欧盟健康安全和环境法规.ppt
欧盟三大环保指令简介
推动了家电产业进行技术创新和产品升级。
对汽车产业影响分析
环保标准
欧盟的汽车排放标准（如欧V、欧VI标准）要求汽车必须 达到一定的污染物排放标准，否则将无法在欧盟市场上销 售。
燃料效率要求
欧盟的燃料效率指令要求汽车必须达到一定的燃料效率标 准，否则将无法在欧盟市场上销售。
新能源汽车推广
为了符合欧盟的环保指令，汽车产业需要推广新能源汽车 ，如电动汽车、混合动力汽车等，这推动了汽车产业的技 术创新和产品升级。
推动技术创新
加强宣传教育
欧盟应积极推动技术创新，鼓励成员国加 强技术研发和应用，提高环保指令的实施 效果。
欧盟应加强对成员国的宣传教育，提高公 众对环保指令的认识和意识，促进环保工 作的开展。
提高生活质量
欧盟环保政策旨在提高居 民的生活质量，让居民能 够享受到更加清洁、健康 的环境。
欧盟环保政策实施
制定法规和标准
欧盟制定了一系列环保法 规和标准，包括空气质量 标准、水质量标准、废弃 物处理标准等。
监测和评估
欧盟对成员国的环保政策 实施进行监测和评估，确 保各项环保政策的落实和 执行。
处罚和奖励
对电子产业影响分析
电子废弃物处理
欧盟的废弃电子电气设备指令（WEEE指令）要求生产商负责回收 和处理废弃的电子设备，这增加了电子产业的生产成本和环保责任 。
环保设计要求
欧盟的RoHS指令限制了电子设备中铅、汞等有害物质的含量，推 动了电子产业采用更环保的材料和设计。
技术创新
为了符合欧盟的环保指令，电子产业需要进行技术创新，开发更环保 、更节能的产品。
影响
ROHS指令的实施，有效减少了电子电器设备中 有害物质的排放，对保护环境和人体健康具有重 要意义。
EHS知识
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制药企业危险因素特点
介质具有易燃、易爆、有毒、腐蚀等特点； 介质具有易燃、易爆、有毒、腐蚀等特点； 生产过程高温、高压、连续性； 生产过程高温、高压、连续性； 工艺过程复杂，工艺条件要求十分严格； 工艺过程复杂，工艺条件要求十分严格； 生产设备复杂； 生产设备复杂； 承包商、供应商现场作业。 承包商、供应商现场作业。
E—Environment 环境 H—Health 健康 S—Safety 安全
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环境管理体系产生的背景
1972年，联合国在瑞典斯德戈尔摩召开了人类环境 大会。大会成立了一 独立的委员会，即“世界环境 与发展委员会” 1987年出版了“我们共同未来”的报告,首次引入了 “持续发展”的概念 1992英国标准所 (BS7750)环境管理体系 1993欧共体EMAS环境管理体系 1993.6国际标准化组织（ISO）ISO/TC3207环境管理 技术委员会，正式开展环境管理系列标准制定工作 1996.6.9国际标准ISO14001/14004推出 GB/T 24001(1996)(2004)
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国内职业安全现状
卫生部公布报告显示，在中国，每年各类伤害发 生约2亿人次，因伤害死亡人数约70万-75万人， 占死亡总人数的9%左右 职业病、工伤事故——每年我国因此产生的损失 居然达到了800亿元 我国目前有7亿多人受到职业伤害 亿多人受到职业伤害， 我国目前有 亿多人受到职业伤害，平均每两个 人中就有一个
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环境体系认证
１９９８中美上海施贵宝公司拿到了中国制药行 业第一张ISO14001认证证书 西安杨森、上海强生、沈阳山之内、无锡华瑞等 合资或外资企业纷纷拿到了此证书 山东新华、鲁抗、东阿阿胶、上海信谊、华药维 尔康
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职业健康安全
欧盟ROHS标准介绍
中国企业应加强与国际供应商和客户的沟通与合作，共同应对ROHS标准。通过与国际供 应商合作，可以获得更优质、更环保的材料；通过与国际客户合作，可以更好地理解客户 需求，提高产品竞争力。
加大研发和创新投入
中国企业应加大研发和创新投入，开发符合ROHS标准的新产品和技术。同时，应关注行 业动态和政策变化，及时调整产品策略和研发方向。
背景
随着电子电气设备的普及，人们开始关注这些设备对环境和人体健康的影响。 在此背景下，欧盟通过了ROHS指令，以减少电子电气设备中的有害物质，保 护环境和人类健康。
ROHS标准的起源和发展
起源
ROHS指令最初于2003年7月通过，并于2006年7月开始实施。该指令主要针对电子电气设备中的铅、汞、镉、 六价铬等有害物质进行了限制。
不同点
ROHS标准关注电子设备中特定物质 的使用，而REACH标准更全面地涵盖 了各种化学物质的生产、使用、进口 和出口。
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ROHS标准对中国企业ຫໍສະໝຸດ 影响和应对策略ROHS标准对中国企业的挑战和机遇
挑战
中国企业需要适应欧盟的ROHS标准，确保产品符合相关规定，这需要投入大量人力、物力和财力。 同时，中国企业需要加强与国际供应商和客户的沟通与合作，以更好地理解和遵守ROHS标准。
符合ROHS标准的产品在市场上更具 竞争力，因为消费者更倾向于购买环 保、健康的产品。
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ROHS标准在欧盟的实施情况
欧盟ROHS标准的实施历程
2003年2月，欧盟委员会发布《关于在电子电气设备中限 制使用某些有害物质的指令》（Directive 2002/95/EC）， 即ROHS指令。
2005年7月1日，ROHS指令正式生效，要求在欧盟市场上 销售的电子电气产品中限制使用铅、汞、镉、六价铬、多 溴联苯和多溴二苯醚等有害物质。
欧盟物质和混合物的分类、标签和包装法规
欧盟物质和混合物的分类、标签和包装法规欧盟物质和混合物分类、标签和包装法规（CLP法规）是欧盟为了保护人类健康和环境安全而制定的一套规范。
CLP法规对物质和混合物的分类、标签和包装进行了详细的规定，以确保人们在使用这些物质和混合物时能够安全地进行。
首先，CLP法规对物质的分类进行了规定。
根据CLP法规，物质被分为了三类：爆炸品、易燃物和氧化剂。
这些分类是根据物质的化学性质和危险性来确定的。
例如，易燃物是指在常温下能够燃烧的物质，而爆炸品是指在特定条件下能够产生爆炸的物质。
其次，CLP法规对混合物的分类进行了规定。
混合物是由两个或更多物质混合而成的，CLP法规对混合物的危险性进行了评估，并将其分为不同的危险类别。
例如，有些混合物可能对人体有毒，而有些可能导致皮肤过敏。
CLP法规还规定了物质和混合物的标签要求。
标签是指在物质或者混合物的包装上粘贴的信息标签，在使用过程中，这些标签有助于人们了解物质或混合物的危险性。
CLP法规规定了标签上必须包含的信息，如物质或混合物的危险性符号、危害声明、预防措施等。
此外，CLP法规还规定了物质和混合物的包装要求。
包装是指用于包装和存储物质和混合物的容器。
CLP法规规定了不同危险级别的物质和混合物所需要的包装标准。
例如，对于具有较高危险性的物质和混合物，需要使用更加安全的包装材料，并增加防护措施。
在欧盟，物质和混合物的分类、标签和包装法规是强制性的，企业必须符合这些规定，并进行相应的标识和包装。
这有助于确保产品的安全性和可持续性，并保护消费者和环境的健康。
总结而言，欧盟物质和混合物的分类、标签和包装法规（CLP法规）为物质和混合物的安全使用提供了指导。
这些法规详细规定了物质和混合物的分类标准，要求在包装上标注清晰的危险标识，以及相应的包装要求。
遵守这些法规有助于确保产品的安全性和可持续性，并保护消费者和环境的健康。
2009-104-EC 欧盟健康安全最低要求
DIRECTIVESDIRECTIVE 2009/104/EC OF THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND OF THE COUNCILof 16 September 2009concerning the minimum safety and health requirements for the use of work equipment by workers at work (second individual Directive within the meaning of Article 16(1) ofDirective 89/391/EEC)(codified version)(Text with EEA relevance)THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND THE COUNCIL OF THE EUROPEAN UNION,Having regard to the Treaty establishing the European Community, and in particular Article 137(2) thereof,Having regard to the proposal from the Commission,Having regard to the opinion of the European Economic and Social Committee (1),Having consulted the Committee of the Regions,Acting in accordance with the procedure laid down in Article 251 of the Treaty (2),Whereas:(1) Council Directive 89/655/EEC of 30 November 1989concerning the minimum safety and health requirementsfor the use of work equipment by workers at work(second individual Directive within the meaning ofArticle 16(1) of Directive 89/391/EEC) (3) has beensubstantially amended several times (4). In the interestsof clarity and rationality the said Directive should becodified.