usahistory英文版美国历史简介
介绍美国历史的英语小作文
A Brief History of the United StatesThe United States of America, often referred to as the United States or simply America, is a federal republic located in North America. Its history can be traced back to the early 16th century, when the first European settlers arrived in the New World. Since then, the United States has experienced various transformations, ranging from its colonial past to its emergence as a global superpower.The foundation of the United States was laid in 1776, when the Thirteen Colonies declared their independence from Great Britain, following the outbreak of the American Revolutionary War. This war was fought to oppose British rule and taxation, and it culminated in the signing of the Declaration of Independence in July 1776. The following year, the Articles of Confederation were adopted, creating a loose confederation of states. However, this government structure proved ineffective, and in 1787, the Constitution of the United States was drafted to establish a stronger central government.The Constitution was ratified in 1789, and since then, the United States has grown and expanded, bothgeographically and economically. The 19th century saw the industrial revolution sweep through the country, transforming it into a major economic power. The 20th century brought further growth and prosperity, but also significant challenges, including the Civil War (1861-1865), which was fought over the issue of slavery, and the two World Wars, in which the United States played a crucial role.After the end of the Cold War in 1991, the UnitedStates emerged as the world's sole superpower, with astrong economy, military, and cultural influence. However, this position has been challenged in recent years by therise of other global powers and the emergence of newsecurity threats, such as terrorism and cyber attacks.Despite these challenges, the United States remains a leading figure in global affairs, playing a key role in international organizations like the United Nations and the World Trade Organization. It is also a leader in scienceand technology, with many of the world's top universities and research institutions located within its borders.The history of the United States is a fascinating taleof growth, transformation, and perseverance. From its humble beginnings as a collection of colonies to itscurrent status as a global superpower, the United Stateshas demonstrated an remarkable ability to adapt and overcome challenges. Its story is one that continues to inspire and influence the world.**美国简史**美利坚合众国，常被称为美国或简称美洲，是一个位于北美洲的联邦共和国。
美国简史英文版作文
美国简史英文版作文A Brief History of the United States。
The United States is a relatively young country, having only achieved independence from Great Britain in 1776. However, in the two and a half centuries since then, the U.S. has become a dominant world power and a leader in technology, culture, and politics.The early years of the United States were marked by a struggle to establish a stable government and economy. The Articles of Confederation, the first attempt at a national government, proved inadequate, and in 1787, a new constitution was drafted. This constitution established a federal system of government with a separation of powers between the executive, legislative, and judicial branches.In the 19th century, the U.S. continued to expand its territory through the Louisiana Purchase, the Mexican-American War, and the annexation of Texas. This expansionalso led to conflicts with Native American tribes, as the U.S. government sought to push them off their land and onto reservations.The Civil War, fought from 1861 to 1865, was a turning point in American history. It pitted the northern states, who opposed slavery, against the southern states, whorelied on slave labor for their economy. The Union victory led to the abolition of slavery and the reconstruction of the South.In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, the U.S. became a major industrial power, with the rise ofindustries such as steel, oil, and railroads. This period also saw the rise of labor unions and the Progressive movement, which sought to address social and economic inequalities.The U.S. entered World War I in 1917, and its involvement helped to tip the balance in favor of the Allies. After the war, the U.S. became a major player on the world stage, helping to establish the League of Nationsand advocating for disarmament.The 1920s were a time of prosperity and cultural change, with the rise of jazz music, flapper fashion, and the automobile industry. However, the stock market crash of1929 led to the Great Depression, which lasted throughout the 1930s and had a profound impact on American society.The U.S. entered World War II in 1941, after the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor. The war had atransformative effect on the country, leading to the riseof the military-industrial complex and the emergence of the U.S. as a superpower.The postwar period saw the U.S. engage in the Cold War with the Soviet Union, a conflict that lasted until the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991. The U.S. also became involved in conflicts in Korea and Vietnam, which had a divisive effect on American society.In the latter half of the 20th century, the U.S. saw significant progress in civil rights, with the Civil RightsAct of 1964 and the Voting Rights Act of 1965. The U.S. also became a leader in technology, with the rise of Silicon Valley and the internet.Today, the U.S. faces a range of challenges, from economic inequality and political polarization to climate change and global security threats. However, the country remains a beacon of freedom and democracy, and its people continue to strive for a better future.In conclusion, the history of the United States is a rich and complex story, marked by triumphs and tragedies, progress and setbacks. Despite its flaws and challenges, the U.S. remains a symbol of hope and opportunity for people around the world.。
USA History英文版美国历史简介
