跨文化交际案例真题分析
大学英语跨文化交际案例分析
大学英语跨文化交际案例分析Case 2 （P8）White Dress女王的白色长裙：Case analysis：The Indian women might think the wedding ceremony is a funeral if they see the western bride in white gown. The case reflects the similes and metaphors in the text.案例分析：印度女人可能觉得婚礼是一个葬礼，如果他们看到西方的新娘的白色礼服。
这个案例反映了明喻和隐喻在文本。
Culture is like an iceberg：we can identify the color of the dress worn by women in different cultures，but we do not know the values underneath。
Culture is like the water a fish swims in: people wear dress of different colors for different context but they usually take it for granted and never ask why.文化是像冰山：我们可以辨认颜色衣服的妇女所穿不同的文化，但我们不知道下面的值。
文化是像水鱼游在:人们穿不同颜色的衣服为不同的上下文，但他们通常是理所当然的，从不问为什么.Case 4 （P18）Coconut-skating椰子-溜冰:Case analysis：The case reflects the characteristics of culture. We can tell from the case that culture is pervasive and it’s learned。
跨文化交际案例分析题及答案
跨文化交际案例分析题及答案案例描述在跨国公司A的一个国际会议上，来自不同国家的员工们需要共同讨论一个重要项目。
会议进行了几天，但是却一直没有取得明确的进展。
不同国家的员工语言文化差异导致了沟通障碍，讨论过程中出现了许多误解和纠纷。
公司高层深感困惑，希望找到解决这个问题的方法。
障碍分析1. 语言障碍跨国公司A的员工来自不同的国家，他们使用的是各自母语进行交流。
除了英语是共同的工作语言外，其他国别的员工使用的语言差异较大。
这种语言差异导致了语言表达的不准确和理解的模糊，使得员工们无法正常交流和理解对方。
2. 文化差异不同国家的员工具有不同的文化背景和价值观念，这导致了他们在讨论过程中产生了误解和冲突。
文化差异可以涉及到对时间观念、权力关系、政治正确性和个人自由等方面的不同理解，这些差异会影响到他们的决策方式和工作方式，导致合作的困难。
解决方案1. 提供语言支持和培训跨文化交际的第一个挑战是语言障碍。
为了解决这个问题，公司可以提供语言支持和培训，以帮助员工们提高英语或共同工作语言的能力。
这可通过组织语言培训课程，雇佣专业翻译人员或提供翻译工具等方式实现。
提供语言支持和培训可以降低语言障碍，提高员工之间的沟通效率。
2. 开展跨文化培训除了语言障碍外，文化差异也是讨论中的一个重要问题。
公司可以组织跨文化培训，帮助员工了解不同文化之间的差异，并教授他们如何在跨文化环境中进行有效的沟通和合作。
该培训可以包括介绍不同文化的价值观、信念和行为准则，以及跨文化冲突解决的技巧和策略。
通过开展跨文化培训，可以提高员工对文化差异的认识和理解，促进跨文化交际的顺利进行。
3. 引入跨文化中介人为了解决跨文化交际中的难题，公司可以考虑引入跨文化中介人。
跨文化中介人是具有跨文化交际经验和能力的人员，他们可以在员工之间进行翻译和解释，协助双方理解并解决可能出现的误解和冲突。
跨文化中介人的介入可以减少员工之间的摩擦，促进合作和理解。
跨文化交际案例分析
Case 1: She Has Three HandsIn the following scenario, a Chinese doctor, a patient and a physiotherapist interact.A female neurologist from Beijing was working on a research project in a Toronto hospital. She shared a small office with a young Canadian male from a large family, who loved peanut butter. He was so fond of peanut butter that he kept a jar in the office. One day he came into the office and exclaimed, “Who took my peanut butter?” But the Chinese woman immediately felt accused. After all, there were only two of them in the office.She was deeply distressed, but true to her learned cultural behavior of never showing anger in public, she said nothing. Later that day she was working in a room where the physiotherapist was treating a patient who suffered paralysis of his legs and arms from a motorcycle accident. The physiotherapist moved one of the patient’s legs in a way that caused him pain.“Ouch!” he cried.“Oh, I didn’t do that,” said the physiotherapist. “It was that doctor over there,” and he pointed to the Chinese woman.“How could she have done it since she’s on the other side of the room?” the patient pointed out.“Ah, she has three hands.” the physiotherapist replied.At these words the Chinese doctor became even more upset. She was so disturbed that she behaved in a way uncharacteristic of her culture. She waited until the patient had gone, and then said to the physiotherapist, “I’m very upset by what you said.” The physiotherapist was taken aback. “What had I said?”“You said I had three hands,” the Chinese doctor finally choked. “You think I took the peanut butter.”Answer the following questions:1.How do you understand the phrase “to have three hands”? (3分)2.What caused their communication conflicts?