2011年考研英语二真题及答案
2011年考研英语二真题答案及解析
3.[A] careless 粗心的，疏忽的
[B] lawless 非法的
[C] pointless 无意义的
[D] helpless 无助的，没有帮助的
【答案】B
【考点】词义辨析
1
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【直击答案】本空格所在句是 Can privacy be preserved__2__bringing safety and security to a world that seems
【译文】互联网可被匿名使用，这对于保护个人隐私和言论自由是一大幸事。但也正是这种匿名使用的方式，
使得席卷整个互联网的网络犯罪数量急速增加。
在为这个似乎越来越没有法律控制的互联网世界提供一层安全保险外罩的同时，人们的隐私是否予以保护呢？
1.[A] swept 打扫，席卷 【答案】A 【考点】词义辨析
[B] skipped 跳过，掠过[C] walked 行走 [D] ridden 骑
【答案】C
【考点】词义辨析
【直击答案】本空格所在句是 Can privacy be preserved__2__bringing safety and security to a world…。根据上文信 息，网络匿名的优点为网络使用者提供隐私保障，但与此同时网络犯罪却也正席卷着互联网。所以可判断出，
作本句目的状语。再根据后面的信息，Howard Schmidt 提供的是一套“自愿身份识别系统”，可推断出，此人
为联邦政府提出的是一个建议，故选 D 项 proposal。
【命题思路】该题考查的是词义辨析，需要结合句子来进行选择。
【干扰排除】根据动词 offer 可知，不可能提供妥协或者提醒物，先排除 B、C 项。根据下文，并没有说明原因，
2011年硕士研究生入学考试2011英语二真题及参考答案
2011年硕士研究生入学考试2011英语二 真题及参考答案Section I Use of EnglishDirections ：Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered black and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)The Internet affords anonymity to its users, a blessing to privacy and freedom of speech. But that very anonymity is also behind the explosion of cyber-crime that has 1 across the Web. Can privacy be preserved 2 bringing safety and security to a world that seems increasingly 3 ?Last Last month, month, month, Howard Howard Howard Schmidt, Schmidt, Schmidt, the the the nation nation ’s s cyber-czar, cyber-czar, offered the federal federal government governmenta 4 to make the Web a safer place-a“voluntary trusted identity ” system that would be the high-tech 5 of a physical key, a fingerprint and a photo ID card, all rolled 6 one. The system might use a smart identity card, or a digital credential 7 to a specific computer .and would authenticate users at a range of online services.The idea is to 8 a federation of private online identity systems. User could 9 which system to join, and only registered users whose identities have been authenticated could navigate those systems. The approach contrasts with one that would require an Internet driver ’s license 10 by the government.Google and Microsoft are among companies that already have these that already have these““single sign-on ” systems that make it possible for users to 11 just once but use many different services.12 .the approach would create a “walled garden ” n cyberspace, with safe“neighborhoods” and bright “streetlights ” to establish a sense of a 13 community.Mr. Schmidt described it as a “voluntary ecosystem ” in which “individuals and organizations can complete online transactions with 14 ,trusting the identities of each other and the identities of the infrastructure 15 which the transaction runs ”.Still, the administration ’s plan has 16 privacy rights activists. Some applaud the approach; others are concerned. It seems clear that such a scheme is an initiative push toward what would 17 be a compulsory Internet “drive ’s license ” mentality.The plan has also been greeted with 18 by some computer security experts, who worry that the “voluntary ecosystem ” envisioned by Mr. Schmidt would still leave much of the Internet 19 .They argue that all Internet users should be 20 to register and identify themselves, in the same way that drivers must be licensed to drive on public roads.1．A.sweptB.skipped B.skippedC.walkedD.ridden 2． A.for B.within C.while D.though 3．A.carelesswlessC.pointlessD.helpless 4．A.reasonB.reminderpromiseD.proposal 5．rmationB.interferenceC.entertainmentD.equivalent 6．A.byB.intoC.fromD.over 7．A.linkedB.directedC.chainedpared 8． A.dismiss B.discover C.create D.improve9． A.recall B.suggestC.selectD.realize 1010．． A.relcased B.issuedC.distributedD.delivered 1111．． A.carry on B.linger onC.set inD.log in 1212．． A.In vain B.In effectC.In returnD.In contrast 1313．． A.trusted B.modernizedc.thriving peting 1414．． A.caution B.delightC.confidenceD.patience 1515．． A.on B.afterC.beyondD.across 1616．． A.divided B.disappointedC.protectedD.united 1717．． A.frequestly B.incidentallyC.occasionallyD.eventually 1818．． A.skepticism B.relerance C.indifference D.enthusiasm 1919．． A.manageable B.defendableC.vulnerableD.invisible 2020．． A.invitedB.appointedC.allowedD.forced S ection II Reading ComprehensionPart AD irections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions after each text by choosing A, B,C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40points)Text 1Ruth Simmons joined Goldman Sachs ’s board as an outside director in January 2000: a year later she became president of Brown University. For the rest of the decade she apparently managed both roles without attracting much eroticism . But by the end of 2009 Ms. Simmons was under fire for having sat on Goldman ’s compensation committee; how could she have let those enormous bonus payouts pass unremarked? By February the next year Ms. Simmons had left the board. board. The The position position was was just taking up too much time, she said.Outside directors are supposed to serve as helpful, yet less biased, advisers on a firm ’s board. Having made their wealth and their reputations elsewhere, they presumably have enough independence to disagree with the chief executive ’s proposals. If the sky, and the share price is falling, outside directors should be able to give advice based on having weathered their own crises.The researchers from Ohio University used a database hat covered more than 10,000 firms and more than 64,000 different directors between 1989 and 2004. Then they simply checked which directors stayed from one proxy statement to the next. T he most likely reason for departing a board was age, so the researchers concentrated on those “surprise ” disappearances by directors under the age of 70. They fount that after a surprise departure, the probability that the company will subsequently have to restate earnings increased increased by by nearly 20%. The likelihood likelihood of of being named in a federal federal class-action class-action lawsuit also increases, increases, and and the stock is likely to perform worse. The effect tended to be larger for larger firms. Although a correlation between them leaving and subsequent bad performance at the firm is suggestive, it does not mean that such directors are always jumping off a sinking ship. Often they “trade up.” L eaving riskier, smaller firms for larger and more stable firms.B ut the researchers believe that outside directors have an easier time of avoidinga blow to their reputations if they leave a firm before bad news breaks, even if a reviewof history shows they were on the board at the time any wrongdoing occurred. Firms whotough times may have to create incentives.through toughwant to keep their outside directors throughOtherwise outside directors will follow the example of Ms. Simmons, once again very popular on campus.21. According to Paragraph 1, Ms. Simmons was criticized for .[A]gaining excessive profits[B]failing to fulfill her duty[C]refusing to make compromises[D]leaving the board in tough times22. We learn from Paragraph 2 that outside directors are supposed to be .[A]generous investors[B]unbiased executives[C]share price forecasters[D]independent advisers23. According to the researchers from Ohio University after an outside director’ssurprise departure, the firm is likely to .[A]become more stable[B]report increased earnings[C]do less well in the stock market[D]perform worse in lawsuits24. It can be inferred from the last paragraph that outside directors .[A]may stay for the attractive offers from the firm[B]have often had records of wrongdoings in the firm[C]are accustomed to stress-free work in the firm[D]will decline incentives from the firm25. The author’s attitude toward the role of outside directors is .[A]permissive[B]positive[C]scornful[D]criticalText 2Whatever happened to the death of newspaper? A year ago the end seemed near. The recession threatened to remove the advertising and readers that had not already fled tothe internet. Newspapers like the San Francisco Chronicle were chronicling their own doom. America’s Federal Trade commission launched a round of talks about how to save newspapers. Should they become charitable corporations? Should the state subsidize them ? It will hold another meeting soon. But the discussions now seem out of date.In much of the world there is the sign of crisis. German and Brazilian papers have shrugged off the recession. Even American newspapers, which inhabit the most troubledcome of the global industry, have not only survived but often returned to profit. Not the 20% profit margins that were routine a few years ago, but profit all the same.It has not been much fun. Many papers stayed afloat by pushing journalists overboard. The American Society of News Editors reckons that 13,500 newsroom jobs have gone since 2007. Readers are paying more for slimmer products. Some papers even had the nerve to refuse delivery to distant suburbs. Yet these desperate measures measures have have have proved the proved the proved the right right ones and, sadly for many journalists, they can be pushed further.Newspapers Newspapers are are becoming more balanced balanced businesses, businesses, businesses, with with with a a healthier healthier mix mix of revenues from readers and advertisers. American papers have long been highly unusual in their reliance on ads. Fully 87% of their revenues came from advertising in 2008, according to the Organization for Economic Cooperation & Development (OECD). In Japan the proportion is 35%. Not surprisingly, Japanese newspapers are much more stable.The whirlwind that swept through newsrooms harmed everybody, but much of the damage has been concentrated in areas where newspaper are least distinctive. Car and film reviewers have gone. So have science and general business reporters. Foreign bureaus have been savagely cut off. Newspapers are less complete as a result. But completeness is no longer a virtue in the newspaper business.26. By saying “Newspapers like … their own doom ” (Lines 3-4, Para. 1), the authorindicates that newspaper .[A]neglected the sign of crisis[B]failed to get state subsidies[C]were not charitable corporations[D]were in a desperate situation27. Some newspapers refused delivery to distant suburbs probably because .[A]readers threatened to pay less[B]newspapers wanted to reduce costs[C]journalists reported little about these areas[D]subscribers complained about slimmer products28. Compared with their American counterparts, counterparts, Japanese Japanese newspapers newspapers are are much more stablebecause they .[A]have more sources of revenue[B]have more balanced newsrooms[C]are less dependent on advertising[D]are less affected by readership29. What can be inferred from the last paragraph about the current newspaper business?[A]Distinctiveness is an essential feature of newspapers.[B]Completeness is to blame for the failure of newspaper.[C]Foreign bureaus play a crucial role in the newspaper business.[D]Readers have lost their interest in car and film reviews.30. The most appropriate title for this text would be .