PhotovoltaicSolarSystems.ppt
Solar Photovoltaic Systems
Solar Photovoltaic SystemsSolar photovoltaic systems covered by this article may be interactive with other electrical power production sources or stand-alone, with or without electrical energy storage such as batteries. These systems may have ac or dc output for utilization.Identification of Solar Photovoltaic System Components1 Definitions.Alternating-Current (ac) Module (Alternating-Current Photovoltaic Module). A complete, environmentally protected unit consisting of solar cells, optics, inverter, and other components, exclusive of tracker, designed to generate ac power when exposed to sunlight.Array. A mechanically integrated assembly of modules or panels with a support structure and foundation, tracker, andother components, as required, to form a direct-current power-producing unit.Bipolar Photovoltaic Array. A photovoltaic array that has two outputs, each having opposite polarity to a common reference point or center tap.Blocking Diode. A diode used to block reverse flow of current into a photovoltaic source circuit. Building Integrated Photovoltaics. Photovoltaic cells, devices, modules, or modular materials that are integrated into the outer surface or structure of a building and serve as the outer protective surface of that building.Charge Controller. Equipment that controls dc voltage or dc current, or both, used to charge a battery.Identification of Solar Photovoltaic System Components in Common System ConfigurationsDiversion Charge Controller. Equipment that regulates the charging process of a battery by diverting power from energy storage to direct-current or alternating-current loads or to an interconnected utilityservice.Electrical Production and Distribution Network. A power production, distribution, and utilization system, such as a utility system and connected loads, that is external to and not controlled by the photovoltaic power system.Hybrid System. A system comprised of multiple power sources. These power sources may include photovoltaic, wind, micro-hydro generators, engine-driven generators, and others, but do not include electrical production and distribution network systems. Energy storage systems, such as batteries, do not constitute a power source for the purpose of this definition.Interactive System. A solar photovoltaic system that operates in parallel with and may deliver power to an electrical production and distribution network. For the purpose of this definition, an energy storage subsystem of a solar photovoltaic system, such as a battery, is not another electrical production source.Inverter. Equipment that is used to change voltage level or waveform, or both, of electrical energy. Commonly, an inverter [also known as a power conditioning unit (PCU) or power conversion system (PCS)] is a device that changes dc input to an ac output. Inverters may also function as battery chargers that use alternating current from another source and convert it into direct current for charging batteries. Inverter Input Circuit. Conductors between the inverter and the battery in stand-alone systems or the conductors between the inverter and the photovoltaic output circuits for electrical production and distribution network.Inverter Output Circuit. Conductors between the inverter and an ac panelboard for stand-alone systems or the conductors between the inverter and the service equipment or another electric power production source, such as a utility, for electrical production and distribution network.Module. A complete, environmentally protected unit consisting of solar cells, optics, and other components, exclusive of tracker, designed to generate dc power when exposed to sunlight.Solar Cell. The basic photovoltaic device that generates electricity when exposed to light.Solar Photovoltaic System. The total components and subsystems that, in combination, convert solar energy into electric energy suitable for connection to a utilization load.Stand-Alone System. A solar photovoltaic system that supplies power independently of an electrical production and distribution network.2 Circuit Maximum Voltage.2.1 Maximum Photovoltaic System Voltage. In a dc photovoltaic source circuit or output circuit, the maximum photovoltaic system voltage for that circuit shall be calculated as the sum of the rated open-circuit voltage of the seriesconnected photovoltaic modules corrected for the lowest expected ambient temperature.2.2 Photovoltaic Source and Output Circuits. In one and two-family dwellings, photovoltaic source circuits and photovoltaic output circuits that do not include lampholders, fixtures, or receptacles shall be permitted to have a maximum photovoltaic system voltage up to 600 volts.2.3 Circuits over 150 Volts to Ground. In one- and twofamily dwellings, live parts in photovoltaic source circuits and photovoltaic output circuits over 150 volts to ground shall not be