2019六级长篇阅读匹配练习题及答案(四)
2019 六级长篇阅读匹配练习题及答案（四）Section BHow "Second Brain" Influences Mood and Well-Being [A] As Olympians go for the gold in Vancouver, even the steeliest are likely to experience that familiar feeling of "butterflies" in the stomach. Underlying this sensation is an ofte n-o verlooked n etwork of neurons （神经元）li ning our guts that is so extensive some scientists have nicknamed it our "second brain". A deeper understanding of this mass of neural tissue is revealing that it does much more than merely handle digestion or inflict the occasional nervous pang. The little brain in our gut, in connection with the big one in our head, partly determines our mental state and plays key roles in certain diseases throughout the body.[B]Although its influence is far-reaching, the second brain is not the seat of any conscious thoughts or decision-making. "The second brain doesn't help with the great thought processes ... religion, philosophy and poetry is left to the brain in the head," says Michael Gershon, chairman of the Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology at New York- Presbyterian Hospital/Columbia University Medical Center, author of the 1998 book The Second Brain.[C]Technically known as the enteric （肠内的）nervous system, the second brain consists of covers of neurons embedded in the walls of the long tube of our gut, which measures about nine meters end to end. The second brain contains some 100 million neurons, Gershon says. This multitude of neurons in the enteric nervous system enables us to "feel" the innerworld of our gut and its contents. Much of this neural firepower comes to bear in the elaborate daily grind of digestion. Breaking down food, absorbing nutrients, and expelling of waste requires chemical processing, mechanical mixing and rhythmic musclecontractions that move everything on down the line.[D]Thus equipped with its own reactions and senses, the second brain can control gut behavior independently of the brain, Gershon says. We likely evolved this intricate web of nerves to perform digestion and ejection "on site," rather than remotely from our brains through the middleman of the spinal cord （脊髓）. "The brain in the head doesn't need to get its hands dirty with the messy business of digestion, which is delegated to the brain in the gut," Gershon says. He and other researchers explain, however, that the second brain's complexity likely cannot be interpreted through this process alone.[E] "The system is way too complicated to have evolved only to make sure things move out of your bowel," says Emeran Mayer, professor of physiology, psychiatry and biobehavioral sciences at the David Geffen School of Medicine at the University of California, Los Angeles （ U. C. L. A. ）. For example, scientists were shocked to learn that about 90 percent of the fibers in the primary gut nerve, the vagus （走神经）, carry information from the gut to the brain and not the other way around. "Some of that information is decidedly unpleasant," Gershon says.[F]The second brain informs our state of mind in other more obscure ways, as well. "A big part of our emotions are probably influenced by the nerves in our gut," Mayer says. Butterflies in the stomach-signaling in the gut as part of our physiological stress response, Gershon says--is but one example. Although gastrointestinal （肠胃）（GI）chaos can sour one's moods, everyday emotional well-being may rely on messages from the brain below to the brain above. For example, electrical stimulation of the vagus nerve-a useful treatment for depression-may mimic thesesignals, Gershon says.[G]Given the two brains' commonalities, other depression treatments that target the mind can unintentionally impact the gut. The enteric nervous system uses more than 30 neurotransmitters,just like the brain, and in fact 95 p erce nt of the body's serot onin （血清素）is found in the bowels.Because antidepressant medications called selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors （选择性无羟色胺再摄取抑制剂）（SSRIs）increase serotonin levels, it's little wonder that reeds （椎间盘镜）meant to cause chemical changes in the mind often provoke GI issues as a side effect. Irritable bowel syndrome-which afflicts more than two million Americans-also arises in part from too much serotonin in our guts, and could perhaps be regarded as a "mental illness" of the second brain.[H]Scientists are learning that the serotonin made by the enteric nervous system might also play a role in more surprisingdiseases ： In a new Nature Medicine study published online February 7, a drug that inhibited the release of serotonin from the gut counteracted the bonedeteriorating disease osteoporosis （骨质疏松症）. "It wastotally unexpected that the gut would regulate bone mass to the extent that one could use this regulation to cure osteoporosis," says Gerard Karsenty, lead author of the study and chair of the Department of Genetics and Development at Columbia University Medical Center.[I]S erotonin penetrating from the second brain might even play some part in autism （孤独症）, the developmental disorder often first noticed in early childhood. Gershon has discovered thatthe same genes involved in synapse formation （突触形成）between neurons in the brain are involved in the digestive synapse formation. "of these genes are affected in autism," he says, "it could explain why so many kids with autism have GI motor abnormalities in addition to elevated levels of gut-produced serotonin in their blood. "[J]Down the road, the blossoming field of neurogastroenterologywill likely offer some new insight into the workings of the second brain-and its impact on the body and mind." We have never systematically looked at the enteric nervous system in relating damages in it to diseases like they have for the central nervous system", Gershon says. One day, perhaps there will be well-known connections between diseases and damages in the gut's nervous system as some in the brain and spinal cord today indicate multiple sclerosis.[K] Cutting-edge research is currently investigating how the second brain mediates the body's immune response; after all, at least 70 percent of our immune system is aimed at the gut to expel and kill foreign invaders. U. C. L. A. 's Mayer is doing work on how the trillions of bacteria in the gut "communicate" with enteric nervous system cells （which they greatly outnumber）. His work with the enteric nervous system has led him to think that in coming years psychiatry will need to expand to treat the second brain inaddition to the one above the shoulders.[L] So for those physically skilled and mentally strong enough to compete in the Olympic Games-as well as those watching at home-it may well necessary for us all to pay more heed to our so-called "gut feelings" in the future.46. The second brain does not deal with the activities of advancedthinking.47. Some scientists have called the network of neurons in guts "second brain".48. Apart from elevated levels of gut-produced serotonin in their blood, children with autism are believed to have GI disorder.49. Meds often provoke GI issues as a side effect in that SSRIs increase serotonin levels.50. The author suggested that athletes in the Olympics and audience should pay more attention to gut feelings.51. Cutting-edge research is now focusing on the way the second brain adjusts the body's immune response.52. Many of our emotions may be brought about by the second brain.53.The second brain with its own reactions and senses is certain to give direction to gut system independently.54.It will soon be necessary for psychiatry to treat both the brain in the head and the second brain.55.The second brain enables us to feel the inner world of our body through multitude of neurons.。
