吉首大学2009年硕士研究生复试听力A卷

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吉首大学2024年硕士研究生入学考试自命题考试大纲复试科目-环境生物学

吉首大学硕士研究生入学考试自命题考试大纲考试科目名称：环境生物学一、试卷结构1)试卷成绩及考试时间本试卷满分为100分，考试时间为120分钟。

2)答题方式：闭卷、笔试3)试卷内容结构（一）基础知识部分80%（二）研究进展、动态部分20%（三）考核内容涉及植物学、动物学、微生物学、环境生物学等多门课程内容。

4)题型结构名词解释：10小题，每小题3分，共30分简答题：4小题，每小题10分，共40分论述题和计算题：2小题，每小题15分，共30分二、考试内容与考试要求第1章绪论1、识记：环境生物学的定义、外源性化合物、污水生物系统、生态毒理学。

2、理解：环境污染的生物效应研究的内涵、生态毒理学与环境毒理学的区别。

3、运用或掌握：环境生物学的研究对象、目的、任务和内容。

重点和难点1、环境生物学的定义；2、环境生物学的研究对象、目的、任务和内容。

第2章环境污染物在生态系统中的行为1、识记：混合功能氧化酶、超量积累；富营养化、污染物的生物地球化学循环、生物浓缩系数、生物污染、藻毒素。

2、理解：环境生物效应、优先污染物、持久性有机污染物、生物转运、生物转化、环境污染公害事件、生物膜、体内屏障。

3、运用或掌握：污染物在环境中转化的方式和结果、污染物通过生物膜的转运方式、动物和植物吸收污染物的途径、影响污染物在体内分布的因素、污染物在动物体内的贮存库、污染物排泄的方式、污染物生物转化反应的主要酶类、污染物生物转化反应的主要类型及相互关系、结合反应的毒理学意义和主要类型、水体富营养化的成因、表现形式和可能的后果以及防治措施、POPs的特点、生物浓缩、生物积累和生物放大的区别。

重点和难点1、污染物在环境中的迁移与转化；2、污染物在生物体内的生物转运与生物转化。

第3章污染物对生物的影响1、识记：活性氧或自由基ROS、超氧化物歧化酶SOD、谷胱甘肽过氧化酶GPx、过氧化氢酶Cat、谷胱甘肽硫转移酶GST、乙酰胆碱酯酶、生物大分子、应激蛋白、金属硫蛋白、DNA加合物、脂质过氧化LPO、环境内分泌干扰物、耐污种、敏感种、耐污值、Imposex和Intersex。

2009年武汉大学二外英语考研真题试卷(题后含答案及解析)

2009年武汉大学二外英语考研真题试卷(题后含答案及解析)题型有：1. 2. 3. 4. 5.Part ADirections: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. (40 points)Statuses are marvelous human inventions that enable us to get along with one another and to determine where we fit in society. As we go about our everyday lives, we mentally attempt to place people in terms of their statuses. For example, we must judge whether the person in the library is a reader or a librarian, whether the telephone caller is a friend or a salesman, whether the unfamiliar person on our property is a thief or a “ meter reader, and so on. The statuses we assume often vary with the people we encounter, and change throughout life. Most of us can, at a very high speed, assume the statuses that various situations require. Much of social interaction consists of identifying and selecting among appropriate statuses and allowing other people to assume their statuses in relation to us. This means that we fit our actions to those of other people based on a constant mental process of appraisal and interpretation. Although some of us find the task more difficult than others, most of us perform it rather effortlessly. A status has been compared to ready-made clothes. Within certain limits, the buyer can choose style and fabric. But an American is not free to choose the costume of a Chinese peasant or that of a Hindu prince. We must choose from among the clothing presented by our society. Furthermore, our choice is limited to a size that will fit, as well as by our pocketbook. Having made a choice within these limits we can have certain alterations made, but apart from minor adjustments, we tend to be limited to what the stores have on their racks. Statuses, too, come ready made, and the range of choice among them is limited.1．In the first paragraph, the writer tells us that statuses can help us______.A．determine whether a person is fit for a certain jobB．behave appropriately in relation to other peopleC．protect ourselves in unfamiliar situationsD．make friends with other people正确答案：B解析：第一句Statuses…that enable us to get along with one another“身份能使我们和别人和睦相处”，也就是在人际交往中表现得体，固选B。