（7分）Case 1:This case can reflect the different communication styles between Chinese and Canadians. In western cultures, communication is the means of transmitting ideas. Western people usually communicate directly with each other. That is why the Canadian in this case says what is in his mind directly in front of the Chinese woman without hiding anything. While Chinese culture stresses harmony and emphasizes the relationships between the communicators. Chinese people view communication as a process where all parties are searching to develop and maintain a social relationship. So the Chinese woman in this case tries not to argue with the Canadian face to face to keep the“harmonious relationship”between them.Case 2: Left in the ColdKatherine came to Beijing in 1998 and found a job as an English teacher in a foreign language institute. Soon after her classes began she found that her students showed no interest in her teaching style. Quite a few of them avoided attending her class. She was feeling quite upset and discouraged so she decided to ask the Director, Prof. Wang for help. Prof. Wang reviewed his timetable and suggested they meet at ten o’clock on Thursday morning. When Thursday came, Katherine arrived at Prof. Wang’s office at the exactly ten o’clock finding him talking with another teacher in Chinese. Seeing that she had come, Prof. Wang smiled and gestured her to sit down. Katherine sat down and the professor excused himself and continued to talk with the other teacher. After five minutes, he finished his conversation, and apologized to Katherine, and began to focus his attention on her situation. Prof. Wang showed great concern and asked her what the problem was. Just as she was discussing her problem, another Chinese teacher interrupted, with a form that required the Director’s signature. The Director smiled, apologized to Katherine again, and turned to talk with the Chinese teacher in Chinese. Katherine became impatient, and wondered why their discussion should be interrupted since she had made an appointment. Also, she was upset and frustrated that they continued to speak Chinese in front of her. Although their talk continued, she was apparently unhappy about what had happened.Answer the following questions:1.How would you explain the Director’s behavior toward Kathrine?（5分）2.How would you make the Director understand why Katherine felt frustrated and angry? （5分）Case 2:CommentThis is a typical cultural clash between Chinese and Westerners. There is a great difference in the concept of appointment and its behavior pattern in different cultures. To Americans, an appointment is a confirmation to meet at a precise time. If an appointment is scheduled, both parties should respect the appointment time. For example, if a professor makes an appointment with a student at a certain time, it should not be interrupted by other things or people. In addition, Westerners are good timekeepers; they adhere strictly to schedules. However, Chinese view appointments in a more flexible manner. They are more casual about commitments. This difference in attitudes toward appointment was the root of Katherine’s unhappiness. Since the Director made an ten a’clock appointment, he should have tried to avoid any interruption. However, when Katherine arrived on time, the Director was still talking with another teacher. When their meeting finally began, it was interrupted again. There is no wonder Katherine became frustrated and angry.Case 3: Personal SpaceMark had recently moved from Denmark to Sydney to work as a salesperson for a large Australian company. After three weeks, he was invited to join a local club. During the first few weeks at the club, Mark would either stand in the corner talking with someone or sit on a sofa listening to other people talk and chat. As time went by, he came to know most of the club members and