国际商务-安占然-第1章_导论-习题答案
国际商务-安占然-第1章_导论-习题答案
第1章导论导入案例1.企业国际化的路径有没有模式？企业国际化具有一定的模式，包括进出口模式、契约安排模式以及战略投资模式。
第一，进出口模式。
任何企业国际化的第一步都是把自己的产品卖到国外。
此时不仅要适应不同客户的消费偏好，还要适应不同国家法律制度的要求，此时企业所面对的问题大大超过了在国内经营。
第二，到一定阶段，企业还会遇到货币风险以及应对相当复杂的金融交易。
这时，契约安排模式相对于单一的进出口模式来说，可以更好地避免上述风险。
第三，随着国内外环境的变化和发展战略的需要，企业将会从贸易转向对外直接投资(FDI)，从而开始真正现代意义上的、更为复杂的跨国经营活动。
2．三星给中国的企业有什么启示？从三星集团的国际化过程看来，中国的企业国际化道路中主要注意以下几点：1）顺应时代发展，积极参与到全球经济一体化进程当中，将企业的国际化更好地融入到经济一体化大趋势之下。
2）在国际化进程当中，注意自身发展的同时积极引进国外的高新技术产业，进一步提升企业的国际竞争力，同时要处理好“走出去”和“引进来”的关系。
3）在时机成熟的情况下，进一步调整企业发展战略，企业国际化由贸易转向对外直接投资(FDI)，开始真正现代意义上的、更为复杂的跨国经营活动。
4）注重企业国际化运营中的市场营销与产品开发，积极创新，注重品牌的发展和保护，创造有力的品牌竞争力。
5）企业应当注意在国际化进程中所涉及的跨国经营问题。
3．企业跨国经营涉及哪些问题？企业在跨国经营中主要涉及以下问题：1）企业面临的国际商务环境问题。
2）企业进入国际市场的战略选择问题。
3）企业国际化运营中的市场营销与产品开发问题。
4）企业国际化运营中的生产管理问题，其中包括生产地点选择、货源决策、制造与外购(全球制造与供应链)、协调全球生产系统、战略联盟等重要问题。
5）企业国际化运营中的财务管理问题，主要涉及到的问题有会计核算标准的协调、外币财务报表的换算、环境报告、国际税收、转移定价、外汇风险管理等。
国际商务概论
国际商务概论第一篇：国际商务概论第一章国际商务一、国际商务：企业在一国以上布局价值增值的活动。
二、国际商务类型：①出口；②非股权安排：不采取股权占有形式而是以拥有的工艺技术、品牌、管理技术、销售渠道、商业模式等资源参与国外经营的商业模式（KFC本部在东道国开店，租赁本部的整个经营模式特许经营）；③股权投资：企业通过直接投资对其东道国的分支机构的股权拥有所有权和控制权的商务形式（麦当劳独资买入直接经营）。
三、国际商务风险：①政治法律风险：（1）没收和国有化风险；（2）政府干预（包括雇佣、技术转移、出口比例、最低工资等）；（3）腐败、官僚主义；（4）知识产权保护；（5）贸易壁垒。
②跨文化风险：因语言、生活方式、思维模式、习俗、宗教差异等导致的价值观冲突而给企业带来的经营损失。
（1）文化差异；（2）商业习惯差异；（3）管理模式差异；（4）极端民族主义。
③财务风险：东道国的金融环境不利变化给企业经营带来的风险。
（1）汇率波动；（2）通货膨胀；（3）由于战争、政权不稳定导致的资金冻结；（4）税制调整；（5）利润回汇限制。
④商业风险：经营不当导致的决策管理失误引起的损失。
（1）进入市场的时机；（2）产品定价；（3）产品定位；（4）市场选择；（5）商业伙伴的选择。
三、企业为什么要从事国际商务：（1）企业内在（微观）动因：①转移衰退产业，延长产品生命周期；②通过市场多元化提高优势资产的利用强度，获取采购、生产、销售和研发上的规模经济；③从全球采购中获取价格更低，价值更高的商务资源（Ep.中国石油巨头去中东地区采购）；④跟随核心客户进入（Ep.用20%的客户解决80%的销量）；⑤寡占反应，自然垄断；⑥可以获取国外企业在产品服务和经营方式上的新理念；⑦可以和国外公司建立合作联盟关系（获得国外技术）。
（2）宏观层面条件：①经济全球化：各国生产、消费日益加深，相互依赖增强；②区域经济集团化：FTA（自由贸易协定）、关税同盟、欧盟等；③经济制度趋同，向以私有化为基础的市场经济一致发展；④全球体制WTO贸易投资壁垒弱化；⑤东道国政府的激励政策；⑥全球性标准、全球性产业登场。
第1章 导论
企业国际商务活动的研究内容可 分为四大类：
1、 国际经营环境 、 2、 海外目标市场选择 、 3、 海外市场进入战略 、 4、 跨国经营业务的管理
(2)贸易全球化 贸易全球化
贸易全球化是经济全球化的重要表现形式。贸 易全球化的程度是通过贸易总量和贸易金额的增 长、贸易手段的增加、贸易范围扩大以及贸易自 由化进程加快表现出来的。
(3)金融全球化 金融全球化
金融全球化是经济全球化的有机组成部分。 金融全球化是经济全球化的有机组成部分。它主要包括 三层含义： 三层含义： 一是金融活动跨越国界，形成无国界金融； 一是金融活动跨越国界，形成无国界金融； 二是金融活动按同一规则运行， 二是金融活动按同一规则运行 ， 在全球范围形成统一 的金融体系，资本市场按通行规则运行； 的金融体系，资本市场按通行规则运行； 三是在统一的国际金融市场， 三是在统一的国际金融市场，同质的金融资产在价格 上趋于一致。 上趋于一致。
1、国际市场 、
国际市场是连接世界经济的纽带，是各种资源流动、 国际市场是连接世界经济的纽带，是各种资源流动、交 换的场所， 换的场所，其主要载体是国际贸易 国际市场的结构也反映着世界经济的质量和水准。 国际市场的结构也反映着世界经济的质量和水准。如传 统的国际贸易已扩展到服务、 统的国际贸易已扩展到服务、技术等要素贸易 国际市场的供求关系是世界经济的发动机和晴雨表
二、企业进行国际商务活动的必要性
1、获得规模效应，增强竞争力。参与国际商务有助于 、获得规模效应，增强竞争力。 公司获得规模经济效应，增加潜在消费者的数量。 公司获得规模经济效应 ， 增加潜在消费者的数量 。 生产 的增长可以促使公司更快地掌握学习曲线（ 的增长可以促使公司更快地掌握学习曲线 （ 学习曲线说 明了随着产出的增加，厂商不断改进它的生产， 明了随着产出的增加 ， 厂商不断改进它的生产， 结果单 一产品的成本不断下降） 一产品的成本不断下降 ） ， 从而导致国内商品价格不断 下降， 下降 ， 最终创造一个在国际市场上培育自k)是国际复 世界银行。
国际商务课后习题参考答案定稿版
国际商务课后习题参考答案HUA system office room 【HUA16H-TTMS2A-HUAS8Q8-HUAH1688】C h a p t e r1:G l o b a l i z a t i o n1. Describe the shifts in the world economy over the last 30 years. What are the implications of these shifts for international businesses based in Great Britain? North America? Hong Kong?Answer: The world economy has shifted dramatically over the past 30 years. As late as the 1960s, four stylized facts described the demographics of the global economy. The first was U.S. dominance in the world economy and world trade. The second was U.S. dominance in the world foreign direct investment picture. Related to this, the third fact was the dominance of large, multinational U.S. firms in the international business scene. The fourth was that roughly half of the globe - the centrally planned economies of the Communist world - was off-limits to Western international businesses. All of these demographic facts have changed. Although the U.S. remains the world's dominant economic power, its share of world output and world exports have declined significantly since the 1960s. This trend does not reflect trouble in the U.S. economy, but rather reflects the growing industrialization of developing countries such as China, India, Indonesia, and South Korea. This trend is also reflected in the world foreign direct investment picture. As depicted in Figure 1.2 in the textbook, the share of world output (or the stock of foreign direct investment) generated by developing countries has been on a steady increase since the 1960s, while the share of world outputgenerated by rich industrial countries has been on a steady decline. Shifts in the world economy can also be seen through the shifting power of multinational enterprises. Since the 1960s, there have been two notable trends in the demographics of the multinational enterprise. The first has been the rise of non-U.S. multinationals, particularly Japanese multinationals. The second has been the emergence of a growing number of small and medium-sized multinationals, called mini-multinationals. The fall of Communism in Eastern Europe and the republics of the former Soviet Union have brought about the final