语言学-同义词与反义词ppt课件
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上有区别。
（1）The denial of one is not necessarily the assertion
of the other.对一方的否定并非是对另一方的肯定。 (2)can be modified by “very” (3) have comparative and superlative degrees (4) intermediate degrees may be lexicalized (sometimes)
.
Content
❖ 1.Three main sub-types:
❖
--Gradable Antonym
❖
--Complementary Antonym
❖
--Converse Antonym
❖ The usage of Antonym
❖ 2.Two main sub-types:
❖
-- Absolute Synonym
C. Social opposites : husband – wife teacher-student finance -fiancée
.
❖ Third, one member of a pair, usually the term for the higher degree, serves as the cover term.
一对反义词中，通常那个较高程度的词用作覆盖整个量级的术语。
The cover term is called “unmarked” i.e. usual 覆盖性词称为“无标记词”，
E.g. alive-dead male- female present- absent true- false
.wk.baidu.com
❖ Second, the norm in this type is absolute.
划分规范是绝对的。
❖ Third，there is no cover term for the two members of a pair.
❖
-- Relative Synonym
.
(1)Gradable antonym 等级反义词
❖ Features of them :
❖ First, GRADABLE. That is, the members of a pair differ in terms of degree. 每对的成员在程度
Antonym Synonym
.
Definition
❖ Antonym (反义词) A word that means the opposite of another word, such as empty is an antonym of full.
❖ Synonym（同义词） A word that means the same or nearly the same as another word, such as bucket and pail.
即一般词汇。 The covered “marked” 被覆盖的词语称为“标记词”。
Unmarked
marked
名词：
man
woman
author
authoress
lion
lioness
形容词：
old
young
wide
narrow
deep
shallow
名词： length 长度 height 高度 width 宽度
（2）They show the reversal of a relationship between two entities. 表现两个实体之间的一种反向关系。
A. reciprocal opposites : buy-sell gain-loss go-come
B. Spatial opposites : in front of- behind above – below
(1)The assertion of one means the denial of the other,and the denial of one means the assertion of the other.
(2)can’t be modified by “very” (3)Do not have comparative and superlative degrees (4)Do not have intermediate degrees
Examples: How old are you?
How tall is his brother?
How do you like your food?
.
(2)Complementary antonym 互补反义关系
❖ Three features:
❖ First,The members of a pair are complementary. ❖ 每对之间互补。
.
❖ Second, antonyms of this kind are graded against different norms. 这种类型的反义词以不同的
规范划分等级 ❖ Criterion varies with the object described.
For example: the comparision between a big car and a small plane.
❖ 一对成员没有一个覆盖性词语。
.
❖ the gradable vs. the contrary ❖ the complementary vs. the contradictory
.
(3)Converse antonymy 反向反义词
（1）The members of a pair do not constitute a positive-negative opposition.每对反义词当中的成员并不构成肯定-否定的对立。
.
❖ 这样一对反义词在语义的直线坐标上离开 中点距离应是相等的，但是可以有它们的 内项，也可能有它们的外项。
❖ 例如以hot(热的)和cold(冷的)这一对反义 词来看，它们可以有内项warm(温的)和 cool(凉的)
❖ 又如，以good(好的)和bad(坏的)这一对 反义词来看，它们可有外项excellent(极 好的)和terrible(极糟的)
（1）The denial of one is not necessarily the assertion
of the other.对一方的否定并非是对另一方的肯定。 (2)can be modified by “very” (3) have comparative and superlative degrees (4) intermediate degrees may be lexicalized (sometimes)
.
Content
❖ 1.Three main sub-types:
❖
--Gradable Antonym
❖
--Complementary Antonym
❖
--Converse Antonym
❖ The usage of Antonym
❖ 2.Two main sub-types:
❖
-- Absolute Synonym
C. Social opposites : husband – wife teacher-student finance -fiancée
.
❖ Third, one member of a pair, usually the term for the higher degree, serves as the cover term.
一对反义词中，通常那个较高程度的词用作覆盖整个量级的术语。
The cover term is called “unmarked” i.e. usual 覆盖性词称为“无标记词”，
E.g. alive-dead male- female present- absent true- false
.wk.baidu.com
❖ Second, the norm in this type is absolute.
划分规范是绝对的。
❖ Third，there is no cover term for the two members of a pair.
❖
-- Relative Synonym
.
(1)Gradable antonym 等级反义词
❖ Features of them :
❖ First, GRADABLE. That is, the members of a pair differ in terms of degree. 每对的成员在程度
Antonym Synonym
.
Definition
❖ Antonym (反义词) A word that means the opposite of another word, such as empty is an antonym of full.
❖ Synonym（同义词） A word that means the same or nearly the same as another word, such as bucket and pail.
即一般词汇。 The covered “marked” 被覆盖的词语称为“标记词”。
Unmarked
marked
名词：
man
woman
author
authoress
lion
lioness
形容词：
old
young
wide
narrow
deep
shallow
名词： length 长度 height 高度 width 宽度
（2）They show the reversal of a relationship between two entities. 表现两个实体之间的一种反向关系。
A. reciprocal opposites : buy-sell gain-loss go-come
B. Spatial opposites : in front of- behind above – below
(1)The assertion of one means the denial of the other,and the denial of one means the assertion of the other.
(2)can’t be modified by “very” (3)Do not have comparative and superlative degrees (4)Do not have intermediate degrees
Examples: How old are you?
How tall is his brother?
How do you like your food?
.
(2)Complementary antonym 互补反义关系
❖ Three features:
❖ First,The members of a pair are complementary. ❖ 每对之间互补。
.
❖ Second, antonyms of this kind are graded against different norms. 这种类型的反义词以不同的
规范划分等级 ❖ Criterion varies with the object described.
For example: the comparision between a big car and a small plane.
❖ 一对成员没有一个覆盖性词语。
.
❖ the gradable vs. the contrary ❖ the complementary vs. the contradictory
.
(3)Converse antonymy 反向反义词
（1）The members of a pair do not constitute a positive-negative opposition.每对反义词当中的成员并不构成肯定-否定的对立。
.
❖ 这样一对反义词在语义的直线坐标上离开 中点距离应是相等的，但是可以有它们的 内项，也可能有它们的外项。
❖ 例如以hot(热的)和cold(冷的)这一对反义 词来看，它们可以有内项warm(温的)和 cool(凉的)
❖ 又如，以good(好的)和bad(坏的)这一对 反义词来看，它们可有外项excellent(极 好的)和terrible(极糟的)