[A]American Newspapers: Struggling for Survival[B]American Newspapers: Gone with the Wind[C]American Newspapers: A Thriving Business[D]American Newspapers: A Hopeless StoryText 3We tend to think of the decades immediately following World War II as a time of prosperity and growth, with soldiers returning home by the millions, going off to college on the G. I. Bill and lining up at the marriage bureaus.But when it came to their houses, it was a time of common sense and a belief that less could truly be more. During the Depression and the war, Americans had learned to live with less, and that restraint, in combination with the postwar confidence in the future, made small, efficient housing positively stylish.Economic condition was only a stimulus for the trend toward efficient living. The phrase “less is more ” was actually first popularized by a German, the architect Ludwig Mies van der Rohe, who like other people associated with the Bauhaus, a school of design, emigrated to the United States before World War IIand took up posts at American architecture schools. These designers came to exert enormous influence on the course of American architecture, but none more so that Mies.Mies ’s signature phrase means that less decoration, properly organized, has more impact that a lot. Elegance, he believed, did not derive from abundance. Like other modern architects, he employed metal, glass and laminated wood-materials that we take for granted today buy that in the 1940s symbolized the future. Mies ’s sophisticatedpresentation masked the fact that the spaces he designed were small and efficient, rather than big and often empty.T he he apartments in apartments in apartments in the elegant towers the elegant towers the elegant towers Mies built Mies built Mies built on Chicago on Chicago ’s Lake Shore Drive, for example, were smaller-two-bedroom units under 1,000 square feet-than those in their older neighbors along the city ’s Gold Coast. But they were popular because of their airy glass walls, the views they afforded and the elegance of the buildings ’ details and proportions, the architectural equivalent of the abstract art so popular at the time.The trend toward “less ” was not entirely foreign. In the 1930s Frank Lloyd Wright started building more modest and efficient houses-usually around 1,200 square feet-than the spreading two-story ones he had designed in the 1890s and the early 20th century.The “Case Study Houses ” commissioned commissioned from from talented modern architects by California Arts & Architecture Architecture magazine magazine between 1945 and 1962 were yet another homegrown influence on the “less is more ” trend. Aesthetic effect came from the landscape, new materials and forthright detailing. In his Case Study House, Ralph everyday life – few American families acquired helicopters, though most eventually got clothes dryers – but his belief that self-sufficiency was both desirable and inevitable was widely shared.31. The postwar American housing style largely reflected the Americans ’ .[A]prosperity and growth[B]efficiency and practicality[C]restraint and confidence[D]pride and faithfulness32. Which of the following can be inferred from Paragraph 3 about Bauhaus?[A]It was founded by Ludwig Mies van der Rohe.[B]Its designing concept was affected by World War II.[C]Most American architects used to be associated with it.[D]It had a great influence upon American architecture.33. Mies held that elegance of architectural design .[A]was related to large space[B]was identified with emptiness[C]was not reliant on abundant decoration[D]was not associated with efficiency34. What is true about the apartments Mies building Chicago’s Lake Shore Drive?[A]They ignored details and proportions.[B]They were built with materials popular at that time.[C]They were more spacious than neighboring buildings.[D]They shared some characteristics of abstract art.35. What can we learn about the design of the “Case Study House”?[A]Mechanical devices were widely used.[B]Natural scenes were taken into consideration[C]Details were sacrificed for the overall effect.[D]Eco-friendly materials were employed.Text 4Will the European Union make it? The question would have sounded strange not long ago. Now even the project’s greatest cheerleaders talk of a continent facing a “Bermuda triangle” of debt, population decline and lower growth.As well as those chronic problems, the EU face an acute crisis in its economic core, the 16 countries that use the single currency. Markets have lost faith that the euro zone’s economies, weaker or stronger, will one day converge thanks to the discipline of sharing a single currency, which denies uncompetitive members the quick fix of devaluation.Yet the debate about how to save Europe’s single currency from disintegration is stuck. It is stuck because the euro zone’s dominant powers, France and Germany, agree on the need for greater harmonization within the euro zone, but disagree about what to harmonies.Germany thinks the euro must be saved by stricter rules on borrow spending and competitiveness, barked by quasi-automatic sanctions for governments that do not obey.These might include threats to freeze EU funds for poorer regions and EU mega-projects and even the suspension of a country’s voting rights in EU ministerial councils. It insists that economic co-ordination should involve all 27 members of the EU club, among whom there is a small majority for free-market liberalism and economic rigour; in the inner core alone, Germany fears, a small majority favour French interference.A “southern” camp headed by French wants something different: ”European economic government” within an inner core of euro-zone members. Translated, that meanspoliticians intervening in monetary policy and a system of redistribution from richer to poorer members, via cheaper borrowing for governments through common Eurobonds or complete fiscal transfers. Finally, figures close to the France government have murmured, curo-zone members should agree to some fiscal and social harmonization: e.g., curbing competition in corporate-tax rates or labour costs.It is too soon to write off the EU. It remains the world’s largest trading block. At its best, the European project is remarkably liberal: built around a single market of 27 rich and poor countries, its internal borders are far more open to goods, capital and labour than any comparable trading area. It is an ambitious attempt to blunt thesharpest edges of globalization, and make capitalism benign.36. The EU is faced with so many problems that .[A] it has more or less lost faith in markets[B] even its supporters begin to feel concerned[C] some of its member countries plan to abandon euro[D] it intends to deny the possibility of devaluation37. The debate over the EU’s single currency is stuck because the dominantpowers .[A] are competing for the leading position[B] are busy handling their own crises[C] fail to reach an agreement on harmonization[D] disagree on the steps towards disintegration38. To solve the euro problem ,Germany proposed that .[A] EU funds for poor regions be increased[B] stricter regulations be imposed[C] only core members be involved in economic co-ordination[D] voting rights of the EU members be guaranteed39. The French proposal of handling the crisis implies that __ __.［［A］poor countries are more likely to get funds［B］strict monetary policy will be applied to poor countries［［C］loans will be readily available to rich countries［［D］rich countries will basically control Eurobonds40. Regarding the future of the EU, the author seems to feel __ __.［A］pessimistic［［［B］desperate［C］conceited［［D］hopefulPart BDirections:Read the following text and answer the questions by finding information from the right column that corresponds to each of the marked details given in the left column. There are two extra choices in the right column. Mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)4646．．Direction ：I n this section there is a text in English. T ranslate it into Chinese, write your translation on ANSWER SHEET 2. (15points)W ho would have thought that, globally, the IT industry produces about the same volumes of greenhouse gases as the world ’s airlines do-rough 2 percent of all CO2 emissions?M any any everyday everyday everyday tasks take tasks take tasks take a a a surprising toll on surprising toll on surprising toll on the the the environment. environment. A Google search Google search can can leak between 0.2 and 7.0 grams of CO2 depending on how many attempts are needed to get the “right ” answer. T o deliver results to its users quickly, then, Google has to maintain vast data centres round the world, packed with powerful computers. W hile producing large quantities of CO2, these computers emit a great deal of heat, so the centres need to be well air-conditioned, which uses even more energy.H owever, owever, Google Google and other other big big tech tech providers providers providers monitor monitor monitor their their their efficiency efficiency efficiency closely closely closely and and and make make improvements. Monitoring is the first step on the road to reduction, but there is much to be done, and not just by big companies.小作文参考答案【曲静老师版】Dear Li Ming, We are very happy to know that you have successfully passed the college entrance examination this year and have been admitted into Peking University. Allow us to give our most sincere congratulations on this exciting occasion. You have all along been working hard at your professional studies, and you are excellent in most subjects. Your success shows that only hard work can yield good results ，so I suggest that you should make a great progress in university life. We take this opportunity to express our best wishes to you. Wish you greater achievements in your college education. Yours sincerely, Zhang Wei 【马鹏老师版】Dear Ming, Congratulations! I am glad to hear that you have been admitted by MIT. Your efforts and commitment have been paid off. You are the honor of our family. Here come some my own advices of being a pre college student. First and foremost, you need to improve your communication because you will meet different people with different personalities in campus. Moreover, reading some reference books will help you to accumulate more knowledge and terms, which boost your competitiveness in campus. Once again congratulate for your achievement! Yours sincerely, Zhang Wei 大作文参考答案As is shown in the bar chart above, dramatic changes have taken place in the autos market shares within two years (from 2008 to 2009). The most obvious change was the market share of national brand, which had increased nearly by 10%, while Japan’s autos market share decreased roughly by 10%. The percentage of the US autos remained stable between 2008 and 2009. There are numerous reasons accounting for the phenomenon and I would like to explore a few of the most important ones here. Above all, as the development of technique and knowledge in native companies, a growing number of autos corporation developed many quality autos. Therefore, the national people changed the attitude to t he native brands and acknowledge them. What’ more, an overwhelming majority of people have been affected by the country patriotism ideology, partly owing to some actions of Japan triggering the emotion of people. Finally, Toyota brake error accidents signi significantly affects Japanese autos’ reputations and images. Safety concerns drove customers away ficantly affects Japanese autos’ reputations and images. Safety concerns drove customers away from Japanese products. Additionally, Fuel price drove consumers away from those American petrol digging and luxury autos. So it is not difficult to observe their steady performance. Based on what has been discussed above, we may reasonably conclude that the tendency described in graphic will continue for quite a long time. Hopefully, government could offer more friendly policies to China autos manufacturers to encourage quality improvement and technology innovation.完形填空参考答案1~5 ACBDD 6~10 BACCB 11~15 DBACA 16~20 ADACDTEXT 1 参考答案21．A。