2009年同等学力英语真题

2009年同等学力人员申请硕士学位英语水平全国统一考试试题Paper One 试卷一(90 minutes)PartⅠDialogue Communication (10 minutes，10 points，1 for each)（略）PartⅡVocabulary (20 minutes，10 points，0. 5 for each)Section ADirections: In this section there are 10 sentences，each with one word or phrase underlined. Choose the one from the 4 choices marked A, B, C and D that best keeps the meaning of the sentence. Then mark the corresponding letter with a single bar across the square brackets on your machine-scoring ANSWER SHEET.11. The applications of genetic engineering are abundant and choosing one appropriate for thiscase can be rather difficult.A. plentifulB. sufficientC. adequateD. countable12. The newly elected president has pledged $ 13 million to the automobile industry for itssurvival.A. preparedB. promisedC. disposedD. delivered13. The Americans recognize that the UN can be the channel for greater diplomatic activity.A. mediumB. placeC. resortD. tunnel14. The growth of part-time and flexible working pattern allows more women to take advantageof job opportunities.A. catch up withB. make use ofC. cast light onD. get rid of15. Nobody can help but be fascinated by the world into which he is taken by the science fiction.A. impressedB. amusedC. puzzledD. attracted16. Senator James Meeks has called off a boycott of Chicago Public Schools, organized to protestIllinois education funding system.A. reclaimedB. proposedC. canceledD. indulged17. The new book focuses on the concept that to achieve and maintain total health, people needphysical, social and emotional well-being.A. attainB. gainC. acquireD. gather18. The 16 percent fare increase would bring Chicago fares in line with those of other big cities.A. in agreement withB. in cooperation withC. in connection withD. in association with19. It is true that London is often sunless, damp and raw, though the occasional sunny days seemall the more attractive by contrast.A. mildB. chillyC. cloudyD. moist20. Like flowers that have been waiting all winter to blossom, tourists are eager to burst forthwith their cameras.A. surviveB. breezeC. bloomD. reviveSection BDirections: In this section, there are 10 incomplete sentences. For each sentence there 4 choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that best completes the sentence. Then mark the corresponding letter with a single bar across the square brackets on your machine- scoring ANSWER SHEET.21. A large______ of the sunlight never reaches the earth while infra-red heat given off by theearth is allowed to escape freely.A. rationB. proportionC. rateD. fraction22. It is amusing that she______ her father's bad temper as well as her mother's good looks.A. inheritedB. retainedC. preservedD. maintained23. ______ the few who have failed in their examination, all the other students in the hall are invery high spirits.A. In spite thatB. But forC. Apart fromD. For the sake of24. The decline in moral standards, which has long concerned social analysts, has at last______the attention of average Americans.A. clarifiedB. cultivatedC. characterizedD. captured25. Our neighbor Uncle Johnson is a stubborn man. Needless to say，we tried______ to make himchange his mind.A. in shortB. in secretC. in vainD. in danger26. The western media was astonished to see that China’s GDP______ by almost 40% just in twoyears’ time.A. flourishedB. floatedC. soaredD. roared27. Unemployment seems to be the______ social problem in this area and may undermine socialstability.A. prevalentB. primitiveC. previousD. premature28. Many people, when ill, see their doctors and ask them to______ something that will makethem fell better.A. describeB. prescribeC. reviseD. devise29. Facing growing costs and shrinking tax______, the government is now threatening to cutfunding for environmental protection programs.A. budgetB. collectionC. profitD. revenue30. Research shows heavy coffee drinking is______ a small increase in blood pressure, but notenough to increase the risk for high blood pressure.A. compared withB. associated withC. attributed toD. referred toPart ⅢReading Comprehension (45 minutes，30 points，1 for each)Directions:There are 5 passages in this part. Each passage is followed by 6 questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are 4 choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the best one and mark the corresponding letter with a single bar across the square brackets on your machine-scoring ANSWER SHEET.Passage OneThe other day my son asked me if he could ride up to his elementary school on his bike and meet his friend. He wanted the both of them to ride back to our house so they could play video games and jump on trampoline (蹦床）.I have to admit, part of me wanted to say no. We can go pick him up or his parents can bring him over here，I thought. But my son is eleven years old now. And after all，I do let him ride his bike to school. But I also drive my daughter to school and I can see him on the way, making sure he is getting there safely.My husband thinks I am too overprotective. I don’t dare to let my children walk anywhere without one of us going along. As you pull out of our neighborhood, there is a shopping center across the street. My son always asks if he can ride his bike or walk over to the drugstore by himself. But crossing that street is just too dangerous. The cars fly around the corner like they’re driving in a car race. What if he gets hit? What if some teenage bullies are hanging out in the parking lot?I want so much to give my children the freedom that I enjoyed having when I was growing up but I hesitate to do so because there are dangers around every corner. Too many kidnaps，too many sex offenders. I went online and discovered there are 41 sex offenders in my area alone.I honestly don’t think my mom worried about such things when her children were young.Growing up in the 1970s was indeed a different time. I never wore a helmet (头盗）when I rode a bike. We were all over the neighborhood, on our bikes and on foot, coming home for dinner and then back out again until dark. We rode in the back of the truck, didn’t wear seatbelts. I walked to and from school every day....31. What did the author fell reluctant to let her son do?A. Meet his friend.B. Play video games.C. Jump on the trampoline.D. Ride his bike on streets.32. What does the author mean when she says “But my son is eleven years old now”？A. He is old enough to be given some freedom now.B. He is a bit too young to go out alone.C. He has reached the legal age for riding a bike.D. He can’t protect himself from road hazards.33. Given her husband's attitude towards bringing up kids, he would most probably_____.A. drive his son to school to ensure safetyB. follow his son all the way to school and backC. give his son more freedom in deciding what to doD. ask the other boy’s parents to bring him over here34. Which of the following is NOT considered by the author as a potential threat to kids?A. Teenage bullies.B. The drugstore.C. Child abusers.D. Cars racing by.35. What can we infer from the last paragraph?A. The social security back in the 1970s was no better than it is today.B. Today’s children enjoy more freedom than those in the 1970s.C. Children today are more obedient to their parents.D. Children in the 1970s enjoyed more freedom than those today.36. What is the author’s main purpose in writing this passage?A. To compare today's social environment with that of the 1970s.B. To show her concern over the increasing crime rate in her neighborhood.C. To describe her hesitation as to how much freedom she should give her son.D. To express her worries about both safety and security in her area.Passage TwoAbout a century ago more people would not have appreciated the study of a foreign language as they do today. Gone are those days when patriotism towards one’s own language was major obstacle to learning foreign languages, a time when most nations were trying to throw their alien rulers out of their countries in their freedom struggles. Gone are those days when people were proud of their mother or father tongues and considered that their native languages alone will suffice the need to survive. Language skills today have become as important as other business and career skills like IT，vocational or professional skills. Thus learning a foreign language today has become essential for an individual whether it is for careers, growing a business, or even to make an impression.All that one needs to possess these days is a drive to learn a foreign language and there are all kinds of institutes and courses that teach various foreign languages like French, German, Spanish, and Japanese. Today’s world economy has bridged the barriers of race, sex, color and religion and the world has become a smaller place. Today’s businesses also demand language skills to expand and grow in other countries. Tens and hundreds of businesses world wide are expanding and growing their businesses by promoting them in countries other than their countries of origin. The tremendous growth of the Internet has further increased the demand for language skills. In Canada an official rule also says that all commercial establishments must have their websites created both in English and French, the official languages of the country.Language can also ease race and border barriers. You are more welcome in an alien nation if you know the language of the people there and can converse in their tongue. People in these countries immediately respect you and think you care about their culture as much as they do because in any culture language is the key identity.37. One of the reasons for not studying a foreign language in the past is______ .A. it was too difficultB. it was not allowedC. it was seen as disloyaltyD. it was taught by foreign rulers38. According to the article, which of the following is true?A. People’s language skills are better than in the past.B. Foreign language skills are of vital importance.C. It’s easier nowadays to learn a foreign language.D. People today are not proud of their native language.39. What does “to make an impression” (Paragraph 1) probably mean?A. To remember things.B. To express ideas.C. To show respect.D. To be liked by others.40. The world has become smaller because of______.A. business expansionB. the growth of the InternetC. a globalized economyD. the learning of foreign languages41. According to the article, the growth of the Internet requires______.A. more foreign language skillsB. more bilingual websitesC. better command of EnglishD. more commercial establishments42. People in a foreign country will treat you with more respect if you speak their language because______.A. they think you love their countryB. they think you understand their cultureC. it’s easier for them to communicate with youD. they believe you are a good language learnerPassage ThreeYou may have wondered why the supermarkets are all the same. It is not because the companies that operate them lack imagination. It is because they all aim at persuading people to buy things.In the supermarket，it takes a while for the mind to get into a shopping mode. This is why the area immediately inside the entrance is known as the “decompression zone”. People need to slow down and look around, even if they are regulars. In sales terms this area is a bit of a loss, so it tends to be used more for promotion.Immediately inside the first thing shoppers may come to is the fresh fruit and vegetables section. For shoppers, this makes no sense. Fruit and vegetables can be easily damaged, so they should be bought at the end, not the beginning, of a shopping trip. But what is at work here? It turns out that selecting good fresh food is a way to start shopping, and it makes people fell less guilty about reaching for the unhealthy stuff later on.Shoppers already know that everyday items, like milk, are invariable placed towards the back of a store to provide more opportunities to tempt customers. But supermarkets know shoppers know this, so they use other tricks, like placing popular items halfway along a section so that people have to walk all along the aisle looking for them. The idea is to boost “dwell time”: the length of time people spend in a store.Traditionally retailers measure “footfall” as the number of people entering a store is known, but those numbers say nothing about where people go and how long they spend there. But nowadays，a piece of technology can fill the gap : the mobile phone. Path Intelligence, a British company tracked people’s phones at Gun wharf Quays, a large retail centre in Portsmouth not by monitoring calls, but by plotting the positions of handsets as they transmit automatically to cellular networks. It found that when dwell time rose 1 % sales rose 1. 