(2) This Directive is an individual directive within themeaning of Article 16(1) of Council Directive89/391/EEC of 12 June 1989 on the introduction ofmeasures to encourage improvements in the safety andhealth of workers at work (5). Therefore, the provisions ofDirective 89/391/EEC are fully applicable to the scope ofthe use of work equipment by workers at work, withoutprejudice to more stringent or specific provisionscontained in this Directive.(3) Article137(2)oftheTreatyprovidesthattheCouncil may adopt, by means of directives, minimumrequirements for encouraging improvements, inparticular, of the working environment so as to protectworkers’ health and safety.(4) PursuanttothesaidArticle,suchdirectivesmustavoid imposing administrative, financial and legal constraints ina way which would hold back the creation and development of small and medium-sized undertakings.(5) TheprovisionsadoptedpursuanttoArticle137(2)ofthe Treaty do not preclude any Member State from maintaining or introducing more stringent measures for theprotection of working conditions provided they arecompatible with the Treaty.(6) Compliancewiththeminimumrequirementsdesignedto guarantee a better standard of safety and health in theuse of work equipment is essential in order to ensure thesafety and health of workers.(7) The improvement of occupational safety, hygiene andhealth is an objective which should not be subordinatedto purely economic considerations.(8) Work ata heightmay exposeworkersto particularly severe risks to their health and safety, notably to therisks of falls from a height and other serious occupational accidents, which account for a large proportionof all accidents, especially of fatal accidents.(1) OJ C 100, 30.4.2009, p. 144.(2) Opinion of the European Parliament of 8 July 2008 (not yetpublished in the Official Journal) and Council Decision of 13 July2009.(3) OJ L 393, 30.12.1989, p. 13.(4) See Annex III, Part A. (5) OJ L 183, 29.6.1989, p. 1.(9) This Directive constitutes a practical aspect of the real isation of the social dimension of the internal market.(10) Pursuantto Directive 98/34/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 22 June 1998 layingdown a procedure for the provision of information in the field of technical standards and regulations and of rules on Information Society services ( 1 ), Member States are required to notify the Commission of any draft technical regulations relating to machines, equipment and installations.(11) This Directive is the most appropriate means of achievingthe desired objectives and does not go beyond what isnecessary for that purpose.(12) This Directive should be without prejudice to the obli gations of the Member States relating to the time limits for transposition into national law of the Directives set out in Annex III, Part B,HAVE ADOPTED THIS DIRECTIVE:CHAPTER IGENERAL PROVISIONSArticle 1 Subject matter1. This Directive, which is the second individual directive within the meaning of Article 16(1) of Directive 89/391/EEC, lays down minimum safety and health requirements for the use of work equipment by workers at work, as defined in Article2. 2. The provisions of Directive 89/391/EEC are fully applicable to the whole scope referred to in paragraph 1, without prejudice to more stringent or specific provisions contained in this Directive.Article 2 DefinitionsFor the purposes of this Directive, the following terms shall have the following meanings:(a) ‘work equipment’: any machine, apparatus, tool or instal lation used at work; (b) ‘use of work equipment’: any activity involving workequipment such as starting or stopping the equipment, its use, transport, repair, modification, maintenance and servicing, including, in particular, cleaning;(c) ‘danger zone’: any zone within or around work equipmentin which an exposed worker is subject to a risk to his health or safety;(d) ‘exposed worker’: any worker wholly or partially in a dangerzone;(e) ‘operator’: the worker or workers given the task of using work equipment.CHAPTER IIEMPLOYERS’ OBLIGATIONSArticle 3 General obligations1. The employer shall take the measures necessary to ensurethat the work equipment made available to workers in the undertaking or establishment is suitable for the work to be carried out or properly adapted for that purpose and may be used by workers without impairment to their safety or health.In selecting the work equipment which he proposes to use, the employer shall pay attention to the specific working conditions and characteristics and to the hazards which exist in the under taking or establishment, in particular at the workplace, for the safety and health of the workers, and any additional hazards posed by the use of the work equipment in question.2. Where it is not possible in this way fully to ensure that work equipment can be used by workers without risk to their safety or health, the employer shall take appropriate measures to minimise the risks.Article 4Rules concerning work equipment1. Without prejudice to Article 3, the employer shall obtain and/or use:(a) work equipment which, if provided to workers in the under taking or establishment for the first time after 31 December 1992, complies with:(i) the provisions of any relevant Community directive which is applicable;(ii) the minimum requirements laid down in Annex I, to theextent that no other Community directive is applicable or is so only partially;( 1 ) OJ L 204, 21.7.1998, p. 37.