The Literature of the Revolutionary Period英美文学教案

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第二章：中世纪英语文学

If the epic reflects a heroic age, the romance reflects a chivalric one. Most of the English romances deal with three major themes: a) “the Matter of Britain” — about the Arthurian legend b) “the Matter of France” — about stories concerning Charlemagne and his knights c) “the Matter of Rome” —about tales of antiquity, from the Trojan war to the feats of Alexander the Great
By the end of 14th century, when Normans and English intermingled, English was once more the dominant speech in the country. But by then the English language had already been totally different from Old English, for in the three centuries after 1066 the language had undergone gradual but radical and extensive changes, as not only were borrowed in the course of time thousands of words from French and through French from Latin and also Greek, but many old inflectional forms of native English words had been dropped and formal grammar of the past had become considerably simplified. e.g. Words from Latin: angel/ monk/ pope/ candle English: calf swine (old use or lit, pig) sheep build ask wet French: veal pork mutton construct inquire humid The English language in this transitional stage from Old English to modern English, through some four centuries (from 12th to 15th) of development and change, has generally been known as Middle English.

美国文学

Chapter 2 Colonial and Revolutionary Periods■The early settlers(Dutch Swedes Germans French Spaniards Italians Portuguese)Reasons:1.Most of the immigrants came because they were hungry and America offered them good and extensive land. They then described their good fortune in their letters home, attracting more to come.2.Other people came because they wanted to get away from the religious persecution back in their own country.3.Or, you might have a wrong political opinion (on bureaucracy, taxes, democracy) and you were faced with a probability of being put into prison.■Captain John Smith(约翰.史密斯上尉)(P7), recognized as the first American writer■Most of the early settlers were Puritans, a group of serious, religious people who advocated strict religious and moral principles.⏹American PuritansThe Puritans established their own religious and moral principles known as American Puritanism which became one of the enduring influences in American thought and American literature. American Puritanism stressed predestination, original sin, total depravity, and limited atonement (or the salvation of a selected few) from God‗s grace. With such doctrines in their minds, Puritans left Europe for America in order to establish a theocracy in the New World. Puritans dreamed of living under a perfect order and worked with indomitable courage and confident hope toward building a new Garden of Eden in America, where man could at long last live the way he should. Over the years in the new homeland they built a way of life that stressed hard work (勤奋), thrift （节约）, piety (虔诚）, and sobriety (节制).⏹American Puritanism is a two-fold cultural heritage, one being religious andthe other practical. Puritans were therefore called "practical idealist" or "doctrinaire opportunist―(现实的理想主义者)The Impact of Puritanism on American literature1.对作家的价值观和态度的影响(乐观主义）2. 文学作品写作技巧的影响- 象征主义3.（朴素文风）The Puritan style of writing is characterized by simplicity.Literary Scene⏹Almost all literatures come from humble origins—diaries, journals, letters,sermons (布道；讲道), travel books, etc. So did American literature. In the Colonial Period, personal literature occupied a major position in the literary scene. In content, they served either God or the expansion or both. In form, they were mainly the imitations of the English tradition.Some important writers in this period include: William Bradstreet,John Winthrop, Anne Bradstreet, Edward Taylor and John Edward.■Anne Bradstreet (安妮.布拉德斯特里特1612-1672), the first notable poet in America whose lyrics remained unsurpassed by anyAmerican women writers for 200 years until the appearance of EmilyDickinson. Her The Tenth Muse Lately Sprung Up in America (1650)《美国新崛起的第十位缪斯女神》was the first published book ofpoetry written by a settler in the English colonies.她后来的诗歌题材分为两类：1. 体现当时盛行的请教主义精神的宗教沉思The Flesh and the Spirit《灵与肉》, Meditation《沉思录》2. 对丈夫、孩子、家庭、生活真诚炙热的爱■To My Dear and Loving Husband《致我亲爱的丈夫》■Before the Birth of One of Her Children《写在孩子出生之前》The Complete Works of Anne Bradstreet :Tenth Muse Lately Sprung Up In America (1650)《美国新崛起的第十穆斯女神》If ever two were one, then surely we.If ever man were lov‘d by wife, then thee.If ever wife was happy in a man,Compare with me, ye women, if you can.I prize thy love more than whole Mines of gold,Or all the riches that the East doth hold.My love is such that Rivers cannot quench,Nor ought but love from thee give recompence.Thy love is such I can no way repay;The heavens reward thee manifold I pray.Then while we live, in love let‘s so persevere,That when we live no more, we may live everIf ever two were one, then surely we 若有两人能契合如一，定是我们。

美国文学简史常耀信版Chapter_1and_2

两次世界大战之间

现实主义文学的发展
小说（德莱塞；辛· 刘易斯；薇拉· 凯瑟） “哈莱姆文艺复兴” （休斯；卡伦；理查德· 赖特）左翼文学与反法西斯文学（约翰· 里德；多斯· 帕索
斯；斯坦贝克；海明威；海尔曼） “南方文艺复兴” （威廉· 福克纳）戏剧的“黄金时代” （奥尼尔） “新批评” （注重对文学作品本身进行精密分析，在现代诗歌的分析上有其独到之处，他们摆脱了过去仅仅介绍背景知识与发挥个人印象的批评方式。但这一流派总的倾向是忽视文学作品的社会意义，割断作品与历史、社会背景的关系）
American Puritanism
Puritanism
was a religious reform movement that arose within the Church of England in the late 16th century. Under siege from church and crown, it sent an offshoot in the third and fourth decades of the seventeenth century to the northern English colonies in the New World– a migration that laid the foundation for the religious, intellectual and social order of New England.
Puritanism
Puritanism
is a highly strict religious doctrine. The Puritans were determined to find a place on the new continent where they could worship God in the way they thought true Christians should. also has its practical aspect. The Puritans had to work hard in order to make a living and be ready for any misfortunes and tragic failures that might lie in wait for them.