3%.Such techniques are increasingly popular because of a deepening understanding about how shoppers make choices. People tell market researchers that they make rational decisions about what to buy, considering things like price, selection or convenience. But subconscious forces，involving emotion and memories，are clearly also at work.43. In Paragraph 2，”decompression zone” is the area meant to______ .A. offer shoppers a place to have a restB. prepare shoppers for the mood of buyingC. encourage shoppers to try new productsD. provide shoppers with discount information44. Putting fruit-and-vegetable section near the entrance takes advantage of shoppers______.A. common senseB. shopping habitsC. concerns with timeD. shopping psychology45. Path Intelligence uses a technology to______.A. count how many people enter a storeB. measure how long people stay at a storeC. find out what people buy in a storeD. monitor what people say and do in a store46. What happened at Gun wharf Quays showed that sales ______.A. was in direct proportion to dwell timeB. was reversely linked to dwell timeC. was affected more by footfall than by dwell timeD. was affected more by dwell time than by footfall47. The author argues that shoppers_______.A. exert more influence on stores than they imagineB. are more likely to make rational choices than they knowC. tend to make more emotional decisions than they thinkD. have more control over what they buy than they assume48. The best title for the passage is______.A. New Technology Boosts Stores’ SalesB. How Shoppers Make Choices in StoresC. Rational and Irrational Ways of ShoppingD. The Science behind Stores，ArrangementsPassage FourA very important world problem is the increasing number of people who actually inhabit this planet. The limited amount of land and land resources will soon be unable to support the huge population if it continues to grow at its present rate.So why is this huge increase in population taking place? It is really due to the spread of the knowledge and practice of what is becoming known as “Death Control”. You have no doubt heard of the term “Birth Control”. “Death Control” is something rather different. It recognizes the work of the doctors and scientists who now keep alive people who，not very long ago，would have died of a variety of then incurable diseases. Through a wide variety of technological innovations that include farming methods and the control of deadly diseases, we have found ways to reduce therate at which we die. However, this success is the very cause of the greatest threat to mankind.If we examine the amount of land available for this ever-increasing population, we begin to see the problem. If everyone on the planet had an equal share of land，we would each have about 50,000 square meters. This figure seems to be quite encouraging until we examine the amount of usable land we actually have. More than three-fifths of the world’s land cannot produce food.Obviously, with so little land to support us, we should be taking great care not to reduce it further. But we are not! Instead, we are consuming its “capital”一its nonrenewable fossil fuels and other mineral deposits that took millions of years to form but which are now being destroyed in decades. We are also doing the same with other vital resources not usually thought of as being nonrenewable such as fertile soils, groundwater and the millions of other species that share the earth with us.It is a very common belief that the problems of the population explosion are caused mainly by poor people living in poor countries who do not know enough to limit their reproduction. This is not true. The actual number of people in an area is not as important as the effect they have on nature. Developing countries do have an effect on their environment, but it is the populations of richer countries that have a far greater impact on the earth as a whole.49. According to the article, what contributes to the population increase?A. Birth explosion.B. Birth Control.C. Death Control.D. Technological innovations.50. The word “incurable” in Paragraph 2 means______.A. commonB. epidemicC. untreatableD. unknown51. There isn’t enough land to support human beings because______.A. there are more seas than land in the worldB. most of the world’s land is unusableC. the world’s land has already been taken upD. the world’s land is not distributed equally52. In Paragraph 4 the writer implies that fertile soils are______.A. limitedB. renewableC. productiveD. nonrenewable53. What does “to limit their reproduction” in the last paragraph mean?A. To control death.B. To produce less goods.C. To increase production.D. To practice birth control.54. What do you think the writer is really concerned about?A. Long life spans.B. Population increase.C. Overuse of resources.D. The success of “Death Control”Passage FiveAll day long, you are affected by large forces. Genes influence your intelligence and willingness to take risks. Social dynamics unconsciously shape your choices. Instantaneous perceptions set off neutral reactions in your head without you even being aware of them.Over the past few years, scientists have made a series of exciting discoveries about how these deep patterns influence daily life. Nobody has done more to bring these discoveries to publicattention than Malcolm Gladwell.Gladwell’s new book Outliers seems at first glance to be a description of exceptionally talented individuals. But in fact, it’s another book about deep patterns. Exceptionally successful people are not lone pioneers who created their own success, he argues. They are the lucky beneficiaries of social arrangements.Gladwell’s noncontroversial claim is that some people have more opportunities than others. Bill Gates was lucky to go to a great private school with its own computer at the dawn of the information revolution.Gladwell’s book is being received by reviewers as a call to action for the Obama Age. It could lead policy makers to finally reject policies built on the assumption that people are coldly rational profit-maximizing individuals. It could cause them to focus more on policies that foster relationships, social bonds and cultures of achievement.Yet, I can’t help but feel that Gladwell and others who share his emphasis are preoccupied with the coolness of the discoveries. They’ve lost sight of the point at which the influence of social forces ends and the influence of the self-initiating individual begins.Most successful people begin with two beliefs : the future can be better than the present ，and I have the power to make it so. They were often showered by good fortunes，but relied at crucial moments upon achievements of individual will. These people also have an extraordinary ability to consciously focus their attention. Control of attention is the ultimate individual power. People who can do that are not prisoners of the stimuli around them. They can choose from the patterns in the world and lengthen their time horizons.GladwelT’s social determinism overlooks the importance of individual character and individual creativity. And it doesn’t fully explain the genuine greatness of humanity’s talents. As the classical philosophers understood, examples of individual greatness inspire achievement more reliably than any other form of education.55. In Paragraph 2, “these deep patterns” refers to all of the following EXCEPT______.A. genesB. social dynamicsC. instantaneous perceptionsD. neutral reactions56. According to the author, GladwelT’s new book Outliers is mainly______.A. a descriptive study of exceptionally talented individualsB. about the importance of social arrangements to personal successC. to discuss why some people have more opportunities than othersD. to explain why Bill Gates is much luckier than others57. It can be seen from Paragraph 5 that Gladwell’s book______.A. has become quite influentialB. is beginning to influence Obama’s policiesC. has received severe criticismsD. assumes that people just pursue maximum profits58. According to the author, the most fundamental individual power is______.A. individual willB. control of attentionC. a good characterD. exceptional creativity59. The author believes that individual greatness is more closely related to______.A. social forces and genesB. good luck and educationC. individual character and creativityD. individual genes and good education60. This passage is probably a______.A. book reviewB. book reportC. political essayD. news reportPart ⅣCloze (15 minutes，15 points，1 for each)Directions:In this part, there is a passage with 15 blanks. For each blank there are 4 choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the best answer for each blank and mark the corresponding letter with a single bar across the square brackets on your machine-scoring ANSWER SHEET.Nuclear energy is an efficient and convenient substitute for conventional forms of energy which were found in special geographical locations. Large amounts of 61 and effort are required to 62 these locations. Once the sites are found, men and equipment must be brought to tap and use these sources of energy. However，a large proportion of such sites are found only in far and 63 places. This increases the difficulties of 64 these forms of energy. With nuclear energy, such difficulties are not present. Nuclear reactors can easily be built anywhere，and man does not have to compete with the 65 of nature in order to obtain the energy. For equal amounts of energy, nuclear energy is much more convenient and inexpensive to obtain than conventional sources of energy.With nuclear energy, the amount of pollution is greatly reduced. 66 the production of nuclear energy is based on the fission (裂变）of atoms, pollution is kept to a very low level. The energy produced in the reactors is converted into heat and electricity, and these have 67 or no pollution at all. Conventional forms of fuel，68 ，produce large amounts of pollution.Production of nuclear energy uses the 69 of the fission of atoms；thus, 70 amounts of energy can be obtained from it. The world’s reserves of oil, coal and natural gas are running 71 at a tremendous rate and current estimates predict that 72 of the 21st century, most of these conventional fuels will be used up. Nuclear energy is the exception 73 this gloomy prediction. Through splitting and fusing atoms, large amounts of energy can be produced, and 74 this process can go on and on until all our energy needs are satisfied. The 75 of nuclear energy as a boundless source of energy is indeed great and we must harness it whenever possible as conventional fuels will not be around much longer.61. A. incentive B. capital C. interest D. currency62. A. point B. recognize C. identify D. label63. A. isolated B. single C. sole D. solitary64. A. detecting B. selecting C. harnessing D. concentrating65. A. potentials B. powers C. strengths D. forces66. A. If B. While C. Though D. Since67. A. little B. much C. more D. less68. A. as a result B. in general C. on the other hand D. in effect69. A. process B. rule C. principle D. function70. A. incomplete B. definite C. infinite D. defined71. A. out B. up C. away D. down72. A. at the end B. by the end C. in the end D. to the end73. A. in B. for C. of D. to74. A. substantially B. additionally C. effectively D. theoretically75. A. use B. potential C. popularity D. transformationPaper Two 试卷二(60 minutes)PartⅠTranslation (30 minutes, 20 points，10 for each section)Section ADirections: T ranslate the following passage into Chinese. Write your translation on the ANSWER SHEET.Third-hand smoke is tobacco smoke contamination that lingers in carpets, clothes and other materials hours or even days after a cigarette is put out. According to a study, a large number of people，particularly smokers have no idea that third-hand smoke is a health hazard for people. Of the 1,500 smokers and nonsmokers surveyed, the vast majority agreed that second-hand smoke is dangerous. But when asked whether they agreed with the statement, “Breathing air in a room today where people smoked yesterday can harm your health,” only 65% of nonsmokers and 43% of smokers answered “yes”.Section B(略）PartⅡWriting (30 minutes，15 points)Directions:In this part，you are to write -within 30 minutes a composition of no less than 150 words under the title of “My Opinion about Blog”. Your composition should be based on the clues given below. Please remember to write it clearly on the COMPOSITION SHEET.Blog is an on-line diary that one keeps on his frequently updated personal web page. Blog often reflects the personality and experiences of the author.1. Introductory remarks.2. My opinion about blog:For or against, and reasons, ORWhat I think blog can do.3. Conclusion.。