(b) work equipment which, if already provided to workers inthe undertaking or establishment by 31 December 1992, complies with the minimum requirements laid down in Annex I no later than 4 years after that date;(c) without prejudice to point (a)(i), and by way of derogationfrom point (a)(ii) and point (b), specific work equipment subject to the requirements of point 3 of Annex I, which, if already provided to workers in the undertaking or establishment by 5 December 1998, complies with the minimumrequirements laid down in Annex I, no later than 4 years after that date.2. The employer shall take the measures necessary to ensure that, throughout its working life, work equipment is kept, by means of adequate maintenance, at a level such that it complies with point (a) or (b) of paragraph 1 as applicable.3. Member States shall, after consultation with both sides of industry, and with due allowance for national legislation and/or practice, establish procedures whereby a level of safety may be attained corresponding to the objectives indicated by Annex II.Article 5Inspection of work equipment1. The employer shall ensure that where the safety of work equipment depends on the installation conditions, it shall be subject to an initial inspection (after installation and before first being put into service) and an inspection after assembly at a new site or in a new location by competent persons within the meaning of national laws and/or practices, to ensure that the work equipment has been installed correctly and is operating properly.2. In order to ensure that health and safety conditions are maintained and that deterioration liable to result in dangerous situations can be detected and remedied in good time, the employer shall ensure that work equipment exposed to conditions causing such deterioration is subject to:(a) periodic inspections and, where appropriate, testing bycompetent persons within the meaning of national laws and/or practices;(b) special inspections by competent persons within themeaning of national laws and/or practices each time that exceptional circumstances which are liable to jeopardise the safety of the work equipment have occurred, such as modification work, accidents, natural phenomena or prolonged periods of inactivity. 3. The results of inspections shall be recorded and kept at the disposal of the authorities concerned. They must be kept fora suitable period of time.When work equipment is used outside the undertaking it shall be accompanied by physical evidence that the last inspection has been carried out.4. MemberStatesshalldeterminetheconditionsunderwhich such inspections are made.Article 6Work equipment involving specific risksWhen the use of work equipment is likely to involve a specific risk to the safety or health of workers, the employer shall take the measures necessary to ensure that:(a) the use of work equipment is restricted to those personsgiven the task of using it;(b) in the case of repairs, modifications, maintenance orservicing, the workers concerned are specifically designated to carry out such work.Article 7Ergonomics and occupational healthThe workplace and position of workers while using work equipment and ergonomic principles shall be taken fully into account by the employer when applying minimum health and safety requirements.Article 8Informing workers1. Without prejudice to Article 10 of Directive 89/391/EEC, the employer shall take the measures necessary to ensure that workers have at their disposal adequate information and, where appropriate, written instructions on the work equipment used at work.2. The information and the written instructions shall contain at least adequate safety and health information concerning:(a) the conditions of use of work equipment;(b) foreseeable abnormal situations;(c) the conclusions to be drawn from experience, where appropriate, in using work equipment.Workers shall be made aware of dangers relevant to them, work equipment present in the work area or site, and any changes affecting them, inasmuch as they affect work equipment situatedin their immediate work area or site, even if they do not use such equipment directly.3. The information and the written instructions shall be comprehensible to the workers concerned.Article 