accessible to other than qualified persons while energized.3 Overcurrent Protection.3.1 Circuits and Equipment. Photovoltaic source circuit, photovoltaic output circuit, inverter output circuit, and storage battery circuit conductors and equipment shall be protected in accordance with therequirements of Article 240. Circuits connected to more than one electrical source shall have overcurrent devices located so as to provide overcurrent protection from all sources.3.2 Power Transformers. Overcurrent protection for a transformer with a source(s) on each side shall be provided in accordance with 450.3 by considering first one side of the transformer, then the other side of the transformer, as the primary.3.3 Direct-Current Rating. Overcurrent devices, either fuses or circuit breakers, used in any dc portion of a photovoltaic power system shall be listed for use in dc circuits and shall have the appropriate voltage, current, and interrupt ratings.3.4 Series Overcurrent Protection. In series-connected strings of two or more modules, a single overcurrent protection device shall be permitted.4 Disconnecting MeansAdditional Provisions. Photovoltaic disconnecting means shall comply with (A) through (D). (A) Disconnecting Means. The disconnecting means shall not be required to be suitable as service equipment and shall comply with 690.17.(B) Equipment. Equipment such as photovoltaic source circuit isolating switches, overcurrent devices, and blocking diodes shall be permitted on the photovoltaic side of the photovoltaic disconnecting means.(C) Requirements for Disconnecting Means. Means shall be provided to disconnect all conductors in a building or other structure from the photovoltaic system conductors(D) Utility-Interactive Inverters Mounted in Not-Readily-Accessible Locations. Utility-interactive inverters shall be permitted to be mounted on roofs or other exterior areas that are not readily accessible.5. Grounding5.1 System Grounding. For a photovoltaic power source, one conductor of a 2-wire system with a photovoltaic system voltage over 50 volts and the reference (center tap) conductor of a bipolar system shall be solidly grounded or shall use other methods that accomplish equivalent system protection in accordance with 250.4(A) and that utilize equipment listed and identified for the use.5.2 Point of System Grounding Connection. The dc circuit grounding connection shall be made at any single point on the photovoltaic output circuit.5.3 Equipment Grounding. Exposed non–currentcarrying metal parts of module frames, equipment, and conductor enclosures shall be grounded in accordance with 250.134 or 250.136(A) regardless of voltage. An equipment grounding conductor between a PV array and other equipment shall be required in accordance with 250.110. Devices listed and identified for grounding the metallic frames of PV modules shall be permitted to bond the exposed metallic frames of PV modules to grounded mounting structures. Devices identified and listed for bonding the metallic frames of PV modules shall be permitted to bond the exposed metallic frames of PV modules to the metallic frames of adjacent PV modules. Equipment grounding conductors for the PV array and structure (where installed) shall be contained within the same raceway or cable, or otherwise run with the PV array circuit conductors when those circuit conductors leave the vicinity of the PV array.5.4 Continuity of Equipment Grounding Systems.Where the removal of equipment disconnects the bonding connection between the grounding electrode conductor and exposed conducting surfaces in the photovoltaic source or output circuit equipment, abonding jumper shall be installed while the equipment is removed.5.5 Continuity of Photovoltaic Source and Output Circuit Grounded Conductors. Where the removal of the utility-interactive inverter or other equipment disconnects the bonding connection between the grounding electrode conductor and the photovoltaic source and/or photovoltaic output circuit grounded conductor, a bonding jumper shall be installed to maintain the system grounding while the inverter or other equipment is removed.。
Photovoltaic Solar Systems
Pole Mount for Solarex Modules
Pole Mounted PV
Pole Mounted PV
Roof Integrated PV
• If you are doing new construction or a reroofing job, it is possible to make the roof itself a solar PV collector. This saves the cost of the roof itself, and offers a more aesthetic design. The new roof can be shingled or look like metal roofing. A few examples follow.
Net Metering can be done with or without a battery backup
BATTERIES
• Batteries can be used to provide long-term or short-term electrical supply in case of grid failure. Many grid-connected houses choose to have a small electrical battery system to provide loads with power for half a day in case of outage. Larger number of batteries are typically used for remote gridindependent systems.