美国文学史及作品选读习题集（3）

美国文学史及作品选读习题集（3）3 The Literature of Reason and RevolutionI. Fill in the blanks.1. At the initial period the spread of ideas of the American Enlightenment was largely due to_____.2. Franklin edited the first colonial magazine, which he called____.3. Franklin‘s best writing is found in his masterpiece_____.4. Thomas Paine, with his natural gift for pamphleteering and rebellion, was appropriately born into an age of____.5. On January 10, 1776, P aine‘s famous pamphlet appeared.6. In Philadelphia, ______ the Pennsylvania magazine, and contributed to the Pennsylvania journal.7. A series of sixteen pamphlets by Paine was entitled_______.8. Paine‘s second most important work __ as an impassioned plea against hereditary monarchy.9. The most outstanding poet in American of the 18th century was ____.10. Philip Freneau‘s famous poem ____was written about his imprisoned experience.11. Philip Freneau was a close friend and political associate of president _____12. ___was considered as the ―poet of the American Revolution‖,13. Philip Freneau was noteworthy first because of nature of his poem. They were truly American and very patriotic. In this respect, he reflected the spirit of his age. Therefore, he has been called the ―__ of American poetry‖.14. In 1791, probably with Jefferson‘s support, __established in Philadelphia the national gazette.15. In American literature, the eighteenth century was an Age of__ and Revolution. II. Matching1. Benjamin Franklin a. The Age of reason2. Thomas Jefferson b. Common Sense3. Benjamin Franklin c. The Right of Man4. Thomas Paine d. The Autobiography5. Thomas Paine e. Poor R ichard’s Almanac6. Patrick Henry f. Women’s Rights Pioneer7. Thomas Paine g. Give me Liberty or Give me Death8. Abigail Smith Adams h. Letters from an American Farmer9. Michel-Guillaume Jean de Crevecoeur i. The Declaration of Independence10. Joel Barlow j. The Hasty PuddingIII. Multiple Choice1. In American literature, the eighteenth century was the age of the Enlightenment. __was the dominant spirit.A. HumanismB. RationalismC. RevolutionD. Evolution2. In American literature, the Enlighteners were not opposed to _____.A. the colonial orderB. religious obscurantismC. the puritan traditionD. the secular literature3. The English colonies in North America rose in arms against their parent country and the continental congress adopted ___in 1776.A. The Declaration of IndependenceB. the Sugar ActC. The Stamp actD. the Mayflower Compact4. Which statement about Franklin is not true?A. He instructed his countrymen as a printer.B. He was a scientist.C. He was s master of diplomacy.D. He was a Puritan.5. The secular ideals of the American Enlightenment were exemplified in the life and career of ___.A. THOMAS Hood B .Benjamin FranklinC. Thomas JeffersonD. George Washington6. Which of the following does not belong to this literary period?A. The American CrisisB. The FederalistC. Declaration of IndependenceD. The Waste Land7. Benjamin Franklin was the epitome of the ____.A. American EnlightenmentB. Sugar actC. Chartist movementD. Romanticist8. From 1732 to 1758, Benjamin Franklin wrote and published his famous _______, an annual collection of proverbs.A. The AutobiographyB. Poor R ichard’s AlmanacC. Common SenseD. The General Magazine9. Which is not connected with Thomas Paine?A. Common SenseB. The American crisisC. Pennsylvania MagazineD. The Autobiography10. Choose the works which is not written by Paine.A. Rights of ManB. The Age of ReasonC. Poor Richards AlmanacD. Common Sense11. The first pamphlet published in America to urge immediate independence from Britain is____.A. The Rights of ManB. Common SenseC. The American CrisisD. Declaration of Independence12. ―These are the times that try men‘s souls‖. These words were once read to Washington troops and much to shore up the spirits of the revolutionary soldiers. Who is the author of these words?A. Benjamin FranklinB. Thomas JeffersonC. Thomas PaineD. George Washington13. Which statement about Philip Freneau is not true?A. He was a satiristB. He was a pamphleteerC. He was a singerD. He was a bitter polemicist14. Which poem is not written by Philip Freneau?A. The British Prison ShipB. T he wild Honey SuckleC. The Indian burying groundD. The day of doom15. Who was considered as the ―poet of American revolution‖?A. Michael WigglesworthB. Edward TaylorC. Annne BradstreetD. Philip Freneau16. It was not until January 1776 that a widely heard public voice demanded complete separation from England. The voice was that of ___, whose pamphlet Common Sense, with its heated language, increased the growing demand for separation.A. Thomas PaineB. Thomas JeffersonC. George WashingtonD. Patrick Henry17. At the reason and revolutionary period, Americans were influenced by the European movement called the______.A. Chartist MovementB. Romanticist MovementC. Enlightenment MovementD. Modernist Movement18. T homas Jefferson‘s attitude, that is, a firm belief in progress, and the pursuit of happiness, is typical the period we now call_____.A. Age of RevolutionB. Age of ReasonC. Age of RomanticismD. Age of Regionalism19. _____carries the voice not of an individual but of a whole people. It is more than writing of the revolutionary period. It defined the meaning of the American Revolution.A. Common SenseB. The American CrisisC. Declaration of IndependenceD. Deface of the English People20. Benjamin Franklin shaped his writing after the ____by the English essayists Addison and Steele.A. Spectator PapersB. WaldenC. NatureD. The Sacred WoodIV. Literary Terms1. Autobiography2. Persuasion3. Aphorism4. The Hartford WitsV. IdentificationPassage 1These are the times that try men‘s souls; The summer soldier and the sunshine patriot will in this crisis, shrink from the service of their country; but he that stands it now deserves the love and thanks of man and woman. Tyranny, like hell, is not easily conquered; yet we have this consolation with us, that the harder the conflict, the more glorious the triumph. What we obtain too cheap, we esteem too lightly: ?tis dearness only that gives everything its value. Heaven knows how to put a paperprice upon its goods.Questions:1. Which book is passage taken from?2. Who is the author of this book?3. Whom is the author praising? Whom is the author criticizing?4. What do you think of the language used in the book?Passage 2When in the Course of human events, it becomes necessary for one people to dissolve the political bands which have connected them with another, and to assume among the powers of the earth, the separate and equal station to which the Law of Nature‘s God entitle them, a decent respect to the opini ons of mankind requires that they should declare the causes which impel them to the separation.We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness; That to secure these rights, Government are instituted among Men, deriving their just powers from the consent of the governed; That whenever any From of Government becomes destructive of these ends, it is the Right of the People to alter or to abolish it.Questions:5. Which work is this passage taken from?6. What truths are self-evident? What is the purpose of government, and when shoulda government be replaced?Passage 3In a branch of willow hidSings the evening Caty-did:From the lofty locust boughFeeding on a drop of dewIn her suit of green array‘dHear her singing in the shadeCaty-did, Caty-did, Caty-did!Questions:7. Who is the writer of these verses?8. What is the title of this lyrical poem?9. What is a ―Caty-did‖?Passage 4It was about this time I conceived the bold and arduous project of arriving at moral perfection. I wished to live without committing any fault at any time; I would conquer all that either natural inclination, custom, or company might lead me into. As I knew, or thought I knew, what was right and wrong, I did not see why I might not always do the one and avoid the other. But I soon found I had undertaken a task of more difficulty than I had imagined. While my care was employed in guarding against one fault, I was often surprised by anther; habit took the advantage of inattention; inclination was sometimes too strong for reason. I concluded, at length, that the mere speculative conviction that it was our interest to be completely virtuous was not sufficient to prevent our slipping; and that the contrary habits must be broken, and good ones acquired and established, before we can have any dependence on a steady, uniform rectitude of conduct. For this purpose I therefore contrived the followingmethod.In the various enumerations of the moral virtues I had met with in my reading, I found the catalog more or less numerous, as different writers included more or fewer ideas under the samename. Temperance, for example, was by some confined to eating and drinking, while by others it was extended to mean the moderating every other pleasure, appetite, inclination, or passion, bodily or mental, even to our avarice and ambition. I