The United States of America HistoryIndians: The “first Americans”The Discovery of the New WorldChristopher Columbus (31 October 1451 – 20 May 1506)a navigator, colonizer, and explorerHe initiated the process of Spanish colonization which foreshadowed general European colonization of the "New World".Pilgrim FathersRelations of American Indians with European settlersThe American War of IndependenceWhat were the causes of the War of Independence?Britain’s colonial policy▪The economy in the 13 colonies developed very fast▪The British government was to bring the development under control and to collect more taxes from the colonies.▪“No taxation without representation”▪( 无代表，不纳税）How was the War of Independence started?▪The “Boston Tea Party”•In 1773, when ships of tea reached Boston to be distributed, severaldozen Boston residents boarded the ship at night and threw $75,000worth of tea into the harbor. This came to be known as the “Boston TeaParty”.▪The start of the war•In 1775, about 1,000 British soldiers were sent from Boston to seize themilitary supplies of the American militia. When they arrived atLexington they were met by the armed militiamen. Suddenly a shot wasfired and the War of Independence began.Boston Tea PartyThe First Continental Congress—September, 1774The Second Continental CongressHeld in Philadelphia in May 1775Assume the functions of a national governmentDeclaration of IndependenceOn July 4, 1776, the Declaration of Independence was signed.On July 4, 1776, the Congress formally declared the independence•The Declaration states: “We hold these truths to be self-evident: Thatall men are created equal; that they are endowed by their Creator withcertain unalienable rights; that among these are life, liberty, and thepursuit of happiness; that to secure these rights, governments areinstituted among men, deriving their just powers from the consent ofthe governed; that whenever any form of government becomesdestructive of these ends, it is the right of the people to alter or toabolish it, …”After being printed, the copies were sent out, broadcast and read to crowds everywhere.▪The document greatly encouraged the struggling people, making them think that they should be independent and have the right to enjoy liberty.▪They were beginning to show more interests in a common cause.▪Both a great influence on the course of the war and a far-reaching influence in world history as well.It dragged on for seven years. (1775-1783)Obstacles for the continental army:▪No enough supplies.▪Tired and hungry, while British troops fresh and well-equipped.▪By the middle of December, 1776, the Revolution seemed lost.The victory at Saratoga (1777, October)—turning point.The assistance from France▪Benjamin Franklin—a messenger to Europe to get help from other countries.▪The French King made two agreements with Franklin:•France would take part in the war against England.•They agreed to trade with each other.•Spain and Holland joined France against England—a quick end to the war.In 1781, a decisive victory at Yorktown in VirginiaOn October 19, 1781, the British general Cornwallis was forced to surrender, the war came to an end.The two parts signed the Treaty of Paris in 1783—America won its independence2.5 The Establishment of ConstitutionOn May 25, 1787, the constitution was drafted.In June 1789, the constitution came into effect in nine states.Ten amendments—The Bill of Rights—were added to the Constitution in 1791.The Civil War (1861-1865)Causes of Civil WarEconomic reason:▪two different economic systemsNorth Capitalist EconomySouth PlantationPolitical reason▪The North—Federal Government as a union▪The South—The Confederate Government: the independence of each stateUncle Tom’s Cabin Published in 1852Harriet Beecher Stowe ( l811-1896 )An antislavery novel which had great political influence."So this is the little lady who made this big war.“ ---LincolnAbraham Lincoln was elected president and opposed the expansion of slavery.Some southern states formed the Confederate States of America in 1861.Union army Vs. Confederate army3.2 Comparison of PowerThe North:▪twenty-three states, 22 million population▪abundant facilities to manufacture arms and ammunition, clothing, andother supplies▪merchant marines and the navy remained in Union hands▪federal government was better able to raise fund for war The South:▪eleven states, 9 million population▪military advantages:▪actively preparing for war▪in possession of many federal forts and arsenals▪superior military leadership: a third of the regular army's officers werefrom the South▪fighting on its own soilEmancipation Proclamationissued by Pres. Abraham Lincoln that freed the slaves of the Confederacy.-This transformed the war from a war to save the Union, to a war to abolish slavery.Battle of Gettysburg (July 1863) The turning pointGettysburg Address“Government of the People, by the People and for the People shall not perish from the earth”Influence of the Civil WarOutbreak of the First World War (1914-1918)▪Inevitable result of contradiction between two groups of imperialist powers: •Allies(协约国)—Britain, France, and Russia•The Central European Powers(同盟国)—Germany, Austria-Hungary andItaly▪The political, economic and colonial rivalries of the great powers.4.1 World War IThe False Prosperity in the 1920’s1920’s = boom, prosperity, isolationisma period of material success and spiritual frustration or confusion and purposelessnessErnest Hemingway (1899-1961)欧内斯特·海明威1. ReputationSpokesman for the Lost GenerationA Nobel Prize winner for literature in 1954Life Story1899Born in Illinois (his father was a highly respected doctor, his mother was a singer and music teacher)1917After graduation from High School, he left home and worked for the Star as a reporter; Rejected by the American Army because of his poor vision in one eye 1918Served as an ambulance driver in France, and then as a soldier in the Italian infantry Wounded on both legs1919Returned home to complete his recovery1925Left for Paris1936Took part in the Spanish Civil War as a journalist, on the Republican side1940Moved to Cuba1954Awarded the Nobel Prize1961Committed suicide by shooting himself with his hunting gunMajor WorksIn Our Time (1925) 《在我们的时代里》Collection of short storiesPortray the world of adulthood as an arena of danger and violenceThe Torrent of Spring (1926) 《春潮》The Sun Also Rises (1926) 《太阳照常升起》The disillusionment of the lost generationA Farewell to Arms (1929) 《永别了，武器》For Whom the Bell Tolls (1940) 《丧钟为谁而鸣》A love story, a war novelThe Old Man and the Sea (1952) 《老人与海》a man can be destroyed but not defeated一个人可以被毁灭(physically)，但不能给打败(spiritually)Writing Style4.1 “Hemingway Code heros”Those who survive in the process of seeking to master the code, known as “grace under pressure”, with the honesty, the discipline, and the restraint.eg: Cuban fisherman Santiagofighting a losing battle---loss becomes dignity4.2 iceberg theory of writingHis sentences only give one small bit of the meaning; the rest is impliedThe Great Depression1930’s = Great DepressionThe stock market crash in1929Massive unemployment, factory and mill closings, and mortgage foreclosures Core of the problem—immense disparity between the productive capacity and the ability of people to consumeWorld War II broke out in September, 1939 and ended in August, 1945.Background of the warThe World Spread economic crisisGermany and Italy began their ways of fascism and military expansion.Japan meant to conquer China and Southeast Asia by military expansion.Two opposing military alliances:the Allies (同盟国)and the Axis (轴心国)the deadliest conflict in all of human historyUSA attitude:▪ A sit-on-the-fence policy•do trade with the warring countries, including the aggressors•believe in “glorious isolation”▪Its negative effect:•Isolationism encouraged Nazi and Adolph Hitler to believe that they could rely on American neutrality and their victims could not buymunitions in US.