外文翻译--商品混凝土质量控制
外文翻译---混凝土,钢筋混凝土和预应力混凝土
Concrete, Reinforced Concrete, andPrestressedConcreteConcrete is a stone like material obtained by permitting a carefully proportioned mixture of cement, sand and gravel or other aggregate, and water to harden in forms of the shape and dimensions of the desired structure. The bulk of the material consists of fine and coarse aggregate. Cement and water interact chemically to bind the aggregate particles into a solid mass. Additional water, over and above that needed for this chemical reaction, is necessary to give the mixture workability that enables it to fill the forms and surround the embedded reinforcing steel prior to hardening. Concretes with a wide range of properties can be obtained by appropriates adjustment of the proportions of the constituent materials. Special cements, special aggregates, and special curing methods permit an even wider variety of properties to be obtained.These properties depend to a very substantial degree on the proportions of the mix, on the thoroughness with which the various constituents are intermixed, and on the conditions of humidity and temperature in which the mix is maintained from the moment it is placed in the forms of humidity and hardened. The process of controlling conditions after placement is known as curing. To protect against the unintentional production of substandard concrete, a high degree of skillful control and supervision is necessary throughout the process, from the proportioning by weight of the individual components, trough mixing and placing, until the completion of curing.The factors that make concrete a universal building material are so pronounced that it has been used, in more primitive kinds and ways than at present, for thousands of years, starting with lime mortars from 12,000 to 600 B.C. in Crete, Cyprus, Greece, and the Middle East. The facility with which , while plastic, it can be deposited and made to fill forms or molds of almost any practical shape is one of these factors. Its high fire and weather resistance are evident advantages. Most of the constituent materials, with the exception of cement and additives, are usually available at low cost locally or at small distances from the construction site. Its compressive strength, like that of natural stones, is high, which makes it suitable for members primarily subject to compression, such as columns and arches. On the other hand, again as in natural stones, it is a relatively brittle material whose tensile strength is small compared with its compressive strength. This prevents its economical use in structural members that ate subject to tension either entirely or over part of their cross sections.To offset this limitation, it was found possible, in the second half of thenineteenth century, to use steel with its high tensile strength to reinforce concrete, chiefly in those places where its low tensile strength would limit the carrying capacity of the member. The reinforcement, usually round steel rods with appropriate surface deformations to provide interlocking, is places in the forms in advance of the concrete. When completely surrounded by the hardened concrete mass, it forms an integral part of the member. The resulting combination of two materials, known as reinforced concrete, combines many of the advantages of each: the relatively low cost , good weather and fire resistance, good compressive strength, and excellent formability of concrete and the high tensile strength and much greater ductility and toughness of steel. It is this combination