shift in the world economy. Many of the former Communist nations of Europe and Asia seem to share a commitment to democratic politics and free market economies. Similar developments are being observed in Latin America. If these trends continue, the opportunities for international business may be enormous. The implications of these shifts are similar for North America and Britain. The United States and Britain once had the luxury of being the dominant players in the world arena, with little substantive competition from the developing nations of the world. That has changed. Today, U.S. and British manufacturers must compete with competitors from across the world to win orders. The changing demographics of the world economy favor a city like Hong Kong. Hong Kong (which is now under Chinese rule) is well located with easy access to markets in Japan, South Korea, Indonesia, and other Asian markets. Hong Kong has a vibrant labor force that can compete on par with the industrialized nations of the world. The declinein the influence of the U.S. and Britain on the global economy provides opportunities for companies in Hong Kong to aggressively pursue export markets.2. "The study of international business is fine if you are going to work in a large multinational enterprise, but it has no relevance for individuals who are going to work in smaller firms." Evaluate this statement.Answer: People who believe in this view, and the firms that they work for, may find that they do not achieve their full potential (at best) and may ultimately fail because of their myopia. As barriers to trade decrease and state of the art technological developments take place throughout the world, new opportunities and threats exist on a worldwide basis. The rise of the mini-multinationals suggests there are global opportunities even for small firms. But staying attuned to international markets is not only important from the perspective of seeking profitable opportunities for small firms; it can also be critical for long-term competitive survival. Firms from other countries may be developing products that, if sold internationally, may wipe out small domestic competitors. Scanning international markets for the best suppliers is also important for small firms, for if a domestic competitor is able to tap into a superior supplier from a foreign country, it may be able to seriously erode a small firm's competitive position before the small firm understands the source of its competitor's competitive advantage and can take appropriate counter actions.3. How have changes in technology contributed to the globalization of markets and of production? Would the globalization of production and markets have been possible without these technological changes?Answer: Changes in technology have contributed to the globalization of markets and of production in a very substantive manner. For instance, improvements in transportation technology have paved the way for companies like Coca-Cola, Levi Strauss, Sony and McDonalds to make their products available worldwide. Similarly, improvements in communications technology have had a major impact. The ability to negotiate across continents has been facilitated by improved communications technology, and the rapidly decreasing cost of communications has lowered the expense of coordinating and controlling a global corporation. Finally, the impact of information technology has been far reaching. Companies can now gain worldwide exposure simply by setting up a homepage on the Internet. This technology was not available just a few short years ago. The globalization of production and markets may have been possible without improvements in technology, but the pace of globalization would have been much slower. The falling cost of technology has made it affordable for many developing nations, which has been instrumental in helping these nations improve their share of world output and world exports. The inclusion of these nations, such as China, India, Thailand, and South Korea, has been instrumental in the globalization of markets and production. In addition, improvements in global transportationand communication have made it relatively easy for business executives from different countries to converse with one another. If these forms of technology, including air-travel, fax capability, e-mail, and overnight delivery of packages were not available, it would be much more difficult for businesses to conduct international trade.4. "Ultimately, the study of international business is no different from the study of domestic business. Thus, there is no point in having a separate course on international business." Evaluate this statement.Answer: This statement reflects a poor understanding of the unique challenges involved in international business. Managing an international business is different from managing a