proposed to myself,, for the sake of clearness, to use rather more names, with fewer ideas annexed to each, than a few names with more ideas; and I included under thirteen names of virtues all that at that time occurred to me as necessary or desirable, and annexed to each a short precept, which fully expressed the extent I gave to its meaning.Questions:10. Which work is this passage taken from?11. Who is the author of this book?12. What is your understanding of the book?VI. Questions and Answers.1. What is a proverb? Which writer in his period liked to use proverbs?2. What are the characteristics of Benjamin Franklin‘s literary work?3. What work was The Federalist?4. Who said ―Give me library, or give me death‖? What was the impact of the quotation?5. Could you please give a brief account of American literature of this period?VII. Analysis of Literary W orks.1. Write an analysis of The Poor Richard’s Almanac.2. Write an analysis of The American Crisis.3. Write an analysis of Declaration of Independence.KeysI. Fill in the blanks.1. journalism 9. Philip Freneau2. The General Magazine 10. The British Prison Ship3. Autobiography11. Thomas Jefferson4. revolution 12. Philip Freneau5. Common Sense13. Father6. Thomas Paine 14. Philip Freneau7. The American Crisis15. Reason8. The Rights of ManII. Matching.1---e; 2---I; 3---d; 4---c; 5---a;6---g; 7---b; 8---f; 9---h; 10---j.III. Multiple Choice.1. B2. D3. A4. D5. B6. D7. A8. B9. D 10. C 11. B 12. C 13. C 14. D 15. D 16. A 17. C 18. B 19. C 20. AIII.Literary Terms.1. Autobiography: An autobiography is a person‘s ac count of his or her life. Generally written in the first person, with the author speaking as ―I‖, autobiographies present life events as the writer views them. In addition to providing inside details about the writer‘s life, autobiographies offer insights into the beliefs and perceptions of the author. Autobiographies also offer a glimpse of what it was like to live in the author‘s time period.Autobiographies often provide a view of historical events that you won‘t find in history books. Benjamin Franklin‘s Autobiography set the standard for what was then a new genre.2. Persuasion:Persuasion is writing meant to convince readers to think or act in a certain way. A persuasive writer appeals to emotions or reason, offers opinio ns, and urges action.3. Aphorism:An aphorism is a short, concise statement expressing a wise or clever observation or a general truth. A variety of devices make aphorisms easy to remember. Some contain rhymes or repeated words or sounds; others use parallel structure to present contras ting ideas. The aphorism ―no pain, no gain‖ for instance, uses rhyme, repetition, and parallel structure.4. The Hartford Wits: Three Revolutionary poets of large and serious purpose, and widely famed in their generation, may be grouped together, not only because of some similarity in their verse, but also because they were all Connecticut men; two were conspicuous members of a coterie noted as ―the Hartford Wits.‖That Connecticut town, indeed, enjoyed a reputation as a literary centre through the exploits of this group. The two Hartford poets were John Trumbull and Joel Barlow; the third of this group was Timothy Dwight.V. Identification.1. The American Crisis2. Thomas Paine3. Paine is praising those who stand ―it‖, it referring to ―the service of their country‖. Inn the meantime, Paine is criticizing those who shrink from the service of their country in this crisis.4. The language is plain, impressive and forceful. Pain himself once said that his purpose as a writer was to use plain language to make those who can scarcely read understand.5. Declaration of Independence6. All men are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, and among these rights are Life, Liberty he pursuit of Happiness. The purpose of government is to secure these ends. And when the government becomes destructive to these ends, it should be replaced.7. Philip Freneau8. To a Caty- Did9. According to Freneau‘s note, a Caty-did is a well-known insect, when full grown, it is about two inches in length, and of the exact color of a green leaf. It can sing sucha song as Caty-did n the evening, towards autumn.10. Autobiography11. Benjamin Franklin12. One of Franklin‘s literary successes was his famous Autobiography, which he began to write in 1771, resumed in 1778, and left incomplete at his death. The purpose of its author was to make the experiences of his own case, a source of help and inspiration to others. He therefore tells the story of his struggles, his errors, his experiments with himself, his accomplishment, with wonderful frankness and extreme simplicity.VI. Questions and Answers.1. Proverbs are nearly as old as language itself. They have many different purposes and are used in different types of situations—to amuse, to educate, to sanction, to make a point or a conversation.As expressions of basic principles of folk wisdom draw from the daily experiences of a group of people, proverbs exist in all societies. They reflect a particular culture‘s view of the worldand convey feelings about fate, the seasons, the natural world, word and effort, love, death, and other universal experiences. These memorable bits of wisdom have survived for centuries; perhaps they reflect unchanging truths about human nature.Most of Benjamin Franklin‘s aphorisms are adapted from anonymous traditional or folk saying, known as proverbs. Franklin, who believed that clarity and brevity were two of the most important characteristics of good prose, rewrote many proverbs, crafting short, direct, witty sayings that taught a lesson.2. The pr edominant quality in all of Benjamin Franklin‘s writing is its genuine humanness; this is what brought the Almanac into instant popularity, and what makes the Autobiography an enduring American classic. It is a quality that had been extremely rare in the earlier colonial literature. A keen sense of humor, also, homely and blunt but true, is constant in Franklin‘s work and one of the essential factors in its success. Noted examples of his wit are found in his anecdote of ―The Whistle and The Dialogue between Dr. Franklin and the Gout‖, which are among the papers entitled Bagatelles, written when Franklin was in France.Franklin‘s literary work was thoroughly typical of himself. Honest, plain, democratic, clear-headed, shrewd, worldly-wise, he was interested in the practical side of life. To him the matter of ―getting on‖in the world was o duty; and to enable others to see the advantages of integrity, application, and thrift was his self-appointed task. His influence in this direction was immense. The absence of ideality is obvious in all his compositions. He never reached the high levels of imaginative art, but on this lower plane of material interest and every-day life he was, and is, without a peer among writers. The works which have beenmentioned possess a universal charm.3. The FederalistAfter the conclusion of the war, during the critical period which preceded the adoption of a constitution, there appeared at intervals a very notable series of papers which were designed in their entirety to set forth the fundamental principles of government. These appeared as articles contributed to various New Y ork newspapers. There were eighty-five in all, and their authorship was concealedunder the pseudonym of ―Publius‖. In 1788, these papers were collected and published under the name of The Federalist—a collection which ranks as our chief political classic. Of these famous papers, five are attribute to John Jay, twenty-nine James Madison, and fifty-one to Alexander Hamilton.4. Remembered most for his fiery battle cry ―Give me liberty or give me death,‖Patrick Henry is considered the most powerful orator of the American Revolution. He helped to inspire colonists to unite in an effort to win their independence. Shortly after his 1765 election to the Virginia House of burgesses, Henry delivered one of his most powerful speeches, declaring his opposition to the Stamp Act. Over the protests of some of the most influential members, the Virginia House adopted Henry‘s resolutions.In 1775, Henry delivered his most famous speech at the Virginia Provincial Convention. While most of speakers that day argued that armed resistance to England. His speech had a powerful impact on the audience, feeding the Revolutionary spirit that led the singing of the Declaration of Independence.5. In contrast to the private soul-searching of the Puritans of New England, much of what was produced during the Revolutionary period was public writing. By the time of the warfor independence, nearly fifty newspapers had been established in the costal cities. At the time of Washington‘s inauguration, there were nearly forty magazines. Almanacs were popular from Massachusetts to Georgia.The mind of the nation was on politics. Journalists and printers provided a form for the expression of ideas. After 1763, those ideas were increasingly focused on relations with Great Britain and, more broadly, on the nature of government. The writing of permanent importance from the Revolutionary era is mostly political writing.The public writing and speaking of American statesmen in two tumultuous decades, the 1770‘s and 1780‘s, helped to reshape not the nation but also the world.Patrick Henry was a spellbinding orator whose speech against the Stamp Act in the Virginia House of burgesses brought cries of ―Treason!