09年4月广外听力0593考试试卷

09年4月广外听力0593考试试卷Part one Statement (15%)1. A. I used to live in the United States.B . My family lived in the United States.C.I lived in Canada much longer than in the United States.D.I came to the United States when I was a small child.2.A. One hundred sixty people came to the rally.B. Eighty people came to the rally.C. Forty people came to the rally.D. One hundred people came to the rally.3.A. Mr. Brown is a bad driver.B. Mr. Brown likes Mrs. Brown.C. Mrs. Brown likes Mr. Brown.D. Mrs. Brown is a good driver.4.A. Mary can play the piano.B.I can play the piano.C. Mary can’t play the piano.D. Mary can play the piano well but I can’t.5.A. My mother probably finished her dinner.B. My mother probably wants me to finish my dinner.C. My mother probably didn’t finish her dinner.D. My mother probably didn’t want me to finish my dinner.6.A. Mrs Brown and her husband went to the store.B. Her husband worked before he went to the store.C. .Her husband didn’t go to t he store.D. .Her husband walked to the store.7.A. Lunch will be served at 12:15 p.m.B. There is going to be a movie after lunch.C. The movie will begin at 1:00 p.m.D. There is going to be a movie before lunch.8.A. Nobody explained the story.B. Mary and Jack explained the story yesterday.C. Somebody explained the story yesterday.D. Jack explained the story to Mary.9. A. She bought the dress when she had enough money.B. She didn’t want to buy the dress.C. she didn’t buy the dress.D. She bought the dress after she had borrowed the money.10.A. John is taller than Peter.B. They are of the same height.C. Peter is taller than John.D. They are of the same weight.11.A. The coat is the right size for Susan.B. The coat is the right size for Judy.C. The coat is the right size for Judy and Susan.D. The coat is not the right size for Judy and Susan.12.A. The teacher sings the songs.B. The students sing the songs.C. No one sings the songs.D. All of us will sing the songs.13.A. Bob practices every day even though he is a good swimmer.B. In order to become a better swimmer Bob practices every day.C. Bob is a good swimmer.D. ob does not like to become a good swimmer.14.A. My parents are going to London before they fly to Paris .B. My parents are going to Montreal after they go to London.C. My parents are going to Pairs before they go to Montreal.D. My parents are not going to London before they fly to Paris.15.A.He didn’t look for the book.B.he found the book.C. he saw the book this morning.D. He could find the book.Part Two Shour Conversations (15%)16.A. February B. October C. April D. July.17.A.﹩40 B.﹩90 C.﹩108 D.﹩12018.A.In the supermarket.B. In the restaurant.C. In the man’s home.D. In the woman’s home19.A. Editor. B. Journalist C. Teather D. Student.20.A. They don’t have to arrive for the Brown’s lunch.B. It’s impolite to be late for the Brown’s lunch.C. They don’t have to have the manners in France.D. They still have much time.21.A. Teacher and student.B. Employer and employee.C. Colleagues.D. Doctor and patient.22.A. The ideas of the paper are not convincing.B. Some parts of the paper are not well written.C. The handwriting of the paper is not good.D. The paper is not complete.23.A. The assignment looks easy, but actually it’s quite difficult.B. The assignment is too difficult for them to complete on time.C. They can’t finish the assignment until Thursday.D. They have plenty of time to work on the assignment.24.A. Having a break. B. Continuting the meeting.C. Moving on to the next item.D. Waiting a little longer.25.A. The man wants to attend tomorrow’s show.B. There aren’t any tickets left for today’s show.C. There aren’t any tickets left for tomorrow’s show.D. The man doesn’t want to attend tomorrow’s show.Part Three Mini-talks（30%）26.A. The wood of trees.B. The hair-like parts of certain plants.C. The grass-like plants which grows nearwater.D. The skin of certain animals.27.A. About the year 1400. B. About the year 1500.C. About the year 1100.D. About the year 1900.28.A. Sweden. B. Canada. C.Amreica D.Finland.29.A. Vietnam. B. Iraq. C. Mexico D. Britain.30.A. A Swedish B.A German C. A ChineseD. an American31.A. They often fight each other.B. they don’t like each other.C. they don’t agree to each other.D. they live together in peace.32.A. 7 days. B. 15 days. C 50 days. D. 56 days.33.A. To keep people work.B. To keep people busy.C. To find meaning and enjoyment in work.D. To find peace in the woods.34.A. The person will have to work in the woods.B. The person will have to work in the farm.C.The whole group will discuss the problem.D. The whole group will get the person out of the program.35.A. By stopping thinking only about themselves.B. By working on the farm.C. By making furniture.D. By taking part in lots of activities.36.A. He lived in the countryside.B. He lived in a small town.C. He lived in the same town were the speaker lived.D. He lived in the neighborhood of the speaker.37.A.The long distance between his home town and New York.B. His unpopular character.C. The high unemployment rate in New York.D. His criminal record.38.A. He wanted to be put in prison again.B. He needed the money to support his family.C. He hated the barber there.D. He wanted to make himself well known.39.A. He went directly to the police station.B. He drove out of the town and tried to escape.C. He waited for the police to arrest him.D. He argued with the police angrily.40.A. Mr. Spears enjoyed living in prison.B. Mr. Spears was known as a greedy man in his community.C. The police in New York were not very dfficient.D. The only way for Mr. Spears to support his family was by going to prison again. Part Four News (20%)41.A. It can solve the drinking problem in Africa.B. It can help prevent some health problems in developing countries.C. It can help curb the spread of disease in South America.D. It is a substitute of orange.42.A. In America.B. In South America.C. In Europe.D. In Africa.43.A. 20%B. HalfC. 12%D. 8%44.A. The death rates and birth rates have been reduced.B.The number of older people has increased.C. The oldest of the old people are living longer.D. Woman live longer than men.45.A. A conflict between Africa and international aid agencies.B. A serious famine.C. the killing famine.D. The widespread of an infectious disease.46.A. in summerB. in winter and springC. In AutumnD. In Summer and Autumn47. A. In 2004B. In 2005C. In 1994D. In 199548.A. To end barriers to trade and investment among member countries.B. To ymprove living and working conditions of all people in the area.C. To better protect the environment..D. To fight crimes together.49.A. The start of widespread disease.B. The start of widespread ethnic killings.C. The establishment of the national burial ceremony.D. The start of the democratic revolution.50.A. To condemn the western countries.B. To show respect for Belgian Prime Minister.C. To honor the victims and to show support for Rwanda.D. To show pity on the dead.Part FIVE Spot-dictation（20%）Sudan has had (51)_____throughout its (52)_______.The country gained its (53)_____from Britain in (54)___ ___.The current (55)_____in Sudan began (56)_______years ago. Black (57)____rebelled against their (58)__ ___by the (59)______government in the (60)_____. At that time the (61)___ordered non-Muslims to (62)____I slamic law. Sudan has about (63)___million people. Most in the north are (64)____. The south is mostly (6 5)____or animist. Rebels of the Sudan People’s Liberation Army want greater (66)___for the south.Two million people have died in the war, mostly through (67)__and disease. Four million others have been (68)___.(69)___over oil, ethnicity and differing cultural (70)___have added to the conflict.答案1-15 DADCB CBCCA BBBAA16-25 DCACB ABDAB16-25 DCACB ABDAB16-25 DCACB ABDAB26-40 BCDDB DDCCA BDACD26-40 BCDDB DDCCA BDACD26-40 BCDDB DDCCA BDACD41-50 CDCAD BCDBC41-50 CDCAD BCDBC41-50 CDCAD BCDBC51.conflict 52.history 53.independence 54.195651.conflict 52.history 53.independence 54.195651.conflict 52.history 53.independence 54.195655.war 56.21 57. Southerners 58.treament 59.Arab 60.north ernment 62.honor 63.30 64.Muslim 65.Chris tian 66.self-rule 67.hunger 68.displaced 69.disputes 70.beliefs55.war 56.21 57. Southerners 58.treament 59.Arab 60.north ernment 62.honor 63.30 64.Muslim 65.Christia n 66.self-rule 67.hunger 68.displaced 69.disputes 70.beliefs55.war 56.21 57. Southerners 58.treament 59.Arab 60.north ernment 62.honor 63.30 64.Muslim 65.Christian 66.self-rule 67.hunger 68.displaced 69.disputes 70.beliefs。