31.25 kw-hr/2.4 kw-hr/battery = 13 batteries If we are happy with one half day, we need only 2 or 3 batteries
光伏太阳能电池基本知识PPT课件
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太阳能电池的种类（按材料的种类区分）
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各种太阳能电池的效率（实验室电池）
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太阳能电池的发展趋势
太阳能电池发展瓶颈：效率、稳定性、成本。 以硅片为载体的光伏电池制造技术，其理论极限效率为29%，按目前的技术路线， 提升效率的难度已经非常大。 薄膜太阳能电池由于具有大面积沉积、低材料消耗及可在低成本基板上制作，有较大 的成本下降潜力的优点，其发展前景非常看好，成为阶段发展研究的重点。 第三代太阳能电池不断出现：染料敏化纳米晶太阳能电池成本仅为常规电池的1/8至 1/10。
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太阳辐射——太阳辐照数据
重要的太阳辐射数据来源是从卫星图像上测得的太阳辐射。这些图像提供了特定 地区的云层覆盖水平的信息。云层覆盖水平的相关信息可以用来估算当地的日照度。
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第三节 半导体基本知识
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半导体基本知识
半导体，指常温下导电性能介于导体与绝 缘体之间的材料。
半导体材料可以来自元素周期表中的Ⅴ族 元素，或者是Ⅲ族元素与Ⅴ族元素相结合（叫 做Ⅲ -Ⅴ型半导体 ），还可以是Ⅱ族元素与Ⅵ 族元素相结合（叫做Ⅱ -Ⅵ型半导体 ）。硅是 使用最为广泛的半导体材料。
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为什么要研究太阳能电池
1、化石燃料终将枯竭，太阳能是地 2、环境污染日益严重。 球上大多数能源的终极来源。
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可再生能源简介
目前人类可利用的新能源包括太阳能、风能、地热能、水能、海洋能等。
太阳能发电
太阳能是最为 理想的可再生 能源和无污染能源。水力Leabharlann 电风力发电地热能发电
潮汐发电
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太阳能电池的原理
A M co s 0 .50（ 5 9 1.0 7 67 2 9） 9 1 .3 .563 64
太阳能科技英文课件PhotovoltaicSolarEnergy共62页
Trend Analysis & Extrapolation
• Trend analysis requires that you do more than simply extrapolate the trend forward.
• You have to ask, what is causing this trend, and will those causes continue indefinitely?
• 1954 - Bell Laboratories, experimenting with semiconductors, accidentally found that silicon doped with certain impurities was very sensitive to light. Daryl Chapin, Calvin Fuller and Gerald Pearson, invented the first practical device for converting sunlight into useful electrical power. Resulted in the production of the first practical solar cells with a sunlight energy conversion efficiency of around 6%.
• Photosynthesis captures approximately 3,000 EJ per year in biomass.
• The amount of solar energy reaching the surface of the planet is so vast that in one year it is about twice as much as will ever be obtained from all of the Earth's non-renewable resources of coal, oil, natural gas, and mined uranium combined.
太阳能光伏系统分析PPT培训课件
光伏系统成本实例
并网屋顶系统，1kW (加利福尼亚38ºN, )
离网电信混合系统，2.5 kW (50ºS, 阿根廷)
Array Inverter Instal Misc.
Array Battery Des.&Install Genset Fuel Operation Misc
能量 = 1.6 MWh/年 成本 = $0.35/kWh 电网成本 = $0.08/kWh
• 柴油燃料和发电机组维护的高成本 组成。评标委员会负责对投标文件进行审查、质疑、评审，确定入围投标人、中标候选人。
5.3增压前的天然气管道宜埋地敷设，其管顶距地面不应小于0.5m。冰冻地区宜敷设在冰冻线以下。
Ａ．产品功能令人满意
• 人的因素 3.因为改善的成果一见即知﹐所以相关的工作人员十分地咸受到成就感与充实感。
RETScreen® 光伏能量计算
参见电子教材 可再生能源项目分析: RETScreen®工程设计和案例
光伏项目分析章节
© 加拿大自然资源部2001-2005.
