Pragmatics1
Pragmatics -lecture-1.
Definition of pragmatics Pragmatics can be defined in various ways. A general definition is that it is the study of how speakers of a language use sentences to effect successful communication. As the process of communication is essentially a process of conveying meaning in a certain context, pragmatics can also be defined as the study of language in use.
Context Being essential to pragmatics, context is generally considered as constituted by the knowledge shared by the speaker and the hearer. There‟re two types of shared knowledge: the knowledge of the language they use, and the knowledge about the world, including the general knowledge about the world and the specific knowledge about the situation in which linguistic communication is taking place. Without such knowledge, linguistic communication would not be possible, and without considering such knowledge, linguistic communication cannot be satisfactorily accounted for in a pragmatic sense.
语言学pragmatics练习题
语言学pragmatics练习题随着全球化的发展，语言的重要性日益凸显。
语言学作为一门研究语言现象的学科，涉及到多个方面，其中之一就是pragmatics（语用学）。
pragmatics研究的是语言在特定背景下的使用，因此对于语言学及与语言相关的领域是至关重要的。
本文将给读者提供一些pragmatics 练习题，帮助其更好地理解和应用相关概念。
1. 参考下面的对话，回答以下问题：A: "好久不见！最近还好吗？"B: "还好，最近忙得不可开交，你呢？"A: "我也是，工作忙得不可开交。
"B: "是啊，现在社会节奏太快了，我们都是拼命工作。
"问题：a. 对话中的两个人之间是否有亲密关系？b. 为什么B回答"还好，最近忙得不可开交，你呢？"时没有直接回答"好久不见！最近还好吗？"中的问题？c. 对话中的"我们都是拼命工作"是什么意思？2. 请分析以下句子的语用意义：a. "你能帮我一个忙吗？"b. "帮助万岁！"c. "你为什么在这里？"d. "这件事你也敢做？"3. 请思考并举例说明下面语言现象的语用影响：a. 褒义和贬义b. 舌头比喻c. 反问句4. 请比较和对比直接指称和间接指称的语用特点，并给出例子。
以上练习题旨在帮助读者加深对pragmatics的理解，并能运用相关知识进行分析和解释。
通过对真实语境中的语言使用进行观察和分析，读者能够更好地理解语用学的基本概念，并在实际交流中有效地运用语言。
解答部分如下：1. a. 对话中的两个人之间可能有一定的亲密关系，因为他们使用了"好久不见！"这样的问候语。
b. B回答的方式是一种社交策略，为了避免单纯地回答问题，他回答的是与对方问题相关的信息，表达自己亦忙的情况。
pragmatics英语解释
Pragmatics is a subfield of linguistics that studies how context and social factors contribute to meaning in language. It looks at how language is used in real-life situations and how it can be interpreted beyond its literal or grammatical meaning. Pragmatics also examines howmunicative acts are performed and understood, including the role of speaker intentions, assumptions, and presuppositions inmunication.1. Definition of PragmaticsPragmatics is the study of how context influences the interpretation of language. It focuses on the use of language inmunication, taking into account the speaker's intentions, the context of the conversation, and the social and cultural factors that may impact meaning. Unlike semantics, which deals with the literal meaning of words and sentences, pragmatics looks at the implied or inferred meaning of language in use.2. Key Concepts in Pragmaticsa. Speech ActsOne of the central concepts in pragmatics is speech acts, whichrefers to the actions performed by speakers through their utterances. These actions can include making requests, giving orders, making promises, or expressing opinions. Speech acts are not just about the words themselves, but also the intentions and effects behind them.b. Grice's MaximsGrice's conversational maxims are another important concept in pragmatics. These maxims, proposed by philosopher H.P. Grice, outline the principles that guide cooperativemunication. They include the maxims of quantity, quality, relevance, and manner, which suggest that speakers should be informative, truthful, relevant, and clear in theirmunication.c. ImplicatureImplicature refers to the inferred meaning that arises from an utterance, beyond its literal meaning. The study of implicature is central to the understanding of how context and pragmatic principles affect the interpretation of language. For example, when someone says "It's cold in here," the implicature might be a request to close a window or turn up the heat.3. Applications of PragmaticsPragmatics has implications for various areas of language use, including language teaching, cross-culturalmunication, and discourse analysis.a. Language