‖ Ten years later, his electrifying speech to the Virginia Convention expressed the rising sentiment foe independence.Thomas Paine was perhaps more influential than other in swaying public option in favor of independence. His 1776 pamphlet Common Sense swept the colonies, selling 100000copies in the months.The Declaration of independence was first drafted by Thomas Jefferson in June 1776. The finished document is largely his work, although a committee of five statesmen, including Benjamin Franklin, was involved in its creation. The Declaration, despite some exaggerated charges against King George III, is one of the most influential statements ever made.Another revolutionary period document written by committee that has stood the test of time is the Constitution ofthe United States, drafted in 1787. The framers, whose new nation boasted about four million people, hoped that the Constitution would last at least a generation. It still survives, amended only 27 times, as the political foundation of a nation of 50 states and more than 250 million people.While politics dominated the literature of the Revolutionary period, not every writer of note was a statesman. V erse appears in most of the newspapers, and numerous broadside ballads were published. One of the most popular broadside ballads was called ―The Dying Redcoat‖, supposedly written by a British sergeant mortally wounded in the Revolution.Two other poets of the day whose works were more sophisticated than the broadside ballads were Joel Barlow and Phillis Wheatley. Barlow, a 1778 Yale graduate, is best remembered for ―The Hasty Pudding‘, a mock –heroic tribute to cornmeal mush. Phillis Wheatley, born in Africa and brought to Boston in childhood as s slave, showed early signs of literary genius. A collection of her poems was published in England while she was still a young woman.Another writer of the Revolutionary period recorded his impressions of everyday American life. Born into an aristocratic French family, Michel Guillaume Crevecoeur became a soldier of f fortune, a world traveler, and a farmer. For fifteen years, he owned a plantation in Orange County, New Y ork, and his impressions of life there were published in London in 1782 as Letters from an American Farmer.Perhaps the best known writing of the period outside the field of politics was done by Benjamin Franklin. His P oor Richard’s Almanac became familiar to m ost households in the colonies. A statesman, printer, author, inventor, and scientist,Franklin was a true son of the Enlightenment. His Autobiography, covering only his early years, is regarded as one of the finest autobiographies in any language.By the early 1800‘s, America could boast a small body of national literature. The Native Americans has contributed haunting poetry and legends through their oral traditions. The puritans had written a number of powerful, inward-looking works. The statesmen of the Revolutionary period had produced political documents for the ages. A few poets and essayists had made a permanent mark on the literature of the young republic. There were, however, no American novels or plays of importance, and modern short story had yet to be invented.VII. Analysis of literary works1. Analysis of The poor Richard’s Almanac.Benjamin Franklin created a character, poor Richard, in whose name the work appeared, and whose real existence was debated humorously and seriously. Scatted among the calculations, were many crisp sayings introduced b y the phrase ―As Poor Richard says,‖----sayings which have taken their place among the maxims of the world.―Keep thy shop, and thy shop will keep there.‖―One today id worth two tomorrows‖―Plow deep while sluggards sleep.‖―An empty sack cannot stand upright.‖―Fools make feasts and wise men eat them.‖―He that by the plow would thriveHimself must either hold or drive.‖These and sources o similar homely proverbs were incorporated in the Almanac. It w as Benjamin Franklin‘s idea to teach lessons of thrift to hiscountrymen. Some of the sayings he coined entire, others he quoted from various sources. They ere finally sifted and collected in permanent form in a lengthy discourse called Father Abraham’s Sp eech, which was included in the Almanac of 1758 and found its way thus into well-nigh every home in America. Father Abraham’s Speech was translated into every European language, and even to this day continues to teach its useful lesson of industry, frugality, and honesty, the world over.2. Analysis of The American crisisThomas Paine maintains that ―those‖ times will put men to a test. Those who will fight only during the summer and sunshine deserve no praise. We need soldiers who will fight anytime, who will make sacrifices for the noble cause of democratic revolution. Thomas Paine maintains that consolation foe those Americans who support the overthrow of tyranny is the belief that that they will win ―more glorious‖victory. In other words, people must app reciate what they believe in and fight hardest for. Britain‘s declaration that she may ―bind us in all cases whatsoever‖is nothing more than slavery, and only God may have such ―undiminished‖power. He believes that God will ―not give up ―or abandon a peopl e who have so steadfastly tried to avoid war. Certainly Britain cannot look to God for guidance; criminals have as much reason to look for guidance as the British; in fact, they are criminals.Thomas Paine quotes the Tory who states, ―Give me peace in my d ay‖. He is concerned only with immediate results so that he can reap the benefits, perhaps without care for the permanence of peace. Paine believes that the speaker should be willing to fight and suffer in his lifetime in order to insure a more permanent peace which his children may enjoy.The British government is compared to a house thief who causes destruction of life and property and who must be stopped. He does not care in what form the thief exists. In any situation, ―if we reason to the root of thing s‖, we shall find no difference.In short, The American Crisis is an Enlightenment, Deist document. Man relies on reason and indomitable optimism, not salvation, for deliverance from travail. However much the soldier, the scholar, the common man struggling for victory wants the support of god, he must rely on his devotion to his cause and to his fellow man first and foremost.3. Analysis of Declaration of IndependenceThe Declaration of Independence, adopted July 4, 1776, not only announced the birth of a new nation, also set forth a philosophy o human freedom which served as an important force in the western world. It rested upon particular grievances, but more, upon a broad base of individual liberty, of individual will, so cherished by Americans. Endurance of oppression could meet its threshold; after that, the people must form a new state. Its ideas inspired mass fervor for the American cause, for it instilled among the common people a sense of their own importance, and inspired struggle for personal freedom, self-government, and a dignified place in society. It is evident in American literature that Americansprotective of their freedoms, in however way they choose to interpret them.In addition, Jefferson‘s purpose in writing is to make the experiment of free government so successful that it would be an example to the rest of the world and a moral force in the destiny of mankind. The principles of decentralization of authority, agrarian economy, public education and flexible laws were all byproducts of the central doctrine of Lockian perfectibility.Against this doctrine and formal statement Alexander Hamilton and the other founders of the Federalist Party argued for a liberty which comes through submission to authority, in this case, a clear and firm system of civil formulated. Centralized government, an economy determined by financial and manufacturing rather than by agrarian interests, and firm laws strictly enforced were, in Hamilton‘s thinking the logical conclusions from a skepticism of man‘s basic goodness. Perhaps it is the very existence of conflicting ideas within a single practical frame of operation which, at times, makes American so dynamic. Man is not consistent in design or action, and the Constitution of the United States, with its added ―Bill of Rights‖by reflecting two such opposite views as those of Jefferson and Hamilton, probably conies as near to being a description of basic human nature as any document that lawmakers have formed. These views appear again and again, in different form, in America‘s national literature.。