2019年12月六级阅读答案
2019年12月六级阅读答案长篇阅读部分主要考察考生对于题干中关键词的理解以及关键词在文章中的同义替换的掌握，考生在做题时需注意不要只借助一个定位词去确定位置，下面给大家带来一些关于2019年12月六级阅读答案，希望对大家有所帮助。
PassageOne:第一篇难度较大，定位较容易，但找到定位句后，需要准确理解句意才能找出正确答案，切忌以点盖面46.B：根据题干the best school定位到第一段第二句The best seek to alleviate the external pressures on their pupils while equipping them better to understand and handle the world outside-at once sheltering them and broadening their horizons.Protect students from social pressures 同义替换alleviate the external pressures on their pupils;equipping them better to understand and handle the world outside同义替换 enable them to face the world.47.B：They widen the gap between priviledged and disadvantaged students根据school field trips定位到第二段The discrepancy is startlingly apparent. 差异显而易见，这质的差异根据文章即学生之间的贫富差异，其中the gap between privileged and disadvantaged students同义替换discrepancy;widen同义替换startlingly apparent因此B为正确选项48.D) Activities involving all students on campus.根据题干build community spirit定位至第三段倒数第二句和最后一句some schools have shown remarkable determination and ingenuity in ensuring that all their pupils are able to take up opportunities that may be truly life-changing. They should beapplauded. Methods such as whole-school fundraising, with the proceeds(收益) pooled, can help to extend opportunities and fuel community spirit.文中谈及学校努力确保所有学生都参与进来，且全校筹款等方法将收益汇总起来，可以帮助扩大机会并激发社区精神。
2019英语六级长篇阅读匹配练习题（3）
2019英语六级长篇阅读匹配练习题（3）2019英语六级长篇阅读匹配练习题(3)[A] We apply for credit for many reasons-maybe it's to buy a new car, house, computer, or get a student loan. However, that there is a special number that can determine whether you can do these things, or at least how much it will cost you. A credit score is a number that is calculated based on your credit history to give lenders a simpler "lend/don't lend" answer for people who are applying for credit or loans. This number helps the lender identify the level of risk they may be taking if they lend to someone. The credit score is quicker and less subjective. It's the credit score that makes it possible to get instant credit at places like electronics stores and department stores.[B] Although there are several scoring methods, the method most commonly used by lenders is known as a FICO because of its origins with Fair Isaac Corporation. Fair Isaac is an independent company that came up with the scoring method and software used by banks and lenders, insurers and other businesses. Each of the three major credit bureaus (Experian, Equifax and TransUnion) worked with Fair Isaac in the early 1980's to come up with the scoring method.[C] The three national credit bureaus each have their own version of the FICO score with their own names. Equifax has the Beacon system, TransUnion has the Empirica system, and Experian has the Experian/Falr Isaac system. Each is based on the original Fair Isaac FICO scoring method and produces equivalent numerical results for any given credit report. Some lenders also have their own scoring methods.Other scoring methods may include information such as yourincome or how long you've been at the same job.[D] Think of your credit score, like your grade in school. A teacher calculates grades by taking scores from tests, homework, attendance and anything else they want to use, weighting each one according to importance in order to come up with a final single number (or letter)score. Yourcredit score is calculated in a very similar manner. Insteadof using the scores from pop quizzes and reports you wrote, it uses the information in your credit report.[E] 35 percent of the score is based on your payment history. This makes sense since one of the primary reasons a lender wants to see the score is to find out if (and how timely)you pay your bills. The score is affected by how many bills have been paid late, how many were sent out for collection, any bankruptcies, etc. When these things happened also comes into play. The more recent, the worse it will befor your overall score.[F] 30 percent of the score is based on outstanding debt. How much do you owe on car or home loans? How many credit cards do you have that are at their credit limits? The more cards you have at their limits, the lower your score will be. The rule of thumb is to keep your card balances at 25% or less of their limits.[G] 15 percent of the score is based on the length oftime you've had credit. The longer you've had established credit, the better it is for your overall credit score. Why? Because more information about your past payment historygives a more accurate prediction of your future actions.[H] 10 percent of the score is based on the number of inquiries on your report. If you've applied for a lot of credit cardsor loans, you will have a lot of inquiries on your credit report. These are bad for your score because they indicate that you may be in some kind of financial trouble or may be taking on a lot of debt (even if you haven't used the cards or gotten the loans). The more recent these inquiries are, the worse for your credit score. FICO scores only count inquiries from the past years.[I] 10 percent of the score is based on the types of credit you currently have. The number of loans and available credit from credit cards you have makes a difference. Thereis no magic number or combination of types of accounts that you shouldn't have. These actually come more into play if there isn't as much other information on your credit report on which to base the score. This information is compared to the credit performance of other consumers with similar histories and profiles.[J] Your credit score doesn't just affect whether or not you get a loan; it also affects how much that loan is going to cost you. As your credit score increases, your credit risk decreases. This means your interest rate decreases. There are other factors that influence the interest rate you get for a loan besides your credit score. Things like the type of property you are using the loan to buy, how much of your own money is going into it, the costs the lender has to make the loan, etc.[K] In. addition to banks and lenders, there are landlords, merchants, employers and insurance companiesjumping on the credit score bandwagon (风靡的活动). Of all of these, the fact that insurance rates are being determined by credit scores is causing consumers the most alarm. To most, it seems that your credit history and your driving record have little in common. Insurers, on the other hand, have found thatusing credit scores to predict how likely someone is to pay premiums has helped them cut their losses. Theydon't use the same score that banks and lenders use, however. They use a slightly different formula for their calculations and actually call it an "insurance score".[ LJ Credit scores aren't static numbers. Because they are calculated based on your current credit report, they change every time your credit report changes. While this change may be very slight, it can also be much more dramatic. Here are some things some financial advisers say to do to try to improve your score.[M] Review your credit report and correct any errors you find. Getting rid of inaccurate information can sometimes improve your score dramatically.