21世纪大学英语读写教程4第四单元课文中英对照
21世纪大学实用英语综合教程（第四册）课后翻译
21世纪大学实用英语综合教程（第四册）课后翻译第一篇：21世纪大学实用英语综合教程(第四册)课后翻译Unit 41、I have decided not to go to the interview because the job advertisement has made it clear that only a college graduate is eligible for the post.2、She makes her son practice the piano every day.It seems that she has set her heart on making a pianist of her son.3、When I was a child, I enjoyed doing errands for my mother.I could keep the small change.4、His excellent performance spoke to every member of the audience.No one made any sound throughout it.5、When I finally got around to visiting him in hospital, it was too late.6、Since he is so stubborn, I don’t intend to talk him into considering our suggestion, either.Unit 51、As a result of a downsizing initiative and a major bank merger, my usually well-ordered life became fraught with changes.2、Although I am a rather reticent individual by nature, I made the most of the oral presentations in class.And soon my confidence level soared.3、Much to the amazement of his friends and relatives, the young man gave up his secure future, stepped out his comfort zone and rejoined the “rat race”4、No matter what life throws our way, having a positive attitude makes room for the future.5、Of course, having a fulfilling career is a personal goal I long to achieve.However, working towards materialistic things and personal glorification has never been my first priority.6、Having lost his job, he returned to college and ended1up acquiring a diploma.Unit 61、The new agreement is based on the original United Nations proposal.2、I’ll take this English test even if it takes weeks or months of preparation.3、Inorder to sell anybody anything in five minutes or less, you have to find common ground on which you and your client can stand together.4、Yes, you must work harder in your studies.But it does not mean that you have to sacrifice your health for better grades.5、We’re not here to talk about what divides us.We’re here to find the things that bind us together.6、In some cases you have to stoop to conquer.But does it mean that you have to sacrifice your integrity? Certainly not.Unit 71、While attending Columbia, Liming became good friends with Wang Ying, a twenty-year-old girl from Hong Kong.Encouraged by his instruc tor, John decided to make medicine his life’s career.2、Less than a month after he came to McGill University, Dr.Johnson submitted to the president a detailed plan for setting up a new laboratory in the biology department.3、After receiving the urgent cablegram from his former instructor, Dr.Drew immediately set to work and organized the “Blood for Britain” campaign.4、At the beginning of the following year, thousands of American soldiers were killed or injured on the battlefield.5、In a series of experiments, Dr.Drew discovered that plasma could be given to any patient regardless of blood type.第二篇：大学英语综合教程第四册 uint1 课文翻译上帝显灵罗布·博尔医生正渴望吃上一顿热乎乎的火鸡晚餐和苹果馅饼。
21世纪大学英语读写教程第四册cloze中英文对照版
Unit 1There are many paths to greatness. Some people go down in history for their 1)_ influential _political 有许多道路的伟大。
有些人在历史上有影响力的政治领导。
leadership. Other are remembered for spectacular scientific 2)__ breakthroughs _ for composing great 其他的都记得壮观的科学突破创作伟大的交响乐，symphonies, or writing 3)__ brilliant __ poetry. But whatever path they take, great people seem to 4)__ share __ a 或书写辉煌的诗。
但无论他们采取的路径，伟大的人似乎有few common characteristics. They are relentlessly 5)__ optimistic __ and persistent; they have both intellectual 一些共同的特点。
他们乐观不懈和持续的；他们的知识技能skills and the ability to work well with other people; and they love their work. In fact, 6)_ for _ these people, work 和工作的能力，以及与其他人，他们热爱自己的工作。
事实上，is more like an obsession than a job. Of course, many of the questions about greatness 7)__ remain __, 对于这些人来说，工作更像是一个痴迷于工作。
当然，许多问题仍然没有答案的伟大。
21世纪大学生读写教程第四册READING ALOUD汉英+课后翻译
21世纪大学生读写教程第四册Reading Aloud汉英+课后翻译Unit 1If great achievers share anything,said Simonton,it is an unrelenting drive to succeed.”There‟s a tendency to think they are endowed with something super-normal,”he explained.”But what comes out of the research i s that ther are great people who have no amazing intellectual processes.It‟s a difference in degree.Greatness is built upon tremendous amounts of study,practice and devotion.”He cited Winston Churchill,Britain‟s prime minister during World WarⅡ,as an example of a risk-taker who would never give up.Thrust into office when his country‟s morale was at its lowest,Churchill rose brilliantly to lead the British people.In a speech following the Allied evacuation at Dunkirk in 1940,he inspired the nation when he said,”We shall not flag or fail.We shall go on to the end...We shall never surrender.”西蒙顿说，如果事业上取得巨大成就者具有什么共性的话，那就是一种持续不断地追求成功的动力。