•Japan believed that pacifist US would not fight for the integrity of China. On the morning of December 7, 1941, Japanese air force attacked the US Pacific fleet at Pearl Ha rbor, Hawaii. It was the direct cause for America’s entrance into the war.End of WWII▪The US air force dropped atomic bombs on Hiroshima On August 6 and on Nagasaki on August 8.▪On September 2, 1945, Japan surrendered.The Cold War▪United Nations in 1945—a new and better world would emerge from World War II.▪The conflict between the two superpowers Russia and the US increased and later led to the Cold War.Truman Doctrinethe principle that the US should give support to countries or peoples threatened by Soviet forces or Communist insurrection. First expressed in 1947 by US President Truman in a speech to Congress seeking aid for Greece and Turkey, the doctrine was seen by the Communists as an open declaration of the cold war杜鲁门主义（该主义认为美国应支持受苏联军队或共产党叛乱威胁的国家或民族；该主义的首次表述出现于1947年美国总统杜鲁门在国会所作的关于要求对希腊和土耳其提供援助的演说中，这被共产党人视为公开的冷战宣言）NATO▪In 1949, the United States—in company with 11 other powers—entered into the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO).The Vietnam War▪ A long-time suffering for the US▪Started under Eisenhower and continued by Kennedy and Johnson•In 1965 US sent in troops to prevent the South Vietnamese government from collapsing. Ultimately, a failure•In 1975 Vietnam was reunified under Communist control.The Civil Rights MovementTwo other diplomatic breakthroughs:▪Re-establishing US relations with the People’s Republic of China▪Negotiating the first Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty with the Soviet Union •Table Tennis Foreign Policy/Ping pong diplomacy•Nixon–first US president visited Beijing.•The “Shanghai Communiqué”—a new US policy:–there was one China;–Taiwan was part of China;– a peaceful settlement of the dispute by the Chinese themselveswas in American interest.Watergate Scandal of President Richard Nixon in 1972the illegal sabotage and espionage of Nixon’s Committee to Re-elect the President.Impeachment ---charge (the holder of a public office) with misconduct弹劾（官员） Watergate Scandal⏹To defeat his adversary, Nixon hired five burglars to set up wiretaps(窃听装置) to getconfidential information in the Democratic National Committee offices in the Watergate complex ;⏹It was exposed and became the biggest political scandal in the history of America;⏹Because of the pressure of public, Nixon was impeached and resigned in 1974.水门事件与华盛顿邮报1972: 尼克松总统为竞选连任在对手竞选总部安装窃听器被”深喉”举报给<华盛顿邮报>尼克松威胁: 报道误导,不公正<华盛顿邮报纸>不为所动两年之后,尼克松成为美国历史上第一位被被弹劾的总统<华盛顿邮报>记者Carl Bernstein, Bob Woodward获普利策奖America Since 1980’sRonald ReganAt sixty nine, Reagan became the oldest person ever elected as US President in 1980.•Economic program–reductions in income taxes and business taxes–deep cuts in federal spending in every area except defenseGeorge W. Bush Period▪George W. Bush: The 43rd president of the US elected in 2000▪During his first term, three major tax cuts▪Since 2003, America has had the fastest-growing economyThe war against terrorism▪Terrorist Event on September 11, 2001Invasion of Iraq▪On March 19, 2003 an invasion of Iraq by American and British troops started, supported by small contingents from several other countries.•“Trial of century”—the trial of Saddam began on October, 19, 2005 in Baghdad.•Saddam is accused of crimes against humanity.。
美国历史英文版a brief history of USA
American Brief HistoryBefore Colonial periodForty thousand years ago, a group of Rangers from Asia through North America to Central and South America, these people are the ancestors of the Indians. Indians living in the Americas when Columbus reached the New World ,There are about 30 million, of which about 20 million people live in Canada and the United States, north-central, the rest of the vast majority live in Mexico and the United States south. About 10,000 years ago, there are another group of Asians migrated to northern North America, which is later Eskimos. The earliest American Caucasian may be Vikings, they are a group of adventurous fishing, some people think that 1,000 years ago, they have been to the east coast of North America.Colonial periodIn 1607, one of about 100 people of colonial groups in Chesapeake Beach Jamestown, which is the first permanent colony built by the British in North America, after 150 years, one after another coming Many colonists settled in the coastal areas, many of them from the United Kingdom, and also in part from France, Germany, the Netherlands, Ireland and other countries. The mid-18th century, the 13 British colonies gradually formed, they have their own government and Parliament in the highest British sovereignty. The 13 colonial area due to the differences of climate and geographical environment, resulting in economic patterns around, the difference between the political system and the concept.Independence MovementThe mid-18th century, the British colonies in the Americas and the United Kingdom, the existing cracks. With the continuous expansion of the colony, and gradually make them aware of the seriousness of the developments, which sprouted the idea of an independent.In 1773, the Boston Tea Party, anti-British colonists dumping.In 1774, representatives from 13 states gathered in Philadelphia, convened the First Continental Congress, hoping to solve the problem peacefully and the United Kingdom. King, however, adhere to the colony must unconditionally surrender to the British king, and accept the punishment. 