宋史 专业英语
历史知识英语单词
历史知识英语单词对于历史，有人爱之，有人厌之。
但是不管怎样，学习英语的人是要记住它的一些基本词汇的。
下面，我们来看看一些历史知识。
1).historyWhen l was in junior middle school, my favorite subject is history.1).n.历史初中时，我最喜欢的科目就是历史了。
2).chronicleWe can find out almost all the famous battles from the chronicle2).n.编年史从这部编年史中，我们几乎可以找出所有著名的战役。
3).ancientPeople in ancient time used to travel in carriages because there were no cars at that time3).adj.古代的古代的人们出门乘坐马车，因为当时没有汽车可乘的。
4).colonyNo one wants his own country to become the colony Of other countries4).n.殖民地没有人想要自己的国家变成其他国家的殖民地。
5).dynastyErecting a dynasty is not so easy as you imagined before5).n.王朝，朝代建立一个王朝并非你之前想象的那么容易。
6).crownGetting the crown means that seizing the sovereignty of thecountry6).n.王冠，王权，王位获得王冠意味着获取了这个国家的统治权。
7).kingEventually he was elected to be the king of the country for his bravery7). n.君主，国王最终，由于英勇他被推举为这个国家国王。
写一篇关于宋朝历史的英语作文
写一篇关于宋朝历史的英语作文The Song Dynasty: A Golden Age of Chinese CivilizationThe Song Dynasty, which ruled China from 960 to 1279 CE, was a remarkable period in the country's long and storied history. During this time, China experienced a remarkable cultural, economic, and technological renaissance that would have a lasting impact not only on the Middle Kingdom but on the world at large. From the flourishing of the arts and literature to the advancements in science and technology, the Song Dynasty was truly a golden age of Chinese civilization.One of the most defining features of the Song Dynasty was the remarkable economic prosperity that the country experienced. This was due in large part to the implementation of a series of agricultural reforms that dramatically increased crop yields and allowed the population to grow at an unprecedented rate. The introduction of new farming techniques, such as the widespread use of iron plows and the cultivation of double-cropping, led to a significant increase in food production, which in turn fueled the growth of cities and the expansion of trade.The Song Dynasty also saw the rise of a robust commercial economy, with the development of sophisticated financial institutions, a thriving network of markets and trade routes, and the widespread use of paper currency. This economic expansion was further bolstered by the growth of a strong bureaucratic state, which was able to effectively manage the country's resources and maintain a high level of stability and security.Another key aspect of the Song Dynasty was the remarkable cultural and intellectual achievements that occurred during this period. The Song era was a time of great literary and artistic innovation, with the emergence of new forms of poetry, calligraphy, and painting that would come to define the classical Chinese aesthetic. The works of poets such as Su Shi and Ouyang Xiu, as well as the paintings of artists like Guo Xi and Fan Kuan, are still revered today as some of the greatest masterpieces of Chinese art.The Song Dynasty also saw a remarkable flowering of scholarship and intellectual inquiry, with the development of new schools of Confucian thought, the rise of