seemed to enjoy talking with them. One day, at an evening party one of the female members approached him. Mark immediately showed his interest by talking about the atmosphere of the party. At first, the conversation between them seemed to go quite smoothly, but as it progressed the lady seemed to step further and further away from Mark as he had been gradually moving closer to her. The lady obviously seemed uncomfortable. As Mark was about to ask her questions regarding Australian social customs, another man standing nearby directed a glance toward the lady. She excused herself and went to talk with that man, leaving Mark standing alone and wondering why their conversation had come to such a sudden stop.Answer the following question1. Why did that woman suddenly stop talking with Mark and turned to another man? （10分）Case 3:This is a typical case of misunderstanding caused by different perceptions abut body distance.There is a lot of evidence to show that body distance varies with different people, different circumstances, and different cultures. In Denmark, at a formal event, the intimate space is usually between 20 to 30 centimeters; while in Australia such an occasion requires a body distance of 40 to 50 centimeters. Therefore when a Dane talks with an Australian, the problem arises: the Dane is accustomed to a close distance while the Australian is comfortable with a great distance.In this case, Mark, by trying to establish his normal intimate space, infringed on the Australian lady’s space. Because of this, she felt somewhat threatened and lost her sense of comfort. At that moment, the nearby man offered her the opportunity to excuse herself from Mark. If Mark had had some knowledge about the expected personal space for Australians, the encounter might have been totally different.Case 4Li Ming, a male Chinese graduate student, studied in the United States. He shared a room with his American classmate Tony in a residence hall. At the very beginning, Li Ming found it easy and enjoyable to get along with Tony, for he was an open-minded person and sometimes he could give Li Ming quite a lot of helpful advice. But later,Li Ming felt it really hard to do the real effective communication. For example:One day Tony went into the bathroom and completely shaved his head. Li Ming easily discovered this fact when he himself visited the bathroom and saw the hair everywhere. He returned to his room and said to Tony, “You’ve shaved your head.” Tony replied, “Yeah, I did.”Li Ming waited a while, then said, I discovered you’d shaved your head when I went into the bathroom and saw the hair. “Yeah.” Tony confirmed. Li Ming was at a loss. He believed he had communicated in the strongest possible language his wish that the American would clean up the mess he’d made in the bathroom. But Li Ming was very much disappointed at his roommate Tony!Later he discussed the surprising episode with some Chinese friends who told him, “Listen, with Americans you actually have to say: Clean up the bathroom!” Li Ming believed his message had been very clear. However, he was relying on the context of the communication for the message to be understood: hair was all over the bathroom, and his roommate now was bare-headed.Questions:1. Why do you think the American student Tony failed to understand what his Chinese roommate Li Ming had wanted to say?2. Suppose the main characters in the story are two Chinese studentsor two American students, in what way will they deal with the matter?Case 7 (P30)Case analysis: Cultural differences decide the two students are going to communicate in different ways. 案例分析:文化差异决定这两个学生要沟通的方式不同。
跨文化交际案例分析答题模板范文