1775, in Massachusetts, to Lexington flames of war, the outbreak of the War of Independence in North America.Held in Philadelphia in May 1776, the Second Continental Congress, staunch war with the independent determination, and published his famous "Declaration of Independence", put forward a good reason to fight the battle. Issued the "Declaration of Independence" is considered to be the beginning of the establishment by the United States, this day (July 4) was also the United States as a National Day.In October 1777, Saratoga victory, reversing the negative trend of the war of independence early. The campaign to make the American people's confidence, and international support.France and the United States signed a military alliance treaty in February 1778, France officially recognized the United States. France, Spain, the Netherlands have war.In 1781, the Battle of Yorktown Victory, the U.S. military has won a decisive victory. Yorktown after the battle, in addition to the sea there are several warring and sporadic fighting on land, the war of the North American continent has basically stopped.The success of the revolution, the American people have the opportunity to express their political ideas in legislative form. Federal Assembly 1787, held in Philadelphia, in Washington pushed for President, they take a matter of principle, that the central authority is a general, but there must beprudent regulations and instructions, at the same time, they also accept the fact that national government must tax, coin money, to adjust the commercial, a declaration of war and the power to enter into treaties. In addition, in order to prevent the central authority is too large, and to take the politics Montesquieu doctrine, that the Government set three equal cooperation with the department, that the three powers of the legislative, executive, and judicial checks and balances to reconcile checks and balances, rather than make any rights accounted for controlling position.In 1812, Britain again invaded the newly established United States, known as the Second War of Independence, the post-war U.S. states more united.Westward expansionThe early 19th century, thousands of people across the Appalachian Mountains, moved west. Some pioneers, emigrated to the United States border, belong to the territory of Latin America north of Mexico, between Alaska and California, Oregon and even depth.In 1846, the outbreak of the Mexican-American War, the United States expanded their area.Civil WarThe cause of the Civil War, not only economic, political, military and ideological conflict. The civil war has exposed the weakness of the United States. The existence of this country, and made some test. After the test, the United States was moving towards the royal road to a centralized modern state. Slavery issue between the North and the South would disagree, the main policy of the South in national politics, in the protection and expansion of the interests represented by the system of cotton and slaves; northern states, mainly manufacturing, commercial and financial center These production without relying on slaves.This economic and political conflict is long-standing. The early 1860s, 11 Southern states seceded from the Union, and another group of government, said of the North, will be willing to pay any price in order to unify. In 1861, civil war broke out in this bloody war Americans face-to-face, after four years. April 9, 1865, the southern government failed, this victory is not only the U.S. recovery unified, but also from all over the country is no longer the purposes of slavery. Industrialization and reformThe early 19th century, the United States began to industrialization after the civil war entered a mature stage. Become urbanized country in less than 50 years from the Civil War to World War I, the United States from a rural republic. From the 1890-1917 year for the past 30 years, is known as the so-called "progressive period". In 1914, the outbreak of World War I; 1917, the United States was involved in World War whirlpool, and try to play a new role in the world.Great Depression and World War IIAffected by the Great Depression is not just the United States, the countries of the world have been implicated. Great Depression, millions of workers are unemployed, a large number of farmers were forced to give up farmland, factory shops closed, and bank failures in a recession. In 1932, Franklin Roosevelt (1882 to 1945) was elected president, he advocated that the government should take action to end the Great Depression, and then launched a series of policies to a temporary solution to alleviate many difficulties, but the economy of the United States or to the Second World World War II after waking up. After World War II, with the defeat of the Axis powers, Britain and France, the strength of the recession, the United States and the Soviet Union became a superpower, the world was divided into two camps of the East and the West. The United States and the Soviet Union and their respective camps were busy preparing the various aspects ofthe military, political, economic, and propaganda, as in wartime. This state is known as the "Cold War".During the Cold WarThe history of the United States since 1960, many ways is still a continuation of the post-war development. Economic aspects in addition to the cyclical downturn is still expanding; moved from the city to the suburbs of the population continues to increase, and in 1970, ranking rural population of more than the home city population. Early 1960, blacks become the main problem within the United States.The mid-1960s, many Americans began to be dissatisfied with the government's foreign policy. In addition, due to the concentration of industrial development and population, the late 1960s, the ecological environment pollution wide attention. Since the early 1970s, the recession caused by the energy crisis of the worst. The mid-1970s, the U.S. economy once recovery. But not period in the 1970s, and inflation.In 1976, the 200th anniversary of the founding of the United States, the country held various celebrations. The United States in the Cold War eventually caused the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991, with the collapse of the Soviet Union, the United States as the world's only superpower, the ideological barriers between the two camps in the world is broken. April 12, 1981, the United States launched the space shuttle Columbia, humans have brought in another space a new era. Terrorist attacks and counter-terrorism policy9.11 in New York and Washington in 2001, "have an enormous impact on the United States and the world, this event is by far the most serious terrorist attacks in human history. The U.S. government condemned this incident and stand by the sympathy and support of most countries; around the world after the events in a variety of commemorative activities. The incident also led to a U.S. foreign policy focused on dealing with the threat of terrorism. The U.S. government started the war on terror and action to overthrow the Taliban regime in Afghanistan in October 2001. In 2003, the United States launched the war in Iraq, the overthrow of the regime of Saddam Hussein, the Iraqi interim government. • May 1, 2011, the Osama bin Laden in the Pakistani capital of Islamabad, the U.S. Navy Seals killed.。