09年12月听力真题和答案

09年12月英语六级听力真题和答案 Section A Conversations Short Conversations 11. W: Did you use credit cards on your vacation last month in Europe? M: Sure did. They certainly beat going around with a wallet full of big bills. But carrying lots of cash is still very common among some older people travelling abroad。

Q: What does the man say about some elderly people? 12. W: Rod must be in a bad mood today. What’s wrong with him? M: He was passed over in the selection process for the dean of the Administration’s Office. He’d been hoping for the position for a long time。

Q: What does the man mean? 13. M: What a great singer Justin is. His concert is just awesome and you’ll never regret the money you paid for the ticket。

W: Yeah, judging by the amount of applause, everyone was enjoying it。

Q: What does the woman mean? 14. W: I received an email yesterday from Henry. Do you remember he was one of the chairpersons of our Students’ Union? M: Yes, but I haven’t heard from him for ages. Actually, I have been out of touch with him since our first reunion after graduation。

英语考研真题

2009年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)Research on animal intelligence always makes me wonder just how smart humans are.1 the fruit-fly experiments described in Carl Zimmer’s piece in the Science Times on Tuesday. Fruit flies who were taught to be smarter than the average fruit fly 2 to live shorter lives. This suggests that 3 bulbs burn longer, that there is an 4 in not being too terrifically , it 5 out, is a high-priced option. It takes more upkeep, burns more fuel and is slow 6 the starting line because it depends on learning — a gradual 7 — instead of instinct. Plenty of other species are able to learn, and one of the things they’ve apparently learned is when to 8 .Is there an adaptive value to9 intelligence? That’s the question behind this new research. I like it. Instead of casting a wistful glance 10 at all the species we’ve left in the dust it implicitly asks what the real11 of our own intelligence might be. This is12 the mind of every animal I’ve ever on animal intelligence also makes me wonder what experiments animals would 13 on humans if they had the chance. Every cat with an owner, 14 , is running a small-scale study in operant conditioning. we believe that 15 animals ran the labs, they would test us to 16 the limits of our patience, our faithfulness, our memory for terrain. They would try to decide what intelligence in humans is really 17 , not merely how much of it there is.18 , they would hope to study a 19 question: Are humans actually aware of the world they live in?20 the results are inconclusive.1. [A] Suppose [B] Consider [C] Observe [D] Imagine2. [A] tended [B] feared [C] happened [D] threatened3. [A] thinner [B] stabler [C] lighter [D] dimmer4. [A] tendency [B] advantage [C] inclination [D] priority5. [A] insists on [B] sums up [C] turns out [D] puts forward6. [A] off [B] behind [C] over [D] along7. [A] incredible [B] spontaneous [C]inevitable [D] gradual8. [A] fight [B] doubt [C] stop [D] think9. [A] invisible [B] limited [C] indefinite [D] different10. [A] upward [B] forward [C] afterward [D] backward11. [A] features [B] influences [C] results [D] costs12. [A] outside [B] on [C] by [D] across13. [A] deliver [B] carry [C] perform [D] apply14. [A] by chance [B] in contrast [C] as usual [D] for instance15. [A] if [B] unless [C] as [D] lest16. [A] moderate [B] overcome [C] determine [D] reach17. [A] at [B] for [C] after [D] with18. [A] Above all [B] After all [C] However [D] Otherwise19. [A] fundamental [B] comprehensive [C] equivalent [D] hostile20. [A] By accident [B] In time [C] So far [D] Better stillSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)Text1Habits are a funny thing. We reach for them mindlessly, setting our brains on auto-pilot and relaxing into the unconscious comfort of familiar routine. “Not choice, but habit rules the unreflecting herd,” William Wordsworth said in the 19th century. In the ever-changing 21st century, even th e word “habit” carries a negative connotation.So it seems antithetical to talk about habits in the same context as creativity and innovation. But brain researchers have discovered that when we consciously develop new habits, we create parallel synaptic paths, and even entirely new brain cells, that can jump our trains of thought onto new, innovative tracks.But don’t bother trying to kill off old habits; once those ruts of procedure are worn into the hippocampus, they’re there to stay. Instead, the new ha bits we deliberately ingrain into ourselves create parallel pathways that can bypass those old roads.“The first thing needed for innovation is a fascination with wonder,” says Dawna Markova, author of “The Open Mind” and an executive change consultant for Professional Thinking Partners. “But we are taught instead to ‘decide,’ just as our president calls himself ‘the Decider.’?” She adds, however, that “to decide is to kill off all possibilities but one. A good innovational thinker is always exploring the m any other possibilities.”All of us work through problems in ways of which we’re unaware, she says. Researchers in the late 1960 covered that humans are born with the capacity to approach challenges in four primary ways: analytically, procedurally, relationally (or collaboratively) and innovatively. At puberty, however, the brain shuts down half of that capacity, preserving only those modes of thought that have seemed most valuable during the first decade or so of life.The current emphasis on standardized testing highlights analysis and procedure, meaning that few of us inherently use our innovative and collaborative modes of thought. “This breaks the major rule in the American belief system —that anyone can do anything,” explains M. J. Ryan, author of the2006 book “This Year I Will...” and Ms. Markova’s business partner. “That’s a lie that we have perpetuated, and it fosters commonness. Knowing what you’re good at and doing even more of it creates excellence.” This is where developing new habits comes in.21. The view of Wordsworth habit is claimed by beingA. casualB. familiarC. mechanicalD. changeable.22. The researchers have discovered that the formation of habit can beA. predictedB. regulatedC. tracedD. guided23.” ruts”(in line one, paragraph 3) has closest meaning toA. tracksB. seriesC. characteristicsD. connections24. Ms. Markova’s comments suggest that the practice of standard testing ?A, prevents new habits form being formedB, no longer emphasizes commonnessC, maintains the inherent American thinking modelD, complies with the American belief system25. Ryan most probably agree thatA. ideas are born of a relaxing mindB. innovativeness could be taughtC. decisiveness derives from fantastic ideasD. curiosity activates creative mindsText 2It is a wise father that knows his own child, but today a man can boost his paternal (fatherly) wisdom – or at least confirm that he’s the kid’s dad. All he needs to do is shell our $30 for paternity testing kit (PTK) at his local drugstore – and another $120 to get the results.More than 60,000 people have purchased the PTKs since they first become available without prescriptions last years, according to Doug Fog, chief operating officer of Identigene, which makes the over-the-counter kits. More than two dozen companies sell DNA tests Directly to the public , ranging in price from a few hundred dollars to more than $2500.Among the most popular : paternity and kinship testing , which adopted children can use to find their biological relatives and latest rage a many passionate genealogists-and supports businesses that offer to search for a family’s geographic roots .Most tests require collecting cells by webbing saliva in the mouth and sending it to the company for testing. All tests require a potential candidate with whom to compare DNA.But some observers are skeptical, “There is a kind of false precision being hawked by people claiming they are doing ancestry testing,” says Trey Duster, a New York University sociologist. He notes that each individual has many ancestors-numbering in the hundreds just a few centuries back. Yet most ancestry testing only considers a single lineage, either the Y chromosome inherited throug h men in a father’s line or mitochondrial DNA, which a passed down only from mothers. This DNA can reveal genetic information about only one or two ancestors, even though, for example, just three generations back people also have six other great-grandparents or, four generations back, 14 other great-great-grandparents.Critics also argue that commercial genetic testing is only as good as the reference collections to which a sample is compared. Databases used by some companies don’t rely on data collected s ystematically but rather lump together information from different research projects. This means that a DNA database may differ depending on the company that processes the results. In addition, the computer programs a company uses to estimate relationships may be patented and not subject to peer review or outside evaluation.paragraphs 1 and 2 , the text shows PTK’s ___________.[A]easy availability[B]flexibility in pricing[C] successful promotion[D] popularity with households27. PTK is used to __________.[A]locate one’s birth place[B]promote genetic research[C] identify parent-child kinship[D] choose children for adoption28. Skeptical observers believe that ancestry testing fails to__________.[A]trace distant ancestors[B] rebuild reliable bloodlines[C] fully use genetic information[D] achieve the claimed accuracy29. In the last paragraph ,a problem commercial genetic testing faces is __________.[A]disorganized data collection[B] overlapping database building30. An appropriate title for the text is most likely to be__________.[A]Fors and Againsts of DNA testing[B] DNA testing and It’s problems[C]DNA testing outside the lab[D] lies behind DNA testingText 3The relationship between formal education and economic growth in poor countries is widely misunderstood by economists and politicians alike progress in both area is undoubtedly necessary for the social, political and intellectual development of these and all other societies; however, the conventional view that education should be one of the very highest priorities for promoting rapid economic development in poor countries is wrong. We are fortunate that is it, because new educational systems there and putting enough people through them to improve economic performance would require two or three generations. The findings of a research institution have consistently shown that workers in all countries can be trained on the job to achieve radical higher productivity and, as a result, radically higher standards of living.Ironically, the first evidence for this idea appeared in the United States. Not long ago, with the country entering a recessing and Japan at its pre-bubble peak. The . workforce was derided as poorly educated and one of primary cause of the poor . economic performance. Japan was, and remains, the global leader in automotive-assembly productivity. Yet the research revealed that the . factories of Honda Nissan, and Toyota achieved about 95 percent of the productivity of their Japanese countere pants a result of the training that . workers received on the job.More recently, while examing housing construction, the researchers discovered that illiterate, non-English- speaking Mexican workers in Houston, Texas, consistently met best-practice labor productivity standards despite the complexity of the building industry’s work.What is the real relationship between education and economic development? We have to suspect that continuing economic growth promotes the development of education even when gover nments don’t force it. After all, that’s how education got started. When our ancestors were hunters and gatherers 10,000 years ago, they didn’t have time to wonder much about anything besides finding food. Only when humanity began to get its food in a more productive way was there time for other things.As education improved, humanity’s productivity potential, they could in turn afford more education. This increasingly high level of education is probably a necessary, but not a sufficient, condition for the complex political systems required by advanced economic performance. Thus poor countries might not be able to escape their poverty traps without political changes that may be possible only with broader formal education. A lack of formal education, however, doesn’t constrain the ability of the developing world’s workforce to substantially improve productivity for the forested future. On the contrary, constraints on improving productivity explain why education isn’t developing more quickly there than it is.31. The author holds in paragraph 1 that the important of education in poor countries ___________.