purely domestic business for at least four reasons. These are: (1) countries are different; (2) the range of problems confronted by a manager in an international business is wider and the problems themselves more complex than those confronted by a manager in a domestic business; (3) an international business must find ways to work within the limits imposed by government intervention in the international trade and investment system; and (4) international transactions involve converting money into different currencies. As a result of these differences, there are ample reasons for studying international business as a specific field of study or discipline.5. How might the Internet and the associated World Wide Web impactinternational business activity and the globalization of the world economy? Answer: According to the text, the Internet and World Wide Web (WWW) promise to develop into the information background of tomorrow's global economy. This improved technology will not only make it easier for individuals and companies in different countries to conduct business with one another, but will also further decrease the cost of communications. These improvements will undoubtedly hasten the already rapid pace of globalization. Another distinct attribute of the Internet and the WWW is that they act as an equalizer between large (resource rich) and small (resource poor) firms. For instance, it does not cost any more for a small software firm to gain visibility via the WWW than it does for a large software company like Microsoft. As a result, the WWW helps small companies reach the size of audience that was previously only within the reach of large, resource rich firms.6. If current trends continue, China may emerge as the world's largest economy by 2020. Discuss the possible implications of such a development for(1) The world trading system.(2)The world monetary system.(3)The business strategy of today's European and U.S. based global corporations.(4)Global commodity prices.Answer: The world trading system would clearly be affected by such a development. Currently China enjoys a somewhat privileged status within theWorld Trade Organization as a “developing” country. Such a rise to eminence, however, would clearly force it to become a full and equal member, with all the rights and responsibilities. China would also be in a position to actively affect the terms of trade between many countries. On the monetary front, one would expect that China would have to have fully convertible and trading currency, and it could become one of the “benchmark” currencies of the world. From the perspective of Western global firms, China would represent both a huge market, and potentially the home base of some very capable competitors. Finally, commodity prices would probably fall.7. Read the Country Focus in this chapter on the Ecuadorian rose industry, the answer the following questions:a) How has participation in the international rose trade helped Ecuador’s economy and its people? How has the rise of Ecuador as a center for rose growing benefited consumers in developed nations who purchase the roses? What do the answers to these questions tell you about the benefits of international trade?b) Why do you think that Ecuador’s rose ind ustry only began to take of 20 years ago? Why do you think it has grown so rapidly?c) To what extent can the alleged health problems among workers in Ecuador’s rose industry be laid at the feet of consumers in the developed world and their desire for perfect Valentine’s Day roses?d) Do you think governments in the developed world should place trade sanctions on Ecuador roses if reports of health issues among Ecuadorian rose workers are verified? What else might they do to improve the situation in Ecuador?a) Ecuador is the world’s fourth largest producer of roses. In fact, roses represent the country’s fifth largest export. The industry is vital to Ecuador’s economy, creating tens of thousands of jobs, jobs that pay significantly above the country’s minimum wage. Taxes and revenues from the rose growers have also helped to pave roads, build schools, and construct sophisticated irrigation systems. For Ecuador’s consumers, the success of the industry means bigger, more vibrant flowers than were previously available. Most students will recognize that the conditions in Ecuador give the country a distinct advantage in rose growing, and that by focusing on the industry, Ecuador has been able to benefit from international trade. Consumers in other countr ies also benefit from Ecuador’s flower exports with better products.b) Ecuador’s rose industry began some 20 years ago, and has been expanding rapidly ever since then. Most students will probably focus advances in technology as a key to the industry’s s uccess. Roses are a very fragile, perishable product. Modern technology enables growers