2011年考研英语二真题全文翻译答案超详解析
2011年考研英语二真题全文翻译答案超详解析2011 年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语（二）试题答案与解析Section I Use of English一、文章题材结构分析本文是一篇说明性的文章，主要讨论了互联网上的身份验证问题。
作者首先提出，由于网络用户的匿名现象带来的隐私泄露和网络犯罪问题，然后针对这些问题介绍了一种称为“自愿信任身份识别”系统的解决方法，并对这种方法做了评述。
二、试题解析1.【答案】A【解析】本题目考生需要关注两点：（1）空格前的主语（2）空格后的介词短语。
鉴于此，考生需要从四个选项中选出一个不及物动词，能与空格前的主语that（指代the explosion of cyber crime 网络犯罪的激增）构成主谓逻辑，并与空格后的介词短语across the Web 构成动宾逻辑。
A 项swept（打扫，席卷）可以做不及物动词，并能与空前的主语和空后的介词短语构成顺畅的逻辑关系，即在文中表示“匿名制是造成网络犯罪席卷互联网的原因”，故A为正确答案。
B 项skip 意为“跳过，掠过”；C 项walk 意为“走，步行”；D 项ride 意为“骑，乘，驾”虽可做不及物动词，但与空前主语和空后介词短语不构成完整的主谓搭配和动宾搭配，都是干扰项。
2.【答案】C【解析】本题目考生需要重点关注空格后的状语从句，状语从句引导词的选择主要考虑从句与主句之间的语意关系。
空格所在句子的主句是privacy be preserved（隐私得以保护），从句是省略了主语和助动词的bringing safety andsecurity to the world（带来网络世界的安全），由此可以推断本句是要表达“在给世界带来安全保障的同时，隐私是否能够得以保护呢？”，C 项while 意为“在……的同时，当……的时候”，可以表示伴随关系，故为正确答案。
A 项for 表示因果关系；B 项within 表示“在……里面，不超出”；D 项though 表示让步关系；在搭配上与doing并无典型用法，此外带入空格，整个句子逻辑也很不通顺，故为干扰选项。
英语二2011年真题及答案
英语二2011年真题及答案2011年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语(二)试题Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)The Internet affords anonymity to its users, a blessing to privacy and freedom of speech. But that very anonymity is also behind the exploration of cyber-crime that has __1__ across the Web.Can privacy be preserved __2__ bringing safety and security to a world that seems increasingly __3__ ?Last month, Howard Schmidt, the nation's cyber-czar, offered the federal government a __4__ to make the web a safer place-a "voluntary trusted identity" system that would be the high-tech __5__ of a physical key, a fingerprint and a photo ID card, all rolled __6__ one. The system might use a smart identity card,or a digital credential __7__ to a specific computer, and would authenticate users at a range of online services.The idea is to __8__ a federation of private online identity systems. Users could __9__ which system to join, and only registered users whose identities have been authenticated could navigate those systems. The approach contrasts with one that would require an Internet driver's license __10__ by the government.Google and Microsoft are among companies that already have these "single sign-an" systems that make it possible for users to __11__ just once but use many different services.__12__ , the approach would create a "walled garden" in cyberspace, with safe "neighborhoods" and bright " streetlights" to establish a sense of a __13__ community.Mr. Schmidt described it as a "voluntary ecosystem" in which "individuals and organizations can complete online transactionswith __14__ , trusting the identities of each other and the identities of the infrastructure ___15___ which the transaction runs. "Still, the administration's plan has ___16___ privacy rights activists. Some applaud the approach; others are concerned. It seems clear that such a scheme is an initiative push toward what would ___17___ be a compulsory Internet "driver's license" mentality.The plan has also been greeted with ___18__ by some computer security experts, who worry that the "voluntary ecosystem" envisioned by Mr. Schmidt would still leave much of the Internet __19__ They argue that all Internet users should be __20__ to register and identify themselves, in the same way that drivers must be licensed to drive on public roads.1. [A] swept [B] skipped [C] walked [D] ridden2. [A] for [B] within [C] while [D] though3. [A] careless [B] lawless [C]pointless [D] helpless4. [A] reason [B] reminder [C] compromise [D] proposal5. [A] information [B] interference [C] entertainment [D] equivalent6. [A] by [B] into [C] from [D] over7. [A] linked [B] directed [C] chained [D] compared8. [A] dismiss [B] discover [C] create [D] improve9. [A] recall [B] suggest [C] select [D] realize10. [A] released [B] issued [C] distributed [D] delivered11. [A] carry on [B] linger on [C] set in [D] log in12. [A] In vain [B] In effect [C] In return [D] In contrast13. [A] trusted [B] modernized [C] thriving [D] competing14. [A] caution [B] delight [C] confidence [D] patience15. [A] on [B] after [C] beyond [D] across16. [A] divided [B] disappointed [C] protected [D] united17. [A] frequently [B] incidentally [C] occasionally [D] eventually18. [A] skepticism [B] tolerance [C] indifference [D] enthusiasm19. [A] manageable [B] defendable [C] vulnerable [D] invisible20. [A] invited [B] appointed [C] allowed [D] forcedSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C orD. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1.(40 points)Text 1Ruth Simmons joined Goldman Sachs' board as an outside director in January 2000; a year later she became president of Brown University. For the rest of the decade she apparently managed both roles without attracting much criticism. But by the end of 2009 Mrs. Simmons was under fire for having sat on Goldman's compensation committee; how could she have let those enormous bonus payouts pass unremarked? By February the next year Mrs. Simmons had left the board. The position was just taking up too much time, she said.Outside directors are supposed to serve as helpful, yet less biased, advisers on a firm's board. Having made their wealth and their reputations elsewhere, they presumably have enough independence to disagree with the chief executive's proposals. If the sky, and the share price, is falling, outside directors should be able to give advice based on having weathered theirown crises.The researchers from Ohio University used a database that covered more than 10,000 firms and more than 64,000 different directors between 1989 and 2004. Then they simply checked which directors stayed from one proxy statement to the next. The most likely reason for departing a board was age, so the researchers concentrated on those "surprise" disappearances by directors under the age of 70. They found that after a surprise departure, the probability that the company will subsequently have to restate earnings increases by nearly 20%. The likelihood of being named in a federal class-action lawsuit also increases, and the stock is likely to perform worse. The effect tended to be larger for larger firms. Although a correlation between them leaving and subsequent bad performance at the firm is suggestive, it does not mean that such directors are always jumping off a sinking ship. Often they "trade up," leaving riskier, smaller firmsfor larger and more stable firms.But the researches believe that outside directors have an easier time of avoiding a blow to their reputations if they leave a firm before bad news break, even if a review of history shows that they were on the board at the time any wrongdoing occurred. Firms who want to keep their outside directors through tough times may have to create incentives. Otherwise outside directors will follow the example of Ms. Simmons, once again very popular on campus.21. According to Paragraph 1, Ms. Simmons was criticized for __________________.[A] gaining excessive profits[B] failing to fulfill her duty[C] refusing to make compromises[D] leaving the board in tough times22. We learn from Paragraph 2 that outside directors are supposed to be __________________.[A] generous investors[B] unbiased executives[C] share price forecasters[D] independent advisers23. According to the researchers from Ohio University, after an outside director' s surprise departure, the firm is likely to __________________.[A] become more stable[B] report increased earnings[C] do less well in the stock market[D] perform worse in lawsuits24. It can be inferred from the last paragraph that outside directors __________________.[A] may stay for the attractive offers from the firm[B] have often had records of wrongdoings in the firm[C] are accustomed to stress -free work in the firm[D] will decline incentives from the firm25. The author' s attitude toward the role ofoutside directors is __________________.[A] permissive[B] positive[C] scornful[D] criticalText 2Whatever happened to the death of newspapers? A year ago the end seemed near. The recession threatened to remove the advertising and readers that had not already fled to the internet. Newspapers like the San Francisco Chronicle were chronicling their own doom. America's Federal Trade Commission launched a round of talks about how to save newspapers. Should they become charitable corporations? Should the state subsidize them? It will hold another meeting soon. But the discussions now seem out of date.In much of the world there is little sign of crisis. German and Brazilian papers have shrugged off the recession. Even Americannewspapers, which inhabit the most troubled comer of the global industry, have not only survived but often returned to profit. Not the 20% profit margins that were routine a few years ago, but profit all the same.It has not been much fun. Many papers stayed afloat by pushing journalists overboard. The American Society of News Editors reckons that 13,500 newsroom jobs have gone since 2007. Readers are paying more for slimmer products. Some papers even had the nerve to refuse delivery to distant suburbs. Yet these desperate measures have proved the right ones and, sadly for many journalists, they can be pushed further.Newspapers are becoming more balanced businesses, with a healthier mix of revenues from readers and advertisers. American papers have long been highly unusual in their reliance on ads. Fully 87% of their revenues came from advertising in 2008, according to the Organization for Economic Cooperation &Development (OECD). In Japan the proportion is 35%. Not surprisingly, Japanese newspapers are much more stable.The whirlwind that swept through newsrooms harmed everybody, but much of the damage has been concentrated in areas where newspapers are least distinctive. Car and film reviewers have gone. So have science and general business reporters. Foreign bureaus have been savagely cut off. Newspapers are less complete as a result. But completeness is no longer a virtue in the newspaper business.26. By saying "Newspapers like…their own doom"(Line 3, Para. 1), the author indicates that newspapers ________________.[A] neglected the sign of crisis[B] failed to get state subsidies[C] were not charitable corporations[D] were in a desperate situation27. Some newspapers refused delivery to distant suburbs probably because ________________.[A] readers threatened to pay less[B] newspapers wanted to reduce costs[C] journalists reported little about these areas[D] subscribers complained about slimmer products28. Compared with their American counterparts, Japanese newspapers are much more stable because they ________________.[A] have more sources of revenue[B] have more balanced newsrooms[C] are less dependent on advertising[D] are less affected by readership29. What can be inferred from the last paragraph about the current newspaper business?