跨文化交际案例分析答题模板范文概述跨文化交际是指不同文化背景下的人或群体之间进行的交流与沟通。
在全球化的背景下，跨文化交际变得越来越重要，因为不同国家和地区之间的交流交流变得日益频繁。
然而，由于文化差异的存在，跨文化交际也会面临一些挑战。
本文将以一个实际案例为例，分析其中的跨文化交际问题，并提供解决方案。
案例描述在某国际会议上，来自不同国家的代表们齐聚一堂，探讨共同关心的问题。
会议主题是「可持续发展与全球环境保护」。
会议期间，参会代表们进行了多场演讲和讨论。
在一次小组讨论中，来自西方国家的代表John对某个问题提出了自己的观点，他认为政府应该采取更严格的法律措施来保护环境。
然而，来自东方国家的代表Li却反对这种观点，他认为法律的过度干预会限制企业的发展。
在讨论的过程中，John和Li之间发生了一些误解和摩擦。
John认为Li不关心环境保护，而Li则认为John过于强调法律的作用。
这种跨文化交际的问题让讨论变得紧张和困难。
分析这个案例揭示了在跨文化交际中常见的问题，即对待问题的态度和观点的差异。
从文化角度来看，西方国家注重环境保护和法律的作用，倾向于通过法律手段来解决问题。
而在东方文化中，更强调的是企业的发展和自由市场经济。
这种文化差异导致了John和Li之间的观点冲突。
此外，语言的差异也是导致误解的一个重要因素。
John和Li使用的是各自的母语进行交流，他们的语言表达方式和理解方式也存在差异。
比如，John可能使用了一些西方文化中常用的词汇、成语或隐喻，而这些对于Li来说可能是不熟悉或难以理解的。
这种语言差异导致了彼此之间的误解和沟通障碍。
解决方案为了解决这个问题，我们可以采取以下措施：1.尊重和理解：参会代表们应该相互尊重和理解彼此的文化差异。
这样可以缓解紧张情绪，并为进一步的交流打下基础。
2.注意语言表达：参会代表们应该尽量使用简单、清晰、易懂的语言进行表达。
避免使用过于专业化或地方化的词汇，以免引起误解。
中英跨文化交际案例分析柯女士
中英跨文化交际案例分析柯女士柯女士是一个中国留学生，在英国攻读研究生学位。
她来自中国南方的一个大城市，对英国的文化和语言并不是非常了解。
柯女士努力学习英语，但在与英国人交流时经常遇到沟通障碍。
本文将分析柯女士在一次跨文化交际中遇到的困难，并提出解决办法。
柯女士面临的第一个问题是语言障碍。
英语不是她的母语，她的口语和听力技巧有限。
在与英国人交流时，她经常无法理解他们说的话，并且很难表达自己的意思。
这给她带来了沟通上的困扰。
柯女士可以通过多听多说来提高自己的口语水平。
她可以参加英语角、和英国人进行日常交流等，以增加与英国人的接触和练习口语的机会。
另外，她可以找一位英语母语的朋友或导师帮助她改善口语表达能力。
柯女士还遇到了文化差异带来的困难。
英国人的交流方式和中国人有很大的不同。
例如，在中国，人们经常使用间接语言，往往通过暗示和非言语信号来传达信息。
然而，在英国，人们更直接地表达自己的意见和想法。
这使得柯女士有时难以理解英国人的意图和真正的意思。
柯女士可以通过学习英国文化来帮助自己更好地理解英国人。
她可以阅读相关的文化书籍，观看英国电视节目，并与英国人讨论他们的文化传统和价值观。
此外，她还可以参加跨文化交际培训课程，学习如何应对和解决文化差异带来的问题。
此外，柯女士还需要解决跨文化交际中的态度问题。
在与英国人交流时，她可能会感到紧张和不自信。
这可能导致她回避交流，缺乏自信，并且无法充分表达自己的观点。
柯女士可以增强自信心，建立积极的态度来面对交流困难。
她可以通过参加心理辅导课程或与他人分享她的经验来增强自己的自信心。
此外，她还可以通过阅读和学习成功的跨文化交际案例，从他人的经验中获得启示和建议。
在克服这些困难的过程中，柯女士还应该培养一些有效的跨文化交际技巧。
她可以学习如何使用肢体语言和面部表情来传达自己的意愿和感受。
她还可以提前准备一些常用的交际用语和问题，以便在交流中更流利地表达自己。
此外，她还应该注意自己的语速和语调，以便更好地与英国人配合。
【分析】跨文化交际案例分析
【关键字】分析从三个方面分析案例1.What cultural difference is reflected in this case?2.What behaviors of each party cause the clash?3.What might be done for each party to avoid the clash?例如：case 1 A Danish Woman in New York Step 1. 这个案例反应了实现有效跨文化交流的一个障碍：assuming similarity instead of difference（假定一致性）。
Step 2. In this case, the Danish woman assumes that her behavior of leaving the baby alone, which is common in Denmark, is also appropriate in New York.Step 3. To avoid misunderstanding, the Danish woman should learn more about American culture and adjust his behaviors accordingly. Case 2 中国女教师与外国女教师的冲突1. 这个案例反应了个人主义与集体主义的冲突Li Hong comes from a collectivist culture which emphasizes deference paid to people older than oneself and modestydisplayed on the part of the young. Maggy comes from an individualistic culture which values assertiveness and free expression of feelings.2.3.Case 3Susan Wood, a young American mother of a four-year-old boy, came to China for the first time. She wrote a letter to her parents for help. Dear Dad and Mom,I don’t feel happy in China. I am scared by how the Chinese treat Tommy. Tommy is already four years old. Whenever I take him outside, a lot of Chinese w hom I don’t know would fondle him, touching, patting, hugging or even kissing him. It seems that the Chinese are treating Tommy as a pet. I think they are very rude. What should I do?Best wishes,Susan1.This case reflects different attitudes towardsone stuff of people from different cultural backgrounds.此文档是由网络收集并进行重新排版整理.word可编辑版本！。
跨文化交际案例分析题
跨文化交际案例分析题跨文化交际案例分析。
跨文化交际是指不同文化背景的人在交往中所展现出的文化差异和相互影响。
在全球化的今天，跨文化交际已成为日常生活中不可或缺的一部分。
在跨文化交际中，人们需要了解对方的文化背景，尊重对方的文化习惯，以及学会适应和融入不同的文化环境。
本文将通过一个实际案例，对跨文化交际进行深入分析。
在我工作的跨国公司中，我曾遇到一个跨文化交际的案例。
我负责与来自日本的合作伙伴进行商务洽谈。
在第一次会面时，我发现日本伙伴十分注重礼仪和尊重。
在商务谈判中，他们总是非常谨慎和低调，不喜欢直接表达意见，而是通过微笑和委婉的语言来传达信息。
而我在谈判中则习惯于直接表达自己的想法，这让日本伙伴感到有些不适应。
针对这一情况，我意识到需要对日本文化有更深入的了解，以便更好地与日本伙伴进行沟通和合作。
于是我开始学习日本的商务礼仪和文化习惯，了解他们的传统价值观和思维方式。