美国文学大纲

美国文学部分(American Literature)一．殖民时期文学（The Literature of the Colonial Period）1．本章考核知识点和考核要求：1) 早期殖民地时期的文学的特点2) 十八世纪美国文学的特点（重点是独立革命前后时期文学）3) 主要的作家、其概况及其代表作品4) 术语：the colonial period, American Puritanism, Puritans, Enlightenment in American, the Great Awakening2．主要作家作品John Smith第一个美国作家A True Relation of Virginia and General History of Virginia.Anne Bradstreet 殖民地时期女诗人The Tenth Muse Lately Sprung up in America (1650)Jonathan Edwards十八世纪上半叶大觉醒时代的代表人物“Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God”Benjamin Franklin 本杰明·富兰克林，散文家、科学家、社会活动家，曾参与起草《独立宣言》。

十八世纪美国启蒙思想代言人。

《穷查理历书》Poor Richard’s Almanac（收录格言警句）《致富之道》The Way to Wealth《自传》The Autobiography （富兰克林原意为写给儿子的家书）Thomas Paine 托马斯·潘恩，散文家、政治家、报刊撰稿人。

《常识》Common Sense ( Paine 最知名的政论文：It was inspired by the first battle of the Revolutionary War—the Battle of Lexington in Concord.)《美国危机》American Crisis《人的权利》Rights of Man《专制体制的崩溃》Downfall of Despotism《理性时代》The Age of ReasonPhilip Freneau 菲利普·弗伦诺，著名的“革命诗人”。