21世纪大学新英语读写译教程：Unit 04 Genders
大学英语基础课程《高级综合英语》《21世纪大学新英语视听说教程4》Unit 4Learning ObjectivesIn this unit, students are going to watch and listen to some news reports, news stories and interviews. Through doing a series of tasks, they will➢grasp the main ideas of the passages about genders;➢identify the detailed information from the passages / video clips;➢get to know some differences between men and womenTeaching PlanPart 1 Lead-inTask 1Scan the following statements about differences between men and women. Apart from these physical differences, do you know any other differences between men and women?Task 2The average height for men is 1. 71 m while women are on average 12 cmshorter.The average male weighs 78 kilos which is 13 kilos heavier than the averagefemale.Women have less body water (52% for the average woman vs. 61% for theaverage man).A man’s brain measures 87. 4 cubic inches, while a woman’s brain measures 76.8 cubic inches.Women are 3 times more likely to suffer from migraines(偏头痛) compared withmen.Look at the following picture, first describe it and then answer the questions below.1) What do you think of the roles of men and women?2) Can you think of any ways in which Chinese culture affects gender roles?Part 2 Watching & ListeningSection ADirections: In this section, you are going to listen to a dialogue “ Can Men Handle Alcohol Better Than Women”(1’32” ). Read the following words aloud first and then finish the tasks below.Task 1Listen to the dialogue and some questions are asked about it. Choose the best answer to each question from the four choices given below.1. How many drinks did Yael order according to the dialogue?A) Three. B) Four. C) Five. D) Six.2. What is Yaël’s height?A) Five feet. B) Six feet.C) 5. 6 feet. D) 5. 8 feet.3. Why do women tend to get intoxicated faster than men?A) Because women seldom drink alcohol.B) Because women don’t like the taste of alcohol.C) Because women tend to have more fat.D) Because women are not as strong as men.Task 2Listen to the dialogue again, focusing on the specific information, and then decide whether the following statements are true or false. Write T for true and F for false.1. Don didn’t suggest Yael for another drink.2. Yael is taller than most men, and she believes that she can drink as much as men of her size.3. According to studies men are more likely to suffer worse hangovers.4. Yael will order a pitcher of water instead of alcohol.Task 3Listen to the dialogue the third time and then fill in the blanks.With about 1) more water in their bodies than women, men can drink more alcohol than women before becoming 2) . In fact, studies show that women suffer worse 3) than men too. Men tend to experience more 4) and 5) as a result of drinking, but overall, women suffer more, including dehydration, 6 ) , headaches, and nausea. With every drink, women are reaching higher degrees of intoxication than their male 7) and thus it makes sense that they’re reaching higher degrees of hangover too. More research is needed though to 8) for certain why women‘s hangovers are worse.Part 3 Speaking PracticeDirections: In this section, you are going to watch an interview “When Wives Make More”(2’09”). Read the following words and phrases aloud first and then do the tasks below.Task 1Watch the interview and then answer the following questions by filling the blanks.1. According to the video, why are both husband and wife uncomfortable when the wife earns more than the husband?Men are uncomfortable because they think money is power which symbolize , while women are uncomfortable because they feel ________ for leaving the households, going out, out-earning their husbands, and depriving him of .2. Except money, what else does Saltz think can make both husband and wife feel those masculineand feminine roles?Things like time , organization and and so on.Task 2 Pair WorkWatch the video clip again. After watching, discuss the