美国历史的英语作文
**A Brief Overview of American History**American history is a rich tapestry woven from the threads of diverse cultures, ideals, and events that have shaped the nation's identity and trajectory over the centuries. From its early colonial beginnings to its emergence as a global superpower, the story of America is one of resilience, innovation, and progress.The roots of American history can be traced back to the arrival of European settlers in the New World during the 17th century. These settlers, primarily from England, France, Spain, and the Netherlands, established colonies along the eastern seaboard, each with its own distinct culture, economy, and governance.The colonial period was marked by tensions between the colonists and the British Crown, leading to events such as the Boston Tea Party and the Declaration of Independence in 1776. The American Revolutionary War followed, culminating in the defeat of the British and the establishment of the United States of America as an independent nation.The early years of the United States were characterized bywestward expansion, territorial acquisitions, and the growth of the young nation's economy and infrastructure. The Louisiana Purchase, the Lewis and Clark expedition, and the construction of the Erie Canal were significant milestones that laid the foundation for America's emergence as an industrial and economic powerhouse.The 19th century was a period of profound transformation and conflict in American history. The issue of slavery divided the nation, leading to the Civil War, which ultimately resulted in the abolition of slavery and the reunification of the country. The post-Civil War era saw rapid industrialization, urbanization, and immigration, as well as social and political reforms such as women's suffrage and the Progressive Movement.The 20th century brought America onto the world stage as a global superpower, with significant contributions to both world wars and the establishment of the United Nations. The Civil Rights Movement of the 1950s and 1960s brought about important social and political changes, including the desegregation of schools and the passage of landmark civil rights legislation.Today, America continues to grapple with issues of equality, diversity, and democracy while striving to uphold the ideals of freedom, justice, and opportunity for all. The story of American history is a testament to the resilience, ingenuity, and perseverance of its people, and it serves as a source of inspiration and reflection for generations to come.。
美国历史中英文简介
美国历史中英文简介一、美国历史介绍,要英文版的~在线等United States officially United States of AmericaFederal republic, North America.It prises 48 contiguous states occupying the mid-continent, Alaska at the northwestern extreme of North America, and the island state of Hawaii in the mid-Pacific Ocean. The U.S. is a republic with two legislative houses; its head of state and government is the president. The territory was originally inhabited for several thousand years by numerous American Indian peoples who had probably emigrated from Asia. European exploration and settlement from the 16th century began displacement of the Indians. The first permanent European settlement, by the Spanish, was at Saint Augustine, Fla., in 1565; the British settled Jamestown, Va. (1607); Plymouth, Mass. (1620); Maryland (1634); and Pennsylvania (1681). The British took New York, New Jersey, and Delaware from the Dutch in 1664, a year after the Carolinas had been granted to British noblemen. The British defeat of the French in 1763 (see French and Indian War) assured British political control over its 13 colonies. Political unrest caused by British colonial policy culminated in the American Revolution (1775–83) and the Declaration of Independence (1776). The U.S. was first anized under the Articles of Confederation (1781), then finally under the Constitution (1787) as a federal republic. Boundaries extended west to the Mississippi River, excluding Spanish Florida. Land acquired from France by the Louisiana Purchase (1803) nearly doubled the country's territory. The U.S. fought the War of 1812 against the British and acquired Florida from Spain in 1819. In 1830 it legalized removal of American Indians to lands west of theMississippi River. Settlement expanded into the Far West in the mid-19th century, especially after the discovery of gold in California in 1848 (see gold rush). Victory in the Mexican War (1846–48) brought the territory of seven more future states (including California and Texas) into U.S. hands. The northwestern boundary was established by treaty with Great Britain in 1846. The U.S. acquired southern Arizona by the Gadsden Purchase (1853). It suffered disunity during the conflict between the slavery-based plantation economy in the South and the free industrial and agricultural economy in the North, culminating in the American Civil War and the abolition of slavery under the 13th Amendment. After Reconstruction (1865–77) the U.S. experienced rapid growth, urbanization, industrial development, and European immigration. In 1877 it authorized allotment of American Indian reservation land to individual tribe ... en, resulting in widespread loss of land to whites. By the end of the 19th century, it had developed foreign trade and acquired outlying territories, including Alaska, Midway Island, the Hawaiian Islands, the Philippines, Puerto Rico, Guam, Wake Island, American Samoa, the Panama C ... Zone, and the Virgin Islands. The U.S. participated in World War I in 1917–18. It granted suffrage to women in 1920 and citizenship to American Indians in 1924. The stock market crash of 1929 led to the Great Depression. The U.S. entered World War II after the Japanese bombing of Pearl Harbor (Dec. 7, 1941). The explosion by the U.S. of an atomic bomb on Hiroshima (Aug. 6, 1945) and another on Nagasaki (Aug. 9, 1945), Japan, brought about Japan's surrender. Thereafter the U.S. was the military and economic leader of the Western world. 美国历史不是几句话就可以说完的，这已是压缩版，因为我是学历史的，可能觉得什么都很重要。
美国历史英文American History
