英语写作知识讲座

英语写作知识讲座
英语写作知识讲座

写作知识讲座

张海涛

II. The structure of a paragraph and its development:

1. Structure: topic sentence, development sentence and concluding sentence

2. ways of developing a paragraph:

⑴ comparison and contrast

⑵ cause and effect

⑶ exemplification

⑷ generalization and qualification

III. some sentence patterns commonly used in controlled writing:

关于利弊优缺点的句型:

1. S + have(has) a lot of advantages over …

Compared with B, A has (or have many advantages.

S + have (or has) the advantage of (good English).

2. be of great benefit to sb/sth.

benefit sb/benefit from sth.

be of beneficial to

do (a lot of ) good to sb.

be good to sb./sth.

do harm /damage to sb./sth.

3. be as (not so) good as

4. …not so much …as …

说明原因的句型:

1.There are

good reasons

Example: There are two reasons for the changes in people ’s living conditions. First, we have been carrying out an opening and reform policy. Second, our national economy is developing rapidly and the birth rate has been put under control.

2. We have two reasons for …

Example: We have many good reasons to object to smoking in public places.

3. The reason for …is that + 从句

Example: The reason for my being late was that I missed the bus.

表示不同看法的句型:

1. Different people different on this

Some believe that …Others argue that ….Still others maintain that ….Y et others ……

.

2. They are quite different from each other in their opinions.

3. Some people hold the opinion that it is good to have a small family.

4.They think quite differently on this question.

Examples: Parents and children think differently on this question. Parents hold that children should work hard and do well at school. Children, however, maintain that they should have more freedom to spend their leisure time and to plan for their own future.

表示必须、紧急、有困难作某事的句型:

1. It is important (necessary, urgent, difficult, easy, convenient, comfortable, expensive,

desirable, advisable) for sb. to do sth.

Examples :1)It is expensive to run a car.

2)It is convenient to get round in the city if you own a car.

3) It is urgent for the government to take measures to control the birth rate in our

country .

It is desirable to build more hospitals shopping centers, recreation centers, cinemas, and other public facilities to meet the increasing needs of the people.

2…

(in) doing sth.

They have trouble finding a satisfactory job.

….have trouble with sth.

常用谚语在(议论文中)

1. As a popular saying goes, “

Every coin has two sides.”

2. As a proverb says, “Everything has two sides. From one side, physical exercise is good for

your health. From the other sides, if you don ’t deal with it properly, it will do harm to your health.

So we should look at the matter from two sides.

3. As a proverb says, “Where there is a will there is a way .”

4. As a popular saying goes, “A man is known by the company he keeps.”

5. As is known to all, “No pains, no gains ”.

关于因果关系的句型:

1.higher prices was an increase in demand.

2.

the demand has increased, the prices are higher.

higher prices.

4.The demand has increased.

the prices are higher.

6. If there is an increase in demand, then prices

辩论中常用的句型:

1. There is no doubt that …

2. It is obvious/clear that …

3. As is known to all …

4. It is generally believed that …

5. (It ’s )no wonder …

He didn ’t work hard and no wonder he lost his job.

6. It goes without saying that …(不用说,不成问题,很自然….)

Example: It goes without saying that healthy men are happier than sick men.

7. What is more important,…

7. I am convinced that …

举例表示法:

1. For example, the people ’s economic status has been greatly improved.

2. For instance, the economic status of the people has been improved.

3. let ’s have an example, TV sets, refrigerators and records have become household necessities.

概述(用于图表作文)

1.According to the figures given in the table ,…..

2.This chart shows that ……

3.As is shown by the graph,…

4.

…..

5. It is generally

that ….

6.There is a

in

结尾句型:

1.In my opinion, I am in favor of owning a car.

2.From what I mentioned above, we can see…

3.Personally, I prefer to work in the country rather than in the city.

4.In short, parents and children should learn to get through to each other.

5.In conclusion, we cannot achieve success without effort and hard work.

6.As far as I am concerned, I agree with the opinion that no pains no gains.