[N] Advice used to be given to close old and unused credit card accounts in order to reduce your "potential" available credit, which could change your debt ratio after you've been approved for a loan. Now, however, the ratio of your debt to your credit limit is more critical, so closing old accounts only raises that ratio-which you don't want to do. Some people have moved debt from several credit cards to one card and then closed the old accounts. Since creditors look at the debt-to- credit limit ratio, this can have a bad affect on your credit score because you have the same amount of debt but less available credit. So don't close old credit card accounts just because you're not using them.[O] Creditors also now look at the average age of your accounts so, again, keep those old accounts. Reduce your balances on credit cards to 75% or less of your available credit (25% is preferable). Pay your bills on time. (This is probably the most important of all!)Don't let anyone make an inquiry on your credit report unless you absolutely have to. The more inquiries,the lower your score. Don't open new credit card accounts just to increase your available creditin the hopes of raising your score. Also, remember that some improvements-such as better efforts at making payments on time-may take time to impact your score. So, time is also a factor.46. The credit score based on one's payment history accounts for 35 percent.47. FICO is the most frequently used credit scoring method.48. The credit score is calculated based on one's credit reports.49. Too many times of application for loans suggest that one may have some financial trouble.50. Credit score not only determines whether one can geta loan, but also affects how much one pays interest rate.51. To improve credit score, one should lay great effort not to delay the payment of bills.52. The basic role of a credit score is to determine whether applicants can get credit or loans.53. Credit score is a dynamic number that. varies with the change of one's current credit report.54. If you have more outstanding debt, you will get lower credit score.55. Closing old credit card accounts raises the debt-to-credit limit ratio, because the amount of available credit is reducing.46.The credit score based on one’s payment history accounts for 35 percent.。
2019年12月英语六级长篇阅读匹配练习题（1）
2019年12月英语六级长篇阅读匹配练习题（1）2019年12月英语六级长篇阅读匹配练习题（1）It's Time to Pay Attention to SleepA．After being diagnosed with brain and lung cancer in 2011, Lynn Mitchell, 68, was averaging about an hour of solid sleep a night． Stressed about her treatments, she was paying for it in hours of lost sleep．B．The brain cancer was already affecting her mobility--Mitchell was often dizzy and would lose her balance--but the lack of sleep made things worse． Even walking became increasingly difficult．Exhausted in the mornings, she was practically incoherent (精神恍惚)． When her doctors recommend she see a sleep therapist, Mitchell was relieved at how benign it sounded in comparison to the chemotherapy (化学疗法)she had undergone and the gene therapy trial she was undergoing, which had side effects like nausea and fatigue．C．For about nine weeks, Mitchell worked with the sleep therapist to adjust her sleep habits． She went to bed only when she was extremely fired．She quit watching TV in bed．She stopped drinking caffeinated (含咖啡因的) coffee in the evening． She also learned breathing exercises to relax and help her fall asleep． It was all quite simple and common sense, and most importantly, noninvasive and didn't require taking any pills．D． "It's common knowledge that sleep is needed for day to day function," says Dr．David Rapoport, director of the Sleep Medicine Program at NYU School of Medicine． "What isn't common knowledge is that it really matters--it's not just cosmetic．" Rapoport has long seen people seek sleep therapybecause they're chronically fired or suffering from insomnia, but an increasing number of patients are being referred to his center for common diseases, disorders, and mental health．E．Researchers have known for some time that sleep is critical for weight maintenance and hormone balance． And too little sleep is linked to everything from diabetes (糖尿病) to heart disease to depression．Recently, mounting evidence indicates that sleep plays a role in nearly every aspect of health． Beyond chronic illnesses, a child's behavioral problems at school could be rooted in mild sleep apnea (呼吸暂停)． And studies have shown children with ADHD (注意力缺陷多动症) are more likely to get insufficient sleep． A recent study published in the journal SLEEP found a link between older men with poor sleep quality and cognitivedecline．Another study shows sleep is essential in early childhood for development, learning, and the formation and retention of memories．F．But to many of us, sleep is easily sacrificed, especially since lack of it isn't seen as life threatening．Over time, sleep deprivation can have serious consequences, but we mostly sacrifice a night of sleep here and there, and always say that we'll "catch up．" Luckily, it is possible to make up for sleep debt (though it can take a very long time), but most Americans are still chronically sleep deprived．G． While diet and exercise have been a part of public health messaging for decades, doctors and health advocates are now beginning to argue that getting quality sleep may be just as important for overall health． "Sleep is probably easier to change than diet or exercise," says Dr． Michael Grandner , a sleep researcher at the University of Pennsylvania． "It may alsogive you more of an immediate reward if it helps you get through your day．" Sleep experts claim that it is one of the top three, and sometimes the most, important lifestyle adjustments one can make, in addition to diet and exercise．And while there's more evidence linking diet and exercise as influential health factors, sleep is probably more important in terms of brain and hormonal function． "Among a small group of sleep researchers, it's always been said that eating, exercise, and sleep are the three pillars of health," says Dr． Rapoport．H． In our increasingly professional and digital lives, carving out time for sleep is not only increasingly difficult, but also more necessary．Using technology before bed stimulates us and interferes with our sleep, yet 95% of Americans use some type of electronics like a computer, TV,or cell phone at least a few nights a week within the hour before we go to bed, according to a 2011 National Sleep Foundation survey． "Many doctors, lawyers, and executives stay up late and get up early and bum the candle at both ends," says Dr． Richard Lang, chair of Preventative Medicine at the Cleveland Clinic． "Making sure they pay attention to sleep in the same way they pay attention to diet and exercise is crucial．"I．To some, sleep has become a powerful cure to mental health． Arianna Huffington, president and editor-in-chief of the Huffington Post Media Group, advocates that sleep is the secret to success, happiness, and peak performance． After passing out a few years ago from exhaustion and cracking a cheekbone against her desk, Huffington has become something of a sleep evangelist (传道者)．In a 2010 TED Women conference, Huffington said, "The way to a more productive,more inspired, more joyful life is getting enough sleep．" Research linking high-quality sleep with better mental health is growing; a 2013 study found that treating depressed patients for insomnia can double their likelihood of overcoming the disorder．