Neo-Confucianism, and the emergence of a vibrant tradition of philosophical and scientific inquiry. The Song period was a time of great intellectual ferment, with thinkers such as Zhu Xi and Sima Guang making important contributions to fields ranging from political theory to astronomy.One of the most remarkable achievements of the Song Dynasty, however, was the remarkable technological and scientific advancements that occurred during this period. The Song era saw the development of a number of groundbreaking innovations, including the invention of gunpowder, the compass, and the printing press. These technological breakthroughs not only transformed Chinese society but also had a profound impact on the rest of the world.The Song Dynasty also saw the development of a sophisticated system of mathematics and astronomy, with the creation of advanced calendars and the use of sophisticated astronomical instruments to map the heavens. The Song period was a time of great scientific inquiry and discovery, with scholars making important contributions to fields ranging from medicine to hydraulic engineering.Despite the many achievements of the Song Dynasty, the period was not without its challenges and struggles. The Song era was marked by a series of military conflicts with the nomadic peoples of Central Asia, as well as the ongoing threat of political instability and social unrest. The Song Dynasty ultimately fell to the Mongol invaders in the 13th century, but the legacy of this remarkable period continues to be felt in China and around the world.In conclusion, the Song Dynasty was a truly remarkable period in Chinese history, a time of unparalleled cultural, economic, and technological achievement that left an indelible mark on the country and the world. From the flourishing of the arts and literature to the remarkable advancements in science and technology, the Song era was a golden age of Chinese civilization that continues to inspire and captivate scholars and enthusiasts alike.。
大学英语四六级段落翻译之中国文化词汇
新教 Protestant 耶稣基督 Jesus Christ 耶稣教 Christianity 伊斯兰教
Islam 邪教 cult 洗礼 baptism 古兰经 the Koran
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地理学家 geographer 考古学家 archaeologist 历史学家 historian 人类学家 anthropologist 汉学家 Sinologist 哲学家 philosopher 政治辅导员 Political Counselor/School Counselor
口技 vocal imitations 马戏 circus performances /show 木偶戏 puppet show 泥人 clay figure 皮影戏 shadow play ; leather-silhouette show 说书 monologue story-telling
书法 Calligraphy
隶书 official script / clerical script
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草书 cursive script
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楷书 regular script / standard script
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中国书法 Chinese calligraphy
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陶器 pottery ; earthenware
青铜器 bronze ware 玉雕 jade carving
手工艺品 handicraft 翡翠 green jade
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地方戏
local opera
凤阳花鼓
Flower Drum Dance
电视小品
TV Sketches/TV Skit
中国历史文化常用词汇英译(英语四六级翻译必背)(汇编)