写作模式

The Information in Modern Age

As is known to all, it is important to be well informed. I think that there are at least two reasons. For one thing, (success in many fields depends on getting the latest information).For another, failure in policy-making often results from the lack of necessary information. Let’s take (doing business) for example,( if we cannot get information in time ,we will lose money )or do bankrupt). From what I have mentioned above, we can see that without (information), we cannot (succeed and keep up with what is going on in the world). Clearly, information plays an important part in( modern world.)

Different people, however, have different opinions on this matter. Some people think that…….according to them, all of us should…… Other argue that…… In their opinion, nobody can…… without…… There is no doubt that ……For example,…… Compared with newspaper, television, has a lot of advantages . As a consequence,…….

As far as I am concerned I firmly support the view that( information will play a more and more important part in people’s decision making.) It is because without information we would act like the blind and could make no step forward.) So my opinion is……

Changes in People’s Daily Expenses in XX City

In the past (five) years, there have been great changes in people’s daily expenses in XX city. According to the figures given in the table, the amount of money spent (food) decreased gradually. However, there was a rapid increase in (clothing)expenses. The same was the case with (recreation)

What caused these changes? I think there are two reasons. First,(the living standard of the people has been greatly raised.) Therefore, people now can afford expensive clothing and some of them want to dress in the latest fashion.) Second, with the improvement in living conditions, the demand for a variety of recreations is growing rapidly, too.)

In Short, I believe that (with the steady increase in the average family income, people will spend more money on clothing and recreation)…….

问题分析性作文的表达句式

(1)开头

_________

提出问题_________________________.

(2)开头[提出问题] One of the main problems with today ’

is that___________.

effect on _________.

(3)开头[提出问题

than___.

According to a recent

True, it does some good to us. But when we applaud its benefits, we must acknowledge its (1)正文:分析原因In my opinion, the in _______is ______.

(2)正文:分析原因 in___.

(3)正文:分析原因 prefer going into________to________? No wonder, many people are lucrative field. It is quite obvious that the pursuit of

__________is the main reason for the problem.

阐述个人观点的文章

1. (引言)In the past few years, there has been a growing trend that______. People have

(论点) As for what I think, __________

(论据)Firstly__________. Secondly ________. Finally__________.中心论点

(结论) Therefore, we have no reason to make a fuss(

责怪) about_________.

2. (引言)

Ever since early this century, 中心论点 has become an essential part of our modern

Nobody can deny the development of our civilization depends on ___________.

(论据)If there were no___________, our modern world would be in trouble.

For one thing, _________.For another,________________.

(结论)Therefore, we should make better use of _________.We should________.

3. 中心论点 plays a vital part in our daily work and life. Ever since its invention, ________has

made contribution to the development of world civilization.

(论据)Can we imagine how difficult work and life would become if all the supplies of ________suddenly disappeared? There would be no________ .We would no longer be able to_______. Without ______, our modern world would come to a standstill.

(结论)We can take it for granted that _______is something we cannot do without.

4. (引言)

conducted by_________, there are

different arguments on it: some support and others worry.

(论点)Personally I think________. (论据)In the first place,_____________. Secondly_________. Finally____________.

(结论)In conclusion____________.

评论某一事物利与弊”作文的常用表达句式

(开头1)____________now plays such an important part in so many people’s lives that it is essential for us to try to decide whether it is a blessing or a curse .Obviously, ____________has both advantages and disadvantages.

(开头2)In recent years with fast economic growth, has appeared in big cities of

People' s attitude towards _________________varies widely.

(开头3)With the increase in the general standard of living, some ordinary Chinese families can now afford _________________________. Y et opinions of the development of____________ vary from person to person..

(正文)

立论(利)1.____________has brought

benefits to

._________

benefits us in many respects.

2. The benefits of ____________can be perceived in many aspects.

3. We get a lot of benefits from__________________.

(论证)First of all______________. Also ______________.Most importantly_______________. 立论(弊)1.Just as a coin has two sides, ________also has some effect.

2._____________,on the other hand, has its . ____________may be

3. However, _____________has also a lot of problem.

(论证)For one thing,_______________. For another,_________. Finally __________________.结尾

1.In spite of these disadvantage, I think _________does more good than harm to people. And

the disadvantages, since they have been pointed out clearly, will be dealt with effectively.