[A] is subject groundless doubts[B] has fallen victim of bias[C] is conventional downgraded[D] has been overestimated32. It is stated in paragraph 1 that construction of a new education system __________.[A]challenges economists and politicians[B]takes efforts of generations[C] demands priority from the government[D] requires sufficient labor forcemajor difference between the Japanese and workforces is that __________.[A] the Japanese workforce is better disciplined[B] the Japanese workforce is more productive[C]the workforce has a better education[D] ]the workforce is more organize34. The author quotes the example of our ancestors to show that education emerged __________.[A] when people had enough time[B] prior to better ways of finding food[C] when people on longer went hung[D] as a result of pressure on government35. According to the last paragraph , development of education __________.[A] results directly from competitive environments[B] does not depend on economic performance[C] follows improved productivity[D] cannot afford political changesText 4The most thoroughly studied in the history of the new world are the ministers and political leaders of seventeenth-century New England. According to the standard history of American philosophy, nowhere else in colonial America was “So much important attached to intellectual pursuits ” Acco rding to many books and articles, New England’s leaders established the basic themes and preoccupations of an unfolding, dominant Puritan tradition in American intellectual life.To take this approach to the New Englanders normally mean to start with the Puritans’ theological innovations and their distinctive ideas about the church-important subjects that we may not neglect. But in keeping with our examination of southern intellectual life, we may consider the original Puritans as carriers of European culture adjusting to New world circumstances. The New England colonies were the scenes of important episodes in the pursuit of widely understood ideals of civility and virtuosity.The early settlers of Massachusetts Bay included men of impressive education and influence in England. `Besides the ninety or so learned ministers who came to Massachusetts church in the decade after 1629,There were political leaders like John Winthrop, an educated gentleman, lawyer, and official of the Crown before he journeyed to Boston. There men wrote and published extensively, reaching both New World and Old World audiences, and giving New England an atmosphere of intellectual earnestness.We should not forget , however, that most New Englanders were less well educated. While few crafts men or farmers, let alone dependents and servants, left literary compositions to be analyzed, The in thinking often had a traditional superstitions quality. A tailor named John Dane, who emigrated in the late 1630s, left an account of his reasons for leaving England that is filled with signs. sexual confusion, economic frustrations , andreligious hope-all name together in a decisive moment when he opened the Bible, told his father the first line he saw would settle his fate, and read the magical words: “come out from among them, touch no unclean thing , and I will be your God and you shall be my people.” One wonders what Dane thought of the careful sermons explaining the Bible that he heard in puritan churched.Mean while , many settles had sli ghter religious commitments than Dane’s, as one clergyman learned in confronting folk along the coast who mocked that they had not come to the New world for religion . “Our main end was to catch fish. ”36. The author notes that in the seventeenth-century New England___________.[A] Puritan tradition dominated political life.[B] intellectual interests were encouraged.[C] Politics benefited much from intellectual endeavors.[D] intellectual pursuits enjoyed a liberal environment.37. It is suggested in paragraph 2 that New Englanders__________.[A] experienced a comparatively peaceful early history.[B] brought with them the culture of the Old World[C] paid little attention to southern intellectual life[D] were obsessed with religious innovations38. The early ministers and political leaders in Massachusetts Bay__________.[A] were famous in the New World for their writings[B] gained increasing importance in religious affairs[C] abandoned high positions before coming to the New World[D] created a new intellectual atmosphere in New England39. The story of John Dane shows that less well-educated New Englanders were often __________.[A] influenced by superstitions[B] troubled with religious beliefs[C] puzzled by church sermons[D] frustrated with family earnings40. The text suggests that early settlers in New England__________.[A] were mostly engaged in political activities[B] were motivated by an illusory prospect[C] came from different backgrounds.[D] left few formal records for later referencePart BDirections:Directions: In the following text, some sentences have been removed. For Questions (41-45), choose the most suitable one from the list A-G to fit into each of the numbered blank. There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the gaps.Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)Coinciding with the groundbreaking theory of biological evolution proposed by British naturalist in the 1860s, British social philosopher put forward his own theory of biological and cultural evolution. Spencer argued that all worldly phenomena, including human societies, changed over time, advancing toward perfection. .American social scientist introduced another theory of cultural evolution in the late 1800s. Morgan, along with Tylor, was one of the founders of modern anthropology. In his work, he attempted to show how all aspects of culture changed together in the evolution of the early 1900s in North America, German-born American anthropologist developed a new theory of culture known as historical particularism. Historical particularism, which emphasized the uniqueness of all cultures, gave new direction to anthropology. .Boas felt that the culture of any society must be understood as the result of a unique history and not as one of many cultures belonging to a broader evolutionary stage or type of culture. .Historical particularism became a dominant approach to the study of culture in American anthropology, largely through the influence of many students of Boas. But a number of anthropologists in the early 1900s also rejected the particularist theory of culture in favor of diffusionism. Some attributed virtually every important cultural achievement to the inventions of a few, especially gifted peoples that, according to diffusionists, then spread to other cultures. .Also in the early 1900s, French sociologist developed a theory of culture that would greatly influence anthropology. Durkheim proposed that religious beliefs functioned to reinforce social solidarity. An interest in the relationship between the function of society and culture—known as functionalism—became a major theme in European, and especially British, anthropology.[A] Other anthropologists believed that cultural innovations, such as inventions, had a single origin and passed from society to society. This theory was known as diffusionism.[B] In order to study particular cultures as completely as possible, Boas became skilled in , the study of languages, and in physical anthropology, the study of human biology and anatomy.[C] He argued that human evolution was characterized by a struggle he c alled the “survival of the fittest,” in which weaker races and societies must eventually be replaced by stronger, more advanced races and societies.[D] They also focused on important rituals that appeared to preserve a people’s social structure, such asi nitiation ceremonies that formally signify children’s entrance into adulthood.[E] Thus, in his view, diverse aspects of culture, such as the structure of families, forms of marriage, categories of kinship, ownership of property, forms of government, technology, and systems of food production, all changed as societies evolved.[F]Supporters of the theory viewed as a collection of integrated parts that work together to keep a society functioning.[G] For example, British anthropologists Grafton Elliot Smith and W. J. Perry incorrectly suggested, on the basis of inadequate information, that farming, pottery making, and metallurgy all originated in ancient Egypt and diffused throughout the world. In fact, all of these cultural developments occurred separately at different times in many parts of the world.Part CDirections:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written carefully on ANSWER SHEET 2. (10 points)There is a marked difference between the education which every one gets from living with others, and the deliberate educating of the young. In the former case the education is incidental; it is natural and important, but it is not the express reason of the It may be said that the measure of the worth of any social institution is its effect in enlarging and improving experience; but this effect is not a part of its original motive. Religious associations began, for example, in the desire to secure the favor of overruling powers and to ward off evil influences; family life in the desire to gratify appetites and secure family perpetuity; systematic labor, for the most part, because of enslavement to others, etc. 47Only gradually was the by-product of the institution noted, and only more gradually still was this effect considered as a directive factor in the conduct of the institution. Even today, in our industrial life, apart from certain values of industriousness and thrift, the intellectual and emotional reaction of the forms of human association under which the world's work is carried on receives little attention as compared with physical output.But in dealing with the young, the fact of association itself as an immediate human fact, gains in While it is easy to ignore in our contact with them the effect of our acts upon their disposition, it is not so easy as in dealing with adults. The need of training is too evident; the pressure to accomplish a change in their attitude and habits is too urgent to leave these consequences wholly out of account. 49Since our chief business with them is to enable them to share in a common life we cannot help considering whether or no we are forming the powers which will secure this ability.If humanity has made some headway in realizingthat the ultimate value of every institution is its distinctively human effect we may well believe that this lesson has been learned largely through dealings with the young.50 We are thus led to distinguish, within the broad educational process which we have been so far considering, a more formal kind of education -- that of direct tuition or schooling. In undeveloped social groups, we find very little formal teaching and training. These groups mainly rely for instilling needed dispositions into the young upon the same sort of association which keeps the adults loyal to their group.Section Ⅲ WritingPart A51. Directions:Restrictions on the use of plastic bags have not been so successful in some regions. “White pollution ”is still going on. Write a letter to the editor(s) of your local newspaper to1)give your opinions briefly and2)make two or three suggestionsYou should write about 100 words. Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use "Li Ming" instead. You do not need to write the address.Part B52. Directions:In your essay, you should1) describe the drawing briefly,2) explain its intended meaning, and then3) give your comments.You should write neatly on ANSHWER SHEET 2. (20 points)。