TeachingIn language teaching, an understanding of pragmatics is crucial for learners to effectively use language in real-world situations. Teaching pragmatics involves helping learners understand the appropriate use of language in different contexts and how to interpret the implied meanings and intentions inmunication.b. Cross-Cultural CommunicationPragmatics also plays a significant role in cross-culturalmunication. Different languages and cultures may have varying pragmatic norms and conventions, leading to potential misunderstandings or mimunications. By understanding the pragmatic differences between languages, individuals can navigate cross-cultural interactions more effectively.c. Discourse AnalysisIn discourse analysis, pragmatics is used to examine how language is used to achievemunicative goals in different contexts. This includes studying the patterns of interaction, power dynamics, and politeness strategies in discourse, as well as how context influences the interpretation of language in specific settings.4. Challenges and Controversies in PragmaticsDespite its importance, pragmatics also faces several challenges and controversies in its study. These include issues related to the cultural and context-specific nature of pragmatic meaning, the difficulty of establishing universal pragmatic principles, and the role of pragmatics in language processing and understanding.a. Cultural and Context-Specific NatureOne challenge in pragmatics is the recognition of the cultural and context-specific nature of pragmatic meaning. Differentcultures may have unique norms and conventions formunication, leading to variations in pragmatic interpretation. This makes it difficult to establish universal rules for pragmatic understanding.b. Universal Pragmatic PrinciplesAnother controversial issue is the search for universal pragmatic principles. While some scholars argue for the existence of cross-linguistic and cross-cultural pragmatic principles, others emphasize the diversity and variability of pragmatic norms across languages and cultures. This ongoing debate reflects theplexity of studying pragmatics on a global scale.c. Pragmatics and Language ProcessingThe relationship between pragmatics and language processing is another area of contention. Some researchers argue that pragmatics is an essentialponent of language understanding, while others m本人nt本人n that it is secondary to the processing of grammatical and semantic information. Resolving this issue has implications for the study ofmunication disorders and the development of natural language processing systems.5. ConclusionIn conclusion, pragmatics offers valuable insights into theplex nature of language use and interpretation. By examining the role of context, social factors, and speaker intentions inmunication, pragmatics enhances our understanding of how language works in the real world. Despite the challenges and controversies it faces, the study of pragmatics continues to be an important and dynamic field within linguistics, with implications for language teaching, cross-culturalmunication, and discourse analysis. As we strive to better understand the multifaceted nature of language andmunication, pragmatics rem本人ns a crucial area of investigation.。
《英语语言学导论》(第四版)课件Chapter 7 Pragmatics
world; 3) the relationships between linguistic forms and the users of
Contents
1 Introduction to Pragmatics 2 Deixis and Reference
3 Speech Acts 4 Pragmatic Presupposition
5 The Cooperative Principle and Implicature
6
Apply PP to teaching in future Politeness
7.2.6 Social deixis
the encoding of social distinctions, or the use of deictic expressions to indicate social status of the interlocutors
● honorifics e.g. tu/vous (in French) du/sie (in German) nǐ/nín (in Chinese)
--- the addressees being audio-visually present during the utterances to be able to understand these expressions
e.g. I like that one, not this one.