中国历史文化常用词汇英译Confucianism 儒教/儒家思想Taoism 道教Buddhism佛教temple寺庙Confucius孔子Mencius孟子Lao Tzu 老子ethics伦理学morality 道德benevolence 仁spiritual 精神的harmony 和谐The Analects of Confucius《论语》The Art of War《孙子兵法》Historical Records《史记》Historical Records《史记》zodiac十二生肖feudal封建的dynasty 朝代emperor；monarch皇帝，君主rein 统治royal 皇家的Tang Princess Wencheng 文成公主Empress Dowager Ci Xi慈禧太后prime minister丞相，宰相ethnic minority少数民族offer sacrifices 祭祀the Western Regions西域cradle of civilization文明的摇篮the Reform Movement of 1898 戌戌变法the Opium War 鸦片战争the War of Resistance Against Japan抗日战争Lunar calendar阴历Fengshui；geomantic omen风水calligraphy书法copybook 字帖Chinese character 汉字pictographic characters象形文字Mandarin （中国）普通话dialect 方言Chinese traditional painting 国画ink-wash painting 水墨画landscape painting 山水画mount裱scroll卷轴figure人物pavilion 阁，亭writing brush 毛笔ink 墨Xuan paper宣纸ink stone 砚台 A Riverside Scene at Qingming Festival清明上河图mural painting 壁画clay figure泥人folk art 民间艺术craftsman 工匠Beijing Opera 京剧facial make-up 脸谱costume 服装acrobatics杂技cross-talk 相声clapper talk快板storytelling评书Xiaopin小品Puppet show木偶剧shadow play 皮影戏zither古筝Tai Chi太极the four great inventions of ancient China 中国古代四大发明the Silk Road丝绸之路compass 指南针papermaking 造纸术gunpowder火药printing 印刷术movable type printing活字印刷fleet 舰队voyage航海traditional Chinese medicine 中药acupuncture 针灸medical massage推拿herbal medicine草药abacus 算盘bronze ware 青铜器porcelain 瓷器seismograph 地动仪Go 围棋martial arts (Wushu)武术fireworks 烟花firecracker鞭炮statutory holiday 法定假日Spring Festival 春节The Spring Festival Gala on CCTV春节联欢晚会gift of money wrapped in red paper 红包New Year gift－money压岁钱family reunion 团圆Lantern Festival元宵节Dragon Boat Festival 端午节sticky rice dumplings粽子Mid-autumn Festival 中秋节moon cake 月饼the Double Seventh Festival 七夕Spring Festival couplets 对联temple fair庙会festival lantern花灯lantern riddle灯谜God of Wealth 财神dumpling 饺子dragon boat race 龙舟赛dragon and lion dance 狮子龙灯舞stilt walking踩高跷dragon boat race赛龙舟kite flying 放风筝Yangge dance 秧歌舞Chinese cuisine中国菜color色aroma香taste , flavor 味chopsticks 筷子Sichuan cuisine川菜soybean milk 豆浆deep－fried dough sticks油条steamed buns 馒头steamed twisted rolls花卷steamed stuffed buns包子Beijing roast duck北京烤鸭hand－stretched noodles拉面hot pot火锅tofu 豆腐instant noodles 方便面wood-cut block print 木刻版画papercutting, paper-cuts 剪纸Chinese Spring Festival Paintings年画cloisonne 景泰蓝embroidery刺绣Suzhou embroidery苏绣batik 蜡染pattern 图案decorate v. 装饰decoration n. 装饰Chinese tunic suit 中山装cheongsam (qipao ) 旗袍Tang-style costume 唐装feature 特色unique to China 中国特有的characteristic 特点the Imperial Palace故宫the Forbidden City 紫禁城Beijing quadrangles北京四合院hutong胡同the Temple of Heaven 天坛The Summer Palace颐和园the Great Wall 长城drum tower鼓楼the Terra-cotta Army of the First Emperor of Qin兵马俑the Mausoleum of Emperor Huangdi黄帝陵scenery, landscape 风景place of interests名胜tourist attraction/resort 观光胜地sightsee v. 观光，游览Mount Huangshan 黄山the Jiuzhaigou Valley 九寨沟the Mogao Caves 莫高窟giant panda 大熊猫rare 珍稀的bamboo竹子。
历史文化相关英语四级翻译常考词汇
历史文化相关英语四级翻译常考词汇历史文化也是翻译的宠儿，题目很多都是关于我国的历史文化的。