[A] Distinctiveness is an essential feature of newspapers.[B] Completeness is to blame for the failure of newspaper.[C] Foreign bureaus play a crucial role inthe newspaper business.[D] Readers have lost their interest in car and film reviews.30. The most appropriate title for this text would be ________________.[A] American Newspapers: Struggling for Survival[B] American Newspapers: Gone with the wind[C] American Newspapers: A Thriving Business[D] American Newspapers: A Hopeless StoryText 3We tend to think of the decades immediately following World War 11 as a time of prosperity and growth, with soldiers returning home by the millions, going off to college on the G. I. Bill and lining up at the marriage bureaus.But when it came to their houses, it was atime of common sense and a belief that less could truly be more. During the Depression and the war, Americans had learned to live with less, and that restraint, in combination with the postwar confidence in the future, made small, efficient housing positively stylish.Economic condition was only a stimulus for the trend toward efficient living. The phrase "less is more" was actually first popularized by a German, the architect Ludwig Mies van der Rohe, who like other people associated with the Bauhaus, a school of design, emigrated to the United States before World War Ⅱand took up posts at American architecture schools. These designers came to exert enormous influence on the course of American architecture, but none more so than Mies.Mie's signature phrase means that less decoration, properly organized, has more impact than a lot. Elegance, he believed, did not derive from abundance. Like other modern architects, he employed metal, glass andlaminated wood -- materials that we take for granted today but that in the1940s symbolized the future. Mies's sophisticated presentation masked the fact that the spaces he designed were small and efficient, rather than big and often empty.The apartments in the elegant towers Mies built on Chicago's Lake Shore Drive, for example, were smaller -- two-bedroom units under 1,000 square feet -- than those in their older neighbors along the city's Gold Coast. But they were popular because of their airy glass walls, the views they afforded and the elegance of the buildings' details and proportions, the architectural equivalent of the abstract art so popular at the time.The trend toward "less" was not entirely foreign. In the 1930s Frank Lloyd Wright started building more modest and efficient houses -- usually around 1,200 square feet -- than the spreading two-story ones he had designed in the 1890s and the early 20th century.The "Case Study Houses" commissioned from talented modern architects by California Arts & Architecture magazine between 1945 and 1962 were yet another homegrown influence on the "less is more" trend. Aesthetic effect came from the landscape, new materials and forthright detailing. In his Case Study House, Ralph Rapson may have mispredicted just how the mechanical revolution would impact everyday life -- few American families acquired helicopters, though most eventually got clothes dryers -- but his belief that self-sufficiency was both desirable and inevitable was widely shared.31. The postwar American housing style largely reflected the Americans' ________________.[A] prosperity and growth[B] efficiency and practicality[C] restraint and confidence[D] pride and faithfulness32. Which of the following can be inferred from Paragraph 3 about the Bauhaus?[A] It was founded by Ludwig Mies van der Rohe.[B] Its designing concept was affected by World War I1.[C] Most American architects used to be associated with it.[D] It had a great influence upon American architecture.33. Mies held that elegance of architectural design ________________.[A] was related to large space[B] was identified with emptiness[C] was not reliant on abundant decoration[D] was not associated with efficiency34. What is true about the apartments Mies built on Chicago's Lake Shore Drive?[A] They ignored details and proportions.[B] They were built with materials popular at that time.[C] They were more spacious than neighboring buildings.[D] They shared some characteristics ofabstract art.35. What can we learn about the design of the "Case Study Houses" ?[A] Mechanical devices were widely used.[B] Natural scenes were taken into account.[C] Details were sacrificed for the overall effect.[D] Eco-friendly materials were employed.Text 4Will the European Union make it? The question would have sounded strange not long ago. Now even the project's greatest cheerleaders talk of a continent facing a "Bermuda triangle" of debt, population decline and lower growth.As well as those chronic problems, the EU faces an acute crisis in its economic core, the 16 countries that use the single currency. Markets have lost faith that the euro zone's economies, weaker or stronger, will one day converge thanks to the discipline of sharing a singlecurrency, which denies uncompetitive members the quick fix of devaluation.Yet the debate about how to save Europe's single currency from disintegration is stuck. It is stuck because the euro zone's dominant powers, France and Germany, agree on the need for greater harmonization within the euro zone, but disagree about what to harmonise.Germany thinks the euro must be saved by stricter rules on borrowing, spending and competitiveness, backed by quasi-automatic sanctions for governments that do not obey. These might include threats to freeze EU funds for poorer regions and EU mega-projects, and even the suspension of a country's voting fights in EU ministerial councils. It insists that economic co-ordination should involve all 27 members of the EU club, among whom there is a small majority for free - market liberalism and economic rigour; in the inner core alone, Germany fears, a small majority favour French interference.A "southern" camp headed by France wants something different: "European economic government" within an inner core of euro-zone members. Translated, that means politicians intervening in monetary policy and a system of redistribution from richer to poorer members, via cheaper borrowing for governments through common Eurobonds or complete fiscal transfers. Finally, figures close to the French government have murmured, euro-zone members should agree to some fiscal and social harmonization: e.g. , curbing competition in corporate-tax rates or labour costs.It is too soon to write off the EU. It remains the world's largest trading block. At its best, the European project is remarkably liberal: built around a single market of 27 rich and poor countries, its internal borders are far more open to goods, capital and labour than any comparable trading area. It is an ambitious attempt to blunt the sharpest edges of globalization, and make capitalism benign.36. The EU is faced with so many problems that ________________.[A] it has more or less lost faith in markets[B] even its supporters begin to feel concerned[C] some of its member countries plan to abandon euro[D] it intends to deny the possibility of devaluation37. The debate over the EU's single currency is stuck because the dominant powers ________________.[A] are competing for the leading position[B] are busy handling their own crises[C] fail to reach an agreement on harmonization[D] disagree on the steps towards disintegration38. To solve the euro problem, Germany proposed that ________________.[A] EU funds for poor regions be increased[B] stricter regulations be imposed[C] only core members be involved in economic co-ordination[D] voting fights of the EU members be guaranteed39. The French proposal of handling the crisis implies that ________________.[A] poor countries are more likely to get funds[B] strict monetary policy will be applied to poor countries[C] loans will be readily available to rich countries[D] rich countries will basically control Eurobonds40. Regarding the future of the EU, the author seems to feel[A] pessimistic [B] desperate [C] conceited [D] hopefulPart BDirections:Read the following text and answer thequestions by finding information from the right column that corresponds to each of the marked details given in the left column. There are two extra choices in the right column. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points) Leading doctors today weigh in on the debate over the government's role in promoting public health by demanding that ministers impose "fat taxes" on unhealthy food and introduce cigarettestyle warnings to children about the dangers of a poor diet.The demands follow comments made last week by the health secretary, Andrew Lansley, who insisted the government could not force people to make healthy choices and promised to free businesses from public health regulations.But senior medical figures want to stop fast-food outlets opening near schools, restrict advertising of products high in fat, salt or sugar, and limit sponsorship of sports events by fast-food producers such as McDonald' s.They argue that government action isnecessary to curb Britain's addiction to unhealthy food and help halt spiraling rates of obesity, diabetes and heart disease. Professor Terence Stephenson, president of the Royal College of Paediatrics and Child Health, said that the consumption of unhealthy food should be seen to be just as damaging as smoking or excessive drinking."Thirty years ago, it would have been inconceivable to have imagined a ban on smoking in the workplace or pubs, and yet that is what we have now. Are we willing to be just as courageous in respect of obesity? I would suggest that we should be," said the leader of the UK' s children' s doctors.Lansley has alarmed health campaigners by suggesting he wants industry rather than government to take the lead. He said that manufacturers of crisps and candies could play a central role in the Chang4Life campaign, the centrepiece of government efforts to boost healthy eating and fitness. He has also criticisedthe celebrity chef Jamie Oliver' s high-profile attempt to improve school lunches in England as an example of how "lecturing" people was not the best way to change their behaviour.Stephenson suggested potential restrictions could include banning TV advertisements for foods high in fat, salt or sugar before 9 pm and limiting them on billboards or in cinemas. "If we were really bold, we might even begin to think of high-calorie fast food in the same way as cigarettes-by setting strict limits on advertising, product placement and sponsorship of sports events," he said.Such a move could affect firms such as McDonald's, which sponsors the youth coaching scheme run by the Football Association. Fast-food chains should also stop offering "inducements" such as toys, cute animals and mobile phone credit to lure young customers, Stephenson said.Professor Dinesh Bhugra, president of the Royal College of Psychiatrists, said : "Ifchildren are taught about the impact that food has on their growth, and that some things can harm, at least information is available up front. "He also urged councils to impose "fast-food-free zones" around schools and hospitals-areas within which takeaways cannot open.A Department of Health spokesperson said:" We need to create a new vision for public health where all of society works together to get healthy and live longer. This includes creating a new 'responsibility deal' with business, built on social responsibility, not state regulation. Later this year, we will publish a white paper setting out exactly how we will achieve this. "The food industry will be alarmed that such senior doctors back such radical moves, especially the call to use some of the tough tactics that have been deployed against smoking over the last decade.