that allows the almost unlimited range of uses and possibilities of reinforced concrete in the construction of buildings, bridges, dams, tanks, reservoirs, and a host of other structures.In more recent times, it has been found possible to produce steels, at relatively low cost, whose yield strength is 3 to 4 times and more that of ordinary reinforcing steels. Likewise, it is possible to produce concrete 4 to 5 times as strong in compression as the more ordinary concrete. These high-strength materials offer many advantages, including smaller member cross sections, reduced dead load, and longer spans. However, there are limits to the strengths of the constituent materials beyond which certain problems arise. To be sure, the strength of such a member would increase roughly in proportion to those of the materials. However, the high strains that result from the high stresses that would otherwise be permissible would lead to large deformations and consequently large deflections of such member under ordinary loading conditions. Equally important, the large strains in such high-strength reinforcing steel would induce large cracks in the surrounding low tensile strength concrete, cracks that would not only be unsightly but that could significantly reduce the durability of the structure. This limits the useful yield strength of high-strength reinforcing steel to 80 ksi according to many codes and specifications; 60 ksi steel is most commonly used.A special way has been found, however, to use steels and concrete of very high strength in combination. This type of construction is known as prestressed concrete. The steel, in the form of wires, strands, or bars, is embedded in the concrete under high tension that is held in equilibrium by compressive stresses in the concrete after hardening, Because of this precompression, the concrete in a flexural member will crack on the tension side at a much larger load than when not so precompressed. Prestressing greatly reduces both the deflections and the tensile cracks at ordinaryloads in such structures, and thereby enables these high-strength materials to be used effectively. Prestressed concrete has extended, to a very significant extent, the range of spans of structural concrete and the types of structures for which it is suited.混凝土，钢筋混凝土和预应力混凝土混凝土是一种经过水泥，沙子和砂砾或其他材料聚合得到经过细致配比的混合物，在液体变硬使材料石化后可以得到理想的形状和结构尺寸。
建筑施工质量管理体系外文翻译参考文献
建筑施工质量管理体系外文翻译参考文献1. GB/T -2016 英文名称：Quality management systems--Requirements《质量管理体系要求》2. GB/T -2016 英文名称：Quality management systems--Guidelines for the application of ISO 9001:2015《质量管理体系应用指南》3. GB -2013 英文名称：Code for construction quality acceptance of building engineering《建筑工程质量验收规范》4. GB -2011 英文名称：Code for acceptance of constructional quality of masonry engineering《砌体工程施工质量验收规范》5. GB -2010 英文名称：Code for design of concrete structures《混凝土结构设计规范》6. GB -2013 英文名称：Standard for building drawing standardization《建筑施工图件编制规范》7. GB -2001 英文名称：Code for acceptance of construction quality of pile foundation engineering《桩基工程施工质量验收规范》8. /T 11-2017 英文名称：Technical specification for concrete structure of tall building《高层建筑混凝土结构技术规范》9. 63-2013 英文名称：Technical specification for strengthening of building structures using carbon fiber reinforced plastics 《建筑结构加固碳纤维布增强复合材料技术规范》10. 81-2002 英文名称：Technical specification for application of sprayed mortar in building construction and acceptance of quality 《建筑喷涂砂浆工程施工及质量验收技术规定》。
商品混凝土质量控制
商品混凝土质量控制一、引言商品混凝土是建造工程中常用的一种材料，质量控制对于保证工程质量和安全至关重要。
本文将详细介绍商品混凝土质量控制的标准要求、测试方法和质量控制措施。
二、标准要求1. 混凝土配合比：根据工程要求和设计要求，制定合理的混凝土配合比。
配合比应包括水灰比、水胶比、砂浆含量等指标，并符合相关国家标准。