J． While 70% of physicians agree that inadequate sleepis a major health problem, only 43% counsel their patients on the benefits of adequate sleep． But there's growing pressure on primary care physicians to address, and even prescribe, sleep during routine check-ups． In a recent study published in the journal The Lancet Diabetes & Endocrinology, the researchers concluded that health professionals should prescribe sleep to prevent and treat metabolic disorders like obesity and diabetes．K． On the other hand, overlooking sleep as a majorhealth issue can also have deadly consequences．It was recently reported that the operator of the Metro-North train that derailed in New York last year, killing four people and injuring more than 70, had an undiagnosed case of sleep apnea．L．Sleep therapies can range from simply learning new lifestyle behaviors to promote sleep, to figuring out how to position oneself in bed．More drastic measures involve surgery to open up an airway passage for people suffering from disorders like sleep apnea． Sleeping pills can be prescribed too, to get much needed rest, but sleep therapists tend to favor other approaches because of possible dependencies developing．M． A large part of reaping the benefits of sleep is known when you're not getting the right amount．According to a 2013 Gallup survey, 40% of Americans get less than the recommended seven to eight hours a night． While the typical person still logsabout 6．8 hours of sleep per night, that's a drop from the 7．9 Americans were getting in the 1940s．N．When it comes to adequate sleep, it's much more personalized than previously thought． Some people feel great on five hours of rest, while others need ten． The best way to determine if you're getting the right amount, doctors say, is to find out how many hours of sleep you need to be able to wake up without an alarm and feel rested, refreshed, and energetic throughout the day．O．Since reforming her sleep habits, Mitchell has been clocking up to seven hours of shuteye a night for the past two months． "I'm alert in the morning, my balance is better, and I feel more energetic," says Mitchell． Getting enough sleep has helped her better deal with her cancers, and its symptoms． The best news is that she recently found out that her brain tumor is shrinking, and there are fewer cancerous spots on her lungs．46． According to Rapoport, people fail to fully realize the importance of sleep．47．The amount of time for an adequate sleep actually varies from person to person, and thus relies on personal judgment．48． The positive role of sleep therapy in treating depression indicates that sleep also contributes to mental health．49． Compared to the sleep therapy, the other therapies that Mitchell has to go through have some negative side effects．50． Now work and electronic products may play a role in depriving Americans of time for sleep．51． Mitchell has benefited much from sleep therapy in the fight against her brain and lung cancers．52． Among the various methods in sleep therapy, sleepingpills are usually the last choice by health professionals．53． It is recommended that physicians should adopt sleep as a way to prevent or treat some illnesses．54．It is now argued that high-quality sleep is no less important than diet and exercise in affecting health．55．Recent studies show that sleep is related to the behavioral problems of the kids and the cognitive abilities of the old．。
2019年6月英语四级阅读真题及答案：长篇阅读段落匹配
2019年6月英语四级阅读真题及答案：长篇阅读段落匹配Section BDirections: In this section, you are going to read a passage with ten statements attached to it. Each statement contains information given in one of the paragraphs. Identify the paragraph from which the information is derived. You may choose a paragraph more than once. Each paragraph is marked with a letter. Answer the questions by marking the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2.Resilience Is About How You Recharge, Not How You Endure[A] As constant travelers and parents of a 2-year-old, we sometimes fantasize about how much work we can do when one of us gets on a plane, undistracted by phones, friends, or movies. We race to get all our ground work done: packing, going through security, doing a last-minute work call, calling each other, then boarding the plane. Then, when we try to have that amazing work session in flight, we get nothing done. Even worse, after refreshing our email or reading the same studies over and over, we are too exhausted when we land to soldier on with (继续处理) the emails that have inevitably still piled up.[B] Why should flying deplete us? We’re just sitting there doing nothing. Why can’t we be tougher, more resilient (有复原力的) and determined in our work so we can accomplish all of the goals we set for ourselves? Based on our current research, we have come to realize that the problem is not our hectic schedule or the plane travel itself; the problem comes from a misconception of what it means to be resilient, and the resulting impact of overworking.[C] We often take a militaristic, “tough” approach to resilience and determination like a Marine pulling himself through the mud, a boxer going one more round, or a football player picking himself up off the ground for one more play. We believe that the longer we tough it out, the tougher we are, and therefore the more successful we will be. However, this entire conception is scientifically inaccurate.[D] The very lack of a recovery period is dramatically holding back our collective ability to be resilient and successful. Research has found that there is a direct correlation between lack of recovery and increased incidence of health and safety problems. And lack of recovery—whether by disrupting sleep with thoughts of work or having continuous cognitive arousal by watching our phones—is costing our companies $62 billion a year in lost productivity.[E] And just because work stops, it doesn’t mean we arerecovering. We “stop” work sometimes at 5pm, but then we spend the night wrestling with solutions to work problems, talking about our work over dinner, and falling asleep thinking about how much work we’ll do tomorrow. In a study just released, researchers from Norway found that 7.8% of Norwegians have become workaholics(工作狂). The scientists cite a definition of “workaholism”as “being overly concerned about work, driven by an uncontrollable work motivation, and investing so much time and effort in work that it impairs other important life areas.”[F] We believe that the number of people who fit that definition includes the majority of American workers, which prompted us to begin a study of workaholism in the U.S. Our study will use a large corporate dataset from a major medical company to examine how technology extends our working hours and thus interferes with necessary cognitive recovery, resulting in huge health care costs and turnover costs for employers.[G] The misconception of resilience is often bred from an early age. Parents trying to teach their children resilience might celebrate a high school student staying up until 3am to finish a science fair project. What a distortion of resilience! A resilient child is a well-rested one. When an exhausted student goes to school, he risks hurtingeveryone on the road with his impaired driving; he doesn’t have the cognitive resources to do well on his English test; he has lower self-control with his friends; and at home, he is moody with his parents. Overwork and exhaustion are the opposite of resilience and the bad habits we acquire when we’re young only magnify when we hit the workforce.