[A] "fat taxes" should be imposed on fast-food producers such asMcDonald's.41．Andrew Lansley held that [B] the government should ban fast-food outlets in the neighborhood of schools.42．Terence Stephenson agreed that [C] "lecturing" was an effective way to improve school lunches in England.43．Jamie Oliver seemed to believe that [D] cigarette-style warning should be introduced to children about the dangers of a poor diet.44．Dinesh Bhugra suggested that [E] the producers of crisps and candies could contribute significantly to the Change4Life camign.45．A Department of Health spokesperson proposed that [F] parents should set good examples for their children by keeping a healthy diet at home.[G] the government should strengthen the sense of responsibility among businesses.Section ⅢTranslation46. Directions:In this section, there is a text in English. Translate it into Chinese. Write your translation on ANSWER SHEET 2. (15 points)Who would have thought that, globally, the IT industry produces about the same volume of greenhouse gases as the world's airlines do -- roughly 2 percent of all CO2 emissions?Many everyday tasks take a surprising toll on the environment. A Google search can leak between 0.2 and 7.0 grams of CO2, depending on how many attempts are needed to get the "right" answer. To deliver results to its users quickly, then, Google has to maintain vast datacentres around the world, packed with powerful computers. While producing large quantities of CO2, these computers emit a great deal of heat, so the centres need to be well air-conditioned, which uses even more energy.However, Google and other big tech providers monitor their efficiency closely and make improvements. Monitoring is the first step on the road to reduction, but there is much more to be done, and not just by big companies.Section ⅣWritingPart A47. Directions:Suppose your cousin Li Ming has just been admitted to a university. Write him/her a letter to1) congratulate him/her, and2) give him/her suggestions on how to get prepared for university life.You should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEET 2.Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use "Zhang Wei" instead.Do not write the address. (10 points)Part B48. Directions:Write an essay based on the following chart. In your writing, you should1 ) interpret the chart and2) give your comments.You should write at least 150 words.Write your essay on ANSWER SHEET 2. ( 15 points)2011考研英语（二）真题答案1．A 2．C 3．B 4．D 5．D 6．B 7．A 8．C 9．C 10．B 11．D 12．B 13．A 14．C 15．A 16．A 17．D 18．A 19．C 20．D 21．B 22．D 23．C 24．A 25．B26．D 27．B 28．C 29．A 30．A 31．C 32．D 33．C 34．D 35．B 36．B 37．C 38．B 39．A 40．D 41．E 42．D 43．C 44．B 45．G。
2011考研英语二真题及解析
2011年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语（二）Section I Use of EnglishDirection:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)①The Internet affords anonymity to its users, a blessing to privacy and freedom of speech.②But that very anonymity is also behind the explosion of cyber-crime that has 1 across the Web.①Can privacy be preserved 2 bringing safety and security to a world that seems increasingly 3 ?①Last month, Howard Schmidt, the nation’s cyber-czar, offered the federal governmenta 4 to make the Web a safer place —a “voluntary trusted identity” system that would be the high-tech 5 of a physical key, a fingerprint and a photo ID card, all rolled 6 one.②The system might use a smart identity card, or a digital credential 7 to a specific computer, and would authenticate users at a range of online services.①The idea is to 8 a federation of private online identity systems. ②Users could 9 which system to join, and only registered users whose identities have been authenticated could navigate those systems. ③The approach contrasts with one that would require an Internet driver’s license 10 by the government.①Google and Microsoft are am ong companies that already have these “single sign-on” systems that make it possible for users to 11 just once but use many different services.①12 , the approach would create a “walled garden” in cyberspace, with safe “neighborhoods” and bright “streetlights” to establish a sense of a13 community.①Mr. Schmidt described it as a “voluntary ecosystem” in which “individuals and organizations can complete online transactions with 14 , trusting the identities of each other and the identities of the infrastructure 15 which the transaction runs”.①Still, the administration’s plan has16 privacy rights activists. ②Some applaud the approach; others are concerned.③It seems clear that such a scheme is an initiative push toward what would 17 be a compulsory Internet “driver’s license” mentality.①The plan has also been greeted with 18 by some computer security experts, who worry that the “voluntary ecosystem” envisioned by Mr. Schmidt would still leave much of the Internet 19 . ②They argue that all Internet users should be 20 to register and identify themselves, in the same way that drivers must be licensed to drive on public roads.1. [A] swept [B] skipped [C] walked [D] ridden2. [A] for [B] within [C] while [D] though3. [A] careless [B] lawless [C] pointless [D] helpless4. [A] reason [B] reminder [C] compromise [D] proposal5. [A] information [B] interference [C] entertainment [D] equivalent6. [A] by [B] into [C] from [D] over7. [A] linked [B] directed [C] chained [D] compared8. [A] dismiss [B] discover [C] create [D] improve9. [A] recall [B] suggest [C] select [D] realize10. [A] released [B] issued [C] distributed [D] delivered11. [A] carry on [B] linger on [C] set in [D] log in12. [A] In vain [B] In effect [C] In return [D] In contrast13. [A] trusted [B] modernized [C] thriving [D] competing14. [A] caution [B] delight [C] confidence [D] patience15. [A] on [B] after [C] beyond [D] across16. [A] divided [B] disappointed [C] protected [D] united17. [A] frequently [B] incidentally [C] occasionally [D] eventually18. [A] skepticism [B] tolerance [C] indifference [D] enthusiasm19. [A] manageable [B] defendable [C] vulnerable [D] invisible20. [A] invited [B] appointed [C] allowed [D] forcedSection ⅡReading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions blow each text by choosing A, B, C, or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1.(40 points)Text 1①Ruth Simmons joined Goldman Sachs’ board as an outside director in January 2000: a year later she became president of Brown University. ②For the rest of the decade she apparently managed both roles without attracting much criticism. ③But by the end of 2009 Ms. Simmons was under fire for having sat on Goldman’s compensation committee; how could she have let those enormous bonus payouts pass unremarked? ④By February the next year Ms. Simmons had left the board. ⑤The position was just taking up too much time, she said.①Outside directors are supposed to serve as helpful, yet less biased, advisers on a firm’s board. ②Having made their wealth and their reputations elsewhere, they presumably have enough independence to disagree with the chief executive’s proposals. ③If the sky, and the share price, is falling, outside directors should be able to give advice based on having weathered their own crises.①The researchers from Ohio University used a database that covered more than 10,000 firms and more than 64,000 different directors between 1989 and 2004. ②Then they simply checked which directors stayed from one proxy statement to the next. ③The most likely reason for departing a board was age, so the researchers concentrated on those “surprise”disappearances by directors under the age of 70. ④They found that after a surprise departure, the probability that the company will subsequently have to restate earnings increased by nearly 20%. ⑤The likelihood of being named in a federal class-action lawsuit also increases, and the stock is likely to perform worse. ⑥The effect tended to be larger for larger firms. ⑦Although a correlation between them leaving and subsequent bad performance at the firm is suggestive, it does not mean that such directors are always jumping off a sinking ship. ⑧Often they “trade up,” leaving riskier, smaller firms for larger and more stable firms.①But the researches believe that outside directors have an easier time of avoiding a blow to their reputations if they leave a firm before bad news break, even if a review of history shows that they were on the board at the time any wrongdoing occurred.②Firms who want to keep theiroutside directors through tough times may have to create incentives. ③Otherwise outside directors will follow the example of Ms. Simmons, once again very popular on campus.21.According to Paragraph 1, Ms. Simmons was criticized for ______.[A]gaining excessive profits[B]failing to fulfill her duty[C]refusing to make compromises[D]leaving the board in tough times22. We learn from Paragraph 2 that outside directors are supposed to be ______.[A]generous investors[B]unbiased executives[C]share price forecasters[D]independent advisers23. According to the researchers from Ohio University, after an outside director’s surprisedeparture, the firm is likely to ______.[A]become more stable[B]report increased earnings[C]do less well in the stock market[D]perform worse in lawsuits24. It can be inferred from the last paragraph that outside directors ______.[A]may stay for the attractive offers from the firm[B]have often had records of wrongdoings in the firm[C]are accustomed to stress-free work in the firm[D]will decline incentives from the firm25. The author’s attitude toward the role of outside directors is ______..[A]permissive[B]positive[C]scornful[D]criticalText 2①Whatever happened to the death of newspapers?②A year ago the end seemed near.③The recession threatened to remove the advertising and readers that had not already fled to the internet.④Newspapers like the San Francisco Chronicle were chronicling their own doom.⑤America’s Federal Trade commission launched a round of talks about how to save newspapers.⑥Should they become charitable corporations?⑦Should the state subsidize them?⑧It will hold another meeting soon.⑨But the discussions now seem out of date.①In much of the world there is little sign of crisis.②German and Brazilian papers have shrugged off the recession.③Even American newspapers, which inhabit the most troubled corner of the global industry, have not only survived but often returned to profit.④Not the 20% profit margins that were routine a few years ago, but profit all the same.①It has not been much fun.②Many papers stayed afloat by pushing journalists overboard.③The American Society of News Editors reckons that 13,500 newsroom jobs have gone since 2007. ④Readers are paying more for slimmer products. ⑤Some papers even had the nerve to refuse delivery to distant suburbs. ⑥Yet these desperate measures have proved the right ones and, sadly for many journalists, they can be pushed further.