The-Literature-of-Reason-and-Revolution

Part II The Literature of Reason and RevolutionHistorical IntroductionImportant writersDeclaration of IndependenceHistorical Introduction●Two historical events● 1. The American War for Independence 1775-1783● 2. Enlightenment●Theology dominated the Puritan phase of American writing. Politics was nowthe great subject to command the attention of the best minds.I. The American War for Independence 1775-1783● 1. The writers held vitally important places in the movement for Americanindependence. Freedom was won as much by their fiery and inspiring speeches and writings as by the weapons of Washington and Lafayette (In the American Revolution, Lafayette served as a major-general [少将] in the Continental Army under George Washington). The 13 original American states were persuaded to become a single nation by the arguments of statesmen and men of letters.● 2. Strict rules made by English government hampered the economic developmentof the colonies. The British wanted the colonies to remain politically and economically dependent on the mother country, which led to the colonies’intense strain with England. So the American War for Independence broke out in 1775.●(1) 1775, Lexington, beginning of the Independence War(2) July 4, 1776, Thomas Jefferson, Declaration of Independence(3) 1778, alliance with France, turning point for American army(4) 1778, English army surrendered(5) 1783, formal recognition by the British government3. The procedures of the establishment of the new nation(1) colonies(2) states(3) federal republic--- the United States of AmericaII. Enlightenment● 1. Enlightenment●The spiritual life in the colonies during the period was to a great degreemolded by the bourgeois Enlightenment.●(1) Originated in Europe in the 17th century●(2) Sources: Newton’s theory; deism（自然神教派); French philosophy (Rousseau,Voltaire)●(3) Basic principles:●stressing education; stressing Reason (Order) (The age has been called theAge of Reason); employing Reason to reconsider the traditions and social realities; concerns for civil rights, such as equality and social justice;the idea of progress.● 2. At the initial period the spread of the ideas of the Enlightenment waslargely due to journalism. All the leaders of the revolution were influenced by the Enlightenment;3. Representatives: Benjamin Franklin, Thomas Paine, Thomas Jefferson, etc.●The representatives of the Enlightenment set themselves the task ofdisseminating knowledge among the people and advocating revolutionary ideas.They also actively participated in the War for Independence.● 4. The new nation was set on the basic ideas and principles of theEnlightenment.5. Influence of the Enlightenment●(1) American Enlightenment dealt a decisive blow upon the Puritan traditionsand brought to life secular education and literature.●(2) The secular ideals of the American Enlightenment were exemplified in thelife and career of Benjamin Franklin.III. Literature● 1. Call for America’s independence in literature●As soon as America became politically and economically independent, the callfor its independence in literature started to emerge.●In 1783, Noah Webster declared, “America must be as independent as she isin politics, as famous for the arts as for arms”. Yet throughout the century American literature was largely patterned on the writing of 18th century Englishmen.Noah Webster& His Dictionary of the English Language● 2.While imaginative literature (富有想象力的文学作品,fiction, mythology,poetry, drama, etc ) in America remained derivative (派生的;拷贝的) and dependent, the heroic and revolutionary ambitions of the age had created great political pamphleteering (小册子) and state papers. Essayists and journalists had shaped the nation’s beliefs with reason dressed in clear and forceful prose.● 3. Representative works●Thomas Jefferson: Declaration of Independence●Thomas Paine: The American Crisis; Rights of Man; The Federalist●Benjamin Franklin: Poor Richard’s Almanac; The AutobiographyBenjamin Franklin (1706-1790)A patriot, diplomat, author, printer, scientist, and inventor in the eighteenth century; one of the Founding Fathers of the United States.●He was a jack of all trades;●Born in a poor candle maker’s family in Boston and had no regular education;Became an apprentice to a printer when he was 12;An editor of a newspaper and published lots of essays when he was 16;He went to Philadelphia when he was 17 and became a successful printer and publisher;Found the Junto, a club for informal discussion of scientific, economic and political ideas;I. Life●Established America’s first circulating library;●Founded the college — University of Pennsylvania;●Retired when he was 42.●(1) a businessman;(2) A scientist with lots of inventions and a famous experiment (kite,electricity, thunderstorm); first applied the terms “positive”and “negative” to electrical charges (电荷).●(3) a statesmanAs a representative of the Colonies, he tried in vain to counsel the British toward policies that would let America grow and flourish in association with England. He conducted the difficult negotiations with France that brought financial and military support for America in the war.●Declaration of IndependenceThe Treaty of Alliance with FranceThe Treaty of Peace with EnglandThe Constitution(4) a writer●(5) an embodiment of the “American Dream”II. Literary career●As an author he had power of expression. His works are well-known for theirsimplicity, subtle humor and being sarcastic.1. Representative works●(1) Poor Richard’s AlmanacModeled on farmers’annual calendar; kept publishing for many years;includes many classical sayings, such as:●“A penny saved is a penny earned.”●“A plowman on his legs is higher than a gentleman on his knees.”II. Literary career●2) The Autobiography●Written when he was 65;An introduction of his life to his own son;Including four parts written in different times;The first success story of self-made Americans●In The Autobiography we will be able to notice:●1) influence of Puritanism, such as self-examination and self-improvement(timetable, thirteen virtues, life style)2) spirits of the Enlightenment (man’s nature is good, rights of liberty,virtues including “order”)●Style: simple, clear in order, direct, concise and humorous (“Nothing shouldbe expressed in two words that can as well be expressed in one.”) (influence of Puritanism );First of its kind in literature and set the autobiography as a genre;Popular, still well-read today.● 2. Influence●His values and style influenced lots of Americans.●One of his fellow Americans said, “His shadow lies heavier than any otherman’s on this young nation.”●Thomas Paine (1737-1809)●Revolutionary War patriot and pamphleteer, born in Thetford, England. Paineemigrated in 1774 to Pennsylvania, where he gravitated (被吸引;趋[倾]向) toward those who supported colonial independence.●I. Life and career●Paine's pamphlet Common Sense appeared in January 1776 and caused animmediate sensation. In it, Paine both supported American independence and attacked the corruption of the British hereditary (世袭的) monarchy.●He fought in the Revolutionary War and continued to publish, including his1776 essay The American Crisis.●II. Major works● 1.The Case of the Officers of the Excise (1772)● --- his first pamphlet, a petition to Parliament for a living wage forthe excise collectors● 2. Common Sense (1776)--- signed simply “By an Englishman”, to urge the colonies to declare independence; Pain became forthwith the most articulate (表达清楚有力的) spokesman of the American Revolution.● 3. The American Crisis (1776-1783)---Paine’s chief contribution was a series of 16 pamphlets (1776-1783) entitled The American Crisis and signed “Common Sense”which dealt directly with the military engagements to inspire the Continental Army.● 4. The Rights of Man (1791 - 92)--- an answer to Burke’s Recent Reflections on the French Revolution, which not only championed Rousseau’s doctrines of freedom, but also suggested the overthrow of the British monarchy. Paine was indicted for treason and was forced to seek refuge in France.● 5. The Age of Reason (1795)●---a deistic treatise advocating a rationalistic view of religion.● 6. Analysis of The American Crisis(1776–1783)●---a series of pamphlets published in London from 1776–1783 during theAmerican Revolution. It decried British actions and loyalists, offering support to the patriotic cause.●The American Crisis●The first of the pamphlets was released during a time when the Revolutionstill looked an unsteady prospect; the opening sentence was adopted as the watchword (标语,口号,格言) of the movement to Trenton●The famous opening lines are:●These are the times that try men's souls: The summer soldier and the sunshinepatriot will, in this crisis, shrink from the service of his country; buthe that stands it now, deserves the love and thanks of man and woman.●The pamphlet attempted to bolster morale and resistance among patriots, aswell as shame neutrals and loyalists toward the cause●Thomas Jefferson (1743 – 1826)●Born: 13 April 1743●Birthplace: Shadwell, Virginia●Died: 4 July 1826 (natural causes)●Best Known As: Author of The Declaration of Independence●I. Life and career● 1. His mind ranged curiously over many fields of knowledge---law, philosophy,government, architecture, education, religion, science, agriculture, mechanics---and whatever he touched, he enriched in some measure.● 2. He was the third president of the United States (1801–1809), the principalauthor of The Declaration of Independence(1776), and one of the most influential Founding Fathers for his promotion of the ideals of Republicanism in the United States. High points of his presidency include the Louisiana Purchase from Napoleon and the exploration of the west by Lewis and Clark (1804–1806).● 3. As a political philosopher, Jefferson was a man of the Enlightenment andknew many intellectual leaders in Britain and France. He idealized the independent yeoman farmer as an exemplar of republican virtues, distrusted cities and financiers, and favored states' rights and a strictly limited federal government. Jefferson supported the separation of church and state and was the author of the Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom (1779, 1786).●He was the eponym（名祖;命名来源）of Jeffersonian democracy and the co-founderand leader of the Democratic-Republican Party, which dominated American politics for a quarter-century and was the precursor of the modern-day Democratic Party. Jefferson served as the wartime Governor of Virginia (1779–1781), first United States Secretary of State (1789–1793) and second Vice President (1797–1801).● 4. A polymath (学识渊博的人), Jefferson achieved distinction as, among otherthings, a horticulturist (园艺学家), statesman, architect, archaeologist (考古学家), paleontologist (古生物学者), author, inventor and founder of the University of Virginia.●II. The Declaration of Independence●The Declaration of Independence was an act of the Second Continental Congress,adopted on July 4, 1776, which declared that the Thirteen Colonies in North America were "Free and Independent States" and that "all political connection between them and the State of Great Britain, is and ought to be totally dissolved."●The document, formally entitled The unanimous Declaration of the thirteenUnited States of America, explained the justifications for separation from the British crown, and was an expansion of Richard Henry Lee‘s Resolution (passed by Congress on July 2), which first proclaimed independence. Anengrossed (正式写成的) copy of the Declaration was signed by most of the delegates on August 2 and is now on display in the National Archives and Records Administration in Washington, D.C. .●The Declaration is considered to be the founding document of the United Statesof America, where July 4 is celebrated as Independence Day and the nation's birthday.●John Hancock, as the elected President of Congress, was the only person tosign the Declaration of Independence on July 4. It was not until the following month on August 2 that the remaining 55 other delegates began to sign the document.●The following statements have become world-famous since then:●We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, thatthey are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness.●我们认为下面这些真理是不言而喻的：造物者创造了平等的个人，并赋予他们若干不可剥夺的权利，其中包括生命权、自由权和追求幸福的权利●That to secure these rights, Governments are instituted among Men, derivingtheir just powers from the consent of the governed, That whenever any Form of Government becomes destructive of these ends, it is the Right of the People to alter or to abolish it, and to institute new Government, laying its foundation on such principles and organizing its powers in such form, as to them shall seem most likely to effect their Safety and Happiness.●为了保障这些权利，人们才在他们之间建立政府，而政府之正当权力，则来自被统治者的同意。