to used refrigerated air transport to get the product to markets around the globe. Without that ability, the growers would be limited to the market immediately surroundingthe country.c) Students will probably be divided on this issue with some students arguing that consumers are to blame for the problems, and others placing the blame on the growers. Students taking the first perspective will probably suggest that most consumers purchase their roses with little consideration for how they are grown. Rather, most consumers simply focus on their beauty and price. Students blaming the growers might argue that growers, because they feel the effect of less-than-perfect roses in the form of smaller profits, will be motivated to find ways to produce ever more perfect flowers. Certainly, the use of pesticides and other products can produce a better crop. In the end, there is probably blame on both sides. If more consumers were aware of the health problems resulting from the improper use of pesticides, they would probably demand some changes. Similarly, if pressure were put on the growers to use pesticides safely, health problems could be reduced.d) Trade sanctions are a tool that is often employed by governments that are making a statement against a specific action or actions. In the case of Ecuador, trade sanctions certainly would be an option, as would publicizing the situation so that more consumers were aware of the conditions. In the end though, it is important to consider the effect of the sanctions or other measures on people like Maria who might lose their livelihood as a result. Chapter 2: National Differences1. Free market economies stimulate greater economic growth, whereas state-directed economies stifle growth! Discuss.Answer: In a market economy, private individuals and corporations are allowed to own property and other assets. This right of ownership provides a powerful incentive for people to work hard, introduce new products, develop better advertising campaigns, invent new products, etc., all in the hopes of accumulating additional personal capital and wealth. In turn, the constant search on the part of individuals and corporation to accumulate wealth enriches the entire economy and creates economic growth. In contrast, in a command economy, private individuals and corporations are not allowed to own substantial quantities of property and other assets. The objective of a command economy is for e veryone to work for “the good of the society.” Although this sounds like a noble ideal, a system that asks individuals to work for the good of society rather than allowing individuals to build personal wealth does not provide a great incentive for people to invent new products, develop better advertising campaigns, find ways to be more efficient, etc. As a result, command economies typically generate less innovation and are less efficient than market economies.2. A democratic political system is an essential condition for sustained economic progress. Discuss.Answer: This question has no clear-cut answer. In the West, we tend to arguethat democracy is good for economic progress. This argument is largely predicted upon the idea that innovation is the engine of economic growth, and a democratic political system encourages rather than stifles innovation. However, there are examples of totalitarian regimes that have fostered a market economy and strong property rights protection and experienced rapid economic growth. The examples include four of the fastest growing economies of the past 30 years – South Korea, Taiwan, Singapore, and Hong Kong – all of which have grown faster than Western economies. However, while it is possible to argue that democracy is not a necessary precondition for the establishment of a free market economy, it seems evident that subsequent economic growth leads to establishment of democratic regimes. Several of the fastest-growing Asian economies have recently adopted more democratic governments.3. What is the relationship between corruption (i.e., bribe taking by government officials) in a country and economic growth? Is corruption always bad?Answer: Economic evidence suggests that high levels of corruption significantly reduce the economic growth rate in a country. By siphoning off profits, corrupt politicians and bureaucrats reduce the returns to business investment, and hence, reduce the incentive that both domestic and foreign businesses have to invest in that country. The lower level of investment that results has a negative impact on economic growth. However, while most studentswill probably agree that corruption is bad, some may point out that the U.S., despite its Foreign Corrupt Practices Act, does allow “grease payments” to expedite or secure the performance of a routine governmental action. According to Congress, “grease payments” while technically bribes are not being used to obtain or maintain business, but rather are simply made to facilitate performance of duties that the recipients are already obligated to perform. 