①Newspapers are becoming more balanced businesses, with a healthier mix of revenues from readers and advertisers. ②American papers have long been highly unusual in their reliance on ads. ③Fully 87% of their revenues came from advertising in 2008, according to the Organization for Economic Cooperation & Development (OECD). ④In Japan the proportion is 35%. ⑤Not surprisingly, Japanese newspapers are much more stable.①The whirlwind that swept through newsrooms harmed everybody, but much of the damage has been concentrated in areas where newspapers are least distinctive. ②Car and film reviewers have gone. ③So have science and general business reporters. ④Foreign bureaus have been savagely cut off.⑤Newspapers are less complete as a result. ⑥But completeness is no longer a virtue in the newspaper business.26.By saying “Newspapers like …their own doom” (Line 3, Para. 1), the authorindicates that newspapers _______.[A]neglected the sign of crisis[B]failed to get state subsidies[C]were not charitable corporations[D]were in a desperate situation27. Some newspapers refused delivery to distant suburbs probably because _______.[A]readers threatened to pay less[B]newspapers wanted to reduce costs[C]journalists reported little about these areas[D]subscribers complained about slimmer products28. Compared with their American counterparts, Japanese newspapers are much more stablebecause they _______.[A]have more sources of revenue[B]have more balanced newsrooms[C]are less dependent on advertising[D]are less affected by readership29. What can be inferred from the last paragraph about the current newspaper business?[A]Distinctiveness is an essential feature of newspapers.[B]Completeness is to blame for the failure of newspaper.[C]Foreign bureaus play a crucial role in the newspaper business.[D]Readers have lost their interest in car and film reviews.30. The most appropriate title for this text would be _______.[A]American Newspapers: Struggling for Survival[B]American Newspapers: Gone with the Wind[C]American Newspapers: A Thriving Business[D]American Newspapers: A Hopeless StoryText 3①We tend to think of the decades immediately following World War II as a time of prosperity and growth, with soldiers returning home by the millions, going off to college on the G.I. Bill and lining up at the marriage bureaus.①But when it came to their houses, it was a time of common sense and a belief that less could truly be more. ②During the Depression and the war, Americans had learned to live withless, and that restraint, in combination with the postwar confidence in the future, made small, efficient housing positively stylish.①Economic condition was only a stimulus for the trend toward efficient living. ②The phrase “less is more”was actually first popularized by a German, the architect Ludwig Mies van der Rohe, who like other people associated with the Bauhaus, a school of design, emigrated to the United States before World War II and took up posts at American architecture schools. ③These designers came to exert enormous influence on the course of American architecture, but none more so than Mies.①Mies’s signature phrase means that less decoration, properly organized, has more impact than a lot. ②Elegance, he believed, did not derive from abundance. ③Like other modern architects, he employed metal, glass and laminated wood—materials that we take for granted today but that in the 1940s symbolized the future. ④Mies’s sophisticated presentation masked the fact that the spaces he designed were small and efficient, rather than big and often empty.①The apartments in the elegant towers Mies built on Chicago’s Lake Shore Drive, for example, were smaller—two-bedroom units under 1,000 square feet—than those in their older neighbors along the city’s Gold Coast. ②But they were popular because of their airy glass walls, the views they afforded and the elegance of the buildings’details and proportions, the architectural equivalent of the abstract art so popular at the time.①The trend toward “less”was not entirely foreign. ②In the 1930s Frank Lloyd Wright started building more modest and efficient houses—usually around 1,200 square feet—than the spreading two-storey ones he had designed in the 1890s and the early 20th century.①The “Case Study Houses”commissioned from talented modern architects by California Arts & Architecture magazine between 1945 and 1962 were yet another homegrown influence on the “less is more”trend. ②Aesthetic effect came from the landscape, new materials and forthright detailing. ③In his Case Study House, Ralph Rapson may have mispredicted just how the mechanical revolution would impact everyday life—few American families acquired helicopters, though most eventually got clothes dryers—but his belief that self-sufficiency was both desirable and inevitable was widely shared.31. The postwar American housing style largely reflected the Americans’______.[A]prosperity and growth[B]efficiency and practicality[C]restraint and confidence[D]pride and faithfulness32. Which of the following can be inferred from Paragraph 3 about Bauhaus?[A]It was founded by Ludwig Mies van der Rohe.[B]Its designing concept was affected by World War II.[C]Most American architects used to be associated with it.[D]It had a great influence upon American architecture.33. Mies held that elegance of architectural design ______.[A]was related to large space[B]was identified with emptiness[C]was not reliant on abundant decoration[D]was not associated with efficiency34. What is true about the apartments Mies built on Chicago’s Lake Shore Drive?[A]They ignored details and proportions.[B]They were built with materials popular at that time.[C]They were more spacious than neighboring buildings.[D]They shared some characteristics of abstract art.35. What can we learn about the design of the “Case Study House”?[A]Mechanical devices were widely used.[B]Natural scenes were taken into account.[C]Details were sacrificed for the overall effect.[D]Eco-friendly materials were employed.Text 4①Will the European Union make it? ② The question would have sounded strange not long ago. ③Now even the project’s greatest cheerleaders talk of a continent facing a “Bermuda triangle”of debt, population decline and lower growth.①As well as those chronic problems, the EU face an acute crisis in its economic core, the 16 countries that use the single currency. ②Markets have lost faith that the euro zone’s economies, weaker or stronger, will one day converge thanks to the discipline of sharing a single currency, which denies uncompetitive members the quick fix of devaluation.①Yet the debate about how to save Europe’s single currency from disintegration is stuck.②It is stuck because the euro zone’s dominant powers, France and Germany, agree on the need for greater harmonisation within the euro zone, but disagree about what to harmonise.①Germany thinks the euro must be saved by stricter rules on borrow, spending and competitiveness, backed by quasi-automatic sanctions for governments that do not obey. ②These might include threats to freeze EU funds for poorer regions and EU mega-projects, and even the suspension of a country’s voting rights in EU ministerial councils. ③It insists that economic co-ordination should involve all 27 members of the EU club, among whom there is a small majority for free-market liberalism and economic rigour; in the inner core alone, Germany fears, a small majority favour French interference.①A “southern”camp headed by France wants something different: “European economic government”within an inner core of euro-zone members. ②Translated, that means politicians intervening in monetary policy and a system of redistribution from richer to poorer members, via cheaper borrowing for governments through common Eurobonds or complete fiscal transfers.③Finally, figures close to the French government have murmured, euro-zone members should agree to some fiscal and social harmonization: e.g., curbing competition in corporate-tax rates or labour costs.①It is too soon to write off the EU. ②It remains the world’s largest trading block. ③At its best, the European project is remarkably liberal: built around a single market of 27 rich and poor countries, its internal borders are far more open to goods, capital and labour than any comparable trading area. ④It is an ambitious attempt to blunt the sharpest edges of globalization, and make capitalism benign.36. The EU is faced with so many problems that ______.[A] it has more or less lost faith in markets[B] even its supporters begin to feel concerned[C] some of its member countries plan to abandon euro[D] it intends to deny the possibility of devaluation37. The debate over the EU’s single currency is stuck because the dominantpowers _______. .[A] are competing for the leading position[B] are busy handling their own crises[C] fail to reach an agreement on harmonization[D] disagree on the steps towards disintegration38. To solve the euro problem, Germany proposed that _______.[A] EU funds for poor regions be increased[B] stricter regulations be imposed[C] only core members be involved in economic co-ordination[D] voting rights of the EU members be guaranteed39. The French proposal of handling the crisis implies that _______.[A] poor countries are more likely to get funds[B]strict monetary policy will be applied to poor countries[C]loans will be readily available to rich countries[D]rich countries will basically control Eurobonds40. Regarding the future of the EU, the author seems to feel _______.[A]pessimistic[B]desperate[C]conceited[D]hopefulPart BDirections:In the following text, some sentences have been removed. For Questions (41-45), choose the most suitable one from the list A-G to fit into each of the numbered blank. There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the gaps. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)①Leading doctors today weigh in on the debate over the government’s role in promoting public health by demanding that ministers impose “fat taxes” on unhealthy food and introduce cigarette-style warnings to children about the dangers of a poor diet.①The demands follow comments last week by the health secretary, Andrew Lansley, who insisted the government could not force people to make healthy choices and promised to free businesses from public health regulations.①But senior medical figures want to stop fast-food outlets opening near schools, restrict advertising of products high in fat, salt or sugar, and limit sponsorship of sports events by fast-food producers such as McDonald’s.①They argue that government action is necessary to curb Britain’s addiction to unhealthy food and help halt spiraling rates of obesity, diabetes and heart disease. ②Professor Terence Stephenson, president of the Royal College of Paediatrics and Child Health, said that the consumption of unhealthy food should be seen to be just as damaging as smoking or binge (excessive) drinking.①“Thirty years ago, it would have been inconceivable to have imagined a ban on smoking in the workplace or in pubs, and yet that is what we have now. ②Are we willing to be just as courageous in respect of obesity? ③I would suggest that we should be,” said the leader of the UK’s children’s doctors.