9Training of workersWithout prejudice to Article 12 of Directive 89/391/EEC, the employer shall take the measures necessary to ensure that:(a) workers given the task of using work equipment receiveadequate training, including training on any risks which such use may entail;(b) workers referred to in Article 6(b) receive adequate specifictraining.Article 10Consultation of workers and workers’ participation Consultation and participation of workers and/or of their representatives on the matters covered by this Directive, including the Annexes thereto, shall take place in accordance with Article 11 of Directive 89/391/EEC.CHAPTER IIIMISCELLANEOUS PROVISIONSArticle 11Amendment of the Annexes1. The addition to Annex I of supplementary minimum requirements applicable to specific work equipment, as referred to in point 3 thereof, shall be adopted by the Council in accordance with the procedure laid down in Article 137(2) of the Treaty.2. Strictly technical adaptations of the Annexes shall be adopted, in accordance with the procedure laid down in Article 17(2) of Directive 89/391/EEC, as a result of: (a) the adoption of directives on technical harmonisation andstandardisation of work equipment; and/or(b) technical progress, changes in international regulations orspecifications or knowledge in the field of work equipment.Article 12Final provisionsMember States shall communicate to the Commission the text of the provisions of national law which they have already adopted or adopt in the field governed by this Directive.Article 13Directive 89/655/EEC, as amended by the Directives listed in Annex III, Part A, is repealed, without prejudice to the obligations of the Member States relating to the time limits for transposition into national law of the Directives set out in Annex III, Part B.References to the repealed Directive shall be construed as references to this Directive and shall be read in accordance with the correlation table in Annex IV.Article 14This Directive shall enter into force on the 20th day following its publication in the Official Journal of the European Union.Article 15This Directive is addressed to the Member States.Done at Strasbourg, 16 September 2009.For the European ParliamentThe PresidentJ. BUZEKFor the CouncilThe PresidentC. MALMSTRÖMANNEX IMINIMUM REQUIREMENTS(referred to in points (a)(ii) and (b) of Article 4(1))comment1. GeneralThe obligations laid down in this Annex apply having regard to this Directive and where the corresponding risk exists for the work equipment in question.The following minimum requirements, inasmuch as they apply to work equipment in use, do not necessarily call for the same measures as the essential requirements concerning new work equipment.toworkequipmentrequirements2. Generalminimumapplicable2.1. Work equipment control devices which affect safety must be clearly visible and identifiable and appropriatelymarked where necessary.Except where necessary for certain control devices, control devices must be located outside danger zones and in such a way that their operation cannot pose any additional hazard. They must not give rise to any hazard as a result of any unintentional operation.If necessary, from the main control position, the operator must be able to ensure that no person is present in the danger zones. If this is impossible, a safe system such as an audible and/or visible warning signal must be given automatically whenever the machinery is about to start. An exposed worker must have the time and the means quickly to avoid hazards caused by the starting or stopping of the work equipment.Control systems must be safe and must be chosen making due allowance for the failures, faults and constraints to be expected in the planned circumstances of use.2.2. It must be possible to start work equipment only by deliberate action on a control provided for the purpose.The same shall apply:— to restart it after a stoppage for whatever reason,— for the control of a significant change in the operating conditions (e.g. speed, pressure, etc.),unless such a restart or change does not subject exposed workers to any hazard.This requirement does not apply to restarting or a change in operating conditions as a result of the normal operating cycle of an automatic device.2.3. All work equipment must be fitted with a control to stop it completely and safely.Each work station must be fitted with a control to stop some or all of the work equipment, depending on the type of hazard, so that the equipment is in a safe state. The equipment’s stop control must have priority over the start controls. When the work equipment or the dangerous parts of it have stopped, the energy supply of the actuators concerned must be switched off.2.4. Where appropriate, and depending on the hazards the equipment