关于红色文化的英语作文初中

关于红色文化的英语作文初中Red culture refers to the cultural heritage and revolutionary spirit that emerged during the Chinese Communist Revolution. It represents the ideals, values, and achievements of the Communist Party of China (CPC) and has played a significant role in shaping the country's history and identity. This essay will explore the significance of red culture in China and its impact on Chinese society.Firstly, red culture symbolizes the revolutionary spirit and sacrifices made by the Chinese people during the Communist Revolution. It represents the struggle against oppression, imperialism, and feudalism. The red color itself is associated with passion, vitality, and the bloodshed of revolutionaries who fought for a better future. Red culture serves as a reminder of the hardships endured by the Chinese people and their determination to create a fair and just society.Secondly, red culture promotes patriotism and national unity. It instills a sense of pride and loyalty towards the country and its achievements. Red culture encompasses the stories of heroic figures such as Mao Zedong, who led the Communist Party to victory, and the Long March, a symbol of resilience and perseverance. By celebrating these historical events and figures, red culture fosters a strong national identity and a shared sense of belonging among the Chinese people.Moreover, red culture has a profound influence on Chinese arts and literature. It has inspired countless works of literature, music, and visual arts that depict the struggles and triumphs of the revolution. The revolutionary operas, for example, were a popular form of entertainment during the Cultural Revolution and conveyed the ideals of the Communist Party through powerful storytelling and music. Red culture continues to inspire contemporary artists who incorporate revolutionary themes and symbols into their works, keeping the spirit of the revolution alive.In addition, red culture has played a crucial role in shaping China's political and social landscape. The principles and values advocated by the Communist Party, such as equality, social justice, and collectivism, are deeply ingrained in Chinese society. Redculture has influenced policies and practices in areas such as education, healthcare, and poverty alleviation, aiming to create a more equitable and harmonious society. The Chinese government also uses red culture as a tool for political mobilization and to reinforce the legitimacy of the Communist Party's rule.However, it is important to acknowledge that red culture has faced criticism and controversy. Some argue that it promotes a narrow and biased view of history, neglecting other important aspects of Chinese culture. Others believe that it has been used as a tool for political control and propaganda. It is essential to strike a balance between preserving the revolutionary heritage and promoting a more inclusive and diverse cultural narrative.In conclusion, red culture holds significant importance in China's history and society. It embodies the revolutionary spirit, promotes patriotism, influences arts and literature, and shapes the political and social landscape. While it has faced criticism, red culture continues to be an integral part of China's cultural identity. By understanding and appreciating red culture, we can gain insights into the values and aspirations of the Chinese people throughout history.。