①Lansley has alarmed health campaigners by suggesting he wants industry rather than government to take the lead. ②He said that manufacturers of crisps and confectionery could play a central role in the Change for Life campaign, the centrepiece of government efforts to boost healthy eating and fitness. ③He has also criticized the celebrity chef Jamie Ol iver’s high-profile attempt to improve school lunches in England as an example of how “lecturing” people was not the best way to change their behaviour.①Stephenson suggested potential restrictions could include banning TV advertisements for foods high in fat, salt or sugar before the 9pm watershed and limiting them on billboards or in cinemas. ②“If we were really bold, we might even begin to think of high-calorie fast food in the same way as cigarettes-by setting stringent limits on advertising, product placement and sponsorship of sports events, ” he said.①Such a move could affect firms such as McDonald’s, which sponsors the youth coaching scheme run by the Football Association. ②Fast-food chains should also stop offering “inducements” such as toys, cute animals and mobile phone credit to lure young customers, Stephenson said.①Professor Dinesh Bhugra, president of the Royal College of Psychiatrists, said:“If children are taught about the impact that food has on their growth, and that some things can harm, at least information is available up front.”①He also urged councils to impose “fast-food-free zones” around school and hospitals-areas within which takeaways cannot open.①A Department of Health spokesperson said:“We need to create a new vision for public health where all of society works together to get healthy and live longer. ②This includes creating a new ‘responsibility deal’ with business, built on social responsibility, not state regulation. ③Later this year, we will publish a white paper setting out exactly how we will achieve this.”①The food industry will be alarmed that such senior doctors back such radical moves, especially the call to use some of the tough tactics that have been deployed against smoking over the last decade.[A] “fat taxes” should be imposed on fast-foodproducers such as McDonald’s.41.Andrew Lansley held that [B] the government should ban fast-food outletsin the neighborhood of schools.42.Terence Stephenson agreed that [C] “lecturing” was an effective way to improve school lunches in England.43.Jamie Oliver seemed to believe that [D] cigarette-style warnings should be introduced to children about the dangers of a poor diet.44.Dinesh Bhugra suggested that [E] the producers of crisps and candies could contribute significantly to the Change for Life campaign.45.A Department of Health Spokesperson proposed that [F] parents should set good examples for their children by keeping a healthy diet at home.[G] the government should strengthen the senseof responsibility among businesses.Section ⅢTranslation46. Directions:Translate the following text from English into Chinese. Write your translation on ANSWER SHEET 2. (15 points)Who would have thought that, globally, the IT industry produces about the same volume of greenhouse gases as the world’s airlines do-roughly 2 percent of all CO2 emissions?Many everyday tasks take a surprising toll on the environment. A Google search can leak between 0.2 and 7.0 grams of CO2, depending on how many attempts are needed to get the “right”answer. To deliver results to its users quickly, then, Google has to maintain vast data centers around the world, packed with powerful computers. While producing large quantities of CO2, these computers emit a great deal of heat, so the centers need to be well air-conditioned, which uses even more energy.However, Google and other big tech providers monitor their efficiency closely and make improvements. Monitoring is the first step on the road to reduction, but there is much to be done, and not just by big companies.Section IV WritingPart A47.DirectionsSuppose your cousin Li Ming has just been admitted to a university. Write him/her a letter to1) congratulate him/her, and2) give him/her suggestions on how to get prepared for university life.You should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEET 2.Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use“Zhang Wei”instead.Do not write the address. (10 points)Part B48.DirectionsWrite an essay based on the following chart. In your writing, you should1) interpret the chart and2) give your commentsYou should write at least 150 words.Write your essay on ANSWER SHEET 2. (15points)答案及解析Section Ⅰ Use of English1.[试题考点] 语义关系+动词辨析。
2011年考研英语二真题及答案
2011年研究生入学考试英语二真题Section I Use of EnglishDirections：Read the following text。
Choose the best word(s) for each numbered black and markA，B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. （10 points）”The Internet affords anonymity to its users — a boon to privacy and freedom of speech。
But that very anonymity is also behind the explosion of cybercrime that has 1 across theWeb。
Can privacy be preserved 2 bringing a semblance of safety and security to a world that seems increasingly 3？Last month，Howard Schmidt, the nation’s cyberczar, offered the Obama government a4 to make the Web a safer place — a “voluntary identify” system that would be the high—tech5 of a physical key, fingerprint and a photo ID card，all rolled6 one. Thesystem might use a smart identity card，or a digital credential 7 to a specific computer, andwould authenticate users at a range of online services。
2011年英语二(完整版)
【参考范文】 Dear Li Ming,
We are very happy to know that you have successfully passed the college entrance examination this year and have been admitted into Peking University. Allow us to give our most sincere congratulations on this exciting occasion.
You have all along been working hard at your professional studies, and you are excellent in most subjects. Your success shows that only hard work can yield good results，so I suggest that you should make a great progress in university life.
Based on what has been discussed above, we may reasonably conclude that the tendency described in graphic will continue for quite a long time. Hopefully, government could offer more friendly policies to China autos manufacturers to encourage quality improvement and technology innovation.
2011年考研英语二真题及答案
2011年考研英语二真题及答案Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word (s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)Many years ago, I visited an old university friend who was studying medicine in London. He took (1) of his university's medical department and showed me around the research labs. As we were about to leave the cancer laboratory, I noticed a (2) piece of paper attached to the wall. It had a list of chemical substances and the respective (3) on cancer cells. The exact values were noted down, including the concentration of each chemical, the time of incubation (培养期) and the size of the cancer cell culture plate. It was clear that someone had been (4) a serious experiment.When I asked my friend about it, he smiled and told me something which I have never (5) . The paper contained the complete results of a very important (6) experiment and it was someone's (7) to update the online laboratory notebook. This was a record of the steps followed, the results obtained, and any other (8) information. The idea was to help everyone in the lab stay updated on the progress of the (9) . I was very impressed by the responsibility shown by the person who conducted the experiment and, of course, by the general idea of (10) a notebook that could be accessed by everyone in real-time.Unfortunately, the (11) of this great idea is not yet mature. The idea that a lab notebook could be online goes (12) the traditional view of a personaland (13) place where researchers could record their thoughts, ideas and results. But today's labs (14) a different picture. Many labs employ researchers from different parts of the world, connected with existing and emerging (15) for collaboration. A worldwide accessible notebook is therefore not a bad idea and, as a matter of (16) , it is already a reality in some laboratories around the world.In some labs, a notebook is only accessible via their secure network (17) a username and password. Others are looking at public ways to grant access. Similarly, some labs have entire lab management (18) that include the sharing of notes, protocols and results. Other labs intend to add this functionality very soon. There are still (19) to be resolved, mainly regarding security and privacy issues, but the general trend is undeniably (20) the switch from paper to digital notebooks.1. A full B advantage C control D medicine2. A folded B misplaced C crumpled D dusty3. A research B professions C influences D effects4. A experimenting B employing C conducting D exploring5. A heard B believed C discovered D forgotten6. A laboratory B chemical C medicinal D scientific7. A purpose B background C spotlight D duty8. A relevant B efficient C irrelevant D supportive9. A examination B experiment C discovery D application10. A protecting B saving C accessing D revising11. A understanding B application C expertise D achievement12. A beyond B against C upon D over13. A confidential B public C specialized D open14. A picture B scenario C strategy D figure15. A networks B fields C topics D tools16. A fact B principle C research D access17. A concerning B acknowledging C reinforcing D requiring18. A traditions B policies C environments D positions19. A issues B concerns C areas D procedures20. A promoting B preventing C encouraging D hindering参考答案：1. C control2. B misplaced3. D effects4. C conducting5. D forgotten6. A laboratory7. D duty8. A relevant9. B experiment10. C accessing11. B application12. A beyond13. B public14. B scenario15. A networks16. A fact17. D requiring18. C environments19. A issues20. C encouragingSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)Text 1According to Thomas Edison, most inventions are 1 percent inspiration and 99 percent perspiration. That may have been true in his day, but invention has changed radically in the past century. Today, it can be both more efficient and more frustrating, with inventors making errors such as forgetting the "ordinary skills" requirement for getting a patent and misreading established patents.Soon, these kinds of mistakes will be less likely, thanks to a new method developed by a researcher at the Fordham University School of Law in New York City.The method, known as "invention mining", is a way to find out possible inventions from huge databases of scientific information. Invention mining gives inventors many new veins to tap into - and makes it much easier to come up with new ideas.In the past, the first step of inventing something new was an exhaustive search through existing patents to make sure the proposed invention hadn't already been patented. But that traditional search couldn't effectively cover all the information needed, as it was only possible to cover a fraction of patents, university research papers, and other sources of technical information in any one search.However, invention mining can go through billions of records of technical information in one search. "Text mining is natural language processing, but invention mining is natural language processing on steroids （特效药）" says Professor Stempfle.According to his study, a successful search of one billion records using a properly formed claim will return about 3.15 million