presents and its normal stopping time, workequipment must be fitted with an emergency stop device.2.5. Work equipment presenting risk due to falling objects or projections must be fitted with appropriate safety devicescorresponding to the risk.Work equipment presenting hazards due to emissions of gas, vapour, liquid or dust must be fitted with appropriate containment and/or extraction devices near the sources of the hazard.2.6. Work equipment and parts of such equipment must, where necessary for the safety and health of workers, bestabilised by clamping or some other means.2.7. Where there is a risk of rupture or disintegration of parts of the work equipment, likely to pose significant dangerto the safety and health of workers, appropriate protection measures must be taken.2.8. Where there is a risk of mechanical contact with moving parts of work equipment which could lead to accidents,those parts must be provided with guards or devices to prevent access to danger zones or to halt movements of dangerous parts before the danger zones are reached.The guards and protection devices must:— be of robust construction,— not give rise to any additional hazard,— not be easily removed or rendered inoperative,— be situated at sufficient distance from the danger zone,— not restrict more than necessary the view of the operating cycle of the equipment,— allow operations necessary in order to fit or replace parts and for maintenance work, restricting access only to the area where the work is to be carried out and, if possible, without removal of the guard or protection device.2.9. Areas and points for working on, or maintenance of, work equipment must be suitably lit in line with theoperation to be carried out.2.10. Work equipment parts at high or very low temperature must, where appropriate, be protected to avoid the risk ofworkers coming into contact or coming too close.2.11. Warning devices on work equipment must be unambiguous and easily perceived and understood.2.12. Work equipment may be used only for operations and under conditions for which it is appropriate.2.13. It must be possible to carry out maintenance operations when the equipment is shut down. If this is not possible,it must be possible to take appropriate protection measures for the carrying-out of such operations or for such operations to be carried out outside the danger zones.If any machine has a maintenance log, it must be kept up to date.2.14. All work equipment must be fitted with clearly identifiable means to isolate it from all its energy sources.Reconnection must be presumed to pose no risk to the workers concerned.2.15. Work equipment must bear the warnings and markings essential to ensure the safety of workers.2.16. Workers must have safe means of access to, and be able to remain safely in, all the areas necessary for production,adjustment and maintenance operations.2.17. All work equipment must be appropriate for protecting workers against the risk of the work equipment catchingfire or overheating, or of discharges of gas, dust, liquid, vapour or other substances produced, used or stored in the work equipment.2.18. All work equipment must be appropriate for preventing the risk of explosion of the work equipment or ofsubstances produced, used or stored in the work equipment.2.19. All work equipment must be appropriate for protecting exposed workers against the risk of direct or indirectcontact with electricity.3. Additional minimum requirements applicable to specific types of work equipment 3.1. Minimum requirements for mobile work equipment, whether or not self-propelled3.1.1. Work equipment with ride-on workers must be fitted out in such a way as to reduce the risks for workers during the journey.Those risks must include the risks of contact by workers with, or trapping by, wheels or tracks.3.1.2. Where an inadvertent seizure of the drive unit between a mobile item of work equipment and its accessories oranything towed might create a specific risk, such work equipment must be equipped or adapted to prevent blockages of the drive units.Where such a seizure cannot be avoided, every possible measure must be taken to avoid any adverse effects on workers.3.1.3. Where drive shafts for the transmission of energy between mobile items of work equipment can become soiled ordamaged by trailing on the ground, facilities must be available for fixing them. 3.1.4. Mobile work equipment with ride-on workers must be designed to restrict, under actual conditions of use, the risksarising from work equipment roll-over:— by a protection structure designed to ensure that the equipment does not tilt by more than a quarter turn, or — by a structure giving sufficient clearance around the ride-on workers if the tilting movement can continue beyond a quarter turn, or — by