微观经济学原理曼昆英文第四章讲解学习
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经济学原理 曼昆第七版第四讲讲义Supply and Demand ppt课件
– Amount of a good that buyers are willing and able to purchasr things equal – When the price of a good rises, the
quantity demanded of the good falls – When the price falls, the quantity
• No single buyer or seller has any influence over the market price
• Price takers
– At the market price
• Buyers can buy all they want • Sellers can sell all they want
– Buyers as a group
• Determine the demand for the product
– Sellers as a group
• Determine the supply of the product
5
Markets and Competition
• Markets take many forms
• What are the real factor driving the residential housing price in China?
• What are the long-run perspectives of Chinese real estate markets?
2
The Market Mechanism
8
Markets and Competition
• Monopoly
quantity demanded of the good falls – When the price falls, the quantity
• No single buyer or seller has any influence over the market price
• Price takers
– At the market price
• Buyers can buy all they want • Sellers can sell all they want
– Buyers as a group
• Determine the demand for the product
– Sellers as a group
• Determine the supply of the product
5
Markets and Competition
• Markets take many forms
• What are the real factor driving the residential housing price in China?
• What are the long-run perspectives of Chinese real estate markets?
2
The Market Mechanism
8
Markets and Competition
• Monopoly
经济学原理 曼昆第七版第四讲讲义：Supply and Demandppt课件
• No single buyer or seller has any influence over the market price
• Price takers
– At the market price
• Buyers can buy all they want
• Sellers can sell all they want
– Good/service being traded
• The “indivisible hand”
– No single individual or organization or government is responsible for solving the economic problems in a market economy
– Market in which there are many buyers and many sellers
– Each has a negligible impact on market price
– Price and quantity are determined by all buyers and sellers
work – Refer to the behavior of people as they
interact with one another in competitive markets
.
4
Markets and Competition
• Market
– A group of buyers and sellers of a particular good or service
– Price; market equilibrium; efficiency
曼昆经济学原理英文课件Chap04
Law of Demand
The law of demand states that there is an inverse
relationship between price and quantity demanded.
Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright © 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.
Monopolistic Competition
Many sellers Slightly differentiated products Each seller may set price for its own product
Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright © 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.
Demand
Quantity demanded is the amount
of a good that buyers are willing and able to purchase.
Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright © 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.
Demand Schedule
The demand schedule is a table that shows the relationship
between the price of the good and the quantity demanded.
Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright © 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.
曼昆经济学原理第5版微观PPT第四章(4)免费中文版.pptx
6
市场需求与个人需求
▪ 市场需求量是所有买者在每一价格水平下需求量的
总和
▪ 假设海伦与肯是拿铁咖啡市场上唯一的两个买者
（Qd = 需求量）
价格 海伦的需求量 肯的需求量
市场需求量
$0.00
16
+8
=
24
1.00
14
+7
=
21
2.00
12
+6
=
18
3.00
10
+5
=
15
4.00
8
+4
=
12
5.00
6
式电脑，CD与音乐下载
供给与需求的市场力量
13
需求曲线的移动：相关物品的价格
▪ 互补品：一种物品价格上升引起另一种物品需求
量减少的两种物品
▪ 例如，电脑与软件。如果电脑价格上升，那人们
会减少电脑的购买，因此也会减少软件的购买。 软件的需求曲线向左移动
▪ 其它例子：大学学费与教材，百吉饼与奶油乳酪，
4 C H A P T E R
经济学原理
N.格里高利.曼昆 著
供给与需求的市场力 量
© 2009 South-Western, a part of Cengage Learning, all rights reserved
本教学PPT双语版由 浙江工商大学经济学院 陈宇峰 编译
供给与需求的市场力量
品的数量
▪ 需求定理：认为在其他条件不变时，一种物品的
价格上升，对该物品的需求量减少的观点
供给与需求的市场力量
4
需求表
▪ 需求表：
表示一种物品的价格与需求 量之间关系的表格
曼昆哈佛大学经济学原理第四章
Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright © 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.