[H] As Jim Loehr and Tony Schwartz have written, if you have too much time in the performance zone, you need more time in the recovery zone, otherwise you risk burnout. Gathering your resources to “try hard” requires burning energy in order to overcome your currently low arousal level. It also worsens exhaustion. Thus the more imbalanced we become due to overworking, the more value there is in activities that allow us to return to a state of balance. The value of a recovery period rises in proportion to the amount of work required of us.[I] So how do we recover and build resilience? Most people assume that if you stop doing a task like answering emails or writing a paper, your brain will naturally recover, so that when you start again later in the day or the next morning, you’ll have your energy back. But surely everyone reading this has had times when you lie in bed for hours, unable to fall asleep because your brain is thinking about work. If you lie in bed for eight hours, you may have rested,but you can still feel exhausted the next day. That’s because rest and recovery are not the same thing.[J] If you’re trying to build resilience at work, you need adequate internal and external recovery periods. As researchers Zijlstra, Cropley and Rydstedt write in their 2014 paper: “Internal recovery refers to the shorter periods of relaxation that take place within the frames of the work day or the work setting in the form of short scheduled or unscheduled breaks, by shifting attention or changing to other work tasks when the mental or physical resources required for the initial task are temporarily depleted or exhausted. External recovery refers to actions that take place outside of work—e.g. in the free time between the work days, and during weekends, holidays or vacations.” If after work you lie around on your bed and get irritated by political commentary on your phone or get stressed thinking about decisions about how to renovate your home, your brain has not received a break from high mental arousal states. Our brains need a rest as much as our bodies do.[K] If you really want to build resilience, you can start by strategically stopping. Give yourself the resources to be tough by creating internal and external recovery periods. Amy Blankson describes how to strategically stop during the day by using technology to control overworking. She suggestsdownloading the Instant or Moment apps to see how many times you turn on your phone each day. You can also use apps like Offtime or Unplugged to create tech free zones by strategically scheduling automatic airplane modes. The average person turns on their phone 150 times every day. If every distraction took only 1 minute, that would account for 2.5 hours a day.[L] In addition, you can take a cognitive break every 90 minutes to charge your batteries. Try to not have lunch at your desk, but instead spend time outside or with your friends—not talking about work. Take all of your paid time off, which not only gives you recovery periods, but raises your productivity and likelihood of promotion.[M] As for us, we’ve started using our plane time as a work-free zone, and thus time to dip into the recovery phase. The results have been fantastic. We are usually tired already by the time we get on a plane, and the crowded space and unstable internet connection make work more challenging. Now, instead of swimming upstream, we relax, sleep, watch movies, or listen to music. And when we get off the plane, instead of being depleted, we feel recovered and ready to return to the performance zone.36. It has been found that inadequate recovery often leads to poor health and accidents.37. Mental relaxation is much needed, just as physical relaxation is.38. Adequate rest not only helps one recover, but also increases one’s work efficiency.39. The author always has a hectic time before takinga flight.40. Recovery may not take place even if one seems to have stopped working.41. It is advised that technology be used to prevent people from overworking.42. Contrary to popular belief, rest does not equal recovery.43. The author has come to see that his problem results from a misunderstanding of the meaning of resilience.44. People’s distorted view about resilience may have developed from their upbringing.45. People tend to think the more determined they are, the greater their success will be.答案：36.D37. J38. L39. A40. E41. K42. I43.B44. G45. C温馨提示：考试采取“多题多卷”模式，试题顺序不统一，请依据试题进行核对。
2019年6月大学英语六级考试真题与参考答案(全三套)
2019年6月大学英语六级考试真题及参考答案（第1套）Part I Writing (30 minutes)Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write an essay on the importance of motivation and methods in learning.You should write at least 150 words but no more than 200 words.【参考范文】As an old saying goes, knowledge can change one’s life. In order to acquire knowledge, we have to study hard. However, it can not be ignored that effective learning needs both motivation and scientific methods.It’s not difficult for us to come up with several possible reasons accounting for this perspective. In the first place, learning is a kind of serious and hard work. Therefore, not everyone is able to keep going without certain internal motivations. Besides, scientific methods play a significant role in improving learning efficiency. Many of us believe that the longer you study, the better grades you will get. But a lot of experiences of our classmates prove that this view is not entirely correct. In details, studying for a long time is exhausting and it is very likely to decrease study efficiency, which is critical to academic performance.From what has been mentioned above, we can easily draw a conclusion that the importance of motivation and methods in learning is self-evident. And it is necessary for us to develop good learning methods.【参考范文译文】俗话说，知识能改变命运。
2019年12月大学英语六级考试阅读模拟题及答案4
2019年12月大学英语六级考试阅读模拟题及答案4Work is a very important part of life in the United States. When the early Protestant immigrants came to this country,they brought the idea that work was the way to God and heaven. This attitude, the Protestant work ethic, still influences America today. Work is not only important for economic benefits, the salary, but also for social and psychological needs, the feeling of doing something for the good of the society. Americans spend most of their lives working, being productive. For most Americans, their work defines them; they are what they do. What happens, then when a person can no longer work?Most Americans stop working at age sixty-five or seventy and retire. Because work is such an important part of life in this culture, retirement can be very difficult. Retireesoften feel that they are useless and unproductive. Of course, some people are happy to retire; but leaving one’s job, whatever it is a difficult change, even for those who look forward to retiring. Many retirees do not know how to usetheir time or they feel lost without jobs.Retirement can also bring financial problems. Many people rely on Social Security checks every month. During their working years, employees contribute a certain percentage of their salaries to the government. When people retire, they receive this money as income. These checks do not provide enough money to live on, however, because prices areincreasing very rapidly. Senior citizens, those over sixty-five, have to have savings in the bank or other retirement plans to make ends meet. The rate of inflation is forcingprices higher each year; Social Security checks alone cannot cover Medicare (health care) and welfare (general assistance) but many senior citizens have to change their lifestylesafter retirement. They have to spend carefully to be surethat they can afford to but food, fuel, and