2. 原材料质量：混凝土的原材料包括水泥、骨料、粉煤灰等。
应选择符合国家标准的优质原材料，并进行严格抽样检测，确保其质量符合要求。
3. 施工工艺：施工过程中应按照设计要求和标准操作，包括搅拌、浇筑、振捣等环节。
搅拌时间、振捣频率等参数应符合相关标准。
三、测试方法1. 水泥测试：包括水泥标号、凝结时间、比表面积等指标的测试。
可采用国家标准方法进行测试，如GB/T 176-2022《水泥标准振实度试验方法》等。
2. 骨料测试：包括骨料颗粒大小、含泥量、吸水率等指标的测试。
可采用GB/T 14684-2022《骨料粒径分析方法》等国家标准方法进行测试。
3. 混凝土强度测试：包括抗压强度、抗折强度等指标的测试。
可采用GB/T 50081-2002《混凝土力学性能试验方法标准》等国家标准方法进行测试。
四、质量控制措施1. 原材料抽样检测：对水泥、骨料、粉煤灰等原材料进行抽样检测，确保其质量符合要求。
检测结果应记录并保存。
2. 搅拌过程控制：控制搅拌时间、搅拌速度等参数，确保混凝土均匀搅拌。
检测混凝土的坍落度和含气量，确保其符合设计要求。
3. 浇筑过程控制：控制浇筑速度、浇筑高度等参数，避免混凝土分层和产生空洞。
及时修补浇筑缺陷，确保混凝土质量。
4. 强度测试：进行混凝土强度测试，及时发现强度不达标的情况。
如发现问题，应调整施工工艺或者更换原材料，确保工程质量。
五、质量记录和报告1. 混凝土配合比记录：记录混凝土配合比的具体参数和计算过程，以备工程验收和后期维护使用。
2. 原材料检测报告：记录原材料抽样检测的结果和分析报告，以备工程验收和后期质量追溯。
商品混凝土在施工过程中的质量控制及保证措施韦力源
商品混凝土在施工过程中的质量控制及保证措施韦力源摘要:本文论述施工过程中商品混凝土的卸料、浇注、振捣、抹面和养护正确操作方法，以及特殊种类和特殊部位的混凝土施工注意事项，并提出质量保证措施和质量保证资料。
关键词:商品混凝土；质量；施工Abstract: this paper discusses the construction process of concrete products unloading, pouring and vibrating, plaster and maintenance correct operation method, and special type and special parts of the concrete construction points for attention, and puts forward measures for quality assurance and quality assurance material.Keywords: concrete products; Quality; construction中图分类号：TU528.52 文献标识码：A 文章编号：1、前言混凝土工程质量的保证，对商品砼公司，在于使用优质的原材料、合理的配合比、充分均匀的搅拌和及时准确的运输；对施工单位，在于合理的施工组织和技术措施，包括正确的浇注、振捣、抹面和养护方法等。
商品砼公司与施工单位应增进交流、相互协作、紧密配合，双方都严格执行国家标准和行业标准，保证每一个环节不出问题，这样才能建造出质量优良的混凝土工程。
2、商品混凝土的分类在砼公司的日常生产控制中，一般是根据混凝土的浇注方式分为普通砼和泵送砼。
2.1普通砼：在工地上直接卸料或由人力车、吊斗铺料浇注，如垫层、基础、小型底板、孔桩、地梁、承台、路面、地坪、挡土墙、柱及预制件等结构，坍落度在80－120mm之间，初凝时间3－5h，终凝时间7－9h。
商品混凝土质量控制论文
浅谈商品混凝土的质量控制摘要：商品混凝土在工程中的应用越来越普遍，其质量问题会极大地影响建筑工程质量。
因而有效控制生产施工环节中影响商品混凝土质量的各种不利因素，是商品混凝土亟需解决的问题，本文对此做了初步的探讨和分析。
关键词：商品混凝士；质量；控制abstract: the concrete products in the application of engineering is becoming more and more common, its quality problems will greatly affect construction engineering quality. so effective control of the production of construction link influence the quality of concrete products of the disadvantage factors, is the commodity concrete problem to be solved, in this paper, this made the preliminary discussion and analysis.key words: coagulation and commodities; quality; control随着现代科技的发展，工程质量要求越来越高，商品混凝土已在工程中广泛应用，商品混凝土就是预拌混凝土的商品化生产，其具有加速施工进度、减少环境污染、提高工程质量和节约材料成本等优点，并以集中搅拌、社会化商品供应为其重要特征，是实现建筑工业化的重要手段之一。
商品混凝土的发展，为混凝土强度等级的提高、混凝土质量的相对稳定、施工速度的大大加快、环境污染的减少等起到了重要作用。
但是，随着商品混凝土推广使用的不断发展，也出现了一些工程问题，如强度不高、容易发生离析等现象，还有就是混凝土收缩裂缝出现的几率增多了，尤其是在商品混凝土应用较多的大中城市和大中型工程中，采用了低水灰比(水胶比)高、早强混凝土的结构物出现的早期开裂现象，严重影响了建筑工程的安全质量，这不能不说是混凝土技术发展进程中出现的—个负面效应。
建筑外文翻译外文文献英文文献混凝土强度和现代建筑材料
建筑外文翻译外文文献英文文献混凝土强度和现代建筑材料以下是为大家整理的建筑外文翻译外文文献英文文献混凝土强度和现代建筑材料的相关范文，本文关键词为建筑,外文,翻译,文献,英文,混凝土,强度,现代,建筑材料,，您可以从右上方搜索框检索更多相关文章，如果您觉得有用，请继续关注我们并推荐给您的好友，您可以在英语学习中查看更多范文。
外文出处：buildingandenvironment12(20XX)186-191附件1：外文资料翻译译文混凝土强度和现代建筑材料文章摘要：钢筋混凝土可以用在框架结构上，常常用在预制构件并主要用在工业建筑相同结构建筑物上，混凝土也可以用在壳式建筑施工中，其表面同时也成为结构的组成部分。
现代建筑材料：大多数较大的建筑物都是由钢结构，钢筋混凝土以及预应力混凝土构成。
关键词：混凝土强度；现代建筑材料；高层建筑；框架结构在许多结构中,混凝土同时受到不同方向各种应力的作用.例如在梁中大部分混凝土同时承受压力和剪力,再楼板和基础中,混凝土同时承受两个相互垂直方向的压力外加剪力的作用.根据材料力学学习中已知的方法,无论怎样复杂的复合应力状态,都可化为三个相互垂直的主应力,它们作用在材料适当定向的单元立方体上.三个主应力中的任意一个或者全部既可是拉应力,也可是压应力.如果其中一个主应力为零,则为双轴应力状态。
如果有两个主应力为零，则为单轴应力状态，或为简单压缩或为简单拉伸。
在多数情况下，根据简单的试验，如圆柱体强度f'c和抗拉强度f't，只能够确定材料在单轴应力作用下的性能。
为了预测混凝土在双轴应力或三轴应力作用下的结构强度，在通过试验仅仅知道f'c或f'c与f't的情况下，需要通过计算确定混凝土在上述复合应力状态下的强度。
尽管人们连续不断地进行了大量的研究，但仍然没有得出有关混凝土在复合应力作用下的强度的通用理论。
经过修正的各种强度理论，如最大拉应力理论、莫尔-库仑理论和八面体应力理论(以上理论都在材料力学课本中讨论过)应用于混凝土，取得了不同程度的进展。
商品混凝土的施工质量控制
浅谈商品混凝土的施工质量控制摘要：随着时代的进步、施工工艺、经济效益的需要，现代建筑行业砖混结构已经越来越少，钢筋混凝土结构的工程已经在城市的建筑工程中占主导位置，而自制的混凝土强度很难控制，并且不能满足混凝土大量的需求，因此，商品混凝土也随着市场的需求应运而生。