我发现，在日本文化中，尊重和谦逊是非常重要的，他们更注重团队合作和集体利益，而不是个人英雄主义。
在商务谈判中，他们更倾向于通过建立良好的人际关系来达成合作，而不是简单地追求利益最大化。
基于对日本文化的深入了解，我调整了自己的交际方式。
在与日本伙伴的沟通中，我更加注重言辞的委婉和表达的方式，避免直接的否定和冲突。
我也学会了更多地倾听对方的意见，尊重他们的决策和选择。
通过这样的调整，我和日本伙伴之间的合作关系得到了极大的改善，双方的信任和友好度也得到了提升。
通过这个案例，我深刻体会到了跨文化交际的重要性。
在全球化的背景下，不同文化之间的交流与合作已成为常态。
而要实现跨文化交际的成功，就需要我们不断学习和适应不同的文化，尊重他人的文化差异，以开放的心态去接纳和理解。
只有这样，我们才能在跨文化交际中做到相互尊重、平等相待，实现真正的合作共赢。
总之，跨文化交际是一个复杂而又精彩的过程。
通过不断的学习和实践，我们可以更好地适应和融入不同的文化环境，建立起良好的跨文化交际能力。
跨文化交际---英语案例分析
Case 1 A CanadianThe shipping agent is serving the customers in the way that is considered efficient in Venezuelan culture. To the Canadian, however, this is unfocused activity that is not nearly as efficient as it would be —particularly from her point of view —if the agent simply dealt exclusively with her scheduled appointment./ In Canada, businesspeople typically write appointments and activities into the day’s agenda every day. They then work sequentially through the agenda until they have completed each task or the day is over. In other words, Canadians prefer to do one thing at a time, while the South Americans, including Venezuelans, tend to do a few things simultaneously.Case 2 A dozenAs a Westerner, the American visiting professor does not quite understand the collective ownership of information in some other cultural environments. What made her annoyed is a different attitude toward information about people. In the United States, it is generally assumed that personal matters are private. Teachers go through elaborate procedures to assure that students do not have access to each other’s grades. In business it is the same. Evaluations are confidential.Case 3 WhenAs a matter of fact, the American woman was not being disrespectful. However, it is clear that her way of showing respect and welcome was different from the ancient tradition of keeping physical distance from superiors, which is still widely observed, especially when royalty is involved.Paul Keating, the Australian prime minister, may have intended to suggest by his gesture that Australia would no longer accept the queen as head of state but just as one of their honored guests. Obviously, the British would not like it at all. Sometimes, such seemingly trivial things can influence relations between countries. That’s why protocol is taken seriously and people who are to hold diplomatic posts will be given detailed and careful instructions. Case 22 An AmericanPeople from different cultures mayconsider their own communicationstyle to be natural and normal, andtherefore tend to evaluate otherstyles negatively. In this case, bothpeople are unaware of the Americanpreference for a direct and explicitstyle in contrast to the morecontextual African style. Both thesecommunicators are likely to leavethe situation less inclined to ask oranswer questions of each other again.Case 23 A FrenchIn France it is required that all callsbegin with an apology for disturbingthe answer. They are also expected tobegin the call by checking that theyhave reached the right number,identifying themselves, and thenchatting with whoever has answeredthe phone, if this person is known tothem. Only after some conversationmay callers indicate their wish tospeak with the person they haveactually called to speak to.In contrast, callers in the U. S. A.apologize only when they feel theyhave called at an inappropriate time;they often ask for the person theywant without identifying themselvesor conversing with the answer, evenwhen that person is known to them;and they behave, in general, asthough the person who has answeredthe phone is just an extension of theinstrument itself.Case 24 At a 1970The Japanese have a