2.In sum, ____________does more good than harm for_________. We must take a correct

attitude towards _________. We should take full advantage of it and avoid its disadvantage. 3. While taking advantage of __________, we must try to find ways to reduce its disadvantage to a minimum so as to let it serve our purpose better and make our life more exiting and attractive.

综合填空

(这种测试用于语言测试,是要从语篇水平上来测试考生综合运用语言知识特别是词汇知识能力。)

我们在做综合填空之前了解一下语篇是非常必要的。语篇都是衔接合理,符合逻辑,语义连贯的一个个语言单位。每一篇文章都会涉及到衔接与连贯。衔接依赖于语篇表层词法和句法结构中各个句子之间的关系,即语篇的衔接有词汇手段和语法手段。而连贯则依赖于逻辑联系和语用上与语义上的涵义。

词汇手段

一、复现

我们首先来看词汇衔接手段。英语词汇衔接关系可分为两大类:复现关系和同现关系。词汇的复现关系指的是某一词以原词、同义词、近义词、上义词、下义词、概括词或其他形式重复出现在语篇中,语篇中的句子通过这种复现关系达到了相互衔接。词汇的复现关系可分为原词复现、同义词、近义词复现、上下义词复现和概括词复现四类。

二、同现

词汇的同现关系指的是词汇共同出现的倾向性。在语篇中,围绕着一定的话题,一定的词往往会同时出现,而其他一些词就不大可能会出现或根本不会出现。在语言实践中,人们发现有些在意义上相互联系的词语常常同时出现在同一语篇中,这些词语属于

同一个词汇套,形成了词汇链,因此当人们遇到其中一个(些)词语时,便会联想到词汇套中的另一些词。所以,当一个词汇套的词语出现在一个语篇中时,这些词语就能衔接句子.起着连句成篇的作用。例如,如果一篇文章是-描述一个教室的,下列词可能出现在一起:classroom,blackboard,desk,chair,teacher,student,floor等。词汇的同现关系也包括反义关系、互补关系等。互补词的互补性指的是非彼即此或非此即彼,所以互补词不同于反义词。

语法手段

一、照应

照应不同于替代,替代词所替代的仅是词、词组或分句。而照应关系是指同

一对象。I.e.The children next door stole a toy from my son. Their mother told them to return the toy,but they said it was theirs.

照应指用代词等语法手段来表示语义关系。要对代词作语义上的解释,就得在上下

文中寻找和它构成照应关系的词语。照应关系分为两类:一类是可以在语篇中找到所指

对象的,也叫内照应,即语言项目之间的照应关系。内照应可分为两种情况,一种是

前照应,指所指对象位于上文;另一种是后照应,指所指对象位于下文。第二类照应是

在语篇中找不到所指对象的,这需要凭借我们的知识和经验,也叫外照应,即语言项目

的意义解释直接依存于语篇外客观环境中的某个事物。英语中的照应分为人称照应、指

示照应和比较照应。

比较照应: 由于比较事物异同的限定词、形容词(词组)、副词(词组)、介词词组以及

形容词和副词的比较级的语言项目表示照应关系,叫做比较照应。表相似:

same, similar(ly),identical(ly),equal(ly),such, so, likewise 等。表相异:

diffrent, other, another,otherwise, in contrast, by contrast.

二、替代

替代指的是用替代形式去替代上下文所出现的词语。使用替代既是为了避免重复,

也是为了连接上下文。要理解含有替代形式的句子的意义,必须从上下文中寻找被替代

的词语。依靠替代与被替代词语之间的关系,句子之间的衔接关系就建立起来了。替代

分为名词性替代,如one,ones,some,the same等;动词性替代,如do;分句性替代指田替代词去取代分句,这类替代的替代词主要有so和not

三、省略

省略的使用是为了避免重复,突出主要信息,衔接上下文。语言不是孤立地起作

用,用在特定的交际场合,人们常常省略。一个句子中的被省略成分通常都可以从语境

中找到。这样,一个句子给另一个句子的理解提供依据,就使它们之间形成了连接关

系。所以,在语篇分析中,省略在句子之间所起的纽带作用是不可忽视的。省略可分为

名词省略、动词省略和分句省略。名词性省略通常指名词性短语中的中心词,或中心词

和部分或全部修饰语的省略。动词性省略指出现在动词短语中的省略。分句性省略一般

指整个分句被省略的现象。

逻辑手段

逻辑手段在这里指的是句际关系,即在连贯的语篇中句子与句子之间在结构上和意

思上的联系。从逻辑意义来看,语篇中句子间的句际关系主要有以下几种类型:

一、并列关系

指句与句之间处于平等、并列的关系,它们互不从属,在内容上表示客观同时并存

的事物或现象,共同说明一个话题。这样的词有and,and also,furthermore,besides,in addition,or,or else,alternatively,nor,and…not,likewise,similarly,in the same way

等等。

二、顺序关系

在连贯性句组中,两个或两个以上的句子根据动作或状态的先后发展顺序排列,这

种关系叫做顺序关系。这样的词有and,then,what is more,what is more important等

等。

三、分指关系

分指关系指前一个句子中的某一成分与后一句子中的某一成分分别指称同一事物或

现象。这种分指关系主要依靠词语衔接关系中的复现关系建立。这样的词主语是关系代

词和连接代词。

四、转折关系

句与句之间如果存在着语意由一个方向转向另一方向,这种句际关系就称为转折关系。按这种关系组织起来的句组通常表达“对比”、“对照”等意思。在语篇中虽然表示

转折但不一定有转折词。这样的词有all the same,anyhow,as a matter of fact,at the same time,but,by the way,incidentally,in fact,instead,nevertheless,now,On the con- trary,On the other hand,still,though,协change the subject,yet等等。

五、解释关系

解释关系指后面的句子对前面的句子作解释、引申、例证,使意义更加具体、明

确。For example,for instance,I mean,in other words,namely,that is,that is to say,fur- thermore,in addition,besides,moreover,what is more等等。

六、因果关系

因果关系也是一种解释关系,但解释关系并不都是因果关系。句际间的因果关系若

不用连接词表示,那么这种因果关系常常是含蓄的。有的句际关系表示为从因到果,有

的表现为从果到因。表示原因的有for,because,表示结果的词有accordingly,consequently, hence,now,so, therefore, thus, as a consequence, in consequence, for that reason, as a result, of course等等。

测试点及解题方法

综合填空部分的目的是测试学生综合运用语言的能力,即理解篇章和使用词汇及语

法的能力。要求考生在掌握语篇大意的前提下运用所学的词语搭配知识及语法结构知识

解答试题。以下从三个方面论述综合填空的各个测试要点及解题方法。

运用语法知识

考试大纲中所规定的填空词项之一——结构词,也称为虚词,包括代词、冠词、介词、连词等,主要是表示语法结构关系的。因此,在选用结构词时就需要运用语法结构

知识来考虑在语法上是否恰当、正确。我们将以历年实考试题为例,分别加以叙述。

一、介词

介词是英语中应用最活的词类之一。特别是一些常用介词,搭配能力特别强,可用

来表示种种不同的意思。大部分的习用语都是由介词与其他词构成的。例如介词和动

词、形容词以及名词构成的短语和惯用语。而综合填空中介词和动词的搭配是测试的重点。因此,考生应该注重平时积累和掌握尽可能多的此类惯用语,只有这样,在考试中

才能提高正确率

二、代词

英语中有各种各样的代词。代词的使用使得语言更加简洁明了。而在综合填空中要

求根据文章上下文的含义以及语句结构来选填恰当的代词。例如反身代词:myself,himself,herself,itself,themselves;不定代词:some,something,one,any,every等。三、连词

一般来说,连词在英语中运用较多。在汉语里,我们常可把两个或更多的句子连起

来而不用连词,这种情况在英语中却比较少,这是我们应当注意的。此外,我们还应该

注意区分汉英两种语言的差异,避免犯错误。例如:1)although后面不能用but;2) since,as和because后面不能用so。在综合填空中,考生应该根据句意和上下文关系准确地选词。