RETScreen®光伏项目模型的实例验证
• 阿根廷光伏/发电机组/电池混合系统与HOMER小时模拟系
统的比较
500 WAC 负荷 1 kWp光伏阵列, 60 kWh电池, 7.5 kW发电机组, 1kW逆变器
• 优点：
形象 环境受益 刺激市场
太阳能屋顶系统
照片: Atlantis Solar Systeme AG
• 制造商，政府和公用事业
的长期投入降低了成本
办公楼与玻璃幕墙一体化的PV
照片 : Solar Design Associates (IEA PVPS)
© 加拿大自然资源部2001-2005.
光伏发电系统介绍PPT课件
2）各种光伏组件基本参数表对照表
项目
单晶硅电池组件 （245W)
最大功率Pm(W) 最大功率下工作电压(V) 最大功率下工作电流(I)
开路电压(V) 短路电流(A) 最大系统电压(V) 电池片尺寸 电池片数量 电池组件尺寸(cm) 电池组件重量(kg)
245 29.92 8.19 37.68 8.56 DC1000V 156×156
3环境监测系统风力风向太阳光辐射温度等2光伏监控功能光伏阵列工作点跟踪控制逆变器跟踪负荷控制对于孤岛效应的检测及控制对各自动跟踪系统汇流箱和逆变器进行监控和管理实时监测电站的运行数据包括太阳电池组件的电参数累计电能太阳辐射强度直流输入参数交流输出参数逆变器运行参数等1上海汇泰大楼智能楼宇光伏发电微网项目七典型案例光伏组件采用单晶硅电池组件2上海市漕溪能源转换基地车棚透光型光伏发电系统采用非晶体硅薄膜电池3崇明北沿风电场微网项目光伏发电系统采用多晶硅双玻透光光伏组件墙体外立面垂直安装谢谢
直流
DC
滤波
器
AC
逆变器电气回路图
交流
L1
滤波
L2
器
L3
N
避雷器
2）光伏逆变器技术特性
最大直流功率
MPPT范围 最大直流电压 最大直流输入电流 最大输入路数
额定输出功率 额定电网电压 允许电网电压 额定电网频率
允许电网频率
光伏并网逆变器技术特性
直流侧 10--500kWp
230-820V
根据光伏电站的光伏组件安装情况，合 理配置逆变器容量
根据光伏组件的工作电压及组串的数量 确定逆变器的MPPT电压范围
880V
目前光伏组件最大系统电压为DC1000V
750A
输入最大功率、MPPT为880V
太阳能光伏发电系统及应用ppt课件
蓄电池充电终了特征：
（1）电解液中有大量 气泡冒出，呈沸腾状 态
（2）电解液密度和端 电压上升到规定值， 且2～3小时保持不变
采用PP管及配件：根据给水设计图配 置好PP管及配 件，用 管件在 管材垂 直角切 断管材 ，边剪 边旋转 ，以保 证切口 面的圆 度，保 持熔接 部位干 净无污 物
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其他新型储电装置
采用PP管及配件：根据给水设计图配 置好PP管及配 件，用 管件在 管材垂 直角切 断管材 ，边剪 边旋转 ，以保 证切口 面的圆 度，保 持熔接 部位干 净无污 物
• 组合连接损失的大小取决于电池组件性能 参数的离散性，因此除了在电池组件的生 产工艺过程中，尽量提高电池组件性能参 数的一致性外，还可以对电池组件进行测 试、筛选、组合，即把特性相近的电池组 件组合在一起。
（3）超导储能
超导储能系统结构示意图
采用PP管及配件：根据给水设计图配 置好PP管及配 件，用 管件在 管材垂 直角切 断管材 ，边剪 边旋转 ，以保 证切口 面的圆 度，保 持熔接 部位干 净无污 物
6 电池常用术语
（1） 蓄电池的容量
处于完全充电状态的蓄电池在一定放电条件 下，放电到规定的终止电压时所能给出的电量 称为电池容量，以符号C表示。常用单位为安培 小时，简称安时（A.h）。
• 例如，串联组合的各组件工作电流要尽量 相近，每串与每串的总工作电压也要考虑 搭配得尽量相近，最大幅度地减少组合连 接损失。
采用PP管及配件：根据给水设计图配 置好PP管及配 件，用 管件在 管材垂 直角切 断管材 ，边剪 边旋转 ，以保 证切口 面的圆 度，保 持熔接 部位干 净无污 物
• 方阵组合连接要遵循下列几条原则： ①串联时需要工作电流相同的组件，并
太阳能光伏发电工作原理课件PPT
控制器 蓄电池组
DC-AC 逆变器
k1
直流 负载
k2
交流 负载
(c) 交直流光伏系统
二、太阳能光伏发电系统的组成
气象条件
太阳能 电池方阵
过充电 放电器
控制器
蓄电池组
后备能源
逆变器
交流负载
(d) 有后备能源和放电器的光伏系统
二、太阳能光伏发电系统的组成
1、独立太阳能光伏发电系统
1.1 太阳能电池方阵
太阳能光伏发电技术及其应用
太阳能光伏发电工作原理、运行方式及系统组成
1.太阳能光伏发电的运行方式
一、太阳能光伏发电的运行方式
1）按供电类型分：
直流供电系统 交直流供电系统
2）按供电特点分：
独立光伏发电系统 并网光伏发电系统
葡萄牙南部阿马雷莱雅拍摄的莫拉太阳能发电厂安装的太阳能电池板。
二、太阳能光伏发电系统的组成
2、并网太阳能光伏发电系统
住宅用并网光伏系统
根据联网光伏系统是否配置储能装置，分为有储能装置和无储能装置 联网光伏发电系统。
二、太阳能光伏发电系统的组成
2、并网太阳能光伏发电系统
住宅用并网光伏系统
太阳能电池方阵 防雷系统 控制器
联网逆变器
蓄电池
有储能（带蓄电池）系统
交流电网
二、太阳能光伏发电系统的组成
1、独立太阳能光伏发电系统
1.3 蓄电池组
其作用是贮存太阳能电池方阵受光照时所发出的电能并可随时向负载供电。
基本要求：
①自放电率低 ③深放电能力强 ⑤少维护或免维护 ⑦价格低廉
②使用寿命长 ④充电效率高 ⑥工作温度范围宽
二、太阳能光伏发电系统的组成