为了帮助大家备考翻译，小编分享了一些常考的关于历史文化词汇，希望能对大家有所帮助!旧石器时代 the Paleolithic Age新石器时代 the Neolithic Age; New Stone Age母系氏族社会 matriarchal clan society封建的feudal朝代 dynasty秦朝 Qin Dynasty汉朝 Han Dynasty唐朝 Tang Dynasty宋朝 Song Dynasty元朝 Yuan Dynasty明朝 Ming Dynasty清朝 Qing Dynasty秦士台皇帝 Emperor Qinshihuang; the First Emperor of Qin皇太后 Empress Dowager汉高祖刘邦 Liu Bang, Emperor Hangaozu, founder of the Han Dynasty成吉思汗Genghis Khan春秋时期 the Spring and Autumn Period文成公主 Tang Princess Wencheng慈禧太后 Empress Dowager Ci Xi皇帝，君主 emperor; monarch诸侯vassal皇妃 imperial concubine丞相，宰相 prime minister太监 court eunuch少数民族 ethnic minority祭祀 offer sacrifices西域 the Western Regions战国 the Warring States中华文明 Chinese civilization文明的摇篮 cradle of civilization秦始皇统一中国unification of the country by Emperor Qinshihuang太平天国 the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom戌戌变法 the Reform Movement of 1898辛亥革命 the 1911 Revolution新民主主义革命 New-democratic Revolution五四运动 the May 4th Movement of 1919南昌起义 Nanchang Uprising918 事变 September 18th Incident长征 the Long March西安事变 Xi"an Incident南京大屠杀Nanjing Massacre抗日战争 the War of Resistance Against Japan毛泽东 Mao Tse-tong孙中山 Sun Yat-sen中华人民共和国the People’s Republic of China (PRC)满族 Manchu蒙古人Mongol士大夫 scholar-officials学者 scholar诗人 poet政治家statesman社会地位social status京剧 Peking opera秦腔 Qin opera功夫Kungfo太极Tai Chi口技 ventriloquism木偶戏puppet show皮影戏 shadowplay折子戏 opera highlights杂技 acrobatics相声 witty dialogue comedy刺绣 embroidery苏绣 Suzhou embroidery泥人 clay figure书法 calligraphy中国画 traditional Chinese painting水墨画 Chinese brush painting中国结 Chinese knot中国古代四大发明 the four great inventions of ancient China 火药 gunpowder印刷术printing造纸术 paper-making指南针 the compass青铜器 bronze ware瓷器 porcelain; china唐三彩 tri-color glazed pottery of the Tang Dynasty景泰蓝cloisonne秋千swingmartial arts儒家思想Confucianism儒家文化 Confucian culture道教 Taoism墨家Mohism法家 Legalism佛教 Buddhism孔子 Confucius孟子 Mencius老子 Lao Tzu庄子 Chuang Tzu墨子 Mo Tzu孙子Sun Tzu象形文字 pictographic characters文房四宝(笔墨纸观)the Four Treasures of the Study (brush, ink stick, paper, and ink stone)向你推荐的相关文章相关文章列表微信扫码分享。
宋史中关于经济的记载
宋史中关于经济的记载(中英文版)英文：The Song Dynasty, a period in Chinese history renowned for its economic prosperity, is extensively documented in the annals of Chinese history, particularly in the "Song Shi" (History of the Song Dynasty).This historical text provides invaluable insights into the economic landscape of the time, shedding light on various aspects of the economy, including trade, agriculture, and currency.The "Song Shi" details the significant advancements made in agricultural technology during the Song Dynasty, which led to increased productivity and the expansion of cultivated land.It also records the development of a sophisticated market economy, characterized by a flourishing trade network and the early use of paper money.The dynasty witnessed the establishment of a vibrant commercial sector, with urban centers thriving and a growing middle class emerging.Furthermore, the text highlights the importance of maritime trade during this period, with the South China Sea serving as a bustling hub for commerce.The Song Dynasty"s maritime Silk Road facilitated the exchange of goods and ideas, contributing to the economic growth and cultural enrichment of the era.In summary, the "Song Shi" offers a comprehensive account of theeconomic achievements and developments during the Song Dynasty, providing scholars and historians with a rich source of information to explore this fascinating period of Chinese history.中文：《宋史》是中国历史上著名的经济繁荣时期的详细记录，尤其是在《宋史》这部历史文献中。