Introduction:The United States is a country of the western hemisphere, comprising fifty states and several territories.It is a “super”country in the world and has more than 200 years history, a quite short history than other ancient countries. Within the paper, we are going to talk about the history of America in ten parts. It is the Pre-colonial Era, the Colonial Era, the war for independence, Westward Expansion, the Industrial Revolution, the Civil War, Industrial Expansion, the World War I and II, and the modern times.Body:Pre-colonial Era: In 1492, Columbus landed at one of the Caribbean islands and he called the local people Indians.More than 20,000 years ago, a group of so called Indians wandered into North America from Asia.Amerigo Vespucci first confirmed the fact that a new continent had been discovered.The New World was named America to honor Amerigo Vespucci.The Colonial Era:In 1607, three ships crossed the Atlantic Ocean and landed by the side of a river--the James River. Then the first English colony was founded at Jamestown, Virginia.In 1620, a tiny ship called the “May flower” sailed from England for the New world, with 102 passengers. 50% were Pilgrims. Landed in what is now Plymouth, Massachusetts.During the first 150 years, the British colonies in North America became a “melting pot”.By the early 1760s, English settlers had established 13 colonies along the Atlantic coast.The War for Independence:there are several reasons that lead to the war.Economy: The economy in the 13 colonies developed very fast. However, the British government was to make every effort to press the development. Politics: The British government passed many laws, such as the Quartering Act and the Stamp Act, to impose new taxes from the colonies on sugar coffee and textiles. On the contrary, the colonies kept the belief “No taxation without representation”. Culture: In the long term of communication, they formed the common culture. The national consciousness of thecolonies woke up. In1775, the Continental Congress established a Continental Army under the command of George Washington.On July 4th,1776, the Congress adopted the declaration of independence. That date is now celebrated annually as America’s Independence Day.In 1787, a constitutional convention was organized.The United States Constitution was ratified in1788.Westward Expansion:Beginning in nineteenth Century, thousands of people, over the Appalachian Mountains, move to the west. Some pioneer emigrated to the United States border, even deepened in Mexico territory as well as Alaska，California and Oregon. By 1796, a few more states have been created.In 1803, America buys Louisiana from France.The Industrial Revolution: The Industrial Revolution began in Britain during the 18th century. This movement rapidly spread to America, and by the first half of the 19th century, American inventors were designing a variety of practical machines.The period also witnessed a rapid development in transportation. Such as the National Road, the Oregon, etc. Meanwhile, Americans built many canals. Such as the ErieCanal, this important canal made it possible for boats to carry goods to the West.The Civil War: In the early 1860, 11 Southern states seceded from the union. The other group of government, the North, said that they would pay any price to unity. In 1861, the Fort Sumter made the civil war break out. Americans were face to face with each other in this bloody war. The South has been severely damaged,and left deep scars. The four years of bloody fighting between the North and South had staggering effects on the nation. About 360,000 Union troops and perhaps 260,000 Confederate troops died; no other war in American history has taken so many American lives. It caused enormous property damage, especially in the South where many Southern cities, towns plantations, factories and railroads lay in ruins.Industrial Expansion:America’s industrial expansion was the most important post-war development. Prior to the Civil War, typical American industry was small. Hand labor was widespread, which limited the production capacity of industry. During the postwar period, American industry changed dramatically. Hand labor was replaced by machines, and the productive capacity of industry increased tremendously. Many interrelated developments contributed to the industrial growth of the United States.The USA in World War I: US claimed its neutrality.they stayed out of the war unless their rights and interests were violated.German acts of aggression brought the USA closer to joining the Allies, and the US declared war on Germany on April, 1917. The American Expeditionary force of nearly 2,000,000 soldiers played an important part in the war. The German Army retreated to its homeland, and the war ended inNovember 1918.The World WarⅡ:At first, the US kept the attitude of isolation and neutrality.After the Pearl Harbor, the America entered into the war. Once the war was declared, it quickly mobilized its manpower and industries. It controlled prices and allocated war supplies to the nation's armed forces and allies.Dropped the deadly atomic bomb on two Japanese cities, the US won and World War Ⅱ ended.Modern Times: there are three famous presidents:Bill Clinton(1992-2000),George W. Bush(2001-2009), Barack Hussein Obama(2009-now)Conclusion:Since the founding of more than 200 years, the United States have experienced crucibles, but still stick to liberal democracy political system and become a typical country of constitutional democracy and civil liberties. America's huge economic, culture, science and technology, and military influence throughout the whole of the 20th century. In the first World War and the second World War, the United States and its Allies won together. After decades of the Cold War, Americafinally brought down the Soviet Union and then become the only superpower in the world. We believe that it will continue to play a leading role in the world's economy, politics, technology and popular culture.That’sa conclusion of what we just talked about.Thank you!Reference:“The Society and Culture of Britain and America” (Chapter 1-Origin and History)。
【5A文】美国历史之英语简介
Time
Event
December 16, 1773
A group of Americans threw 342 boxes of tea into Boston Harbour(波士顿港）.
Introduction to British and American Culture
Time
Introduction to British and American Culture
On July 4, 1776 the Second Continental Congress officially declared independence and formed the United States of America by adopting the Declaration of Independence, written by Thomas Jefferson（托马斯·杰斐逊）of Virginia. (July 4 is celebrated as the nation's birthday.)