Markets
A market is a group of buyers and sellers of a particular good or service.
Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright © 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.
Market Demand
Market demand refers to the sum of all individual demands for a particular good or service.
Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright © 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.
Demand
Quantity demanded is the amount
of a good that buyers are willing and able to purchase.
Change in Quantity Demanded versus Change in Demand
Change in Demand
A shift in the demand curve, either to the left or right.
Caused by a change in a determinant other than the price.
demanded.
Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright © 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.
Markets
A market is a group of buyers and sellers of a particular good or service.
Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright © 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.
Market Demand
Market demand refers to the sum of all individual demands for a particular good or service.
Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright © 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.
Demand
Quantity demanded is the amount
of a good that buyers are willing and able to purchase.
Change in Quantity Demanded versus Change in Demand
Change in Demand
A shift in the demand curve, either to the left or right.
Caused by a change in a determinant other than the price.
demanded.
Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright © 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.
2023-曼昆《经济学原理》英文版完整讲义丛externalities
EXTERNALITIES AND MARKET INEFFICIENCY
Negative ExternalitiesAutomobile exhaustCigarette smokingBarking dogs (loud pets)Loud stereos in an apartment building
Positive Externalities
A technology spillover is a type of positive externality that exists when a firm’s innovation or design not only benefits the firm, but enters society’s pool of technological knowledge and benefits society as a whole.
Welfare Economics: A Recap
The Market for Aluminum For each unit of aluminum produced, the social cost includes the private costs of the producers plus the cost to those bystanders adversely affected by the pollution.
The Coase Theorem
The Coase Theorem is a proposition that if private parties can bargain without cost over the allocation of resources, they can solve the problem of externalities on their own.Transactions CostsTransaction costs are the costs that parties incur in the process of agreeing to and following through on a bargain.
Negative ExternalitiesAutomobile exhaustCigarette smokingBarking dogs (loud pets)Loud stereos in an apartment building
Positive Externalities
A technology spillover is a type of positive externality that exists when a firm’s innovation or design not only benefits the firm, but enters society’s pool of technological knowledge and benefits society as a whole.
Welfare Economics: A Recap
The Market for Aluminum For each unit of aluminum produced, the social cost includes the private costs of the producers plus the cost to those bystanders adversely affected by the pollution.
The Coase Theorem
The Coase Theorem is a proposition that if private parties can bargain without cost over the allocation of resources, they can solve the problem of externalities on their own.Transactions CostsTransaction costs are the costs that parties incur in the process of agreeing to and following through on a bargain.
曼昆经济学原理英文课件Chap04
Price of Ice-Cream Cone
Changes in Demand
Increase in demand
Decrease in demand
0
Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright © 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.
D3
Demand Schedule
The demand schedule is a table that shows the relationship
between the price of the good and the quantity demanded.
Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright © 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.
The Market Forces of Supply and Demand
Chapter 4
Copyright © 2001 by Harcourt, Inc. All rights reserved. Requests for permission to make copies of any part of the
Market Type: A Competitive Market
A competitive market is a market. . .
with many buyers and sellers. that is not controlled by any one person. in which a narrow range of prices are established that buyers and sellers act upon.