中国传统文化专有名词英文翻译
中国传统文化专有名词英文翻译（英汉对照）1 .上海大剧院 Shanghai Grand Theatre2 .龙须沟 Longxu Ditch3 .样板戏 model opera4 .地雷战 The Mine Warfare5 .贵妃醉酒 Drunkened Concubine6 .霸王别姬 Farewell to My Concubine7 .荒山泪 Tears of Huangshan8 .群英会 Gathering of Heroes9 .借东风 East Wind10 .将相和 General and Premier Make Up11 .杨门女将 Women General of Yang Family12 .凤阳花鼓 Flower Drum Dance13 .大海啊，故乡 Home in the Sea14 .我的中国心 My Chinese Heart15 .军港之夜 Night at the Naval Port16 .冬天里的一把火 Winter Fire17 .十面埋伏（古曲） Ambush from All Sides18 .天仙配 Goddess Marriage19 .牡丹亭 Peony Pavilion20 .春江花月夜 Moon and Flower in the Spring River21 .琵琶记 The Story of Pipa22 .醒世恒言 Lasting Words to Awaken the World23 .梁祝（小提琴协奏曲） Butterfly Love24 .警世通言 Ordinary Words to Warn the World25 .喻世明言 Clear Words to Illustrate the World26 .“三言”、“二拍” Three Volumes of Words,Two Volumes of Slapping27 .拍案惊奇 Surprise Stories to Make One Slap the Desk28 .红楼梦 A Dream of Red Mansion/Chamber29 .水浒 Water Margin30 .西游记 Journey to the West31 .三国演义 Romance of the Three Kingdoms32 .聊斋志异 Strange Tales from a Scholar's Studio33 .长生殿 Palace of Eternal Life34 .桃花扇 The Peach Blossom Fan35 .儒林外史 The Scholars36 .五女拜寿 Celebrating Mother's Birthday37 .清明上河图 Riverside Scene at Qingming Festival38 .京剧 Peking Opera39 .越剧 Yue Opera40 .川剧 Chuan Opera41 .林家铺子 The Shop of Lin Family42 .憩园（巴金作品集） Garden of Respose43 .野草（鲁迅作品集） Wild Grass44 .彷徨（鲁迅作品集） Wandering45 .故事新编（鲁迅作品集） Old Tales Retold46 .炎黄子孙 Chinese descent47 .五行 five elements48 .观音菩萨 Avalokitesvara49 .菩萨 Boddhisattva50 .清真寺 mosque51 .道士 Taoist52 .和尚 monk53 .尼姑 nun54 .罗汉 arhat55 .财神爷 the God of Wealth56 .门神 Door Gods57 .玉皇大帝 the Jade Emperor58 .阎王爷 King of Hell59 .龙王 Dragon King60 .炉火神 the Fire God61 .药王 the King of Medicine62 .王母娘娘 the Queen Mother of the West63 .齐天大圣 the Great Sage Equalling Heaven64 .佛经 Buddhist scriptures65 .花果山 Mountain of Flowers and Fruits66 .水帘洞 Water Curtain Cave67 .美猴王 Handsome Monkey King68 .七十二般变化 seventy-two different forms69 .孙悟空的师父 Patriarch Subhut70 .金箍棒 golden cudgel71 .弼马温 the Protector of the Horses72 .太白金星 Great White Planet73 .巨灵神 Mighty Miracle God74 .哪吒三太子 Prince Ne Zha75 .蕃桃园 the Immortality Peach Garden76 .瑶池 Jade Pool77 .赤脚大仙 Barefoot Immortal78 .二郎真君 True Lord Erlangzhenjun79 .八卦炉 Eight Trigrams Furnace80 .太上老君 Lord Lao Zi of the Great Monad81 .灵霄宝殿 Hall of Miraculous Mist82 .四大天王 Four Heavenly Kings83 .五行山 Five Elements Mountain84 .金 metal85 .木 wood86 .水 water87 .火 fire88 .土 earth89 .托塔李天王 Heavenly King with a Pagoda in Hand90 .都江堰 Dujiang Weir91 .八仙 the Eight Immortals92 .铁拐李 Iron Crutch Li93 .汉钟离 Han Zhongli94 .张果老 Zhang Guolao95 .何仙姑 He Xiangu96 .蓝采和 Lan Caihe97 .韩湘子 Han Xiangzi98 .曹国舅 Cao Guojiu99 .吕洞宾 Lu Dongbin100 .河伯 River Uncle101 .雷公 the Thunder God102 .嫦娥 Chang'e103 .土地神 Local God of the Land104 .