为此，本文从事前控制、事中控制、事后控制三方面进行分析探究商品混凝土的施工质量控制。
关键词：商品混凝土；配合比；养护abstract: along with the progress of the times, the construction technology, the economic benefits of the construction industry, modern brick and concrete structure has become less and less, reinforced concrete structure of the project has been the dominant position in the city ‘s construction, and the strength of concrete made difficult to control, and can not meet the demand, a lot of the concrete, concrete products with the market demand emerge as the times require. therefore, this paper from beforehand control, things in control, after control of the three aspects of the construction quality control of commercial concrete.key words: commercial concrete; mix; maintenance中图分类号：tu71文献标识码：a 文章编号：2095-2104（2013）随着混凝土技术的进步，越来越显示出施工过程控制的重要性。
外文翻译---钢筋混凝土结构设计制约因素(部分)
外文资料翻译The constraintion of reinforced concrete structure design ( part)Part 1. Reinforced ConcretePlain concrete is formed from a hardened mixture of cement ,water ,fine aggregate, coarse aggregate (crushed stone or gravel),air, and often other admixtures. The plastic mix is placed and consolidated in the formwork, then cured to facilitate the acceleration of the chemical hydration reaction lf the cement/water mix, resulting in hardened concrete. The finished product has high compressive strength, and low resistance to tension, such that its tensile strength is approximately one tenth lf its compressive strength. Consequently, tensile and shear reinforcement in the tensile regions of sections has to be provided to compensate for the weak tension regions in the reinforced concrete element.It is this deviation in the composition of a reinforces concrete section from the homogeneity of standard wood or steel sections that requires a modified approach to the basic principles of structural design. The two components of the heterogeneous reinforced concrete section are to be so arranged and proportioned that optimal use is made of the materials involved. This is possible because concrete can easily be given any desired shape by placing and compacting the wet mixture of the constituent ingredients are properly proportioned, the finished product becomes strong, durable, and, in combination with the reinforcing bars, adaptable for use as main members of any structural system.The techniques necessary for placing concrete depend on the type of member to be cast: that is, whether it is a column, a bean, a wall, a slab, a foundation. a mass columns, or an extension of previously placed and hardened concrete. For beams, columns, and walls, the forms should be well oiled after cleaning them, and the reinforcement should be cleared of rust and other harmful materials. In foundations, the earth should be compacted and thoroughly moistened to about 6 in. in depth to avoid absorption of the moisture present in the wet concrete. Concrete should always be placed in horizontal layers which are compacted by means of high frequency power-driven vibrators of either the immersion or external type, as the case requires, unless it is placed by pumping. It must be kept in mind, however, that over vibration can be harmful since it could cause segregation of the aggregate and bleeding of the concrete.Hydration of the cement takes place in the presence of moisture at temperatures above 50°F. It is necessary to maintain such a condition in order that the chemical hydration reaction can take place. If drying is too rapid, surface cracking takes place. This would result in reduction of concrete strength due to cracking