曼昆《经济学原理(微观经济学分册)》(第6版)课后习题详解(第4章--供给与需求的市场力量)
曼昆《经济学原理（微观经济学分册）》（第6版）第2篇市场如何运行第4章供给与需求的市场力量课后习题详解跨考网独家整理最全经济学考研真题，经济学考研课后习题解析资料库，您可以在这里查阅历年经济学考研真题，经济学考研课后习题，经济学考研参考书等内容，更有跨考考研历年辅导的经济学学哥学姐的经济学考研经验，从前辈中获得的经验对初学者来说是宝贵的财富，这或许能帮你少走弯路，躲开一些陷阱。
以下内容为跨考网独家整理，如您还需更多考研资料，可选择经济学一对一在线咨询进行咨询。
一、概念题1．市场（market）答：市场指某种物品或劳务的买者与卖者组成的一个群体。
买者作为一个群体决定了一种物品或劳务的需求，而卖者作为一个群体决定了一种物品或劳务的供给。
市场作为商品经济的范畴，具有三层含义：一是指商品交换的场所；二是指由商品供求双方及其中介人之间，围绕着体现各自利益的价格而展开激烈竞争所形成的各种经济关系总和；三是指调节社会经济运行的一种关系。
贯穿于这三层含义并能统一于市场这一范畴的核心是商品交换，或者说是商品流通。
2．竞争市场（competitive market）答：竞争市场指有许多买者和卖者，以至于每一个人对市场价格的影响都微不足道的市场。
竞争市场一般指完全竞争市场。
完全竞争，又称为纯粹竞争，是指不存在任何阻碍和干扰竞争因素的市场情况，亦即没有任何垄断因素的市场结构。
完全竞争市场需要具备以下四个条件：①市场上有大量的买者和卖者；②市场上每一个厂商提供的商品都是同质的；③所有的资源具有完全的流动性；④信息是完全的。
3．需求量（quantity demanded）答：需求量是指消费者在一定时期内，在各种可能的价格水平下愿意而且能够购买的商品的数量。
根据定义，如果消费者对某种商品只有购买的欲望而没有购买的能力，就不能算作是需求。
需求必须是既有购买欲望又有购买能力的有效需求。
影响商品需求的因素有:该商品的价格、消费者收入、其他相关商品价格、消费者偏好和消费者对未来的预期等。
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4 C H A P T E R
The Market Forces of Supply and Demand
E conomics P R I N C I P L E S O F
N. Gregory Mankiw
? 2009 South-Western, a part of Cengage Learning, all rights reserved
3
The Demand Schedule
?Demand schedule :
a table that shows the relationship between the price of a good and the quantity demanded
?Example:
Helen's demand for lattes.
In this chapter, look for the answers to these questions:
?What factors affect buyers' demand for goods? ?What factors affect sellers' supply of goods? ?How do supply and demand determine the price of
4
Helen's Demand Schedule & Curve
Price of Lattes
$6.00
$5.00
$4.00
Price Quantity of of lattes
lattes demanded
$0.00
16
1.00
14
2.00
12
$3.00
3.00
10
$2.00
4.00
8
$1.00
0
Q
5 10 15 20 25
P
$0.00 1.00 2.00 3.00 4.00 5.00 6.00
Qd (Market)
24 21 18 15 12 9 6
THE MARKET FORCES OF SUPPLY AND DEMAND
7
Demand Curve Shifters
?The demand curve shows how price affects
a good and the quantity sold?
?How do changes in the factors that affect demand
or supply affect the market price and quantity of a good?
?How do markets allocate resources?
Market Qd
$0.00
16
+8
=
24
1.00
14
+7
=
21
2.00
12
+6
=
18
3.00
10
+5
=
15
4.00
8
+4
=
12
5.00
6
+3
=
9
6.00
4
+2
=
6
6
The Market Demand Curve for Lattes
P
$6.00 $5.00 $4.00 $3.00 $2.00 $1.00 $0.00
?Law of demand : the claim that the quantity
demanded of a good falls when the price of the good rises, other things equal
THE MARKET FORCES OF SUPPLY AND DEMAND
?Notice that Helen's
preferences obey the Law of Demand.
Price Quantity of of lattes
lattes demanded
$0.00
16
1.00
14
2.00
12
3.00
10
4.00
8
5.00
6
6.00
4
THE MARKET FORCES OF SUPPLY AND DEMAND
?In a perfectly competitive market: ?All goods exactly the same ?Buyers & sellers so numerous that no one can
affect market price – each is a “price taker ”
5.00
6
6.00
4
$0.00 0
Quantity
5
10
15 of Lattes
THE MARKET FORCES OF SUPPLY AND DEMAND
5
Market Demand versus Individual Demand
?The quantity demanded in the market is the sum of the
1
Markets and Competition
?A market is a group of buyers and sellers of a
particular product.