封神榜 Granting Titles to Gods105 .灶王爷 the Kitchen God中文名著的英文翻译1．《三国演义》Three Kingdoms or Romance of The Three Kingdom 2．《水浒传》The Water Margin or the Outlaws of the Marsh 3．《西游记》Story of a Journey to the West or The Pilgriage to the West 4．《红楼梦》A Dream in Red Mansions or A Red-Chamber Dream 5 《聊斋志异》Strange Stories from a Scholar's Studio 6．《大学》The Great Learning 7．《中庸》The Doctrine of the Mean 8．《论语》The Analects of Confucius 9．《孟子》The Words of Mencius 10．《诗经》The Book of Songs 11．《书经》The Book of History 12．《易经》The Book of Changes 13．《礼记》The Book of Rites 14．《春秋》The Spring and Autumn Annals 15．《山海经》Mountain and Sea Classics 16．《战国策》Stratagems of the Warring States 17．《史记》Records of the Grand Historian 18．《世纪新说》New sayings of the World 《西厢记》Romance of the Western Chamber 《本草纲目》Compendium of Materia Medica 《围城》A Surrounded City 四书（《大学》、《中庸》、《论语》、《孟子》）The Four Books （The Great Learning, The Doctrine of the Mean,The Analects of Confucius, The Mencius）《阿Q正传》The True Story of Ah Q 《春秋》Spring and Autumn Annals 《诗经》the book of odes 《世说新语》essays and criticism （shi shuo hsin yu）《封神演义》the legend of deification 《金瓶梅》The golden lotus 《资治通鉴》History as a Mirror。
CET-4段落翻译常见词汇
四级段落翻译常用词汇：中国历史与文化京剧Peking opera秦腔Qin opera功夫Kung fu太极Tai Chi木偶戏puppet show皮影戏shadow play杂技acrobatics相声witty dialogue comedy/ cross talk/ comic dialogue刺绣embroidery泥人clay figure书法calligraphy中国画traditional Chinese painting水墨画Chinese brush painting/ Chinese ink and wash painting中国结Chinese knot中国古代四大发明the four great inventions of ancient China火药gunpowder印刷术printing造纸术paper-making指南针the compass青铜器bronze ware瓷器porcelain/ china唐三彩tri-color glazed pottery of the Tang dynasty 秋千swing武术martial arts儒家思想Confucianism儒家文化Confucian culture道教Taoism墨家Mohism/ Mohist school法家Legalism/ Legalist school佛教Buddhism孔子Confucius孟子Mencius老子Lao Tzu庄子Chuang Tzu墨子Mo Tzu孙子Sun Tzu文房四宝（笔墨纸砚）the Four Treasures of the Study(brush, ink stick, paper, and ink stone)八股文eight-part essay旗袍cheongsam唐装Tang suit风水Fengshui/ geomantic omen阳历Solar calendar阴历Lunar calendar 闰年leap year/bissextile十二生肖zodiac春节the Spring Festival元宵节the Lantern Festival清明节the Tomb-sweeping Day端午节the Dragon-boat Festival中秋节the Mid-autumn Day重阳节the Double-ninth Day七夕节the Double-seventh Day春联spring couplets庙会temple fair爆竹firecracker年画(traditional) New Year picture压岁钱New Year gift-money/ lucky mongey舞龙dragon dance元宵sweet sticky rice dumplings花灯festival lantern灯谜lantern riddle舞狮lion dance踩高跷stilt walking赛龙舟dragon boat race胡同hutong山东菜Shandong cuisine川菜Sichuan cuisine粤菜Canton cuisine扬州菜Yangzhou cuizine月饼moon cake年糕rice cake豆浆soybean milk馒头steamed buns包子steamed stuffed buns北京烤鸭Peking roast duck馄饨wonton(dumplings in soup)豆腐tofu火锅hot pot长城the Great Wall of China秦始皇陵the Mausoleum of Emperor Qinshihuang 兵马俑Terracotta Warriors and Horses丝绸之路the Silk Road敦煌莫高窟Mogao Grottoes泰山Mount Tai黄山Mount Huangshan/ the Yellow Mountain故宫the Imperial Palace天坛the Temple of Heaven西湖West Lake九寨沟Jiuzhaigou Valley日月潭Sun Moon Lake布达拉宫Potala Palace四合院quadrangle/courtyard complex喇嘛Lama 中国社会文化适应cultural adaptation社会保障social security班车shuttle bus大龄青年single