some other device of equivalent effect.These protection structures may be an integral part of the work equipment.These protection structures are not required when the work equipment is stabilised during operation or where the design makes roll-over impossible.Where there is a risk of a ride-on worker being crushed between parts of the work equipment and the ground, should the equipment roll over, a restraining system for the ride-on workers must be installed.3.1.5. Fork-lift trucks carrying one or more workers must be adapted or equipped to limit the risk of the fork-lift truckoverturning, e.g.:— by the installation of an enclosure for the driver, or— by a structure preventing the fork-lift truck from overturning, or— by a structure ensuring that, if the fork-lift truck overturns, sufficient clearance remains between the ground and certain parts of the fork-lift truck for ride-on workers, or — by a structure restraining the workers on the driving seat so as to prevent them from being crushed by parts of the fork-lift truck which overturns. 3.1.6. Self-propelled work equipment which may, when in motion, engender risks for persons must fulfil the followingconditions:(a) the equipment must have facilities for preventing unauthorised start-up;(b) it must have appropriate facilities for minimising the consequences of a collision where there is more than oneitem of track-mounted work equipment in motion at the same time;(c) there must be a device for braking and stopping equipment. Where safety constraints so require, emergencyfacilities operated by readily accessible controls or automatic systems must be available for braking and stopping equipment in the event of failure of the main facility;(d) where the driver’s direct field of vision is inadequate to ensure safety, adequate auxiliary devices must beinstalled to improve visibility;(e) work equipment designed for use at night or in dark places must be equipped with lighting appropriate to thework to be carried out and must ensure sufficient safety for workers;(f) work equipment which constitutes a fire hazard, either on its own or in respect of whatever it is towing orcarrying, and which is liable to endanger workers must be equipped with appropriate fire-fighting appliances where such appliances are not available sufficiently nearby at the place of use;(g) remote-controlled work equipment must stop automatically once it leaves the control range;(h) remote-controlled work equipment which may in normal conditions engender a crushing or impact hazardmust have facilities to guard against this risk, unless other appropriate devices are present to control the impact risk.3.2. Minimum requirements for work equipment for lifting loads3.2.1. When work equipment for lifting loads is installed permanently, its strength and stability during use must beensured, having regard, in particular, to the loads to be lifted and the stress induced at the mounting or fixing point of the structures.3.2.2. Machinery for lifting loads must be clearly marked to indicate its nominal load, and must where appropriate befitted with a load plate giving the nominal load for each configuration of the machinery.Accessories for lifting must be marked in such a way that it is possible to identify the characteristics essential for safe use.Work equipment which is not designed for lifting persons but which might be so used in error must be appropriately and clearly marked to this effect.3.2.3. Permanently installed work equipment must be installed in such a way as to reduce the risk of the load:(a) striking workers;(b) unintentionally drifting dangerously or falling freely;(c) being released unintentionally.3.2.4. Work equipment for lifting or moving workers must be such as to:(a) prevent the risk of the car falling, where one exists, by means of suitable devices;(b) prevent the risk of the user himself falling from the car, where one exists;(c) prevent the risk of the user being crushed, trapped or struck, in particular through inadvertent contact withobjects;(d) ensure that persons trapped in the car in the event of an incident are not exposed to danger and can be freed.If, for reasons inherent in the site and in height differences, the risks referred to in point (a) cannot be avoided by any safety measures, an enhanced safety coefficient suspension rope must be installed and checked every working day.ANNEX IIPROVISIONS CONCERNING THE USE OF WORK EQUIPMENT(referred to in Article 4(3))General commentThis Annex applies having regard to this Directive and where the corresponding risk exists for the work equipment in question.workequipmentallforprovisions1. General1.1. Work equipment must be installed, located and used in such a way as to reduce risks to users of the workequipment and for other