as well as the failure to attain full chemical hydration.It is clear that a large number of parameters have to be dealt with in proportioning a reinforced concrete element, such as geometrical width, depth, area of reinforcement, steel strain, concrete strain, steel stress, and so on. Consequently, trial and adjustment is necessary in the choice of concrete sections, with assumptionsbased on conditions at site, availability of the constituent materials, particular demands of the owners, architectural and headroom requirements, the applicable codes, and environmental reinforced concrete is often a site-constructed composite, in contrast to the standard mill-fabricated beam and column sections in steel structures.A trial section has to be chosen for each critical location in a structural system. The trial section has to be analyzed to determine if its nominal resisting strength is adequate to carry the applied factored load. Since more than one trial is often necessary to arrive at the required section, the first design input step generates into a series of trial-and-adjustment analyses.The trial-and –adjustment procedures for the choice of a concrete section lead to the convergence of analysis and design. Hence every design is an analysis once a trial section is chosen. The availability of handbooks, charts, and personal computers and programs supports this approach as a more efficient, compact, and speedy instructional method compared with the traditional approach of treating the analysis of reinforced concrete separately from pure design.Part 2 Safety of StructuresThe principal scope of specifications is to provide general principles and computational methods in order to verify safety of structures. The “ safety factor ”, which according to modern trends is independent of the nature and combination of the materials used, can usually be defined as the ratio between the conditions. This ratio is also proportional to the inverse of the probability ( risk ) of failure of the structure.Failure has to be considered not only as overall collapse of the structure but also as unserviceability or, according to a more precise. Common definition. As the reaching of a “ limit state ” which causes the construction not to accomplish the task it was designed for. There are two categories of limit state :(1)Ultimate limit sate, which corresponds to the highest value of the load-bearing capacity. Examples include local buckling or global instability of the structure; failure of some sections and subsequent transformation of the structure into a mechanism; failure by fatigue; elastic or plastic deformation or creep that cause a substantial change of the geometry of the structure; and sensitivity of the structure to alternating loads, to fire and to explosions.(2)Service limit states, which are functions of the use and durability of the structure. Examples include excessive deformations and displacements without instability; early or excessive cracks; large vibrations; and corrosion.Computational methods used to verify structures with respect to the different safety conditions can be separated into:(1)Deterministic methods, in which the main parameters are considered as nonrandom parameters.(2)Probabilistic methods, in which the main parameters are considered as random parameters.Alternatively, with respect to the different use of factors of safety, computational methods can be separated into:(1)Allowable stress method, in which the stresses computed under maximum loads are compared with the strength of the material reduced by given safety factors.