Introduction to British and American Culture
During the first 150 years, the British colonies in North America became a “melting pot”. By the early 1760s, English settlers had established 13 colonies along the AtlThe British government started imposing new taxes on sugar, coffee and textiles(纺织 业) . They passed many laws such as the Quartering Act and the Stamp Act(印花税 法 ).
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The United States of America HistoryIndians: The “first Americans”The Discovery of the New WorldChristopher Columbus (31 October 1451 – 20 May 1506)a navigator, colonizer, and explorerHe initiated the process of Spanish colonization which foreshadowed general European colonization of the "New World".Pilgrim FathersRelations of American Indians with European settlersThe American War of IndependenceWhat were the causes of the War of IndependenceBritain’s colonial policyThe economy in the 13 colonies developed very fastThe British government was to bring the development under control andto collect more taxes from the colonies.“No taxation without representation”( 无代表，不纳税）How was the War of Independence startedThe “Boston Tea Party”•In 1773, when ships of tea reached Boston to be distributed,several dozen Boston residents boarded the ship at night andthrew $75,000 worth of tea into the harbor. This came to beknown as the “Boston Tea Party”.The start of the war•In 1775, about 1,000 British soldiers were sent from Bostonto seize the military supplies of the American militia. Whenthey arrived at Lexington they were met by the armed militiamen.Suddenly a shot was fired and the War of Independence began.Boston Tea PartyThe First Continental Congress—September, 1774The Second Continental CongressHeld in Philadelphia in May 1775Assume the functions of a national governmentDeclaration of IndependenceOn July 4, 1776, the Declaration of Independence was signed.On July 4, 1776, the Congress formally declared the independence•The Declaration states: “We hold these truths to beself-evident: That all men are created equal; that they areendowed by their Creator with certain unalienable rights; thatamong these are life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness;that to secure these rights, governments are instituted amongmen, deriving their just powers from the consent of thegoverned; that whenever any form of government becomesdestructive of these ends, it is the right of the people toalter or to abolish it, …”After being printed, the copies were sent out, broadcast and read to crowds everywhere.The document greatly encouraged the struggling people, making themthink that they should be independent and have the right to enjoyliberty.They were beginning to show more interests in a common cause.Both a great influence on the course of the war and a far-reachinginfluence in world history as well.It dragged on for seven years. (1775-1783)Obstacles for the continental army:No enough supplies.Tired and hungry, while British troops fresh and well-equipped.By the middle of December, 1776, the Revolution seemed lost.The victory at Saratoga (1777, October)—turning point.The assistance from FranceBenjamin Franklin—a messenger to Europe to get help from other countries.The French King made two agreements with Franklin:•France would take part in the war against England.•They agreed to trade with each other.•Spain and Holland joined France against England•—a quick end to the war.In 1781, a decisive victory at Yorktown in VirginiaOn October 19, 1781, the British general Cornwallis was forced to surrender, the war came to an end.The two parts signed the Treaty of Paris in 1783—America won its independenceThe Establishment of ConstitutionOn May 25, 1787, the constitution was drafted.In June 1789, the constitution came into effect in nine states.Ten amendments—The Bill of Rights—were added to the Constitution in 1791.The Civil War (1861-1865)Causes of Civil WarEconomic reason:two different economic systemsNorth Capitalist EconomySouth PlantationPolitical reasonThe North—Federal Government as a unionThe South—The Confederate Government: the independence of each state Uncle Tom’s Cab in Published in 1852Harriet Beecher Stowe ( l811-1896 )An antislavery novel which had great political influence."So this is the little lady who made this big war.“ ---LincolnAbraham Lincoln was elected president and opposed the expansion of slavery.Some southern states formed the Confederate States of America in 1861.Union army Vs. Confederate armyComparison of PowerThe North:twenty-three states, 22 million populationabundant facilities to manufacture arms and ammunition,clothing, and other suppliesmerchant marines and the navy remained in Union handsfederal government was better able to raise fund for warThe South:eleven states, 9 million populationmilitary advantages:actively preparing for warin possession of many federal forts and arsenalssuperior military leadership: a third of the regular army'sofficers were from the Southfighting on its own soilEmancipation Proclamationissued by Pres. Abraham Lincoln that freed the slaves of the Confederacy.