strong dislike ofentering into direct confrontationsand placing others in anembarrassing position. It is verydifficult for a Japanese to respond toany suggestion or request with adefinite “no”. What the Japanese willoften do instead is resort to a vaguesort of reply to the effect that thematter needs further study andconsideration. They do this to saveface for the person who has made thesuggestion or request, but Americansmay not properly understand it andmay completely misinterpret thevagueness as compliance and assumethat the proposition has beenaccepted. But this was apparentlynever made clear to Nixon. That iswhy he included that he had beendouble-crossed. Themisunderstanding had seriousadverse consequences for Japanese U.S. relations.Case 9 In a cross-culturalWhen they are being scolded by thetrainers for being repeatedly late forafternoon sessions, the Chinesetrainees felt bewildered because theythought it is inappropriate for theCanadian trainers to become soangry about it. In their opinion, oneshould not let him- or herself behaveas emotionally like this. Theappropriate way to deal with such aperson would be to become coolertoward and more distant from theperson who behaved so irresponsibly.It was understandable that one wouldfeel angry in this situation but it wasnot appropriate to show anger, forthe other person would certainly loseface if anger were directed towardhim or her, and the angry personwould look foolish and childish andtherefore also lose face.Canadians see such situations in avery different way. They tend toexplicitly express how they feel andopenly criticize the person who theythink has been wrong orirresponsible. It seems to them thatthis has little to do with face.Case 18 Ted WashingtonTed Washington, the marketingmanager, rejected the sale proposalsof both the American, Dale Petersand the Japanese, Hideo Takahashi,without considering who made theproposal. While the direct andoutright rejection is O.K. with Peters,for he and the manager are from thesame culture, to Hideo, it meanssomething beyond the rejection of aproposal itself. Therefore, the twopeople responded to the rejection inquite different ways.In this case, the American believesthe root of the conflict lay indifferent goals and objectives,therefore, Peters entered into aheated discussion with Ted, trying toget his proposal accepted byproducing facts, figures, and graphsto illustrate his case. But theJapanese believes the conflict wasnot in the rejection of the proposalbut rather in the way it wascommunicated, so he thinks of it as apersonal attack or a sign of mistrust.In short, Americans tend to be moretask-oriented while the Japanese aremore likely to focus on interpersonalrelationships.Case 7 A femaleWhen the Canadian young man said, “Who took my peanut butter?”, what he really meant was “Where is my peanut butter? I can’t find it.”The Chinese doctor felt upset because in Chinese culture questions like this, especially expressed in the way the young Canadian man did, often imply that someone is to blame. Chinese culture prohibits direct accusing unless a person has been targeted for shame. However, true to her learned cultural behavior of never showing anger in public, the Chinese doctor didn’t say anything, though she was deeply distressed. Later, the physiotherapist was making a joke when she said the Chinese doctor had “three hands”. She wasn’t serious, of course, and expected the patient to be amused by her explanation for his pain: that the doctor on the other side of the room could have reached an imaginary hand out to touch him. She didn’t know that in Chinese a “three-handed person” is a slang for a