(2)Limit states method, in which the structure may be proportioned on the basis of its maximum strength. This strength, as determined by rational analysis, shall not be less than that required to support a factored load equal to the sum of the factored live load and dead load ( ultimate state ).The stresses corresponding to working ( service ) conditions with unfactored live and dead loads are compared with prescribed values ( service limit state ) . From the four possible combinations of the first two and second two methods, we can obtain some useful computational methods. Generally, two combinations prevail:(1)deterministic methods, which make use of allowable stresses.(2)Probabilistic methods, which make use of limit states.The main advantage of probabilistic approaches is that, at least in theory, it is possible to scientifically take into account all random factors of safety, which are then combined to define the safety factor. probabilistic approaches depend upon :(1) Random distribution of strength of materials with respect to the conditions of fabrication and erection ( scatter of the values of mechanical properties through out the structure );(2) Uncertainty of the geometry of the cross-section sand of the structure ( faults and imperfections due to fabrication and erection of the structure );(3) Uncertainty of the predicted live loads and dead loads acting on the structure;(4)Uncertainty related to the approximation of the computational method used ( deviation of the actual stresses from computed stresses ).Furthermore, probabilistic theories mean that the allowable risk can be based on several factors, such as :(1) Importance of the construction and gravity of the damage by its failure;(2)Number of human lives which can be threatened by this failure;(3)Possibility and/or likelihood of repairing the structure;(4) Predicted life of the structure.All these factors are related to economic and social considerations such as：(1) Initial cost of the construction;(2) Amortization funds for the duration of the construction;(3) Cost of physical and material damage due to the failure of the construction;(4) Adverse impact on society;(5) Moral and psychological views.The definition of all these parameters, for a given safety factor, allows construction at the optimum cost. However, the difficulty of carrying out a complete probabilistic analysis has to be taken into account. For such an analysis the laws of the distribution of the live load and its induced stresses, of the scatter of mechanical properties of materials, and of the geometry of the cross-sections and the structure have to be known. Furthermore, it is difficult to interpret the interaction between the law of distribution of strength and that of stresses because both depend upon the nature of the material, on the cross-sections and upon the load acting on the structure. These practical difficulties can be overcome in two ways. The first is to apply different safety factors to the material and to the loads, without necessarily adopting the probabilistic criterion. The second is an approximate probabilistic method whichintroduces some simplifying assumptions.钢筋混凝土结构设计制约因素（部分）第一部分：钢筋混凝土混凝土是由水泥、水、细骨料、粗骨料（碎石或；卵石）、空气，通常还有其他外加剂等经过凝固硬化而成。
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中文1515字本科毕业论文外文资料翻译系别：管理科学与工程系专业：工程管理 ________2015 年18外文资料翻译译文商品混凝土质量控制-- 《商品混凝土质量控制》吕克•贝松商品混凝土从生产、施工、养护、硬化是一系列的过程，要获得优质的商品混凝土，必须在这个过程中贯彻全面的质量管理( P、D、C、A 循环)。
P(PLAN计划即配置优质的商品混凝土的措施；D (DO即按照计划进行实施；C (CHECK即对生产的混凝土进行检查是否满足质量要求；A( ACTION即对检查结论进行处理，并把经验总结用于实际生产中。