youth above the normal matrimonial age独生子女the only child in a family单亲single parent福利彩票welfare lotteries家政服务household management service民工migrant lavorers/workers名人celebrity农村剩余劳动力surplus rural labor/ laborers全民健身运动nationwide fitness campaign社会保险social insurance暂住证temporary residence permit/ card性骚扰sexual harassment走私smuggling性别歧视gender/ sexual discrimination年龄歧视age discrimination工作歧视job discrimination文盲illiteracy贫富分化disparity between the rich and the poor 盗版pirated/ illegal copies一国两制One country, two system三个代表the Three Represents Theory两会（人大、政协）Two Conferences (NPC AND CPPCC)法制观念awareness of law法制国家 a country with an adequate legal system 公务员civil servant和谐并存harmonious coexistence计划生育family planning计划生育基本国策the basic state policy of family planning居委会neighborhood committee科教兴国national rejuvenation through science and education可持续发展sustainable development廉洁高效honesty and high efficiency两岸关系cross-straits relations两岸谈判cross-straits negotiations领土完整territorial integrity民族精神national spirit求同存异seek common ground while shelving differences人大代表NPC member 物质文明material civilization精神文明spiritual civilization小康社会 a well-off society小康水平 a well-off standard一个中国原则the one-China principle与时俱进keep race with the times综合国力overall national strength共同愿望common desire“走出去”（战略）going global人口老龄化aging of population人口出生率birth rate社区服务community service道德法庭court of ethics成人夜校night school for adults在职进修班on-job training courses政治思想教育political and ideological education 毕业生分配graduate placement/ assignment of graduate充电update one’s knowledge初等教育elementary/ primary education大学城college town大学社区college community高等教育higher education高等教育“211工程” the “211 Project” for higher education高等学府institution of higher education综合性大学comprehensive university文科院校college of (liberal arts)理工科大学college/university of science and engineering师范学院teacher’s college/ normal college高分低能high scores and low abilities高考(university/college) entrance examination教育界education circle教育投入investment/input in education九年义务教育nine-year compulsory education 考研take the entrance exams for postgraduate schools课外活动extracurricular activities必修课required/ compulsory courses选修课elective/ optional courses基础课basic courses专业课specialized courses课程表school schedule教学大纲teaching program/ syllabus学习年限period of schooling学历record of formal schooling/educational background学分credit启发式教学heuristic teaching人才交流talent exchange人才战competition for talented people 商务英语证书Business English Certificate (BEC) 适龄儿童入学率enrollment rate for children of school age升学率proportion of students entering schools of a higher grade; enrollment rate中国经济企业文化corporate/ entrepreneurial culture企业形象corporate image (CI)/ enterprise image 跨国公司cross-national corporation创业精神enterprising spirit/ pioneering spirit外资企业foreign-funded enterprise猎头公司head-hunter假日经济holiday economy人力资本human capital航空和航天工业aerospace industry飞机制造工业aircraft industry电子工业electronic industry汽车制造工业car industry娱乐业entertainment industry信息产业information industry知识密集型产业knowledge-intensive industry 国有大中型企业large and medium-sizedstate-owned enterprises轻工业light industry博彩业lottery