英国文学简史Part Three The Period of the English Bourgeois Revolution

Part Three The Period of the English Bourgeois Revolution第三部分英国资产阶级革命时期I The English Revolution and the Restoration 英国革命和复辟Literature of the Revolution Period 革命时期的文学：The spirit of unity and feeling of patriotism ended with the reign of Elizabeth I, and England was then convulsed with the conflict between the two antagonistic camps, the Royalists and the Puritans. English literature of this revolution and restoration period was very much concerned with the tremendous social upheavals of the time. Milton, one of the greatest poets of England, defended the English Commonwealth with his pen.随着伊丽莎白一世统治的结束，人们统一的精神和爱国主义的感情也随之而去。

英国因为量大对抗阵营——保皇党和清教徒的冲突而骚乱。

英国革命和复辟时期的文学主要与当时的社会巨变有关。

英格兰最伟大的诗人之一弥尔顿用他的笔来捍卫英国共和制。

II Milton 弥尔顿1.Life and Work 生平和作品(1)Life: John Milton was born in London in 1608.约翰·弥尔顿1608年出生于伦敦。

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The Literature of the Revolutionary Period
Which is not written by Thomas Paine? mon Sense B. The American Crisis C. The Rights of Man D. The Autobiography D
“These are the times that try men’s souls,”…
“The harder the conflict, the more glorious the triumph.” -- The American Crisis
The Literature of the Revolutionary Period
The Literature of the Revolutionary Period
Review 1.Historical Background 2. American Enlightenment 3.Three Writers and their representative works
The Literature of the Revolutionary Period
The Literature of the Revolutionary Period
Thomas Paine 托马斯· 潘恩 Political philosopher and writer
The Literature of the Revolutionary Period
Fight for the rights of man Help to spur and inspire two greatest revolutions of his age Common Sense 《常识》 The American Crisis 《美国的危机》 Rights of Man 《人的权利》 The Age of Reason 《理性的时代》
Exercise In American literature, the 18th century was the age of the Enlightenment. ___ was the dominant spirit. A.Humanism B. Rationalism C. Revolution D. Evolution B
The Literature of the Revolutionary Period
3. The War of Independence time span: 1775-1783 Two sides involved: 13 British colonies in N. A. vs. Great Britain Its causes: (Page 7) Growth of colonies: (social, economic, and political changes) British governing of the colonies
The Literature of the Revolutionary Period
2. The Autobiography 《自传》 Theme? Excerpt Thirteen Virtues
The Literature of the Revolutionary Period
Its style “It is the pattern of Puritan simplicity, directness, and concision.”
The Literature of the Revolutionary Period
“Government, even in its best state, is but a necessary evil; in its worst state an intolerable one” -- Common Sense
The Literature of the Revolutionary Period
Which of the following stirred the world and helped form the American government? A.The American Crisis B. The Federalist C. Declaration of Independence D. The Age of Reason C
The Literature of the Revolutionary Period
Its significance
1.It is the classic of its kind in American literature.
2. It demonstrates the major principles of the Enlightenment in America. 3. It is the illustration of American dream.
Benjamin Franklin
本杰明· 富兰克林 ◆ A great writer, statesman, scientist, inventor
The Literature of the Revolutionary Period
Theory of electricity
The Literature of the Revolutionary Period
The Literature of the Revolutionary Period
The Literature of the Revolutionary Period (1765—1800)
The Literature of the Revolutionary Period
Historical background 1. The Great Awakening (1730s—1740s) series of religious revivals, led by Jonathan Edwards (Outstanding representative of Puritanism) His spiritual awakening occurred in two parts: the greatness of God’s sovereign human beings’ sinfulness
The Literature of the Revolutionary Period
2. The Enlightenment/ The Age of Reason It is an intellectual revolution originated in the European Continent, and then its impact found expression in America. The Enlighteners advocated publicly to study “man” instead of “God”. The Enlightenment emphasized on “reason”, and required people to pay attention to the social reality, advocating education and scientific research.
The Literature of the Revolutionary Period
Leading writers/ Founding Fathers of the United States Benjamin Franklin Thomas Paine Thomas Jefferson
The Literature of the Revolutionary Period
The Literature of the Revolutionary Period
Main drafter of
Declaration of Independence
《独立宣言》
The Literary Period
Impact of the Declaration 1. Ideal of Equality “all men are created equal” the Civil War, the civil rights movement, & movement for women’s rights 2. Defense of the right to rebel against an unjust government the French Revolution
Works 1. Poor Richard’s Almanac
《格言历书》
“God helps them that help themselves. Fish and Visitors stink in 3 days. At 20 years of age the Will reigns; at 30 the Wit; at 40 the Judgment. Lend money to an Enemy, and thou’lt gain him, to a Friend and thou’lt lose him. Blessed is he that expects nothing, for he shall never be disappointed.”
The Literature of the Revolutionary Period
“God help them that help themselves” is found in ____’s work. A.Paine B. Franklin C. Washington D. Jefferson B
The Literature of the Revolutionary Period
“These are the times that try men’s souls”, these words were once read to Washington’s troops and did much to spur excitement to further action with hope and confidence. Who is the author of these words? A. Benjamin Franklin B. Thomas Paine C. Thomas Jefferson D. George Washington B