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The Photovoltaic Array with its other electrical components
PV was developed for the space program in the 1960’s
PV Price and Quantity Manufactured Relationship
NET METERING
In net metering, when the PV system produces excess electricity, it is sent to the grid system, turning the meter backwards. If you are using more power than is being produced, or it is at night, the electricity is received from the grid system and the meter turns forwards. Depending on PV size and electrical consumption, you may produce more or less than you actually use. Individual houses may become power producers.
Photovoltaic Solar Systems
Dr. William J. Makofske August 2004
What is a solar cell?
• Solid state device that converts incident solar energy directly into electrical energy
Telecommunications Tower
Remote Water Pumping in Utah
Recreation Vehicle Outfitted with Solar Panels
Solar Lanterns for Landscaping
A Solar Driven Band
• Connecting both sides to an external circuit causes current to flow
• In essence, sunlight on a solar cell creates a small battery with voltages typically 0.5 v. DC
• The inverter – DC to AC electricity • DC and AC safety switches • Batteries (optional depending on design) • Monitor – (optional but a good idea) • Ordinary electrical meters work as net meters
• The junction of dissimilar materials (n and p type silicon) creates a voltage
• Energy from sunlight knocks out electrons, creating a electron and a hole in the junction
The Market Expands
• As prices dropped, PV began to be used for stand-alone home power. If you didn’t have an existing electrical line close to your property, it was cheaper to have a PV system (including batteries and a backup generator) than to connect to the grid. As technology advanced, grid-connected PV with net metering became possible.
The Market
Solar Calculators
REMOTE POWER
• Lighting • Buoys • Communications • Signs • Water Pumping • Mountain Cabins
Photovoltaic Array for Lighting
• Efficiencies from a few percent up to 2030%
• No moving parts • No noise • Lifetimes of 20-30 years or more
Cross Section of Solar Cell
How Does It Work?
Cells, Modules, Arrays
Rest of System Components
While a major component and cost of a PV system is the array, several other components are typically needed. These include:
Combining Solar Cells
• Solar cells can be electrically connected in series (voltages add) or in parallel (currents add) to give any desired voltage and current (or power) output since P = I x V