technical documents for review, and we usually only need to inspect about 150,000 of these to find a few that truly meet our needs.Invention mining can turn up scientific research and patents nobody ever knew existed. Stempfle's paper cited an example of a case study from Ford when a scientist was doing background research on fire protection systems: it found a solution that had been patented and then forgotten, dating back to an 1838 patent. "The inventors of the company that found this were excited," says Stempfle, but nobody else had ever heard of the invention. This would have been something that may not otherwise have been discovered."Invention mining gives small inventors a newfound power against large corporations," says Stempfle . "Say you're a small inventor with 20 patents, and then IBM thinks you're infringing on（侵犯） one of their patents. IBM can do a search through a million patents to find ground to say your patent is invalid. Using a tool like invention mining, you can look at the same million patents to come up with innovative ways to say the IBM patent is not reallya valid one. It really does level the playing field."21. Invention mining helps inventors to ________.A. identify and solve problems in the invention processB. establish the ordinary skills requirement for getting a patentC. read established patents with more efficiencyD. prevent scientific information from being forgotten22. Compared to the traditional search, invention mining ________.A. covers a wider range of technical informationB. is more time-consumingC. requires a larger database of scientific informationD. focuses on patents and university research papers23. What does Professor Stempfle suggest about invention mining?A. It should be used in the background research of fire protection systems.B. It should only be used by small inventors against large corporations.C. It should be improved through natural language processing.D. It should be applied to the validation of small inventors' patents.24. What can be a drawback of invention mining?A. Certain patents are prone to being misread by inventors.B. It relies heavily on existing patents.C. It doesn't cover all the technical information.D. Some 19th-century patents may have been missed.25. What is the main purpose of the text?A. To discuss the new method of invention mining.B. To compare the merits of invention mining and traditional search.C. To introduce the researcher behind the invention mining method.D. To analyze the potential of invention mining in the future.参考答案：21. A. identify and solve problems in the invention process22. A. covers a wider range of technical information23. D. It should be applied to the validation of small inventors' patents.24. C. It doesn't cover all the technical information.25. A. To discuss the new method of invention mining.Part BDirections:Read the following text and answer the questions by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (20 points)Text 2The saying "knowledge is power" is accurate in many situations. We tend to believe that the more information we have, the better decisions we can make. However, recent research suggests that this may not always be the case. In fact, having too much information can sometimes hinder our decision-making process and lead to poorer outcomes.One reason why an excess of information may be detrimental is that it can lead to information overload. When we are faced with too much information, we may struggle to process it all efficiently. As a result, wemay overlook important details or become overwhelmed, leading to decision paralysis. In this state, it becomes difficult to make any decision at all.Furthermore, having too much information can also lead to biased decision-making. When we have a lot of information, it is natural for us to focus on the information that supports our existing beliefs or preferences, while disregarding contradictory information. This confirmation bias can limit our ability to consider alternative perspectives and make well-rounded decisions.Another issue associated with an excess of information is the potential for analysis paralysis. This occurs when we spend excessive amounts of time analyzing and comparing different options, becoming so fixated on finding the perfect choice that we fail to make a decision altogether. The fear of making a suboptimal choice can act as a barrier to action, preventing us from moving forward and potentially missing out on valuable opportunities.While information is undoubtedly valuable, it is important to strike a balance and avoid becoming overwhelmed by an excessive amount of data. Recognizing the limitations of information and being mindful of its potential effects on decision-making can help ensure more effective and efficient choices.26. What is the author's main point about information?A. It is essential for making well-rounded decisions.B. It can lead to biased decision-making.C. It can hinder the decision-making process.D. It is necessary for finding valuable opportunities.27. What is "confirmation bias"?A. Overlooking important details due to information overload.B. Struggling to process excessive amounts of information.C. Focusing on information that supports existing beliefs.D. Spending excessive time analyzing different options.28. What does the author mean by "analysis paralysis"?A. Being overwhelmed by contradictory information.B. Failing to make a decision due to fear of making a mistake.C. Considering alternative perspectives when making a choice.D. Being unable to distinguish between valuable and irrelevant information.29. According to the text, what is important when dealing with information?A. Finding the perfect choice.B. Overcoming decision paralysis.C. Recognizing the limitations of information.D. Analyzing and comparing different options.30. What is the tone of the text?A. OptimisticB. CautiousC. InformativeD. Argumentative参考答案：26. C. It can hinder the decision-making process.27. C. Focusing on information that supports existing beliefs.28. B. Failing to make a decision due to fear of making a mistake.29. C. Recognizing the limitations of information.30. B. CautiousSection III TranslationDirections:Translate the following passage into English. Write your translation on ANSWER SHEET 2. (15 points)传统教育系统中，作业被视为学生练习和掌握课堂知识的一种方式。
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2011考寻兵溢直至Section 1 Use ofEngishDirections：Re ad the folownng text Choose rhe best word，' $) fa eadi numbered blank tmrk :A]. [B] |C] cr [D] on ANSAXTR SHEET1. ClOpows：-Anaent Greek philos)pher AnsoCe \iewtd iautfter asPbaEy exercise pr^acus to heath But _1 sane clasns © caitrans laugta^ probatty tas lite influence on physical £ue$sLaugher does _2 _____ shcrbiermcha^e $ in the funcxn M tte heart and its blood wssels. ___________ 3_ Iran rate andoxv^cn consunpticn But because hard laugher is difficilt to __4_, a good lavgh widely to have _5 __________________ benefits aie way, say, walicng orjegging (Joes._6_. inwdef ttrahinc nvseks to build them, itexerate doe& la空fg ipparenCy ac^crrptehes the _ 7_・smdie? daring ba de to rhe lQ3O s ndirate that laughrer_ 8__ nusdes.湖tdre fa to 45 nimHM after the faugh dewnSudi txxhls leaaioiinii^ii conceivabh trip _9_ (he effects of psvetofogieal stress. Anyway, theaciofUi^lw^ proVatb (ixspioiuce vdri upesof _______________ 10 __ feedback• ihaiiinpovr anndiudual* s eniQUoxial star. _ 11 _____ oar classical ilx ocj of emo son , wi fetkigs aic pai nil)iwtcd 12 P A，LQ U K，C B LS II irgued aithc cad of de 19th ccatun ihit Iwuaa: w not ay 13 axe sadtwehey become sadwUndr teaxsVegu IQ flow.Although sadne^ iko ______ 14 __ tern. e\ 诙ire ag^ste tbit emoboas canfow_15_mut^utar re^otiws In anexp^rirwit puHhhed in 19S8, toral pn^tologisr Fritr Strack rfAe Unwrsity ofw^irzburg m Gemiany asked vo：wteers to _16 __________________ a prn either wth their teeti thMeHcr^anng an am final 5fnle 一or Mth their 邱s・ which would produce a <n) -ri17 expresaar IK)史fircedto exercse tfieir enthusiastically to ftnny catoonsthan d*d those whose months were contacted m a froam 19 _________________________ t ut expressiocs ray nfiutna emoucns raUier than just *ht OM^iy a round _迎一，ae physcsl act oflaugh:er caild mprove maxi.l.[A]aa)oxi3 [B]cxccpt [C]dcspiie [D]!M2 [/VJreflect [B ]*tnand [Cjindicate {D]produce3.[AJsubihang [B Jtoosting [C Jmpaning [DJdettnnnmg4.[A]uaHsni< [3]5U5tdm[C)r\a!uatc [DJobxwt5.[A]nieasiratle [B ynarageable [CJaffxdaHe [D]wMwib惬6 [AJIntum [BJTn factfCJIna Idtioti [DJnbref7.(A]opposie [Bjin^os^bie (Coverage PlexpeaedS [A]hardens [B Wake ns [C] tightens [D]rekixe59 [A]aggrava代(B]gerente ；C Jmodtra雄[DJenhance10.[A]phy5kal (B]nrntal [C]subconscious [Djintemi11.[A]Excep( for [BJAccordng to [C]Due to pjAsfot12.[A]wtth[B)on [CJin [D]a!13.(A]unless(B]unti (C)if PJtecaus?14.[A]exhatists [Blftildw [C]pjecedes P]suppresses15.[A]rto PJfruw [C]towards (DJbeyond15.[A]fcich[3JUic [CJpick PJtoii17.[A]di5appoiated [B Je)cctted (CJoviul [D]mdiffrrext18 [A Jadapted [B]c«ered rC]n»nfd[D]reactedl?.[A]jugge$uag [3'ic(puixg [C]meuu«mg [D>mKbujg2O.[A]EvemvaK (3]Con$ec^endy (CJSmlarly pjCoa^eiseivSectkm II Reading Compr»herKionPan ADirections：Read the fblowng fotr texts Anwer the quescons below eart. text by choosng [A ]• (3 J・ |C or [D], Markyojr answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 prats)TealThe decision of the NewY otk Plihannonic s hst A^n Giber： is iU next munc director ius beet the nlk of 血？chsstcal-cusi: uorld ever since :he tudoen amouncexnent of lis appculrsent m 2009 Fcr the ms: part fte re^onse has been fi^ onble, to siy the least. oouy * At last!Anfhorn, Tctrmxini, a erticOne of tte reascosvtivne apoantroent came as $u:li a surprise, hg’m is thitCklOen s comparativetv Lirfle knom EvenTommasmi. utic tad advocatedGlben s app "Times, calls him an unpretentious musician with no atr of ihe famidabte cccJi adesaijiion ofthe next nusk dbecia of an orchesua ilat has hiiteno been led tG USQV and PierreBaileZt hat seems kkely to have strn* atleast some Traes readers as flint paseFor ray pan. I haw no idea wfieiher Git>en is agreatonduczor cr evena good me. To * sure, he perfbnns anirnpressi\e varjety of interesting conpos-tioas. but it is nocmcessan- for me c it A ven* Fisher Hal? or anwtierr else, w hear iireresung orctestral irusic. AU I have to do is t( go to my C D shelf, oi tool up my computer aod aownXad sill more recw<J?4 music ftom ilm? xDewed ecneer^oers rejdy that re ccrda^s are M sibstiute forSve peribrraanee aremissng die pcenL Far the tune, anenacn. and money of the an<o\nng pubic •classical nstnunentalists mist conpete na on^* wth opera houses, cknce troipes. theaw companies. an( muaurm, but also wh the recorded performances of th^ great dassica! mu^cuns of the 2Cth century There recordnj$ are cheap - available everywhere ・ a nd ven- often tnudi i 専Mr tn irtsoc qua in* than today sirep*ffcnnan:es： mo^over. they can be 'cmstmfd at a tin* ind place ol fit Istenjr's choosing. He w* spread availability cf ;uch recordngs has thus brought abcot acnas h tte insatudon of h aadiricnal c^ssical concenOne possible response is forda»icalperfornvrs to prograni anraetve new music hat a not wt amiable on record. Glbert's own intere st a new muse been noted： Alex Roas, a das acai-music critic, has desxbedhxm as a nun wfo is capable of liinre the Phlhannoai: s:。