7.2 Deixis and reference
语用学纲要 中的名词解释
语用学纲要中的名词解释语用学是研究语言使用的学科，它关注的是语言在特定语境中的意义和交际功能。
在语用学研究中，有一些重要的名词需要进行解释，以帮助我们更加深入地理解和掌握语用学的基本概念和理论。
下面将分别解释几个重要的名词。
1. 语用学（Pragmatics）语用学是一门关注语言如何在特定环境中被使用和解释的学科。
它研究的范畴包括言外之意、暗示意义以及与语境相关的信息。
语用学通过考察交流中的言语行为来解释人们如何使用语言来表达意思、建立关系和达到特定的交际目的。
2. 言外之意（Implicature）言外之意指的是在语言使用过程中，说话人不直接提及但读者或听者可以通过推理得出的意思。
这种言外之意依赖于语境和常识，通过揭示非字面表达的信息，使得交流更加丰富和灵活。
3. 语境（Context）语境是指语言使用的具体环境条件，包括时间、地点、社会背景、参与者之间的关系等等。
语境对于理解语言的意义和推断言外之意起着重要的作用。
语境可以分为两种：文字语境和情境语境。
文字语境指的是在一段文字中，通过前后文的信息获得的意义；情境语境则指的是通过交际环境获取的语言意义。
4. 合作原则（Cooperative Principle）合作原则是由美国哲学家格里斯（H.Paul Grice）提出的，它是语用学的基本假设之一。
合作原则要求交流参与者在交流中合作，尽力遵守语言交流的基本准则，包括言语配合、言语经济、言语修辞和明言原则。
遵循合作原则可以使交流更加顺利、有效和互惠。
5. 指代（Reference）指代是指使用语言中的词语来指称现实世界中的事物、概念或实体。
在语用学中，指代研究包括指代的语用功能、指代的形式选择以及指代的语境依赖性等等。
指代在交际中起着很重要的作用，识别和理解指代可以帮助我们构建语言信息的连贯性和完整性。
6. 指涉（Deixis）指涉与指代类似，但更加具体，它指的是在交际中通过语言指示和引用特定的人、事、物或地点。
pragmatics1
The meaning of the sentence depends on who the speaker is , who the hearer is, when and where it is used.
It was a hot Christmas day so we went down to the beach in the afternoon and had a good time swimming and surfing.
1.A: Are you going to the seminar?
B: It’s on linguistics.
2.A: Would you like some coffee?
B: Coffee would keep me awake. 3.A: 我带的钱不够，今天买不了。 B: 那就下次再买吧。
John Langshow Austin
• 1911- 1960 • An Oxford philosopher • Only seven papers before he died.
• How to Do Things with
Words, lectures made at Harvard University in 1955, published in1962. It aims to answer the question “ what do we do in using language”
Semantic meaning: the more constant,
inherent side of meaning
Pragmatic meaning: the more indeterminate, the more closely related to context
Pragmatics -lecture-1
First let’s see what these children still need to learn about using language? Situation 2: A father is trying to get his 3-yearold daughter to stop lifting up her dress to display her lovely new underwear to the assembled guests in her birthday party. Father: We don’t DO that. Daughter: I know, daddy. You don’t WEAR dresses.
Definition of pragmatics Pragmatics can be defined in various ways. A general definition is that it is the study of how speakers of a language use sentences to effect successful communication. As the process of communication is essentially a process of conveying meaning in a certain context, pragmatics can also be defined as the study of language in use.
Analysis: The problem is that the children appear to have understood what the words meant but not what their parents meant. As adults, we usually arrive at the speaker’s meaning so effortlessly that we tend to be unaware of the considerable amount of skill and knowledge that we used to accomplish this.