四、冠词

在综合填空中对冠词的测试点不是很多,但由于考生不够重视,或对冠词用法一知

半解,经常出现判断错误。结果,把本来应该拿到的分数白白丢失了。因此笔者认为有

必要强调一下冠词的用法。

首先,看一看不定冠词。一个值得注意的问题是:以半元音y[j]或w[w]开头

的词之前要使用“a”,比如a university,a European,a one-man band。有的学生错误地

用“a”代替“an'’,或用“an”代替“a”,例如:an bad apple,a old man。虽然a或an

确实是属于名词的,但是究竟用a还是an,还是要取决于紧跟在它后面的词(如形容

词)。因此:(1)a bad apple---an apple (2)an old man--a man用a还是an取决于紧

跟在不定冠词后面的那个词第一个字母的发音。

运用搭配知识

综合填空的词项除了有结构词以外,还包括实义词,即名词、形容词、副词、动词等。在选填此类词时,既要考虑用在句中是否得当,又要看它与其他词的搭配是否合

适。这其中包括同义词、近义词和反义词辨析、短语和惯用语的搭配。总之,其前提是

准确掌握这些实义词的含义及用法,以不变应万变。

一、名词

我们知道英语中名词的范围很广,包含抽象名词和具体名词两个基本类型。综合填

空中对名词的测试点主要是同义词或反义词的辨义,其他词语的辨析,以及词语搭配。

下面我们来看一篇试题:

二、动词

综合填空对动词的测试主要集中在短语和惯用语的搭配以及虚拟语气上。因此,短

语和惯用语掌握得越多、越准确,做题时就越有把握。请看下面试题:

三、形容词

形容词的用法是综合填空中比较重要的一个测试内容。其中包括做定语的形容词,

做表语的形容词,形容词的比较级和最高级等等。

四、副词.

我们都知道,副词主要分为六大类,即时间副词、地点副词、方式副词、程度副

词、引导句子的副词(包括疑问副词、连接副词和关系副词),还有其他性质的副词。

综合填空中对引导句子的副词测试内容比较多。此外,考生还应注意副词的比较级和最

高级的表达法,并准确掌握,以免在考试中失分。

运用语篇知识

语篇知识涉及到语篇(出肋urx)层次的阅读技能,即理解段落和通篇文章的含义。综合填空是测试考生综合能力的一类试题,这其中就包括阅读能力。只有具有较强阅读能力的人才能在考试中取胜。而阅读能力是需要通过训练而获得的。因而,我们应当着眼于语篇理解的阅读技能训练,包括文章的结构、阅读导论段落、总结段落和叙述、说明、辩论、描写等文体文章的技能训练。以下,笔者将分别介绍这些阅读技能。

一、略读(Skimming)

略读是一种快速浏览阅读材料的阅读方法。略读的目的是为了获取全文大意,为了

获得对全文的总的印象。同时,也为了获取作者的观点。略读时应记住以下要点:

1)阅读导论段落,因为全文的大意经常出现在这一段落中。

2)阅读后续段落的首句——每段的第一句通常是该段的主题句,概括了全段的内容。

3)阅读每段的最后一句话——因为它概括总结了作者的观点。同时,也引出下一的主题。

4)注意阅读每段中出现的关键词或短语,也就是我们常说的信息词。这其中通常包含文章的重要内容。

在综合填空中,考生应该先用以上方法快速浏览一遍全文,然后再选填空格。

二、查读(Scanning)

查读是指在文章中查找特定的所需信息。例如人名、日期、地点等等。查阅的技能包括:通过一次简单的查阅寻找某个信息,例如在一篇文章中查阅某个信息;通过一次复杂的查阅寻找某个信息,例如在多篇文章中查阅某个信息。综合填空只涉及前一种查阅技能。

查读时,请记住以下两点:,

1)查找与所需信息有关的关键词。

2)查找段落标题、篇章标题、显眼的字体、划线的词以及斜体字。这些词语能够使你迅速确定查阅信息的位置。以上查读技能在综合填空中有助于考生快速查找所需的上下文信息,从而节省了阅读时间,提高了阅读效率,使考生顺利完成试题。

三、文章的结构

我们知道,一个段落通常包含一个主题句,几个发展句和一个结论句。同样,一篇文章也是由一个导论段落(introductory paragraph),几个发展段落(developing paragraph)和一个总结段落(concluding paragraph)组成的。因此,可以说一篇文章的结构在某种意义上是一个段落扩展了的结构。熟悉篇章结构有利于考生理解语篇大意,并抓住文章的主旨。在阅读中应该重点抓住导论段落和总结段落,从而迅速了解全文的主