other necessities.Of course, many senior citizens are happy with retirement. They have time to spend with their families or to enjoy their hobbies. Some continue to work part time; others do volunteer work. Some, like those in the Retired Business Executives Association, even help young people to get started in new business. Many retired citizens also belong to “Golden Age” groups. These organizations plan trips and social events. There are many opportunities for retirees.Americans society is only beginning to be concerned about the special physical and emotional needs of its senior citizens. The government is taking steps to ease the problemof limited income. They are building new housing, offering discounts in stores and museums and on buses, and providing other services, such as free courses, food service, and help with housework. Retired citizens are a rapidly growing percentage of the population. This part of the population is very important and we must respond to their needs. After all, every citizen will be a senior citizen some day.1.The early immigrants considered work ___.A.too hardB.importantC.pleasantD.dull2.Why do Americans like working? Because working ___.A.doesn’t only mean money but it is also psychologicalB.can make life more comfortableC.can prove people to be independentD.gives people funny3.We can safely put forward that retirees who ___.A.have no financial problems still want to earn more moneyB.have financial problems still feel lostC.have no financial problems still feel lostD.have no financial problems feels it’s hard to make ends meet4.According to the passage the government ___.A.hadn’t paid attention to the retirees’ problemsB.has already solved a lot of retirees’ problemsC.has just begun to pay attention to the retirees’ problemsD.won’t pay attention to the retirees’ problems5.Which of the following is not steps taken for the benefit of senior citizens by the government?A.New housing has been built.B.The old are offered discounts in stores.C.Senior citizens are provided free courses, food service.D.None.答案：BACCD。
2019年六级考试阅读练习题(4)
2019年六级考试阅读练习题（4）Very old people do raise moral problems for almost everyone who comes in contact with them. Their values—this can't be repeated too often—are not necessarily our values. Physical comfort, cleanness and order are not necessarily the most important things. The social services from time to time find themselves faced with a flat with decaying food covered by small worms, and an old person lying alone in bed, taking no notice of the worms. But is it interfering with personal freedom to insist that they go to live with some of their relatives so that they might be taken better care of? Some social workers, the ones who clear up the worms, think we are in danger of carrying this concept of personal freedom to the point where serious risks are being taken with the health and safety of the old.Indeed, the old can be easily hurt or harmed. The bodyis like a car, it needs more mechanical maintenance as it gets older. You can carry this comparison right through to the provision of spare parts. But never forget that such operations are painful experiences, however good the results. And at what point should you cease to treat the old body? Is it morally right to try to push off death by pursuing the development of drugs to excite the forgetful old mind and to activate(激活) the old body, knowing that it is designed to die? You cannot ask doctors or scientists to decide, because so long as they can see the technical opportunities, theywill feel bound to give them a try, on the principle that while there's life, there's hope.When you talk to the old people, however, you are forced to the conclusion that whether age is happy or unpleasant depends less on money or on health than it does on yourability to have fun.21. It is implied in Paragraph 1 that______.A. very old people enjoy living with their relativesB. social services have nothing to do with very old peopleC. very old people would like to live alone so that they can have more personal freedomD. very old people are able to keep their rooms very clean22. Some social workers think that______.A. health and safety are more important than personal freedomB. personal freedom is more important than health and safetyC. old people should keep their rooms cleanD. one should not take the risk of dealing with old people23. In the author's opinion, ______.A. the human body can't be compared to a carB. the older a person, the more care he needsC. too much emphasis has been put on old people's valuesD. it is easy to provide spare parts for old people24. The word "it" in the last paragraph refers to______.A. the conclusion you have come toB. your talk to the old peopleC. whether age is happy or unpleasantD. one's money or one's health25. The author thinks that______.A. medical decisions for old people should be left to the doctorsB. old people can enjoy a happy life only if they are very richC. the opinion that we should try every means possible to save old people is doubtfulD. it is always morally right to treat old people and push off death答案：21. C 22. A 23. B 24. C 25. C。
2019年英语六级阅读理解试题库及答案（3,4）
2019年英语六级阅读理解试题库及答案（3,4）英语中的阅读题再多不过了，也是最好拿分的了，一起来看看考试栏目组小编为你提供的2019年英语六级阅读理解试题库及答案(3-4)，更多相关资讯，请关注网站更新。
2019年英语六级阅读理解试题库及答案(3)President Arling has put his long awaited economic restructuring program before the Congress. It provides a coordinated program of investment credits, research grants, education reforms, and tax changes designed to make American industry more competitive. This is necessary to reverse the economic slide into unemployment, lack of growth, and trade deficits that have plagued the economy for the past six years.The most liberal wing of the President's party has called for stronger and more direct action. They want an incomes policy to check inflation while federal financing helps rebuild industry behind a wall of protective tariffs.The Republicans, however, decry even the modest, graduated tax increases in the President’s program. They want tax cuts and more open market. They say if federal money has to be injected into the economy, let it through defence spending.Both these alternatives ignore the unique nature of the economic problem before us. It is not simply a matter of markets or financing. The new technology allows vastly increased production for those able to master it. But it also threatens those who fail to adopt it withermanent second-class citizenship in the world economy. If an industry cannot lever itself up to the leading stage of technological advances, then it will not be able to compete effectively. If it cannot do this, no amount of government protectionism or access to foreign markets can keepit profitable for long. Without the profits and experience of technological excellence tore invest, that industry can only fall still further behind its foreign competitors.So the crux is the technology and that is where the President’s program focused. The danger is not that a plan will not be passed, it is that the ideologues of right and left will distort the bill with amendments that will blur its focus on technology. The economicretructuring plan should be passed intact. If we fail to restructure our economy now, we may not get a second chance.1. The focus of the President's program is on[A] investment.[B] economy.[C] technology.[D] tax.2. What is the requirement of the most liberal wing of the Democratic-party?[A] They want a more direct action.[B] They want an incomes policy to check inflation.[C] They want to rebuild industry.[D] They want a wall of protective tariffs.3. What is the editor's attitude?[A] support.[B] distaste.[C] Disapproval.[D] Compromise.4. The danger to the plan lies in[A] the two parties' objection.[B] different idea of the two parties about the plan.[C] its passage.[D] distortion.5. The passage is[A] a review.[B] a preface.[C] a advertisement.[D] an editorial.Vocabulary1. reverse 逆转2. slide 滑坡3. plague 瘟疫;折磨，困扰4. tariff 关税5. decry 谴责，诋毁6. lever 杠杆;用杠杆撬动7. crux 症结8. ideologue 空想家，思想家9. intact 原封不动的，完整无损的10. investment credit 投资信贷11. research grant 研究基金难句译注1. This is necessary to reverse the economic slide into unemployment, lack of growth, and trade deficits that have plagued the economy for the past six years.【参考译文】写作方法与文章大意这是一则有关总统向国会提交的经济计划评论。