甚至从原材料的优选、配合比设计、出厂质量控制、施工、养护硬化都应该贯彻全面的质量管理质量管理是确保所有的项目活动设计的必要过程，计划和执行项目的有效和高效的目的和其性能的目的。
1 商品混凝土的定义商品混凝土是指以集中搅拌、远距离运输的方式向建筑工地供应一定要求的混凝土。
它包括混合物搅拌、运输、泵送和浇筑等工艺过程。
严格地讲商品混凝土是指混凝土的工艺和产品，而不是混凝土的品种，它应包括大流动性混凝土、流态混凝土、泵送混凝土、高强混凝土、大体积混凝土、防渗抗裂混凝土或高性能混凝土等。
因此，商品混凝土是现代混凝土与现代化施工工艺的结合，它的普及程度能代表一个国家或地区的混凝土施工水平和现代化程度。
2 商品混凝土的特点商品混凝土的产生和出现是建筑材料，特别是混凝土发展史上的一次“革命”, 是混凝土工业走向现代化和科学化的标志。
与传统混凝土比较，商品混凝土具有独特的优势：(1)生产过程严格执行国家和行业标准，所用原材料相对稳定，(2)能节省工程量，扩大建筑物的有效使用空间。
(3)能大大缩短建设工期，提高建设速度。
施工单位使用商品混凝土，施工速度加快，减少设备、架管模板等周转租赁费用；业主单位可缩短建设周期，降低投资风险。
( 4)泵送施工，可进行高层、一定距离范围内作业，提高效率，减轻劳动强度，降低施工管理费用、技术难度和质量风险；而且使大体积混凝土实施连续、无缝施工成为可能(5)保护和改善环境。
使用商品混凝土能节省施工用地，减少资源浪费(6)减少建筑地盘材料堆放的占地面积，避免交通堵塞。
避免“建好一幢楼，损坏一条路”的现状，使施工环境保持整洁，实现文明施工。
3质量控制工具有一对很好的工具，可以用来控制一个项目的质量，这些都是原因和效果图，因果图，又称为鱼骨图或石川图(命名为石川，日本的质量控制人员，谁开发的概念在20世纪60年代，被认为是质量管理的七个基本工具)为鱼骨图，因为他们的鱼一样的外观，它是一种分析工具提供的看着的影响及其产生的原因，有助于创造或影响一个系统的方法。
石川图采用问题解决团队作为一种工具，组装所有输入(为他们解决这个问题的原因是什么)系统和图形，与输入通常来自一个头脑风暴会议。
它使团队的重点为何出现问题，而不是对问题的历史或症状，或其他主题，离开会议的意图。
它也显示了一个实时的“快照”的团队的集体输入更新是。
可能的原因是在连支不同的详细程度，与细节作为分支向外，即水平不断提高，外支是它是连接到内部分支的原因。
因此，最外层的树枝通常表明问题的根源。
因果图4商品混凝土质量控制措施混凝土的质量由原材料、生产设备、有关人员三个因素构成，也就是所谓的硬件和软件。
对原材料严格把关、选择优质经济的原材料，通过先进的生产工艺进行生产，人员具有良好的素质，认真负责地贯彻相关标准，准确无误地完成各个工序，是获得优质的商品混凝土的保证。
原材料包括水泥、粗细骨料、外加剂、掺和料、是优良混凝土的物质基础，然后按照合理的配合比，在生产过程中根据原材料、天气情况、施工情况等进行配合比调整，对出厂的混凝土进行取样、检验、成型养护，并把检验结果反馈到生产控制中；对于出厂的混凝土进行跟踪控制，要求施工方及时地反馈混凝土质量情况，以便进行生产控制；同时要求施工方对浇注的混凝土进行合理的养护，以便获得优质的混凝土。
外文原文Quality control of commercial concrete--- 《 Quality control of commercialconcrete》Luc BessonCommercial concrete from production, construction,, maintenance, hardening process is a series, to obtain high-quality concrete, must implement a comprehensive quality management(P, D, C in the process, A cycle). P (plan) program that measures the quality of ready-mixed concrete configuration; D (DO) that is implemented according to plan; C (CHECK) that checksfor the production of concrete meetsthe quality requirements; A (ACTION) that the conclusions of the inspection processing and the lessons learned for the actual production. Even from the preferred raw materials, mix design, factory quality control, construction, maintenance sclerosis should implement a comprehensivequality management.1 Definition of Commercial concreteCommercial concrete is to point to by the concentrated stirring, long-distance transportation way to supply certain requirements of concrete construction site. It includes mixture mixing, transportation, pumping and pouring process. Strictly commercial concreterefers to the process and concreteproducts, rather than concrete variety, it should include a large liquidity concrete, flow concrete, pumping concrete, high strength concrete, mass concrete, anti-seepage anti-crack concrete and high performanceconcrete.Therefore, commercial concrete is a combination of modern concrete and modern construction technology，its popularity can represent a country or a region of concreteconstruction level and modernization degree.2 The characteristics of the commercial concreteThe generation of commercial concrete and building materials, in particular, a "revolution" in the history of the development of concrete, is a sign of concrete industrytowards modernization and scientific. Compared with the traditional concrete, concreteproducts with unique advantages:(1) the production processstrictly implement national and industry standards, raw materialsused arerelatively stable,(2) can savequantity, enlarge theeffective use ofbuilding space.