新概念二册第四课笔记

NCE II Lesson 4
一、单词及词组
1. exciting adj. 令人兴奋的It was an exciting finish. = The finish was exciting
excited adj. 兴奋的The dog is very excited
be excited about/at sth./doing sth. 对…（做…）感到很兴奋She was excited about/at winning the game. be excited to do sth 做…很兴奋Lucy was excited to know her marks.
2. receive vt. 收到,接到I've just received a gift.
receive sth from 从…收到…Lucy received a gift from her mother.
receive a letter from sb. = hear from sb.收到某人的来信I received a letter from Susan.= I heard from Susan.
3. different adj. A be different from B. A与B不同Lucy is different from Lisa.
4. center n. Do you know how I can get to the city center.
in the center of …. 在…中心He lives in the center of the city.
5. abroad adv. 在国外study abroad 出国留学go abroad 出国
6. a great number of 大量的，许多的。

＝a number of = a great many 后接可数名词复数.
There are a great number of postcards in my bag.
7. find +sb./sth + adj. 发现某人/某物怎么样I find English interesting.
8. accept/ək'sept/同意接收，主观上乐意
receive（与have通用）：客观的收到receive/have a letter from sb
eg:This morning I received a bunch of flowers from a boy, but I didn't accept it.
take表接受时可与accept 换用，He took my advice at last.
现在完成时
1、定义：现在完成时是表示在过去发生但与现在情况有联系的动作或状态的时态。

※在时间上包括过去和现在(属于一段时间)
2、现在完成时的构成：现在完成时是由“助动词have/has+动词过去分词”构成的。

※此时have/has 没有实际意义，它和后面的动词过去分词是现在完成时的表现形式。

（为了和一般过去时区别开来，因为有的动词的过去式和过去分词形状上一样）
※当主语为第三人称单数时用has，其它条件下用have.
3、现在完成时的基本句型。

①陈述句肯定形式。

I have had lunch. 我已经吃过午饭了。

He has gone to Beijing.
②陈述句否定形式。

（在助动词have/has后+not，可缩写为haven’t/hasn’t）
I haven’t had lunch. 我还未吃午饭。

He hasn’t gone to Beijing.
③一般疑问句形式及其答语。

（将助动词have/has提前，答语一般用have, has回答）
Have you had lunch? Yes, I have. No, I haven’t.
否定回答还可以用：No, not yet. / No, never. / No, not even once等。

④特殊疑问句形式。

（疑问词+一般疑问句）
Where has he gone? What have you had for lunch?
4、现在完成时的四个基本用法。

(什么时候用现在完成时)
(1) 现在完成时的第一个基本用法表示过去发生或已完成的某一个动作对现在造成的影响或结果。

Have you had lunch? Yes, I have. I’ve just had it.
你吃过午饭没？有，吃过了，我刚刚吃的。

（影响及结果：我现在饱了，不需要了）
He has gone to Beijing. 他已经去北京了。

（影响及结果：他人现在不在这里了）
该用法常与already(已经), never(从不), ever(曾经), yet(已经，仍然), just(刚刚), before(以前)，so far （到目前为止），up to/till now 直到现在。

等副词(作状语)连用。

① already, just, ever, never常用于助动词之后，实义动词之前。

already, just多用于肯定陈述句。

She has already finished her work.
Would you like to go to see the film? No, I’ve seen it alreadyThey have just won a game.
ever多用于疑问句，问初次经历。

Have you ever spoken to a foreigner?
never多用于否定陈述句（注：本身表示否定意义）
He has never done such a thing, has he?
② yet一般用于疑问句(已经)或否定句(还)，常位于句末。

Have you got ready yet? He hasn’t finished his homework yet.
③ before一般位于句末。

I have never seen the film before.
现在完成时的第一种用法常与以上的副词连用，因此这些词有时可以作为现在完成时的标志词。

(2) 现在完成时的第二个基本用法表示过去已经开始，持续到现在的动作或状态。

该用法常和表示过去某一时刻延续到现在的一段时间的状语连用。

①与for +一段时间连用，表示多久。

He has learned English for two years.。

I have been here for three days.
②与since +时间（起点）连用，表示自…以来。

I’ve had a cold since last Friday.
③与since +一段时间+ ago连用，表示自…以前就…。

Jim has waited there since half an hour ago. He has stayed here since three weeks ago.
④与since +从句（从句用一般过去时）连用，表示自某事发生后就一直…。

The Greens have lived in Beijing since they came to China. I’ve known her since I came to work here. (3) 现在完成时的第三个基本用法表示到现在为止这一时期中多次动作的总和或所做过的工作的量的积累。

I have been to Beijing twic e. We’ve learnt f ive English songs this year.
（4）用来询问对方是否干了某事。

Have you had lunch? Have you seen this film?
5、现在完成时和一般过去时的区别：
现在完成时强调的是过去的动作对现在的影响，它和现在有密切的联系。

现在完成时经常会出现下列的标志词。

如：already, yet, just, ever, never, several times, before, so far, for +时间段, since +时间点或从句等。

一般过去时强调的是动作发生的时间、地点，不涉及对现在的影响，所以凡含有表示过去的时间状语的句子（如last year, three minutes ago, the day before yesterday 等），都必须用一般过去时，不能用现在完成时。

※have/has gone to 和have/has been to 的区别
have/has gone to + 地点表示去某地了。

（没有回来，可能在某地，也可能在回来或去的路上）He has gone to Shanghai. 他去上海了。

（不在说话人所在地）
have/has been to + 地点表示去过某地。

（现在回来了）
I have been to Beijing. 我去过北京。

have been in + sp(地点) 已经在某地（多长时间）I have been in Harbin for ten years.。