2019年12月英语六级长篇阅读匹配练习题(5)
2019年12月英语六级长篇阅读匹配练习题（5） Getting Air Traffic under ControlA) The shortest distance between two points is astraight line---unless you happen．to be traveling in an airplane． Commercial airliners around the world follow circuitous flight paths, waste time in holding patterns before landing and burn precious fuel taxiing (滑行) . Part of the blame can be placed on crowded airports and airspace, especially in heavily trafficked (交通繁忙的) areas like New York City．But delays and inefficiencies in air travel are due in large part to an outdated traffic-control system that still relies on slow, ground-based radar stations and repetitive voice communication．B) "At this' point, we're still operating with technology that dates back to World War II," says Marion Blakey, president of the Aerospace Industries Association and a former head of the Federal Aviation Administration(FAA) ．"We’re sticking with cassette tapes when we should be moving to DVDs．"C) It's bad enough that this air-traffic-control system has led to pitiful performance： nearly 25% of U．S．flights were late in 2008． But inefficiencies in the air and on the ground caused by the system also mean fuel wasted and carbon dioxide (CO2) emitted at the very time when the air-travel industry is coming under scrutiny (审查) for its role in climate change．D) Though airlines contribute only about 2% of global carbon emissions, that figure is set to rise as air travelexpands, especially in the developing world And for frequent travelers, flights can enlarge their personal carbonfootprint (碳足迹)一a round-trip journey between New YorkCity and London emits 1．5 metric tons of CO2 per passenger． "We're 2%, but we are a very visible 2%," says Paul Steele, who directs environmental initiatives for the International Air Transport Association (IATA) ．E) As the world prepares for the next U．N． Climate Change Conference, known as COP15, in Copenhagen in December, the air-travel industry will be under increasing pressure to cut its emissions---or pay a carbon tax． Though next-generation jet biofuels (生物燃料) made from algae (海藻) or coconuts tend to get all the green hype (大肆宣传) , the best immediate opportunity for the industry to control carbon emissions will be through improving fuel efficiency--and the best way to do that is to pull the airtraffic-control system into the digital 21 st century through what the FAA has named NextGen． "The overall goal of NextGen is to increasecapacity to meet demand while at the same time not growing carbon emissions," says Vicki Cox, the FAA's senior vice president for NextGen．F) NextGen is the FAA's long-term plan to replace the current radar-based air-traffic-control system with one that operates using satellites and a global positioningsystem． (Europe is working on a similar upgrade with its Single European Sky initiative．． Instead of a radar system that updates the positions of planes every 12 seconds or so, NextGen will use satellite data to locate planes in real time, thanks to the Automatic Dependent Surveillance-Broadcast (ADS-B 广播式自动相关监视) system． Instead of relying ontime-consuming voice communication with a control tower, pilots will instantly know the location, speed and direction of the planes around them． It's not unlike the GPS system you might use in your car--if your GPS could tell you what every other vehicle on the road was doing all the time．G) "The new system gives pilots a heightened awareness of the airspace around them and helps controllers efficiently direct the tens of thousands of flights that crisscross (往返奔波) the country daily," says Steve Loranger, chief executive of ITT Corporation, which is developing the ADS-B system for the FAA)H) A satellite-based system like NextGen will allow for tighter, more direct flight paths--more A to B instead of A to C to B. Every minute cut from a flight plan means lessfuel and less carbon emissions．And with jet fuel costing about $1．75 per gallon (46 cents per liter． , that could save the airlines millions．I) Much of those savings will come during approach (进场) and landing． Because the current system is less precise, controllers need to give planes plenty of room as they lock onto the runway, descending in a slow, steppedapproach． NextGen will allow planes to make what is called a continuous-descent approach (CDA) , essentially letting them turn off their engines, saving tons of fuel and reducing pollutants．J) At the airport in Louisville, Kentucky, where UPS has been experimenting with a satellite-based control system, the shipper has been able to use CDA for landings and maximize the number of planes in the air at any given time． UPS。
2019六级长篇精选阅读匹配练习试题包括答案一.doc
2019 六级长篇阅读匹配练习题及答案(一) Section BDirections ： In this section, you are going to read a passage with ten statements attached to-it. Each statement contains information given in one of the paragraphs. Identify the paragraph from which the information is derived. You may choose a paragraph more than once. Each paragraph ismarked with a letter. Answer the questions by marking the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2.Six Steps to Tackling Your Student Loans[A] Any payment is a good debt payment, but a strategy canbe useful too-even if your strategy means opening the envelope.Open the envelope[B]This is the hardest thing to do. The bills come with the "Sallie Mae" or "Discover" logo on them and you toss them aside, hoping to deal with them when you feel less besieged ( 围攻 ). You know you started owing some amount- $20,000, $50,000, $100,000 —and that the interest is piling up, butyou don't know exactly how much or how. When faced with heavy debt, many people try to avoid seeing the numbers.[C]This doesn't work, even psychologically. Anyone who haslet credit-card bills or mortgage bills pile up, 1reopened,knows that avoiding the envelope does not reduce your anxiety; it increases it. As those envelopes multiply, they take over your psychological state. In horror movies, it's like the monster in the room behind the door. You don't know what itlooks like, but it keeps you scared and immobile. So,open the envelope.[D] Or, even better, log in online. All student loanproviders have a web site where you can see what you owe,your interest rates, and your payment schedules. SallieMae.com is no-frills, but still allows you to see your loans on onescreen, including your interest rates. Discover. corn alsohas a pretty basic site. Citibank has a more complex site.Get used to logging into these sites pretty often; ff you need motivation, think of it as visiting your money while it's inprison.