4. The Nobel prize-winning economist Amartya Sen argues that the concept of development should be broadened to include more than just economic development. What other factors does Sen think should be included in an assessment of development? How might adop tion of Sen’s views influence government policy? Do you think Sen is correct that development is about more than just economic development? Explain.Answer: Sen has argued that development be assessed less by material output measures such as GNP per capita, and more by the capabilities and opportunities that people enjoy. Sen suggests that development be seen as a process of expanding real freedoms that people experience, and as such, that development requires the removal of major impediments to freedom. Governments influenced by Sen might ensure that basic health care and education programs are available especially for women. Many students will agree with Sen and the notion that development is not just an economic process, but a political one too, and that to succeed citizens must be given a voice in the important decisions made for the country.5. You are the CEO of a company that has to choose between making a $100 million investment in either Russia or the Czech Republic. Both investments promise the same long-run return, so your choice of which investment to make is driven by considerations of risk. Assess the various risks of doing business in each of these nations. Which investment would you favor and why? Answer: When assessing the risks of investment, one should consider the political, economic, and legal risks of doing business in either Russia or the Czech Republic. At this time (Fall 2002), the risk in Russia would probably be considered higher than the risk in the Czech Republic. The Czech Republic has just been accepted as a future member of the EU, and as such gains the benefits and stability offered by the EU. Russia, by contrast, is still many years away from even being in a position to be considered by the EU for membership. Depending upon when you are using the book, this situation could be different. (You also may want to substitute other countries into this question depending on current events and the countries with which you feel your students will be most familiar.)6. Read the Country Focus on India in this chapter and answer the following questions:a. What kind of economic system did India operate during 1947-1990? What kind of system is it moving towards today? What are the impediments to completing this transformation?b. How might widespread public ownership of businesses and extensive government regulations have impacted (i) the efficiency of state and private businesses, and (ii) the rate of new business formation in India during the 1947-1990 time frame? How do you think these factors affected the rate of economic growth in India during this time frame?c. How would privatization, deregulation, and the removal of barriers to foreign direct investment affect the efficiency of business, new business formation, and the rate of economic growth in India during the post-1990 time period?d. India now has pockets of strengths in key high technology industries such as software and pharmaceuticals. Why do you think India is developing strength in these areas? How might success in these industries help to generate growth in other sectors of the Indian economy?e. Given what is now occurring in the Indian economy, do you think that the country represents an attractive target for inward investment by foreign multinationals selling consumer products? Why?Answer:a. The economic system that developed in India after 1947 was a mixed economy characterized by a large number of state-owned enterprises, centralized planning, and subsidies. In 1991, India’s government embarked on anambitious economic reform program. Much of the industrial licensing system was dismantled, and several areas once closed to the private sector were opened. In addition, investment by foreign companies was welcomed, and plans to start privatizing state-owned businesses were announced. India has posted impressive gains since 1991, however there are still impediments to further transformation. Attempts to reduce import tariffs have been stalled by political opposition from employers, employees, and politicians. Moreover, the privatization program has been slowed thanks to actions taken by the Supreme Court. Finally, extreme poverty continues to plague the country.b. The mixed economy that developed in India after 1947 was characterized by a large number of state-owned enterprises, centralized planning, and subsidies. This system not only constrained the growth of the private