thief.Case 17 TomIt is customary in China and many other Asian countries for hosts to ask their guests again and again to take more. Tom didn’t have to eat extra food if he didn’t want any more.In the U.S., a host will offer more food usually only once. And the Americans will take a “no” to mean “no”, whether it is the first, second or third time. However, in many other parts of the world it is considered good manners for guests not to accept an offer at first. Sometimes one mustn’t accept food the second time it is offered. Therefore, hosts try to repeat an offer until they are sure that their guests really want to decline.Case 25 A JapaneseNonverbal behaviors such as smiles seem to cut across cultural lines. But in reality, they are often found to be not universal. To most Americans, a smile is the most common nonverbal behavior to bridge gaps that may exist between strangers (including foreigners) and themselves. It is natural for them to be smiling and friendly when they come across strangers. But in eastern Asian countries like Japan, smiles are used differently. Japanese do not readily show their feelings. In Japan, people do not usually smile at a stranger. Ifyou do, you might be consideredimpolite.Case 8 Brent WeberIn American culture, people’spersonal goals take priority overtheir allegiance to groups like thefamily or the employer. The loyaltyof individuals to a group is usuallyweak. Americans are apt to changetheir relationship if it suits theirindividual needs, and they are notlikely to be emotionally dependenton organizations and institutions.In Japanese society, the relationshipbetween an employee and the firm ismuch more interdependent,somewhat similar to a child-motherrelationship where the mother (firm)is obliged to take care of her children(employees) and children(employees) have to obey and followthe commands of their mother (firm).It is not surprising for an Americanto try to find another job before he orshe leaves his or her presentemployer if he or she consider itnecessary for him- or herself.However, this action was regardedby the Japanese firm as disloyal,undermining the trust between thetwo parties. In spite of this, themanager of the firm did not like theparting to be understood as Brentbeing fired, because the appearanceof harmony and agreement withinthe group (the firm in this case) isimportant in Japanese society.Case 16 A missionWhat went wrong in this case?Contrary to general Americanperception, it is considered properbehavior for Japanese to be silent. Itis a discreet way to show respect ifhe listens to others speak rather thanspeaking out. So the Japanesedelegates did what they consideredproper, i.e., listen quietly to what theAmericans had to say. Silence oftenmeans that they are seriouslythinking about the subject at issue.But many Americans will interpretsilence in a conversation to meandisapproval, disagreement, or evenarrogance. This is an example thatillustrates the problem of theso-called “perception-gap”.Participants in communicationperceive each other’s behavior invery different ways, which oftenresults in misunderstanding orconflict.Case 26 Wang PingChinese people seldom hug eachother, particularly in public places. Ifpeople do, a romantic message isusually conveyed. Go to any airportor train station in China, and you willsee scenes of greeting and good-byewith all the feeling expressed in theeyes and the face and in the practicalthings family members and relativesand friends do for each other, but it isunlikely people will hug, with onlyyounger ones as an exception.In contrast, people of Latin Americancultures touch each other incommunication much more thanpeople