workers, for example by ensuring that there is sufficient space between the moving parts of work equipment and fixed or moving parts in its environment and that all forms of energy and substances used or produced can be supplied or removed in a safe manner.1.2. Work equipment must be erected or dismantled under safe conditions, in particular observing any instructionswhich may have been furnished by the manufacturer.1.3. Work equipment which may be struck by lightning while being used must be protected by devices or appropriatemeans to counter the effects of lightning.equipment,whethernotmobileorself-propelledofconcerning2. Provisionstheuse2.1. Self-propelled work equipment shall be driven only by workers who have been appropriately trained in the safedriving of such equipment.2.2. If work equipment is moving around in a work area, appropriate traffic rules must be drawn up and followed.2.3. Organisational measures must be taken to prevent workers on foot coming within the area of operation of self-propelled work equipment.If work can be done properly only if workers on foot are present, appropriate measures must be taken to prevent them from being injured by the equipment.2.4. The transport of workers on mechanically driven mobile work equipment is authorised only where safe facilitiesare provided for that purpose. If work must be carried out during the journey, speeds must be adjusted as necessary.2.5. Mobile work equipment with a combustion engine may not be used in working areas unless sufficient quantities ofair presenting no health or safety risk to workers can be guaranteed.equipmentforliftingloadswork3. Provisionsconcerningoftheuse3.1. General considerations3.1.1. Work equipment which is mobile or can be dismantled and which is designed for lifting loads must be used insuch a way as to ensure the stability of the work equipment during use under all foreseeable conditions, taking into account the nature of the ground.3.1.2. Persons may be lifted only by means of work equipment and accessories provided for that purpose.Without prejudice to Article 5 of Directive 89/391/EEC, exceptionally, work equipment which is not specifically designed for the purpose of lifting persons may be used for that purpose, provided appropriate action has been taken to ensure safety in accordance with national legislation and/or practice providing for appropriate supervision.。
欧盟安全要求有哪些
欧盟安全要求有哪些简介欧洲联盟（European Union，EU）是由28个欧洲国家组成的政治和经济联盟，其市场经济规则涵盖了欧盟成员国及欧洲经济区。
为了确保欧洲市场的安全，欧盟制定了一系列法规和标准，其中包括安全方面的要求。
本文将会介绍欧盟安全要求的一些相关内容。
REACH法规REACH是Registration, Evaluation, Authorisation and Restriction of Chemicals的缩写。
这是欧盟制定的一项化学品管理法规。
REACH法规对市场上销售的化学制品的注册、评估、授权和限制等方面制定了一系列要求。
通过REACH法规，欧盟希望能够保护人类健康和环境，并促进欧洲化学工业的创新和可持续发展。
在REACH法规中，欧盟对化学物质的使用和管理提出了严格的限制。
并且与欧盟法规相关的任何企业和供应商都必须遵守REACH法规的要求。
RoHS指令RoHS指令是限制使用某些有害物质指令（Restriction of Hazardous Substances directive）的缩写，是欧盟对电子电器设备所使用的化学物质的限制法规。
RoHS指令规定了在欧盟市场上销售的电子电器设备必须遵守的限制要求。
这些限制的物质包括铅、汞、镉、六价铬、多溴联苯和多溴二苯醚等。
RoHS指令对欧盟市场上销售的所有电子电器设备均适用。
对供应商和生产企业而言，RoHS指令是一个严格的法规要求，因为他们需要确保在他们生产的产品中没有限制物质的成分。
CE标志CE标志是Conformité Européenne（欧洲合格标志）的缩写。
CE标志是欧盟内部的自我认证机制，表明产品符合欧盟的相关法规要求。
CE标志是欧盟的一种标志，表示产品已经符合欧盟的相关法规要求。
CE标志的出现将使得欧盟市场上的产品符合欧盟的安全和健康要求。
对于企业和供应商来说，获取CE认证是在欧盟市场上销售产品的必要条件之一。
环境职业健康安全法律法规清单
环境职业健康安全法律法规清单《环境职业健康安全法律法规清单》一、引言环境职业健康安全（EHS）法律法规是为保护员工的生命安全、身体健康和工作环境提供指导和保障的法律框架。
遵守相关法规不仅是企业的法律义务，也是企业实现可持续发展的重要前提。
本文将概述一些国内外的EHS法律法规，以帮助企业了解并遵守相应的要求。
二、国内EHS法律法规清单1.《中华人民共和国劳动法》- 旨在保护劳动者的合法权益，明确劳动条件、劳动报酬、劳动时间等基本工作标准。
2.《中华人民共和国安全生产法》- 规定了生产经营单位的安全生产责任，要求建立健全安全管理制度、加强事故预防和应急救援措施。
3.《中华人民共和国职业病防治法》- 针对职业病危害进行预防和控制，要求用人单位采取必要的防护措施，并提供相关职业健康检查。
4.《中华人民共和国环境保护法》- 设立环保目标、规范环境管理行为，要求企业减少污染物排放、实施环境保护措施，并对环境违法行为进行处罚。
5.《中华人民共和国大气污染防治法》- 重点治理大气污染，规定了大气污染的排放标准和控制措施，要求企业使用清洁能源和先进技术，减少大气污染物的排放。
6.《中华人民共和国水污染防治法》- 保护水环境，规定企业不得直接或间接排放污染物，要求设置污水处理设施并落实日常监测和记录。
7.《中华人民共和国固体废物污染环境防治法》- 预防和控制固体废物污染，要求企业分类收集、妥善处理固体废物，并强调废物减量化和资源化的原则。
8.《中华人民共和国化学品管理条例》- 要求对涉及化学品的生产、使用、储存、运输等环节进行管控，确保化学品使用的安全和环境卫生。
三、国际EHS法律法规清单1.欧盟REACH法规- 进一步推动化学品的安全使用，对企业进行化学品登记和评估，要求替代最危险的化学品。
2.美国环境保护署（EPA）法规- 包括《清洁空气法》、《资源保护与恢复法》等，旨在控制大气、水体和土壤的污染。
3.国际劳工组织（ILO）公约- 包括《职业健康新公约》、《危害物质的制止和禁止公约》等，鼓励国家采取相关政策和措施，确保工人的职业健康与安全。
EHS环境安全法律法规
EHS环境安全法律法规EHS环境安全法律法规1. 简介EHS（环境、健康与安全）管理是指公司或组织在其运营过程中，为确保员工健康与安全、减少环境污染和资源浪费而制定的管理方法。
为了保障人们的生命安全和健康，国际社会制定了一系列与环境安全相关的法律法规。
本文将介绍一些与EHS环境安全相关的法律法规。
2. 环境保护法环境保护法是一项常见而重要的环境安全法律法规。
它的主要目标是保护环境、维护生态平衡，预防和控制环境污染，保护人们的身体健康。
根据《中华人民共和国环境保护法》，任何单位和个人都应当保护环境，预防和控制污染，采取有效措施防治环境污染和其他公害，保护和改善环境质量，保护人们的身体健康。
环境保护法明确了环境保护的基本原则、环境保护的基本要求、环境保护责任制、环境污染的排放标准等。
此外，世界各国也都有类似的环境保护法律法规，其内容可能有所不同，但都以保护环境为主要目标。
3. 劳动安全法劳动安全法是一项旨在保护工人健康与安全的法律法规。
它的主要目标是建立和维护一个安全健康的工作环境，保护工人免受工作中的伤害和疾病。
根据《中华人民共和国劳动法》，雇主应当采取必要的措施，确保工作场所安全，消除工作隐患，保护工人的身体健康。
雇主还应提供必要的劳动安全教育和培训，提供个人防护设备，并依法建立工伤保险制度。
国际上的劳动安全法律法规也比较完善。
例如，欧盟制定了《工作场所安全与健康指令》，要求雇主在工作场所采取预防措施，确保员工的安全与健康。