sector, but it also consequently limited the effects of competition that typically promote efficiency and productivity in a free market system. The system even limited the actions of private companies, requiring them to get government approval for routine business activities. Production quotas and high import tariffs also stunted the development of a healthy private sector, as did restrictive labor laws that made it difficult to fire employees. Foreign exchange restrictions, limitations on foreign investment, controls on land use, and managed prices further exacerbated the situation. It would appear that India’s rate of economic growth was negatively affected during this time frame. By 1994, India’s economy was still smaller than Belgium’sdespite having a large population. Both GDP and literacy rates were very low, and some 40 percent of the population lived in poverty.c. In 1991, India’s government embarked on an ambitious economic reform program. So far, the response to the program has been impressive. The economy expanded at an annual rate of about 6.3 percent from 1994 to 2004. Foreign investment is up from $150 million in 1990 to $6 billion in 2005. Certain sectors of the economy including information technology and pharmaceuticals have done particularly well. Still, problems persist. Actions taken by the government continue to limit efficiency gains for private companies and the country’s high rate of poverty is still a major problem.d. India’s gains in information technology and pharmaceuticals are impressive. The country has emerged as a vibrant global center for software development, and India’s pharmaceutical companies have taken a strong global position by selling low cost generic versions of drugs that have come of patent in the developed world. As these industries continue to prosper, other sectors of the economy should also see the benefit of spillover effects.e. Foreign investment is up in India. In fact, foreign investment rose from $150 million in 1990 to $6 billion in 2005. However, whether India is an attractive destination for foreign multinationals selling consumer products remains to be seen. Certainly, the large population will serve to attractsome companies, but the fact that some 40 percent of the population is living in abject poverty will scare other companies away. Moreover, it is still not easy to run a company in India thanks to laws limiting everything from who can be fired to who can which products.Chapter 3: Differences in Culture1. Outline why the culture of a country influences the costs of doing business in that country. Illustrate your answer with examples.Answer: Since in a sense the entire chapter is about this question, there can be numerous reasons and examples of how culture influences the costs of doing business. Several are highlighted in the following sentences, but there could be numerous others. When there are simply different norms between how individuals from different countries interact, the costs of doing business rise as people grapple with unfamiliar ways of doing business. For example, while in the US we may get down to business first, and then get to know each other socially later, in many South American countries it is important develop a good social relationship before trying to discuss business issues. Different class structures and social mobility also raise the costs of doing business, for if there are inhibitions against working with people from different classes, then the efficiency with which information can flow may be limited and the cost of running a business increased. A country's religion can also affect the costs of business, as religious values can affectattitudes towards work, entrepreneurship, honesty, fairness, and social responsibility. In Hindu societies where the pursuit of material well-being can be viewed as making spiritual well being less likely, worker productivity may be lower than in nations with other religious beliefs. Finally, a country's education system can have important implications for the costs of business. In countries where workers receive excellent training and are highly literate, the need for specific worker training programs are decreased and the hiring of additional employees is facilitated.2. Do you think business practices in an Islamic country are likely to differ from business practices in the United States? If so, how?Answer: A number of aspects of the cultural differences between an Islamic country and the USA will cause business practices to differ. The role women can take, appropriate etiquette (including simple things like not passing papers with the left hand), holidays, and wining and dining all differ from in the USA. But beyond these, the underlying philosophy and role of business differs from in the USA. Since Muslims are stewards of property for God, rather than owners, they