industry制造业manufacturing industry垄断行业monopoly industry市场多元化market diversification市场经济market economy市场监管market supervision购买力purchasing power熊市bear market牛市bull market城镇化urbanization房地产real estate首付down-payment业主home owner个人购房贷款individual housing loan经济全球化economic globalization经济特区special economic zones (SEZ)经济增长economic growth泡沫经济bubble economy关税tariff纳税人tax payer宏观经济macro economy经济过热overheated economy通货膨胀inflation抑制通货膨胀curb inflation 存款准备金率reserve requirement ratio (RRR) 硬着陆hard landing软着陆soft landing二十国集团Group of Twenty (G20)财政部长Finance Minister全年预期经济增长目标the expected growth target for the whole year经济活力economic vitality大规模经济刺激计划 a massive economic stimulus package结构改革structural reform硬资产hard assets软资产soft assets有形资产tangible assets整顿市场秩序to rectify the market order定价浮动price fluctuation谋求利益最大化to maximize profit地方性政府债务local government debt/ liability 公共财政体制改革an overhaul of the public finance system债务管理debt management信用支持credit support近期热门事件的双语表达1.11月3日至11月12日，北京市将按照机动车车牌单双号对私家车实行限制措施，同时，政府机构、事业单位、社会组织以及国有企业70%的车牌都不允许在此期间上路行驶。
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宋史是中国历史上一部具有重要地位的史书，它详尽地记录了宋朝的历史事件、政治制度、经济发展、文化艺术等方面的内容。
在学习宋史的过程中，熟悉专业英语术语是非常重要的。
本文将介绍一些与宋史相关的专业英语词汇和表达，帮助读者更好地理解和研究宋朝历史。
1. Dynasty - 朝代
The Song Dynasty was one of the most prosperous and culturally rich dynasties in Chinese history. - 宋朝是中国历史上最繁荣和文化上最富有的朝代之一。
2. Emperor - 皇帝
Emperor Taizu, also known as Zhao Kuangyin, founded the Song Dynasty in 960. - 太祖赵匡胤于960年建立了宋朝。
3. Political System - 政治制度
The Song Dynasty implemented a civil service examination system to select government officials based on merit rather than social status. - 宋朝实行科举制度，以功绩而非社会地位选拔官员。
4. Neo-Confucianism - 宋代理学
Neo-Confucianism, also known as the "School of Principle," was the dominant philosophy during the Song Dynasty. - 宋代的理学或称“心学”是主导的哲学思想。
5. Economic Development - 经济发展
The Song Dynasty witnessed significant advancements in agriculture, industry, and commerce. - 宋朝在农业、工业和商业方面取得了重大进展。
6. Grand Canal - 大运河
The Grand Canal, constructed during the Sui Dynasty and expanded in the Song Dynasty, played a crucial role in transportation and economic integration. - 大运河在隋朝时期建造，并在宋朝时扩建，对交通运输和经济一体化起到了重要作用。
7. Landscape Painting - 山水画
Landscape painting reached its peak during the Song Dynasty, with renowned artists such as Fan Kuan, Li Cheng, and Guo Xi. - 山水画在宋朝达到了巅峰，有著名画家范宽、李成、郭熙等。
8. Poetry - 诗歌
Song Dynasty poetry is known for its elegance and lyrical style, with famous poets such as Su Shi, Lu You, and Li Qingzhao. - 宋代诗歌以其雅致和抒情的风格而闻名，有着苏轼、陆游、李清照等著名的诗人。
9. Historical Records - 史书
The "Twenty-Four Histories" is a collection of Chinese historical records that includes the official history of the Song Dynasty. - “二十四史”是中国历史的一部汇编，包括了宋朝的正史记载。
10. Confucian Classics - 儒家经典
Confucian classics, such as the "Analects of Confucius" and the "Book of Songs," continued to influence the intellectual and moral values of the Song Dynasty. - 《论语》、《诗经》等儒家经典继续影响着宋朝的思想和道德价值观。
通过学习以上的专业英语词汇和表达，读者将能更加深入地了解宋朝的历史。
同时，这些词汇也可以帮助研究者更准确地阅读和分析宋史的文献资料。
希望本文对读者有所帮助。
注意：本文仅供参考，严禁用于违反学术诚信的行为，如抄袭和剽窃。