of some other cultures,especially Eastern Asian cultures. Ata time of meeting a friend or upondeparting, hugging each other is verynatural for Latin American people.On such occasions, hugging has nosexual connotation; it is just like ahandshake in China, but warmer andmore enthusiastic. Women tend tohug each other more than men hugwomen, but both are common. One’sdiscomfort at hugging in suchsituations may be interpreted byLatin American people asunfriendliness.Case 27 The otherAs with smiling, laughing does notalways serve the same function indifferent cultures. Interestingly, forus Chinese, laughing often has aspecial function during tense socialoccasions. People may laugh torelease the tension or embarrassment,to express their concern for you,their intention to put you at ease or tohelp you shrug off theembarrassment. In this case, thepeople there actually wished to laughwith the American rather than at him.Their laughing seemed to convey anumber of messages: don’t take it soseriously; laugh it off, it’s nothing;such things can happen to any of us,etc. unfortunately, the America wasunaware of this. He thought theywere laughing at him, which madehim feel more embarrassed andangry, for in his culture laughing onsuch an occasion would beinterpreted as an insulting response,humiliating and negative.。
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跨文化交际案例真题分析
案例一
一位意大利妈妈每次用小推车推她的孩子出去，总是有无数的中国人过来告诉她，这么冷的天你不能只给孩子穿袜子，一定要穿上鞋。
有时候好心的中国人多得她都无法走路。
“在意大利，冬天穿短袖衬衫夏天穿羽绒的多了去了，这个天只给孩子穿袜子是极其正常
的。
”那位妈妈极其气愤又极其不解的问我：“难道我不比他们更了解我的孩子？难道我不比他们更关心我的孩子？”
案例二
有一个美国女孩中国话讲得很流利，还会讲点广东话。
在四川生活多年，听得懂四川话，就是这样一个人，对川菜店的服务员十分不满意。
“你们中国人来吃饭，服务员总是问您是要微辣、中辣还是重辣？我来吃饭，从来就没有人问过我这个问题。
如果我疏忽了，忘了告诉他们要重辣，上来的准不是辣的；就算我再三重复，上来的最终只是微辣。
有一次她实在忍不住把服务员叫来：“我刚才跟你讲了那么多遍要重辣，你为什么给我微辣？”
“你们老外不能吃辣的，我知道的。
我们这里来的老外多着呢。
”没想到服务员还是见过世面的。
美国女孩发了脾气：“你又不是我肚子里的蛔虫，你怎么这么了解我？”
更多分析可以加扣一二六零四四一二六九
针对上述两个材料，我们可以做出如下分析：
两个材料中意大利妈妈和美国女孩的气愤源于她们对中国文化尚没有清晰的认识和理解，她们两个人和处于交际另一方的中国人的跨文化意识都有些淡薄，从而导致了跨文化交际的矛盾冲突。
“跨文化意识”指的是在跨文化交际中，对不同文化之间的差异和冲突具有感觉的敏锐性（即善于发现矛盾和问题）、理解的科学性（理性的分析和科学的判断）、处理的自觉性（自觉排除“三大敌人”的干扰，有效和得体地解决问题）。
它要求有必要的知识和经验。
案例一中的意大利妈妈和案例二中的美国女孩正是缺乏这种意识，没有意识到中西文化的差异，才对中国人的行为感到非常不解。
其中，案例一中意大利妈妈所遇到的情况在中国人看来是好心的提醒，而在意大利妈妈看来却令人十分不快，她认为自己受到了“面子威胁”。
“面子”是个人要求在公众面前树立的形象，中西方的面子文化有很多不同之处。
在西方文化中，建议、劝告、提醒类的话被视为对听话人的面子威胁，讲话人表示自己认为听话人应该做某事或可能会忘掉某事，似乎显示自己比别人强，因而会触犯听话人。
而中国人则将这些行为看成是对自己的关心，只会产生感激之意。
而在案例二中，川菜馆的服务员一看是外国女孩便自作主张地提供微辣菜品，认为所有的老外都不能吃辣，这是由于他对外国人产生了刻板印象。
刻板印象指的是人们头脑中对存在的某一类人的固定印象，这些印象可能是正面的，也可能是负面的。
刻板印象往往完全疏忽个体区别，而且不轻易改变自己的看法。
刻板印象使得人们不能客观地观察另一种文化，失去应有的敏感。
服务员不问美国女孩的个体情况就先入为主地认定其不能吃辣即是对外国人产生了“不能吃辣”的刻板印象。
它导致人们在观察异国文化时只注意那些与自己的刻板印象吻合的现象，而忽略其他。
它妨碍我们与不同文化背景的人们相处，不利于顺利开展跨文化交际。
两个案例中意大利妈妈和美国女孩的跨文化交际行为产生的跨文化冲突从本质上来说，都是由于中西方的思维方式不同造成的。
所谓思维方式指的是一个文化群体或名族在长期历史和文化沉淀中形成，为该群体或民族所共有，比较稳定的思维方法、思维习惯和对客观事物的认知模式。
思维方式有文化差异，造成此差异的原因有：历史发展轨迹不同、宗教信仰差别和生活环境各异。
并且这种思维方式差异会对跨文化交际造成干扰，甚至还会引起严重的文化误解和文化冲突。
材料一中中国人好心的提醒以及材料二中服务员的自作主张正是受中国人思
维的影响，认为这是对他人的关心；而处于西方文化的意大利妈妈和美国女孩受西方个体思维的影响，就认为这是对她们的不尊重，从而造成误解。
中国文化石群体文化，追求整体观，崇尚群体观念，因此注重关心他人，维护他人的利益，因此中国人对意大利妈妈都会给予好心的提醒，在案例二中的
川菜服务员也才会设身处地的将美国女孩的菜调换为“微辣”。
而西方文化则属
于个体文化，他们崇尚个人意识，以个体为中心，一切从个人利益出发。
案例中意大利妈妈受到提醒，美国女孩买不到重辣的菜而感到气愤都是由于她们认为自己的个人权利和利益受到了侵害。
尤其在材料二中，美国女孩是典型的西方“线
性思维”，认为应该直截了当的表达信息，听话人也应当顺着这一思路去理解，而服务员却是东方的“螺旋型思维”，在接收到信息之后，在理解原有信息的同时还会有其他的考虑，因此会出现材料二中的矛盾。
处于不同文化背景的人在交际过程中如果没有相应的跨文化意识，不能认识到不同文化在语言、生活、交际河思维等方面的差异就容易产生跨文化交际的冲突。
材料中的意大利妈妈和美国女孩生活在与她们自身文化截然不同的中国，就应当努力去了解两种文化的差异所在，积极培养自己的跨文化意识，努力实现文化适应。
而文化适应的过程也是价值观念和文化身份调整或转变的过程，它的成果大小、时间快慢不仅取决于两种文化之间差异的大小，更重要的是看本人的态度和适应能力。
两位女士应该意识到在文化适应过程中，遇到挫折时在所难免的，只有多与新文化接触，自觉自愿地接受新的文化生活方式、价值观念，才能更好地融入新文化中。
同时，材料中的中国人和服务员也应该注意自己的交际行为，了解中西方的文化差异，尊重对方的交际行为。
川菜服务员应当撇开自己对外国人的刻板印象，尊重个体差异。
只有交际双方共同努力，才能实现成功的跨文化交际行为。