吉首大学复试题库及答案

吉首大学复试题库及答案一、选择题（每题2分，共20分）1. 吉首大学位于中国的哪个省份？A. 湖南省B. 湖北省C. 广东省D. 广西壮族自治区答案：A2. 吉首大学成立于哪一年？A. 1958年B. 1960年C. 1962年D. 1965年答案：A3. 下列哪一项不是吉首大学的主要学科门类？A. 工学B. 理学C. 医学D. 法学答案：C4. 吉首大学图书馆的藏书量超过多少万册？A. 50万B. 100万C. 150万D. 200万5. 吉首大学的校训是什么？A. 厚德博学，求实创新B. 明德博学，求是创新C. 厚德载物，自强不息D. 博学笃行，求真务实答案：A6. 吉首大学有多少个学院？A. 18B. 20C. 22D. 24答案：C7. 吉首大学校园占地面积大约是多少？A. 2000亩B. 2500亩C. 3000亩D. 3500亩答案：C8. 吉首大学是否是“211工程”重点建设的高校？A. 是B. 否答案：B9. 吉首大学是否拥有博士学位授予权？A. 是B. 否10. 吉首大学的校徽中包含哪些元素？A. 书卷和凤凰B. 火炬和凤凰C. 书卷和火炬D. 书卷和山川答案：A二、填空题（每题2分，共20分）1. 吉首大学位于湖南省______市。