?A competitive market is one with many buyers
and sellers, each has a negligible effect on price.
quantities demanded by all buyers at each price.
?Suppose Helen and Ken are the only two buyers in
the Latte market. (Qd = quantity demanded)
Price Helen's Qd Ken's Qd
?In this chapter, we assume markets are perfectly
competitive.
THE MARKET FORCES OF SUPPLY AND DEMAND
2
Demand
?The quantity demanded of any good is the
amount of the good that buyers are willing and able to purchase.
quantity demanded, other things being equal .
?These “other things” are no-pnrice determinants
The Market Forces of Supply and Demand
E conomics P R I N C I P L E S O F
N. Gregory Mankiw
? 2009 South-Western, a part of Cengage Learning, all rights reserved
3
The Demand Schedule
?Demand schedule :
a table that shows the relationship between the price of a good and the quantity demanded
?Example:
Helen's demand for lattes.
In this chapter, look for the answers to these questions:
?What factors affect buyers' demand for goods? ?What factors affect sellers' supply of goods? ?How do supply and demand determine the price of
4
Helen's Demand Schedule & Curve
Price of Lattes
$6.00
$5.00
$4.00
Price Quantity of of lattes
lattes demanded
$0.00
16
1.00
14
2.00
12
$3.00
3.00
10
$2.00
4.00
8
$1.00
0
Q
5 10 15 20 25
P
$0.00 1.00 2.00 3.00 4.00 5.00 6.00
Qd (Market)
24 21 18 15 12 9 6
THE MARKET FORCES OF SUPPLY AND DEMAND
7
Demand Curve Shifters
?The demand curve shows how price affects
a good and the quantity sold?
?How do changes in the factors that affect demand
or supply affect the market price and quantity of a good?
?How do markets allocate resources?
Market Qd
$0.00
16
+8
=
24
1.00
14
+7
=
21
2.00
12
+6
=
18
3.00
10
+5
=
15
4.00
8
+4
=
12
5.00
6
+3
=
9
6.00
4
+2
=
6
6
The Market Demand Curve for Lattes
P
$6.00 $5.00 $4.00 $3.00 $2.00 $1.00 $0.00
?Law of demand : the claim that the quantity
demanded of a good falls when the price of the good rises, other things equal
THE MARKET FORCES OF SUPPLY AND DEMAND
?Notice that Helen's
preferences obey the Law of Demand.
Price Quantity of of lattes
lattes demanded
$0.00
16
1.00
14
2.00
12
3.00
10
4.00
8
5.00
6
6.00
4
THE MARKET FORCES OF SUPPLY AND DEMAND
?In a perfectly competitive market: ?All goods exactly the same ?Buyers & sellers so numerous that no one can
affect market price – each is a “price taker ”
5.00
6
6.00
4
$0.00 0
Quantity
5
10
15 of Lattes
THE MARKET FORCES OF SUPPLY AND DEMAND
5
Market Demand versus Individual Demand
?The quantity demanded in the market is the sum of the
1
Markets and Competition
?A market is a group of buyers and sellers of a
particular product.
?A competitive market is one with many buyers
and sellers, each has a negligible effect on price.
quantities demanded by all buyers at each price.
?Suppose Helen and Ken are the only two buyers in
the Latte market. (Qd = quantity demanded)
Price Helen's Qd Ken's Qd
?In this chapter, we assume markets are perfectly
competitive.
THE MARKET FORCES OF SUPPLY AND DEMAND
2
Demand
?The quantity demanded of any good is the
amount of the good that buyers are willing and able to purchase.
quantity demanded, other things being equal .
?These “other things” are no-pnrice determinants