四、导论段落和总结段落

像主题句一样,导论段落通常不包含具体的信息。它的作用是引出全文主题,并且帮助读者集中注意力。换句话说,它是随后的发展段落的一个简短的提纲。总结段落一般被置于全文的结尾部分。它清楚地概括了或是重新阐述全文的重要思想。有时,它还包含某种形式的扩展,例如建议、警告、解答、评价,或者是对前景的展望等等。

综上所述,在综合填空中,考生一定要注意阅读文章的第一段和最后一段,尤其是全文

的首句,即主题句。力争在最大限度上理解作者所表达的含义,从而提高正确率。

五、文章体裁

英语中有四种不同的文体:叙述、说明、辩论和描写。它们都有各自的特点。首先,辩论(argumentation)体裁的文章是用理由、证据或论据来证明作者的观点。作者用立论和驳论的手法介绍自己和他人的观点,并分别加以论证。

第二,说明(exposition)文体揭示概念的最本质的属性。它既揭示概念的内涵,又揭示其外延。在这类文章中,我们会找到某种事物所特有的外观、特有的结构、特有的功能、影响、效率和作用原理、特有的利与弊、特有的制作方法、使用方法,甚至特有的造价和生产成本等等。

第三,描写(description)文体是揭示表示事物的某种品质或表象的那些概念的。实际上描写文就是用文字来描绘出有关人物、地点、物体和景象的图画。

最后,叙述(narration)文体是按照时间顺序记述一个事件或一系列事件的。也就是说先发生的事先写,后发生的事后写。·

不论是什么体裁的文章,在阅读中都要先抓住最重要的部分。例如议论文中要抓住作者的论点;说明文中抓住事物最本质的属性;描写文体抓住事物的特征;记叙文体抓住事件发生的顺序等等。考生可根据试题中所给文章体裁的特点,充分理解、分析作者的写作意图,扫清做题中的障碍。

综合填空解题步骤

我们分别介绍了综合填空的题型、测试点和解题方法。但综合填空是对考生综合运用语言知识能力的测试,因此,要想拿到高分,在做题时还应遵循以下的科学步骤:

一、浏览全文

用略读法(skiming)先将全文快速浏览一遍,明确文章的主题、体裁。尤其要认真阅读全文的第一句,因为第一句往往都是一个完整的句子(没有空格),它是对后文的重要提示。

二、选填答案

浏览全文之后,开始进入做题阶段。考生要注意运用查读法(scanning)、语法知识、搭配知识和语篇知识对每一个选项进行反复推敲,最终选出最佳答案。还可利用排除法,即在把握不大的情况下,将错误的选项一一排除。但排除的理由必须非常充分。对于实在不会的题目,考生可以猜测一个答案。

三、检查

题目全部做完后,要仔细、认真地检查。方法是:把答案带入文中阅读,看它们是否符合文章的含义,与作者的观点是否一致,语法结构是否正确。请记住,不要轻易否定第一次的选择。很多情况下,考生原来选对了,但在检查时,往往由于时间太仓促或忽略了文中某个关键的地方,反而把正确的答案给改错了。要相信自己对文章的“第一印象”。此外,考生一定要掌握好做题的时间。千万不要在一个题目上花费过多的时间而影响了后面题目的完成。不会的题目可以先空过去,待完成其他题目后,再回过头来推敲。