are more likely to use their resources carefully and may be less likely to give up or sell something to a person who may not practice the same stewardship. The importance of fairness to all parties in relations means that over-aggressiveness in self-interest may not be well received, and breaking an agreement, even if technically/legally permissible may be viewed as very inappropriate. Finally, the prohibitions on interestpayments in some Islamic countries means that the wording of the terms of an agreement must be done carefully so that "fair profits" are not construed as being "interest payments."3. What are the implications for international business of differences in the dominant religion of a country?Answer: Differences in the dominant religion of a country affect relationships, attitudes toward business, and overall economic development. Firstly, differences in religion require inter-cultural sensitivity. This sensitivity requires things like simply knowing the religious holidays, accepting that some unexpected things may happen "because of Allah's will," or understanding how interpersonal relationships may be different between "believers" and "non-believers." (Hence non-believers may be treated differently.) Secondly, religious beliefs can significantly affect a countries attitude toward business, work, and entrepreneurship. In one country successfully beating a competitor may be considered a great achievement while in another it may be thought of as showing a lack of compassion and disruptive to the society and persons involved, both attitudes that may be derived from underlying religious beliefs. Likewise, hard work may be either rewarded positively or viewed as something of secondary importance to spiritual peace and harmony. Thirdly, different dominant religions may affect the overall competitiveness and potential for economic growth of a nation, and hence attractiveness of a country for international business.。
国际商务11版答案章末案例
国际商务11版答案章末案例第Ⅰ篇引言和概论第1章全球化1．描述在过去30年中世界经济所发生的转变。
这些转变对总部设在英国、北美、中国香港的国际企业各意味着什么？答：（1）过去30年中世界经济所发生的转变在过去30年中，全球经济发生了巨大变化。
20世纪60年代，世界经济的格局可用四个事实来描述：第一是美国在世界经济和世界贸易中起主导作用；第二是美国支配了当时的世界对外直接投资；第三是在国际商务舞台上，美国的大型多国企业占统治地位；第四是地球上大约一半的计划经济国家对西方国际企业的排斥。
在过去30年中，这四个事实都已发生了变化或正在迅速地发生变化：①美国虽仍是世界上最强大的工业国，但在相对规模上较20世纪60年代下降了许多。
日本、泰国、马来西亚、中国台湾和韩国，它们的世界产出份额显著增加。
②各国在对外直接投资总存量中所占的份额的趋势是：发展中国家的份额在稳步增长，而发达国家的份额在逐渐下降。
③多国企业的性质也在变化。
多国企业的统计构成中出现了两个值得注意的趋势：一是非美国的多国公司的增加，尤其是日本的多国企业；二是小型多国公司的增长。
④许多东欧国家和拉美国家进行民主政治，实行自由市场经济，为国际企业提供了巨大的出口与投资机会。
（2）这些转变对总部设在英国、北美、中国香港的国际企业的影响①对英国和北美国际企业的影响美国和英国曾经主导世界，很少遭受到发展中国家的威胁，但现在却受到一定的威胁。
如今，美国和英国的制造商必须与全世界的竞争者竞争订单，但发展中国家对其高新产品和技术的需要也能促进它们的出口份额。
此外，出于成本的考虑，英国和北美的公司可能会在成本相对低的地方设立分公司。
②对中国香港国际企业的影响中国大陆由之前的计划经济体制向市场经济体制转轨，为中国香港的国际企业提供了巨大的机遇。
香港地理位置优越，接近日本、韩国、马来西亚和其他亚洲市场，这为出口提供了便利的条件。
此外，香港有充满活力的劳动力，劳动力成本也相对较低，可以与英国和北美企业竞争。
《国际商务谈判》习题参考答案
第一章习题答案一、名词解释71．谈判：谈判是指各方当事人在一定的条件下，为了满足各自需要而相互协商的活动过程。
2．谈判要素：谈判要素是指构成谈判活动的必要因素，它通常由谈判当事人、谈判议题、谈判背景三个要素构成。
3．谈判议题：又叫谈判客体，它是指在谈判中双方要解决的问题，是谈判者利益要求的体现。
4．原则型谈判：原则型谈判最早由美国哈佛大学研究中心提出，故又称哈佛谈判术。
原则谈判强调公正原则和公平价值，主要有以下四个特征：一是谈判中把人和事分开；二是主张按照共同接受的具有客观公正性的原则和公正价值来达成协议；三是谈判中开诚布公而不施诡计，追求利益而不失风度。
四是努力寻找共同点、消除分歧，争取共同满意的谈判结果。
二、单项选择题1．B；2．C；3．A；4．D；5．B；6．A三、多项选择题1．ABC 2．ABCD 3．BCD 4．ABCD 5．ABCD 6．BC7．ACD 8．ABCD四、填空题1．谈判2．谈判当事人谈判议题谈判背景3．原则型谈判4．货物买卖谈判投资项目谈判技术贸易谈判劳务谈判索赔谈判。
5．让步型谈判立场型谈判原则型谈判6．主场谈判五、回答题1．你对谈判是如何理解的？它有哪些基本点？答案要点：（1）谈判是指各方当事人在一定的条件下，为了各自需要而相互协商的活动过程。
（2）谈判的定义说明谈判具有目的性、相互性和协商性。
2．构成谈判的基本要素是什么？答案要点：谈判要素是指构成谈判活动的必要因素，它通常由谈判当事人、谈判议题、谈判背景三个要素构成。
3．如何理解谈判的特点？答案要点：谈判的特点是：谈判具有普遍性；谈判具有行为性；谈判既有合作性又有竞争性；谈判成功的标志是达成协议；谈判是信息交流过程。
4．简述谈判的主要类型。
答案要点：谈判的类型主要有：按参加谈判的人数规模划分，可以分为单人谈判和小组谈判；按参加谈判的利益主体数量不同，可以将谈判划分为双边谈判和多边谈判；按谈判进行的地点，可以划分为主场谈判、客场谈判和中立地谈判；按谈判的透明度划分，可以分公开谈判和秘密谈判；按谈判的方式划分，谈判分为口头谈判和书面谈判；按谈判的范围划分，可以分为国内谈判和国际谈判；按谈判内容划分，谈判可以分为，货物货物买卖谈判、投资项目谈判、技术贸易谈判、劳务谈判和索赔谈判；按谈判的方向划分，可以分为纵向谈判和横向谈判；按谈判方所采取的态度与方针划分可以，分为让步型谈判、立场型谈判和原则型谈判。
国际商务课本习题.doc
国际商务目录第一章国际商务导论第二章国际商务的基木理论第三章国际商务环境第四章外国经营环境第五章国际商务经营方式第六章国际经营战略第七章国际商务的营销战略第八章国际商务屮的进岀口实务第九章国际财务管理第十章国际人力资源管理第十一章国际商务组织与控制第十二章中国企业的国际经营第一章国际商务导论1.国际商务的含义和经济实质2.经济全球化的含义和经济实质3.国内经营和国外经营的联系和区别4.现代企业和国际商务之间的必然联系5.为了适应国际经营活动的需要，在经营观念上应该有哪些转变第二章国际商务的基本理论1.国际商务的基本理论是由哪些主要理论组成的？为什么选择这些理论作为国际商务的基本理论？2.为什么说比较利益论是国际贸易理论的基木理论？其它主要贸易理论同比较利益论有哪些区别？3.试述国外直接投资儿种主要理论的主要论点4 •试述国家竞争优势理论的四要素内容5.企业国际经营几种主耍理论有何共同点第三章国际商务环境1 •国际收支对企业经营有何影响？2.在国际商务活动中，为什么汇率是一个重耍的因索3.简述国际倾向市场和资本市场的分类和各自的特点4.国际资本流动在1990年代后出现了哪些特点？5.国际贸易在1990年代示出现了哪些发展和改革？第四章外国经营环境1.国际经营环境包括哪些主要内容？2.试选用某种投资坏境评估方法分析和评估我国或某一地区的投资坏境3.结合本企业或木行业的经营产品，对不同国家和地区作模拟海外经营冃标市场的横向比较第五章国际商务经营方式1.比较直接出口和间接出口的利弊2.简述国际技术转让的主要内容转让开工和技术使用费的支付方式3.国际企业进行海外肓接投资的主要动机有哪些？4.国际商务经营形式的选择主要的依据有哪些因素？第六章国际经营战略1.国际企业经营所制订的国际商务战略与国内竞争战略的比较分析2.试述EPRG战略模式体系的主耍内容3.标准化生产与差别生产的选择主要依据是哪些4.国际企业的成长战略有何种选择，它们各自的特点是什么5.如果有效的实施战略第七章国际商务的营销战略1.制定国际产品策略所考虑的主要因素和策略的种类及采用条件2.海外市场的产品定价受到哪些因素的制约？定价有哪些基本的方法?3.略述国际流通渠道的组织管理。
国际商法随书习题及答案
练习第一章导论一、名词解释1. 国际商法；2. 国际贸易惯例；3. 成文法；4. 大陆法系；5. 先例约束力原则；6. 英美法系7. 法典二、填空题1. 国际商法是调节国际商事交易和商事组织旳多种关系旳法律规范旳总和。