4. 废物处理法废物处理法是一项与环境安全直接相关的法律法规。
它的主要目标是规范废物的处理和处置方式，预防废物对环境和人类健康的危害。
根据《中华人民共和国固体废物污染环境防治法》，废物产生单位应当采取措施，减少废物的产生和危害程度，保护环境和人体健康。
废物处理单位则需要依法对废物进行分类、收集、运输、处置，确保废物不会对环境造成污染。
国际上也有一系列废物处理法律法规，例如美国的《资源保护与回收法》、欧盟的《废弃物法》等。
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欧盟现行包装立法
• 欧盟 25 个成员国之间形成了一个统 一的大市场，各国法律渐趋一致。
• 欧盟立法委员会不断出台有关法令 法规。
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欧盟现行包装立法
• 相关指令
– 如果被各国认可，各国将在两三年内把认可 的指令载入国家立法。
– 法规一旦上升到国家层面并在短期内施行， 则受到欧洲标准化机构（ CEN ）认可和支 持。
考虑一下整个体系和 包装组成
箱钉、套筒、封盖、标签都是包装的组成部分
初级包装 二级包装
运输包装
单元货载
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欧盟环保立法基本要求中的 合规原则
如何把合规包装出口到欧盟国家？
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基本要求
包装生产应使包装数量和重量最小化
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该法规自2005年1月1日生效。
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可追溯性法规: 2004/1935/EC
继2002/178/EC指令之后, 又发布了2004/1935/EC法规:
“为了便于材料的生产控制、缺陷产品的召回、消费者信息的 获取和责任认定，在任何阶段都应保证食品接触包装材料和制 品的可追溯性”。 “企业经营者至少应该能根据材料和制品的供应商和买方判定 和识别交易行为”。
品内外渗透，
3. 食品成分向包装材料的迁移。
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4 种潜在风险
消费者的健康受到的威胁可能来自四种途径:
- 由于和包装材料接触，食品发生变质, 原因可能是材料中的污染物转 移进入了食品，也可能是有化学反应发生，
- 食品受到微生物污染，发生变质，原因是有外界物质（固态、液态或 气态物质） 透过包装进入了食品。
保质期
包装日期
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可追溯性
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可追溯性：全球背景
可追溯性：对生产者意味着
• 通过库存和配送信息追踪产品 • 使消费者放心
•可靠到位的追踪系统 (能及时查阅相关信息)
相关法规: • 欧盟食品法规 (第18条) • 美国反生物恐怖主义法——扣留、登记、记录保 存、提前通报
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可追溯性
法规背景
需要确定食品产地，以保证在必要时能将产品快速撤出欧盟市 场
2000/13/EC指令, 与食品的标签、陈述和广告宣传有关
——对标签信息要有清楚的介绍，内容包括产品成分类别、食品产地、包 装商名称等。
2002/178/EC指令规定了食品法的一般原则和要求, 决定成立欧洲食品安全局, 规定 了处理食品安全问题时的程序。
2004/1935/EC法规
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可追溯性法规: 2004/1935/EC (第17条)
• 在计划将产品打入欧洲市场之前，必须对现行法律及 将要出台的法律有相当透彻的了解。
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演讲内容
• 欧盟包装法规背景介绍/基本原则 • 包装废品处理 • 合规要求 • 安全性和可追溯性 • 智能包装 • 贴标、编码、标记 • 自愿性标准和计划
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符合HS&E法规
包装组成、包装附件或空包装的供应商就 应为其向用户提供的产品是否符合 要求 负责
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符合HS&E法规
进口商应同时为供应链上的不同实体 (用户、 包装和包装组成制造商以及包装附件供应 商)负责。
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欧盟包装法规 背景介绍/基本原则
已批准 已批准 已批准 已批准 已批准
已批准
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欧盟食品接触材料立法的 合规原则
安全问题
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食品接触立法和欧盟规划案
关于所有能与食品接触的包装材料和物品的欧盟89/109/EEC 指令, 被2004/1935/EC指令所取代。
•可追溯性: 从产品生产、加工、配送到上架，所有的信息 都可以进行跟踪查阅；
EN 13432:2000 2006
包装——包装和包装废弃物欧洲标准的使用要求 包装——对制造与组成物质的特定要求 –减量化预防
包装—— 重新使用 包装——通过材料再循环评定包装可回收性的要求
包装——以能源恢复的形式评定包装可回收性的要求（包括最低热量值 规定）
包装——通过合成及生物降解评定包装可回收性的要求—试验方案和包 装最终验收的评定标准
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欧洲标准化委员会 (CEN)
为支持相关指令的协调执行，CEN 又制定了与基本要求相关的标准 CEN 制定了 6条欧洲标准， 即：
EN 13427:2004 EN 13428:2004 EN 13429:2004 EN 13430:2004 EN 13431:2004
欧盟 健康、安全和环境 (HS&E) 法规
Pierre Picot ITC高级包装顾问
序言
想要长期成功进入欧盟各成员国市场 就要严格遵循 欧盟指令
(欧盟指令最终需被成员国接受采纳)。
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欧洲立法
• 所有生产厂家或进口厂家若想使某种产品在欧洲市场 销路顺畅，应该也必须保证该产品符合欧洲法律要求， 此外，还必须遵循各国自己的通行法律。
此外，各国家对授权的添加剂名单还有不同规定。
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“塑料” 指令: 近期修订内容
2002/72/EC指令被修订为2004/1/EC指令，规定自2005年8月 2日起延缓发泡剂ADC的使用。
最新修订的指令 (2004/19/EC) 规定授权的添加剂名单将成为 获准进口的货单。
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欧洲立法的重大进展
• 在过去几年中，有关食品和包装的欧盟立法工作取得了 长足的进展。
• 食品:
• 良好卫生规范，
• HACCP体系 （危害分析与关键控制点）, • 可追溯性和贴标方面的要求,
• 食品包装材料:
• 可追溯性， • 物质迁移限制和食品接触，
• 包装，从运输包装到零售包装：
两个其他目标:
1. 通过积极有效的市场监督确保对消费者健康和安全 的保护能提高到新的水平 。
2. 通过改善欧盟国家之间的快速报警系统确保面临 “严重风险”时能做出快速反应。
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指导原则
包装废品处理
包装是绝对必需的…… 但是，
废品却着实是一个令人头疼的 大难题……
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基本要求
包装的设计、生产和商品化都要考虑到随 后的可循环、再利用或回收，并把对环境 的影响降到最低
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基本要求
包装材料或成分中尽可能减少有害物质和材料 的存在
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基本要求
包装必须以材料的循环使用、 能源恢复或堆肥 处理等形式实现回收利用
规定如下：
防止包装废品的产生， 对包装回收利用， 对包装废品回收利用，恢复能源
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2004/12/EC 指令提出了 更准确的包装定义
• 初级包装 (销售包装)
• 二级包装 (集合包装)
• 三级包装 (集合包装-运输包装)
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欧洲立法 欧洲标准
• 欧洲本土以外有越来越多的企业声称自己企业的技术 水平符合欧洲标准，
• 这意味着他们生产的产品， 特别是食品，在可追溯性 和贴标方面符合欧洲法规中的几个基本要求。
• 同样，美国对产品进口也有不少规定。
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拆封问题
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拆封问题
良好包装也应是防添加包装和显窃启包装。
拆封，包括故意向产品投毒，或通过破坏包装的完整性，使产品不利于人 的消费。
很多国家都制定了相应法规来确保非处方药(OTC)和医疗设备等产品采用特殊的显 窃启包装。
由于食品包装领域比较复杂，产品和包装形式也是多种多样，所以至今对食品也没 有类似的法规限制。 政府机构也倾向于依靠行业自律，希望业内企业能自觉努力采取有效措施确保消费 者安全。 绝大部分包装都有这种特点。
• 环保要求
• 产品安全:
• 良好操作规范， • 撤离不安全市场
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指导原则 消费者保护
“包装的基本作用是保护产品，使其从生产出来到运 抵目的地完好无损，并能保持产品原有的质量”
避免产品和所用材料接触
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