语言学名词解释《最新文档》
Chapter 6: Pragmatics1. pragmatics: The study of how speakers uses sentences to effect successful communication.2. context: The general knowledge shared by the speakers and the hearers. (05)3. sentence meaning: The meaning of a self-contained unit with abstract and de-contextualized features.4. utterance meaning: The meaning that a speaker conveys by using a particular utterance in a particular context. (03).6. Speech Act Theory: The theory proposed by John Austin and deepened by Searle, which believes that we are performing actions when we are speaking. (05)7. constatives: Constatives are statements that either state or describe, and are thus verifiable. (06F)8. performatives:Performatives are sentences that don’t state a fact or describe a state, a nd are not verifiable.9. locutionary act: The act of conveying literal meaning by virtue of syntax, lexicon and phonology.10. illocutionary act:The act of expressing the speaker’s intention and performed in saying something. (06F)11. perlocutionary act: The act resulting from saying something and the consequence or the change brought about by the utterance.1. historical linguistics:A subfield of linguistics that study language change.2. coinage: A new word can be coined to fit some purpose. (03)3. blending:A blend is a word formed by combining parts of other words.5. borrowing:When different culture come into contact, words are often borrowed from one language to another. It is also called load words.6. back formation: New words may be coined from already existing words by subtracting an affix mistakenly thought to be part of the old word. Such words are called back-formation.7. functional shift: Words may shift from one part of speech to another without the addition of affixes.8. acronyms: Acronyms are words derived from the initials of several words.Chapter 8: Language And Society2. speech community: A group of people who form a community and share at least one speech variety as well as similar linguistic norms. (05)3. speech varieties: It refers to any distinguishable form of speech used by a speaker or a group of speakers.4. regional dialect: A variety of language used by people living in the same geographical region.5. sociolect: A variety of language used by people, who belong to a particular social class.6. registers : The type of language which is selected as appropriate to the type of situation.7. idiolect :A person’s dialect of an individual speaker that combines elements, regarding regional, social, gender and age variations. (04)10. field of discourse : the purpose and subject matter of the communicative behavior..11. tenor of discourse: It refers to the role of relationship in the situation in question: who the participants in the communication groups are and in what relationship they stand to each other.12. mode of discourse: It refers to the means of communication and it is concerned with how communication is carried out.13. standard dialect: A superposed variety of language of a community or nation, usually based on the speech and writing of educated native speakers of the language.14. formality: It refers to the degree of formality in different occasions and reflects the relationship and conversations. According to Martin Joos, there are five stages of formality, namely, intimate, casual, consultative, formal and frozen.15. Pidgin: A blending of several language, developing as a contact language of people, who speak different languages, try to communication with one another on a regular basis.16. Creole : A pidgin language which has become the native language of a group of speakers used in this daily life.17. bilingualism : The use of two different languages side by side with each having a different role to play, and language switching occurs when the situation changes.(07C)18. diaglossia : A sociolinguistic situation in which two different varieties of language co-exist ina speech community, each having a definite role to play.Chapter 9: Language And Culture1. culture : The total way of life of a person, including the patterns of belief, customs, objects, institutions, techniques, and language that characterizes the life of human community.5. linguistic relativity : A belief that the way people view the world is determined wholly or partly by the structure of their native language-----又叫Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis. (06C)7. denotative meaning: It refers to the literal meaning, which can be found in a dictionary.8. connotative meaning: The association of a word, apart from its primary meaning.9. iconic meaning: The image of a word invoked to people.Chapter 10: Language Acquisition1. language acquisition:It refers to the child’s acquisition of his mother tongue, i.e. how the child comes to understand and speak the language of his community.2. language acquisition device (LAD): A hypothetical innate mechanism every normal human child is believed to be born with, which allow them to acquire language. (03)4. motherese: A special speech to children used by adults, which is characterized with slow rate of speed, high pitch, rich intonation, shorter and simpler sentence structures etc.----又叫child directed speech，caretaker talk.