[E] The websites all have one thing in common：they let you see how much you owe, and what your interest is, and theymake it easy to pay-but they don't let you see how much yourdebt load is growing. This is a major motivating factor inpaying down your loans. Identify your loans[F]Are your loans held by the federal government--usuallythrough Sallie Mae--or through "private" lenders like Citibankor Discover? if you don't know who holds your loans, you canfind out here, at the National Student Loan Data System.[G]Why do you need to know who holds your loans? This willmake a difference to your payment options and your interestrates, if you have a federal loan, for instance, yourinterest rate is probably very low, around 32% ; ff you haveprivate loans, the interest rates are likely to be much higher,around 48%. Federal loans also give you options likerequesting forbearance (延期还贷) ff you're out of work or ifyour income is too low-handy for the times when you're down on your luck.Start seeing your debt in new ways[H]The websites of lenders are often limited and onlyhave basic information. To really tackle your student loans,it can often be useful to visualize how much progressyou're making. There are several ways to do that.[I]One really useful new free site is Tuition. io, whichgathers information for all your loans in one place. You cansee your debt in colorful charts, play around with repayment plans, and, once you start paying your loans, you can see the numbers start to fall. That can be very motivating.[J]For the same effect that you can customize yourself, trya Google Docs spreadsheet. There's a template that already exists for paying down loans; it has the unpromising title of "Loan amortization schedule by Vertex42. corn" but it hasvery handy calculators built in so that you can tweak your monthly payments to see how much progress you can make if you increase or decrease your payments in any given month. If you don't like that template, just create a Google Docs spreadsheet with the categories you need ： date; loanname/number; loan interest rate; starting loan amount( including how much you owe on that date) ; payment amount you made on that date; ending loan amount after that payment. After you have enough entries, you can start creating graphs; there are few things more satisfying than seeing that graph move downward as you pay off your debt.[K] If you want to see your loans in a larger context ofyour whole financial picture, LearnVest is a great mobile app for iPhone. It gathers all your information income, loans, credit card debt by linking to your accounts. It serves up useful graphs on your net worth, comparing your assets to what you owe -and there's nothing more motivating than seeing a "minus" sign next to your financial picture. LearnVest"also lets you track your spending, which may make it easierto see where to cut down on expenses so that you can put more into your loan payments. LearnVest also has a good website full of useful advice .Don't be afraid to scare yourself [L] Student loans can often be scary and that's Why you should slay them. The more you see how much you owe, and how fast your interest is rising, the more motivated you can be to fight back by paying those loans. One staffer, after she saw how much money she was wasting on interest payments, increased her student loan payments by $ 75 a month.[M]It can also be tempting to believe that your student debtis so big that nothing you do can ever make a dent in it.That's completely untrue. Only paying your loans will shrink them. It will take years, true. It will take even longer ifyou don't pay, or pay the minimum. There's only one outcome of shirking your loans ： ending up with bigger loans. Then you're in an even bigger bind. No one is going to save you from student loans. Action counts.Choose a strategy[N] Any payment is a good payment, but a strategy can be very useful too. There are two aspects to loans ：principal and interest .Principal is how much you've borrowed ,and theinterest is what you're paying every month for the privilege ofhaving borrowed that money. Your goal is to pay down asmuch of the principal as possible. Your chief enemy here isinterest ： it grows fast, and makes the principal recede more distantly.[O]So make sure you know the rank of your loans, in orderfrom smallest to largest, and lowest interest to highestinterest. Do whatever is possible to reduce the interest; asour columnist Helaine Olen points out, Sallie Mac offers youa 0. 25% reduction in your loan interest if you sign up foran automatic debit (借方) plan--just make sure the money isalways going to be in your account. If you don't want to dothat, follow Helaine's other piece of advice ： you're smarter to pay off the loans with the higher interest rate flint.This will create the biggest impact. Another popular strategyis the "snowball" method, where you pay the most on thesmallest debt owed. So if you have a $20,000 loan and a$10,000 loan, the "snowball" method means you will startpaying more towards the $10,000 loan. You'll see it disappear faster. These two methods don't always go together; so trywhat feels comfortable. The important thing is to see andtrack your progress.[P]If your income isn't enough, consider other methods ofproducing money ： side projects, odd jobs, or selling thingsyou don't need on eBay or Craigslist. For those whose parentscan afford it, working out a joint payment plan can makesense. One graduate we know struck a savvy (精明的) deal with his parents ： if he made the minimum student loan paymentevery month, they would contribute $100 toward his studentloans. That's $100 he doesn't have to cut from his own budget.As a benefit, making bigger payments will help you pay down the principal of the loan, since the minimum payments often only end up reducing your interest, which balloons back later. Even $ 50 more a month can help.[Q]Here's an example ： if you have a $ 20,000 loan, with a 4.2% interest, rate, you will end up paying an extra $ 2,814in interest alone over six and a half years. If you increase your payment by only $ 50 a month, you'll cut that interestby $ 500 ; ff you can find a way to pay $ I00 more a month, you'll save nearly $ 800 in interest. That's $ 800 more inthe bank, and $ 800 less wanted on pointless interest payments.Take it in stride[R]Most Americans owe some form of debt; learning how to handle it is a lifelong process. Most of all, don't beat yourself up if you're not perfect at paying down your loans. Some of the savviest financial players struggled for years with their own finances. We all learn in our own time and we rind what works for us and what doesn't. Accept your own progress.46.If you have a federal loan, you are allowed to pay back the loan later when you are fired.47.LearaVest informs you about your spending so that you can see where to save money to pay off your debt.48.Even for financial experts, financial problems may have taken them years to deal with.49.You are advised to start with the loans with thehigher interest rate.50.Many Americans are in debt and learning how to handle itwill take a lifetime.51.With Google Docs spreadsheet, you can create yourown personalized debt graphs.52.If you don't have enough income, you are advised totry other ways of making money.53.Those student, loan providers' websites don't present thegrowth of your debt load.54.The result of inaction to your loans is to bringabout bigger loans.55.When you toss away envelopes containing your bills,you actually feel more anxious about it.46．If you have a federal loan ．you are allowed to pay back the loan later when you are fired ．详解如果你有联邦贷款，能够在失业时延期还款。