2. 国际商法旳两个重要渊源是国际法和国内法。
3. 目前在国际经济贸易中影响最大旳贸易惯例是国际商会制定旳《INCOTERMS》和UCP600》。
4. 大陆法强调成文法旳作用，它在构造上强调系统化、条理化、逻辑化和法典化。
5. 大陆法系各国把法分为公法和私法两大部分。
6. 美国法律分为联邦法和州法两大部分，这是美国法律构造上旳一种重要特点。
7. 大陆法系分布很广，甚至某些英美法系国家旳个别地区也属于大陆法系，如美国旳路易斯安那州、加拿大旳魁北克省、英国旳苏格兰地区。
三、判断题1. 在国际商法这一概念中，“国际”旳含义是指国家与国家之间旳意思。
（ X ）2. 大陆法各国都主张编纂法典，重要有民商合一与民商分立两种编制措施。
（ V ）3. 国际商法是现代法律体系中一种重要旳法律部门或构成部分。
（V）4. 德国和法国都民商合一国家。
（X）5. 当国际商事公约与国内商事法律发生冲突时应采纳“公约优先合用”原则。
（V）6. 国际商法在性质上重要是私法。
（V）7. 《美国统一商法典》已被大多数州所采纳。
（V）8. 立法、司法、行政等司法解释是现行中国法律旳一种重要渊源。
（V）9. 我国《最高人民法院公报》发布旳典型案件判决，对同类案件具有法律约束力或指引意义，阐明我国是判例法国家之一。
（X）四、单选题1. 判例在法律上和理论上不被觉得是法律旳渊源旳国家是（ D ）。
A英国 B美国 C印度 D中国2. 大陆法各国都把所有法律分为公法和私法两大部分，这种分类法最早是由（ B ）法学家提出来旳。
A法国 B罗马 C德国 D荷兰3. 在国际商法中，从事国际商事交易旳主体不涉及（ D ）。
A公司 B个人公司 C合伙 D国家4. 英国法旳重要特点是（ D ）。
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2.你认为他的定义准确吗？你是否同意他的观点？为什么？
3．表1-3中内容是根据联合国贸易与发展会议发表的年度《世界投资报告》(1992～2006年)整理出来的，试结合中国利用外资的情况作动态的实证研究。同时，通过查阅资料回答表中若干概念的含义。
表1-3 FDI(跨国公司)对东道国经济增长的作用
FDI(跨国公司)因素
资本形成
技术外溢
贸易
东道国
资本构成
生产率提高
6）企业国际化运营中的人力资源管理问题，其中包括人事管理策略，招募、培训与外派，薪酬、工作业绩评价等复杂的国际人力资源管理问题
综合练习
1．思考题：随着对外开放的不断扩大、中国经济实力的不断增强，中国进出口贸易规模的迅速扩大以及贸易结构的变革，未来国际市场竞争会越来越激烈和残酷。在国际产业转移、中国成为世界又一个制造中心、中国竞争力不断提升的关键历史时期，国际贸易保护主义不断翻新花样，针对中国的新型贸易壁垒措施越来越苛刻，外向型经济成分比较大的沿海地区在金融危机冲击下，经济发展出现了非常大的困难，企业国际化遭遇了挫折。一些人反思外向型、国际化的道路。你是怎么看待这一问题的？这与企业国际化模式有没有关系？
加强各国经济联系，促进经济发展。世界各国广泛开展国际贸易活动，不仅把生产力水平较高的国家相互联系起来，而且使得生产力水平较低的发展中国家融入国际经济生活之中。国际市场的竞争活动进一步加快了世界总体的生产力的发展。
综合练习
1．表2-3表示英美两国生产小麦和服装的劳动成本情况，回答下列问题。
表2-3英美两国小麦和服装的劳动成本
贸易创造
与当地公司的联系
新资本设备
结构升级
改进效率
研究与开发
学习效应
工业革新
经济增长
1）资本构成：可以从物质形式和价值形式两个方面考察。从物质形式上看，资本由一定数量的生产资料和劳动力构成，两者的比例由生产的技术水平决定。从价值形式上看，资本由一定数量的不变资本和可变资本构成。
2）贸易创造：指在关税同盟内部取消成员国之间的关税后，国内生产成本高的商品被成员国中生产成本低的商品所取代，来自成员国的低价进口商品替代了昂贵的国内生产的商品，成员国之间的贸易被创造出来。
提高生产技术水品，优化国内产业机构。各国可以通过国际贸易引进先进的科学技术和设备，以提高国内的生产力水平，促进国内产业结构的调整和完善。
增加财政收入，提高国民福利水平。政府可以通过对过往关境的货物征收关税、对进出口货物征收国内税、为过境货物提供各种服务等方面获得大量财政收入。此外，通过进口价格更低廉、质量更好、式样更新颖的商品，使得国内消费者获得更多的福利。
由于中国经济实力的不断增强，针对中国的新型贸易壁垒措施越来越苛刻，在金融危机冲击下，沿海地区外向型经济成分比较大的企业，其国际化遭遇了挫折。针对上述状况，看法如下：
首先，企业国际化是顺应世界经济形势，符合经济一体化的要求，应抓住机遇积极融入到这一潮流当中，走企业国际化道路。经济危机大环境不能成其为否定企业国际化道路的原因，在这样的环境下，应调整企业的发展战略，进一步提升企业各方面的竞争力以应对经济危机的冲击。其次，应该运用WTO这个平台，积极维护企业国际化进程中的权利，打破针对中国的新型贸易壁垒。第三，还可以考虑避开贸易保护主义，国内企业可以到海外投资设厂，避免针对中国制造的一些歧视性策略，成功进入国际市场。第四，国际化企业还应加大产业结构调整，转变仅仅依赖低成本进行竞争的战略，提高产品和服务的科技含量，进一步提升中国竞争力，成为一个名副其实的世界中心。第五，企业国际化进程中可以充分利用国外资源，通过兼并的形式，可以回避很多针对国内企业的国际化的贸易保护措施。第六，注重品牌优势的建立和发挥。
案例分析
阅读以下案例，回答问题，你从这个案例中学习到了什么？你觉得研究合理规避规则的技巧对国际商务的出口模式有什么价值？会不会引起新的贸易摩擦？
规避规则是在符合WTO规则前提下制定的贸易标准，既不违反WTO规则，又能有效的起到贸易保护作用。从这个案例中，我们可以看到，制定合理的规避规则可以对外来商品起到抑制作用，保护本国企业，减小外国企业给本国市场带来的冲击。合理的规避规则其实是一种间接的贸易保护措施。制定合理的规避规则对本国的经济稳定，企业生产和就业有着积极的作用。研究合理的规避技巧，对保护我国国内企业以及予以反击其他国家的贸易壁垒都有重要的作用。此外，根据出口目标国制定的规避规则，及时调整我国的企业的生产策略和出口策略，把直接出口模式转化为间接出口模式可以减少反倾销措施带来的经济损失。
瑞士银行组织发展部执行总监普拉布·古朴塔拉分别对国际贸易公司、跨国投资公司、国际品牌公司以及环球公司作出了定义，其实质是对以上几种跨国经营模式加以区分，进而强调不同的跨国经营模式具有不同的特点。事实上，以上几种经营模式也一个企业进入国际市场的四个阶段。因此，他的定义基本符合各个阶段的特点。但是，随着经济全球化的发展，跨国经营模式也在逐渐变化，相互融合。例如，国际贸易公司既可以在本国进行进出口贸易，也可以在其他国家内设立公司经营进出口贸易。同时，在经营进出口贸易时本国文化与其他国家文化同等重要。
促进生产要素的充分利用。由于各国的劳动力、资本、技术等生产要素分布不平衡，各国的生产和经济发展会受到制约，通过国际贸易可以将生产要素进行转移使得其充分利用。
发挥比较优势，提高生产效率。利用比较利益和比较优势进行国际分工和国际贸易，可以扩大优势商品生产，缩小劣势商品生产，从而在社会生产力不变的前提下可以提高生产要素的效能，提高生产效率，获得更大的经济效益。
3）在时机成熟的情况下，进一步调整企业发展战略，企业国际化由贸易转向对外直接投资(FDI)，开始真正现代意义上的、更为复杂的跨国经营活动。
4）注重企业国际化运营中的市场营销与产品开发，积极创新，注重品牌的发展和保护，创造有力的品牌竞争力。
5）企业应当注意在国际化进程中所涉及的跨国经营问题。
3．企业跨国经营涉及哪些问题？
第1章导论
导入案例
1.企业国际化的路径有没有模式？
企业国际化具有一定的模式，包括进出口模式、契约安排模式以及战略投资模式。第一，进出口模式。任何企业国际化的第一步都是把自己的产品卖到国外。此时不仅要适应不同客户的消费偏好，还要适应不同国家法律制度的要求，此时企业所面对的问题大大超过了在国内经营。第二，到一定阶段，企业还会遇到货币风险以及应对相当复杂的金融交易。这时，契约安排模式相对于单一的进出口模式来说，可以更好地避免上述风险。第三，随着国内外环境的变化和发展战略的需要，企业将会从贸易转向对外直接投资(FDI)，从而开始真正现代意义上的、更为复杂的跨国经营活动。
当然，规避规则属于间接的贸易保护措，在有效地保护本国产业的同时会损害贸易国的利益，因此制定规避规则会发生贸易摩擦，也会引起其他国际的报复性的措施。
二国际商务的理论基础导入案例
1．上述案例说明了什么问题？
以上案例说明了随着经济全球化的发展，商业与经济活动——消费、生产和竞争的“国家身份”正在消退，而越来越具有“全球性”和“国际性”的特征。国际贸易问题不仅只是外贸公司所关注的问题，更是关系到大多数企业以及个人的切身利益的重大问题之一。因此，我们有必要了解国际贸易的相关内容。
3）结构升级：是指产业结构由低级形态向高级形态演变过程中整体演进的形式，或表现出的特征及不同的效应。
4)研究与开发：指国家、科研机构和企业为了形成核心竞争力、实施科技创新战略的基本手段，对研究与开发项目进行全面、准确的评估关系到一个组织能否有效地构建自己的创新能力与竞争能力。
5）学习效应：指因物流活动中产生经验而导致单位成本减少以及业务中新协同的产生。
小麦
服装
美国
3小时
9小时
英国
4小时
4小时
（1）哪个国家在生产小麦方面有绝对优势？哪个国家在生产服装方面有绝对优势？
美国小麦的劳动成本绝对地低于英国，美国具有生产小麦的绝对优势；英国服装的劳动绝对地低于美国，英国具有生产服装的绝对优势。
国际交换比例：1服装=2小麦
美国：1服装=3小麦
英国：1服装=1小麦
（2）如果国际交换比例为1单位服装换2单位小麦，会有贸易产生吗？两国为什么都会从贸易中获利？
如果国际交换比例为1单位服装换2单位小麦，会有国际贸易产生。如果展开贸易，美国每进口1单位服装将比国内交换节约1单位小麦；英国每出口1单位服装将比国内交换多得1单位小麦。
2．表2-4列出了中国和加拿大在单位计算机和单位小麦生产上的劳动成本情况，假定劳动是唯一的要素投入，加拿大的劳动总量为600小时，中国的劳动总量为800小时。回答下列问题。
企业在跨国经营中主要涉及以下问题：
1）企业面临的国际商务环境问题。
2）企业进入国际市场的战略选择问题。
3）企业国际化运营中的市场营销与产品开发问题。
4）企业国际化运营中的生产管理问题，其中包括生产地点选择、货源决策、制造与外购(全球制造与供应链)、协调全球生产系统、战略联盟等重要问题。
5）企业国际化运营中的财务管理问题，主要涉及到的问题有会计核算标准的协调、外币财务报表的换算、环境报告、国际税收、转移定价、外汇风险管理等。
2．三星给中国的企Байду номын сангаас有什么启示？
从三星集团的国际化过程看来，中国的企业国际化道路中主要注意以下几点：
1）顺应时代发展，积极参与到全球经济一体化进程当中，将企业的国际化更好地融入到经济一体化大趋势之下。
2）在国际化进程当中，注意自身发展的同时积极引进国外的高新技术产业，进一步提升企业的国际竞争力，同时要处理好“走出去”和“引进来”的关系。
(3)开展贸易后，整个世界的福利水平是提高了还是降低了？