-This transformed the war from a war to save the Union, to a war to abolish slavery.Battle of Gettysburg (July 1863) The turning pointGettysburg Address“Government of the People, by the People and for the People shall not perish from the earth”Influence of the Civil WarOutbreak of the First World War (1914-1918)Inevitable result of contradiction between two groups ofimperialist powers:•Allies(协约国)—Britain, France, and Russia•The Central European Powers(同盟国)—Germany,Austria-Hungary and ItalyThe political, economic and colonial rivalries of the great powers.World War IThe False Prosperity in the 1920’s1920’s = boom, prosperity, isolationisma period of material success and spiritual frustration or confusion andpurposelessnessErnest Hemingway (1899-1961)欧内斯特·海明威1. ReputationSpokesman for the Lost GenerationA Nobel Prize winner for literature in 1954Life Story1899Born in Illinois (his father was a highly respected doctor, his mother wasa singer and music teacher)1917After graduation from High School, he left home and worked for the Star as a reporter; Rejected by the American Army because of his poor vision in one eye1918Served as an ambulance driver in France, and then as a soldier in the Italian infantryWounded on both legs1919Returned home to complete his recovery1925Left for Paris1936Took part in the Spanish Civil War as a journalist, on the Republican side 1940Moved to Cuba1954Awarded the Nobel Prize1961Committed suicide by shooting himself with his hunting gunMajor WorksIn Our Time (1925) 《在我们的时代里》Collection of short storiesPortray the world of adulthood as an arena of danger and violence The Torrent of Spring (1926) 《春潮》The Sun Also Rises (1926) 《太阳照常升起》The disillusionment of the lost generationA Farewell to Arms (1929) 《永别了，武器》For Whom the Bell Tolls (1940) 《丧钟为谁而鸣》A love story, a war novelThe Old Man and the Sea (1952) 《老人与海》a man can be destroyed but not defeated一个人可以被毁灭(physically)，但不能给打败(spiritually)Writing Style“Hemingway Code heros”Those who survive in the process of seeking to master the code, known as “grace under pressure”, with the honesty, the discipline, and the restraint.eg: Cuban fisherman Santiagofighting a losing battle---loss becomes dignityiceberg theory of writingHis sentences only give one small bit of the meaning; the rest is impliedThe Great Depression1930’s = Great DepressionThe stock market crash in1929Massive unemployment, factory and mill closings, and mortgage foreclosures Core of the problem—immense disparity between the productive capacity and the ability of people to consumeWorld War II broke out in September, 1939 and ended in August, 1945.Background of the warThe World Spread economic crisisGermany and Italy began their ways of fascism and military expansion. Japan meant to conquer China and Southeast Asia by military expansion.Two opposing military alliances:the Allies (同盟国)and the Axis (轴心国)the deadliest conflict in all of human historyUSA attitude:A sit-on-the-fence policy•do trade with the warring countries, including the aggressors•believe in “glorious isolation”Its negative effect:•Isolationism encouraged Nazi and Adolph Hitler to believe thatthey could rely on American neutrality and their victims couldnot buy munitions in US.•Japan believed that pacifist US would not fight for theintegrity of China.On the morning of December 7, 1941, Japanese air force attacked the US Pacific fleet at Pearl Harbor, Hawaii. It was the direct cause for America’s entrance into the war.End of WWIIThe US air force dropped atomic bombs on Hiroshima On August 6 andon Nagasaki on August 8.On September 2, 1945, Japan surrendered.The Cold WarUnited Nations in 1945—a new and better world would emerge from WorldWar II.The conflict between the two superpowers Russia and the US increasedand later led to the Cold War.Truman Doctrinethe principle that the US should give support to countries or peoples threatened by Soviet forces or Communist insurrection. First expressed in 1947 by US President Truman in a speech to Congress seeking aid for Greece and Turkey, the doctrine was seen by the Communists as an open declarationof the cold war杜鲁门主义（该主义认为美国应支持受苏联军队或共产党叛乱威胁的国家或民族；该主义的首次表述出现于1947年美国总统杜鲁门在国会所作的关于要求对希腊和土耳其提供援助的演说中，这被共产党人视为公开的冷战宣言）NATOIn 1949, the United States—in company with 11 other powers—entered into the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO).The Vietnam WarA long-time suffering for the USStarted under Eisenhower and continued by Kennedy and Johnson •In 1965 US sent in troops to prevent the South Vietnamese government from collapsing. Ultimately, a failure•In 1975 Vietnam was reunified under Communist control.The Civil Rights MovementTwo other diplomatic breakthroughs:Re-establishing US relati ons with the People’s Republic of ChinaNegotiating the first Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty with the Soviet Union•Table Tennis Foreign Policy/Ping pong diplomacy•Nixon–first US president visited Beijing.•The “Shanghai Communiqué”—a new US policy:–there was one China;–Taiwan was part of China;– a peaceful settlement of the dispute by the Chinesethemselves was in American interest.Watergate Scandal of President Richard Nixon in 1972the illegal sabotage and espionage of Nixon’s Committee to Re-elect the President.Impeachment ---charge (the holder of a public office) with misconduct 弹劾（官员）Watergate ScandalTo defeat his adversary, Nixon hired five burglars to set up wiretaps(窃听装置) to get confidential information in the Democratic National Committee offices in the Watergate complex ;It was exposed and became the biggest political scandal in the history of America;Because of the pressure of public, Nixon was impeached and resigned in 1974.水门事件与华盛顿邮报1972: 尼克松总统为竞选连任在对手竞选总部安装窃听器被”深喉”举报给<华盛顿邮报>尼克松威胁: 报道误导,不公正<华盛顿邮报纸>不为所动两年之后,尼克松成为美国历史上第一位被被弹劾的总统<华盛顿邮报>记者Carl Bernstein, Bob Woodward获普利策奖America Since 1980’sRonald ReganAt sixty nine, Reagan became the oldest person ever elected as US President in 1980.•Economic program–reductions in income taxes and business taxes–deep cuts in federal spending in every area exceptdefenseGeorge W. Bush PeriodGeorge W. Bush: The 43rd president of the US elected in 2000During his first term, three major tax cutsSince 2003, America has had the fastest-growing economyThe war against terrorismTerrorist Event on September 11, 2001Invasion of IraqOn March 19, 2003 an invasion of Iraq by American and British troops started, supported by small contingents from several other countries.•“Trial of century”—the trial of Saddam began on October, 19, 2005 in Baghdad.•Saddam is accused of crimes against humanity.。