答案：吉首2. 吉首大学的校歌名称是______。

答案：《吉首大学校歌》3. 吉首大学的主要教学语言是______。

答案：汉语4. 吉首大学校园内的主要河流是______。

答案：峒河5. 吉首大学的最高学术机构是______。

答案：学术委员会6. 吉首大学的学生社团数量超过______个。

答案：1007. 吉首大学每年的新生入学时间通常在______月份。

答案：98. 吉首大学校园内的主要山峰是______。

答案：凤凰山9. 吉首大学的校庆日是每年的______月______日。

答案：10月18日10. 吉首大学的校徽颜色以______为主色调。

答案：蓝色三、简答题（每题10分，共30分）1. 请简述吉首大学的发展历程。

吉首大学教育考研真题试卷

吉首大学教育考研真题试卷一、选择题（每题1分，共20分）1. 教育的本质是（）A. 传授知识B. 培养能力C. 促进个体全面发展D. 社会化过程2. 教育心理学的主要研究对象是（）A. 学习者B. 教育者C. 教育环境D. 教育过程3. 教育的首要任务是（）A. 传授知识B. 培养品德C. 发展智力D. 培养技能4. 教育评价的主要目的是（）A. 选拔人才B. 促进学生发展C. 反馈教学效果D. 评价教师工作5. 教育公平的基本原则是（）A. 机会均等B. 资源分配公平C. 结果公平D. 过程公平...（此处省略15题，以保持试卷结构的完整性）二、简答题（每题10分，共30分）1. 简述教育对个体发展的作用。

2. 阐述现代教育技术在教学中的应用。

3. 描述教育评价的基本原则。

三、论述题（每题25分，共50分）1. 论述教育与社会的关系，并分析教育在社会发展中的作用。

2. 论述素质教育的内涵及其在当前教育改革中的重要性。

四、案例分析题（每题30分，共30分）1. 请分析以下案例：某学校为了提高学生的学业成绩，采取了一系列严格的教学管理措施，但结果却引起了学生的普遍不满和抵触情绪。

请从教育心理学的角度分析这一现象，并提出改进建议。

五、综合应用题（每题30分，共30分）1. 假设你是某中学的校长，学校计划开展一次全校性的教育改革。

请从教育理念、教学方法、评价体系等方面，设计一套符合素质教育要求的教育改革方案。

试卷结束语：本试卷旨在考察考生对教育学基本理论、教育心理学、教育评价、教育公平等方面的理解和应用能力。

希望考生能够认真作答，展现出自己的专业素养和教育情怀。

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吉首大学2009年硕士研究生复试英语听力测试试卷(A卷)Part I Statement (15%)Directions: In this section, you will hear several statements. Each statement will be read only once. Then there will be a pause. During the pause, you must read the four choices marked A), B), C) and D), and decide which one is closest in meaning to the statement you have just heard. Then mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the centre.1. A) The dresses will cost $16.B) The dresses will cost $30.C) The dresses will cost $120.D) The dresses will cost $60.2. A) Although she has a scholarship, Ellen cannot attend the university.B) If Ellen gets a scholarship, she can attend the university.C) Ellen attends the university on a scholarship.D) Ellen cannot get a scholarship until the university accepts her.3. A) Ann likes neither cold weather nor hot weather.B) Ann likes hot weather better than cold weather.C) Ann likes hot weather just as much as cold weather.D) Ann likes cold weather better than hot weather.4. A) Please open the window.B) Do you mind that the window isn’t open?C) Do you have an open mind?D) I don’t mind closed windows.5. A) The flight leaves at 8:20.B) The flight leaves on the 20th at 8 o’clock.C) The flight leaves at 8:18 in the evening.D) Flight 818 departs on the 18th.Part II Conversation (30%)Directions: In this section, you will hear several short conversations. At the end of each conversation, a question will be asked about what was said. Both the conversation and the question will be spoken only once. After each question there will be a pause. During the pause, you must read the four choices marked A), B), C) and D), and decide which is the best answer. Then mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the centre.6. A) She has completed her work.B) She has made a lot of signs in her homework.C) She has helped the man with his assignment.D) She has corrected some mistakes in the assignment.7. A) The winter has just begun.B) It has been snowing for some time.C) It’ll snow heavily tomorrow.D) They like snow very much.8. A) The man thinks the book is excellent.B) All the papers say that the book is good, too.C) The woman thinks the book is excellent.D) Reactions to the book are different.9. A) To the movie.B) To her sister’s home.C) To the station.D) To the ticket office.10. A) Traveling a lot.B) Doing too much homework.C) Working for a long time.D) Getting a lot of exercise.11. A) Tom will be there at 8:30.B) Tom will not show up.C) Tom is always late.D) Tom is usually on time.12. A) The man’s wife.B) The woman wearing the jacket.C) The man’s secretary.D) A shop assistant.13. A) The woman does not like to stay at home alone.B) The woman in deed needs some days off.C) The woman prefers to go on a vacation.D) The woman will go on a vacation.14. A) Follow the directions.B) Practise working together.C) Carry the parts together.D) Overcome any difficulties.15. A) Yellow brush.B) Green brush.C) Yellow pen.D) Green pen.Part III Passage (40%)Directions: In this section, you will hear several short passages. At the end of each passage, you will hear some questions. Both the passage and the questions will be spoken only once. After you hear a question, you must choose the best answer from the four choices marked A), B), C) and D). Then mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the centre.Passage OneQuestions 16 to 19 are based on the following passage:16. A) One.B) Two.C) Three.D) Four.17. A) Native English ones.B) French ones.C) Words from other languages.D) German ones.18. A) Native English.B) French.C) German.D) Another language.19. A) English vocabulary is made up of only native words.B) English vocabulary is made up of only native words and French ones.C) English vocabulary is made up of words from different languages.D) English vocabulary is made up of native words, French and German.Passage TwoQuestions 20 to 22 are based on the following passage:20. A) More than five years.B) Less than five years.C) About five years.D) Five years only.21. A) He wanted to study Japanese.B) He wanted to study Japanese in the summer school.C) He wanted to take the intensive language learning.D) He actually didn’t have any plans to study Japanese.22. A) He was a student of Japanese.B) He was a teacher who taught extensive reading.C) He was a teacher who taught intensive reading.D) He was a student who was going to Tokyo.Passage ThreeQuestions 23 to 25 are based on the following passage:23. A) He began to blame Gregory as soon as he knocked on the door.B) After Gregory opened the door.C) When Gregory asked him to cool down.D) Before Gregory had promised him to get ready.24. A) Gregory was delayed by his brother.B) Gregory was hardly ready when David came.C) Gregory had forgotten what he had promised David.D) Gregory was unwilling to go with David.25. A) He always played tennis with Gregory.B) He played tennis every day.C) He was always quick in whatever he did.D) He was impatient and foolish.Part IV Spot Dictation (15%)Directions: In this section, you will hear a passage three times. When the passage is read for the first time, you should listen carefully for its general idea. When the passage is read for the second time, you are required to fill in the blanks with the exact word(s) you have just heard. Finally, when the passage is read for the third time, you should check what you have written.Sound travels through the air rapidly, and you do not notice any time lag when you talk to another person. In air at (26) _ _ _ , sound travels at (27) _ _ _ _ _ _ _ kilometers per hour, or (28) _ _ _ _ _ miles per hour. This is (29) _ _ _ _ _ _ _ one kilometer in (30) _ _ _ _ _ _ _ seconds, or one mile in five seconds. The speed of sound (31) _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ on the (32) _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ through which the sound is traveling. The greater its elasticity, the greater the (33) _ _ _ _ _ _ _ of sound. Air is very inelastic, and so the speed of sound is (34) _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ slow in the air. In water, sound travels at about four times the speed it does in the air, and the speed of sound through steel is about (35) _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ times greater.。