(05)6. under-extension: Use a word with less than its usual range of denotation.7. over-extension: Extension of the meaning of a word beyond its usual domain of application by young children.Chapter 11 : Second Language Acquisition1. second language acquisition: It refers to the systematic study of how one person acquires a second language subsequent to his native language.2. target language: The language to be acquired by the second language learner.3. second language: A second language is a language which is not a native language in a country but which is widely used as a medium of communication and which is usually used alongside another language or languages.4. foreign language: A foreign language is a language which is taught as a school subject but which is not used as a medium of instruction in schools nor as a language of communication within a country.5. interlanguage: A type of language produced by second and foreign language learners, who are in the process of learning a language, and this type of language usually contains wrong expressions.6. fossilization: In second or foreign language learning, there is a process which sometimes occurs in which incorrect linguistic features become a permanent part of the way a person speaks or writes a language.12. interlingual error: errors, which mainly result from cross-linguistic interference at different levels such as phonological, lexical, grammatical etc.13. intralingual error: Errors, which mainly result from faulty or partial learning of the target language, independent of the native language. The typical examples are overgeneralization and cross-association.14. overgeneralization: The use of previously available strategies in new situations, in which they are unacceptable.15. cross-association: some words are similar in meaning as well as spelling and pronunciation. This internal interference is called cross-association.16. error: the production of incorrect forms in speech or writing by a non-native speaker of a second language, due to his incomplete knowledge of the rules of that target language.17. mistake: mistakes, defined as either intentionally or unintentionally deviant forms andself-corrigible, suggest failure in performance.21. acquisition: Acquisition is a process similar to the way children acquire their first language. It is a subconscious process without minute learning of grammatical rules. Learners are hardly awareof their learning but they are using language to communicate. It is also called implicit learning, informal learning or natural learning.24. language aptitude: the natural ability to learn a language, not including intelligence, motivation, interest, etc.25. motivation:motivation is defined as the learner’s attitudes and affective state or learning drive.26. instrumental motivation: the motivation that people learn a foreign language for instrumental goals such as passing exams, or furthering a career etc. (06C)27. integrative motivation: the drive that people learn a foreign language because of the wish to identify with the target culture. (06C/ 05)28. resultative motivation: the drive that learners learn a second language for external purposes. (06F)29. intrinsic motivation: the drive that learners learn the second language for enjoyment or pleasure from learning.30. learning strategies:learning strategies are learners’ co nscious goal-oriented andproblem-solving based efforts to achieve learning efficiency.31. cognitive strategies: strategies involved in analyzing, synthesis, and internalizing what has been learned. (07C/ 06F)32. metacognitive strategies: the techniques in planning, monitoring and evaluating one’s learning.33. affect/ social strategies: the strategies dealing with the ways learners interact or communicate with other speakers, native or non-native.。
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What is Pragmatics?
Pls read P3
Q What are the four areas that pragmatics is concerned?
4 areas that pragmatics is concerned
--the study of speaker meaning [what people mean by what they say, the study of meaning as communicated by a speaker (or writer) and interpreted by a listener (or reader)]
图予以阻止。） 父亲：我们可不这么做。 女孩：我知道，爸爸， 因为你们不穿裙子。
Discussion
1) A: Are you coming to the lecture this morning? B: It's on linguistics.
Qs: 1. What does B want to communicate? 2. How can A get to know what B means? 3. What factors are involved in making the inference? etc.
1) Pragmatics is the study of speaker meaning
2).Pragmatics is the study of contextual meaning.
3). Pragmatics is the study of how more gets than said.
4). Pragmatics is the study of the expression of relative distance.
( Yule 1996:3)
When a diplomat say “yes”, he means “perhaps”, when he says “perhaps he means “no”; and when he says “no” he is no diplomat When a lady says “no”, she means “perhaps”, when she says “perhaps” she means “yes” and when she says “yes” she is no lady. (Voltaire)
Lead in
What can you get from the following examples? Why the two children misunderstand their parents？
Eg1: (一个小男孩走进家门。） 母亲：宝宝，把脚擦干净。 （男孩脱去泥污的鞋袜，在垫子上认真地擦拭自己的脚丫子。） Eg2 （一个三岁的小女孩撩起裙子，向客人展示她的新内裤。父亲试
--the study of contextual meaning [how context determines meaning and shapes the way meaning is conveyed]
Origin of “pragmatics”
Pragma: latin root “act” “action” Pragmatics is a new branch. The term "Pragmatics" was first used by an
What have you learned in your linguistic course? What do you expect from pragmatics course?
An Introduction to Pragmatics
Lead in What is pragmatics? Pragmatics, Syntax, Semantics Objectives of pragmatics Application of pragmatics What do we cover in pragmatics? Recommended References
Melody Guangzhou University
melodyjhx@
Warm-up
What do you know about pragmatics?
(“pragma-”, a Latin root, means “act” or “action”) as a branch of linguistic study?
A Private Conversation
Last week I went to the theatre. I had a very good seat. The play was very interesting. I did not enjoy it. A young man and a young woman were sitting behind me. They were talking loudly. I got very angry. I could not hear the actors. I turned round. I looked at the man and the woman angrily. They did not pay any attention. In the end, I could not bear it. I turned round again. 'I can't hear a word!' I said angrily.' It's none of your business,' the young man said rudely. 'This is a private conversation!'.