(3) can greatly shorte n the con structi on period, improve the con struct ion speed. The use of commercial con crete co nstructio n un it, con struct ion speed, reduce the turno ver ren tal expe nsessuch as equipme nt, pipe rack template; Owners can shorte n the construction period, reduce theinvestmentrisk.(4) pumping construction, high-rise, distanee can be within the scope of operation, improve efficiency, reduce labor intensity, the lower the quality of con struct ion man ageme nt fees, tech ni cal difficulty and risk; And makes mass concreteimplement continuousandseamlessconstruction possible.(5) the protection and improvement of the environment. Use of commercial concretecan saveland for construction,reducethe waste of resources.(6) to reduceconstruction site materials piled up in the area,to avoid traffic jams. Avoid "built a build ing, the damage is a way" of the status quo, keep the con structi on environmentclean andtidy, civilized construction.3 Quality Control ToolsThere are a couple of good tools that can be used to control quality on a project, theseare cause andeffect diagrams,Paretocharts andcontrol charts:Cause and Effect Diagram, also known as fishbone diagrams or Ishikawa diagrams (named after Kaoru Ishikawa, a Japanesequality control statistician, who developedthe con cept i n the 1960s, and is con sideredo ne of the seve n basic tools of quality management) It is named fishbone diagram because of their fish-like appearancejt is an analysis tool that provides a systematicway of looking at effects and the causesthat create or con tribute to those effects. The Ishikawa Diagram is employed by a problem-solvi ng team as a tool for assembli ngall in puts (as to what are the causesof the problem they're addressi ng)systematically and graphically, with the in puts usually coming from a brain storm ing sessi on .It en ablesthe team to focus on why the problem occurs, and not on the history or symptoms of the problem, or other topics that digress from the intent of the session.lt also displays a real-time 'sn ap-shot' of the collective in puts of the team as it is updated. The possible causes are presentedat various levels of detail in connectedbranches,with the level of detail increasing as the branch goes outward, i.e., an outer branch is a cause of the inner branch it is attached to. Thus, the outermost bran ches usually in dicate the root causes of the problem.Cause and effect diagram4 Commercial con crete quality con trol measuresConcrete consists of raw materials, production equipment, the quality of the three factors constitute the people concerned, known as hardware and software. Strictly control for raw materials, choose high quality raw materials of economy, through the use of adva need product ion tech no logy for product ion, pers onnel with good quality, serious and responsible to implement the standards, each working procedure to complete correctly, is a high quality of commodity concrete. Raw materials including cement, aggregate, admixture, admixture degree good, is the material basis of concrete, and then according to the reasonablemixing ratio, in the process of production according to the raw materials, weather conditions, the con struct ion situati on of mixture ratio adjustme nt, the con crete of the factory sampling, inspection, maintenance, and feedback the inspection results to the product ion con trol; Con structio n of the requireme nt for the factory con crete track con trol, timely feedback of quality of con crete cases, for product ion con trol; Con struct ion of the requireme nt and reas on ablema intenan ceof pouri ng con crete, in order to obtain high quality concrete.。