关于做题速度的问题,考生可在平时进行计时训练。也就是在15分钟内完成一篇

综合填空题。这样做有助于考生加强时间观念,缩短做题时间,达到考试的要求。

英语写作常用词语和句子

英语写作常用词语和句子 一、常用的过渡词 1.用以解释的过渡词 now, in addition, for, in this case, furthermore, in fact… 2.表示强调的过渡词 certainly, indeed, above all, surely, most important… 3.表示限制的过渡词 but, however, although, though, yet, except for… 4.用以举例的过渡词 for example, for instance, thus, such, next… 5.表示递进或补充的过渡词 in addition, furthermore, also, moreover, yet… 6.表达顺序的过渡词 first, second, third, afterward, meanwhile, thereafter, last, finally, eventually… 7.用以表示比较的过渡词 like, in the same way, similarly, equally important, too… 8.用以表示对比的过渡词 unlike, in contrast, whereas, on the other hand, instead… 9.表示让步的过渡词 although, nevertheless, of course, after all, clearly, still, yet… 10.用以表达结果的过渡词 therefore, as a result, consequently, then, thereby, therefore, thus, hence, accordingly, so, otherwise… 11.用以表示总结的过渡词 to sum up, finally, in conclusion, at last, in short, in a word, in the long run, in summary… 二、常用句子 1.比较 (1)The advantages far outweigh the disadvantages. (2)The advantages of A are much greater than those of B. (3)A may be preferable to B, but A suffers from the disadvantages that… (4)It is reasonable to maintain that…, but it would be foolish to claim that… (5)For all the disadvantages, it has its compensating advantages. (6)Like anything else, it has its faults. (7)Evidently, it has both negative and positive effects. (8)People used to think…, but things are different now. (9)the same is true of B. (10)Wondering as A is, it has its drawbacks. 2.原因 (1)A number of factors are accountable for this situation. (2)The answer to this problem involves many factors. (3)The phenomenon mainly stems from the fact that… (4)The factors that contribute to this situation include…

批改网如何粘贴英语作文

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大学英语作文全

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浅谈初中英语写作技巧和方法

怎样提高初中英语的写作技巧和方法 【摘要】:培养学生写作能力须:打好词汇量基础;熟练记住单词;熟练使用简单句;加强听力训练,;书写规范,促进写作;注重听、说、读能力的同步发展;重视课外练习。注重学生平时的单词拼写与组句能力,提醒学生积累常用表达方式,要求阅读背诵精彩段落,同时教师要利用教材话题资源,结合多种训练与评价方式,提升学生思维能力,强化写作专项指导,使学生养成英语书面表达的习惯,最终达到英语作为语言交际的目的。 【关键词】:写作技巧;词汇量;写作方法;单词拼写组句能力;阅读背诵;常用表达方式 听说读写是构成英语语言交际能力的重要组成部分,其中要求较高的是“写”的能力。《英语课程标准》对各个年级学生“写”的技能提出了明确目标对于我们农村地区的学生来说,英语写作非常困难。尤其在每一次的英语考试中,英语写作题型总是必不可少的,而且占到 15-20分左右,可见写作在英语考题中占的比例还是较大的。但一提起写作学生们就犯愁,甚至一字不写,有的干脆放弃。写一篇像样的英语作文多80%的学生来说是“难于上青天”。针对这种现象来分析学生存在的问题和解决的办法: 一、学生写作过程中出现的现状 1.词汇量太少 词汇是英语写作必不可少的基本要素,要写好一篇作文以表达自己的思想,必须以足够的词汇量为基础,但实际上大多数学生掌握的词汇

量都达不到规定的要求,因而在写作时也就不能随心所欲地表达自己的思想。出现的问题往往有拼写错误,影响理解;词语误用,表达不准确;某一词语反复使用,语言表达缺乏变式,文章显得单调乏味;文章中出现大量“造词”,让人看了啼笑皆非等。 语法规则和句型句式是英语写作涉及的另一基本要素。学生英语写作中出现的“大错”又多半是由语法错误引起的,学生在写作中语法不规范、句子结构混乱、含义不清等情况屡见不鲜,Chinese English 现象更是不乏其中,所以词汇量和语法问题是中学生英语写作时首先要解决的问题。 2.词汇错误较多 学生在写作的时候,中式英语Chinglish :如There are many people would like to go on a vacation. I by bike to school every day. 2、词汇错误:错别字、近义词混淆、词性误用3、词组、句型使用不正确,缺乏重点句型的使用:如I spent one hour to read the book yesterday. 4、时态、语态、人称把握不正确(审题不正确)。思维模式总是先汉语,后转化为英语,可能他想到了句子该怎样写,句型也知道的,但却有个别单词不会。如:“对我来说学英语是困难的”这个句子可能他想到了,句子结构“it is+adj for sb to do sth”也知道,但里面的形容词difficult不会写,导致句子表达含糊,以至于整篇文章错词百出,面目全非。 3.写出的长句达不到表达效果 一般的英语应试作文,总会给出汉语提示,学生写作也是从提示

英语写作30个最经典的替换词

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英文Summary写作方法、范例及常用句式

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