like today?--It’s _______. [单选题] *A. rainB. windy(正确答案)C. sunD. wind30、Tony wants _______ a job as a language teacher in China. [单选题] *A. findB. findingC. to find(正确答案)D. to be found。
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中国文化英语教程 unit10 confucius 《Confucius》
Unit 10 of the Chinese Cultural English Course introduces the life and teachings of Confucius, one of the most influential figures in Chinese history. Confucius, also known as Kong Qiu, was a philosopher, teacher, and political figure who lived in ancient China around 551-479 BC. His thoughts and ideas have had a profound impact on Chinese culture and society for over two thousand years.
Confucius’ teachings emphasized the importance of moral values, social harmony, and ethical conduct. He stressed the virtues of benevolence, righteousness, loyalty, and respect for elders, as well as the concept of "ren" or "benevolence," which is the ultimate goal of human behavior.
One of Confucius' most famous disciples, Mencius, expanded and developed his master's teachings further. The Confucian school of thought had a profound influence on the ruling class and intellectual elite in ancient China and has continued to shape Chinese society and culture up to the present day. This unit delves into Confucius' life, his philosophy, and his impact on Chinese culture, including discussions of his famous Analects, which are a collection of his sayings and ideas. Students are also introduced to the concept of Confucianism and its continuing impact on modern Chinese society.
Additionally, students will learn about the significance of Confucius temples and commemorations, as well as how Confucius' teachings have been spread worldwide and continue to resonate with people from different cultural backgrounds.
In conclusion, the study of Confucius is essential in understanding the spiritual and ethical foundations of Chinese culture. By learning about Confucius, students gain a deeper insight into the values and beliefs that have shaped Chinese civilization and continue to be of relevance today.。