following questions with your partner1. Do “househusbands” exist in our countr y? Can men nurture children as well as women can?Would you ever want this kind of family with husband being at home while wife being out working?2. From your point of view, what are the essential qualities of being an ideal wife or an idealhusband?Task 3 Group DebateIn the last 30 years, the status of women has changed dramatically in our society, with more and more women working as mayors, managers, and professors. Meanwhile, the role of women in the family has also changed, with most wives going out and even some earning more than their husbands. Is the changing role of women good for the family and society?The class is divided into two sides. Students in Side A hold positive attitude while students in Side B opposite attitude.Part 4 Listening TestSection ADirections: In this section, you will hear a passage. At the end of the passage, you will hear some questions. Both the passage and the questions will be spoken only once. After each question there will be a pause. During the pause, you must read the four choices marked A), B), C) and D), and decide which is the best answer.1. A) Violin and Piano.B) Guitar and Violin.C) Saxophone and Guitar.D) Drum and trumpet.2. A) To find out whether they take music lessons in their spare time.B) To find out whether they can name four different musical instruments.C) To find out whether they enjoy playing musical instruments in school.D) To find out whether they differ in their preference for musical instruments.3. A) Because they find them too hard to play.B) Because they think it silly to play them.C) Because they find it not challenging enough to play them.D) Because they consider it important to be different from girls.4. A) Children who have private music tutors.B) Children who are 8 or older.C) Children who are between 5 and 7.D) Children who are well-educated.Section BDirections: In this section, you will hear a passage three times. When the passage is read for the first time, you should listen carefully for its general idea. When the passage is read for the second time, you are required to fill in the blanks numbered from 1 to 8 with the exact words you have just heard. For blanks numbered from 9 to 11 you are required to fill in the missing information. For these blanks, you can either use the exact words you have just heard or write down the main points in your own words. Finally, when the passage is read for the third time, you should check what you have written.It is research that is guaranteed to delight men — and annoy the women in their lives.A controversial new study has 1) that men really are more intelligent than women. The study concl uded that men’s IQs are almost four points higher than women’s.2) researcher John Philippe Rushton, who previously created a fury by suggesting intelligence is influenced by 3) , says the finding could explain why so few women make it to the top in the 4) . He claims the glass ceiling phenomenon is probably due to 5) intelligence, rather than discrimination or lack of opportunity. The University of Western Ontario psychologist reached his conclusion after carefully examining the results of university 6) tests taken by 100,000 students aged 17 and 18 of both sexes. A focus on factors such as the ability to quickly grasp a7) concept, verbal reasoning skills and creativity —some of the key ingredients of intelligence —8) the male teenager had IQs that were an average of 3. 63 points higher. The average person has an IQ of around 100The findings, 9), overturn a 100 year consensus that men and women average the same in general mental ability. 10). But Prof Rushton, who was born in Bournemouth and obtained his doctorate in social psychology from the London School of Economics, argues that 11).。
21世纪大学英语读写教程4第四单元课文中英对照
21世纪大学英语读写教程4第四单元课文中英对照21世纪大学英语读写教程复习资料Unit41. 在一项对教育方法的研究中，一位教师被告知她的新班中全是有非凡天赋的孩子。
“你应该使他们的成绩高于平均水平，”有人这样对她说，而到了期末果真如此----成绩超出了平均水平。
In a study of educational techniques, a teacher was told that her newclass were all gifted children. \advised, and by the end of the term she was getting just that, better than average work.2. 这件事的引人注目之处在于事实上这个班的学生并不超常。
他们只是一群水平中等，智商一般的学生。
对这位老师所说的这些孩子的潜力是假的。
The remarkablething about it all was that in reality the class was not unusual. They werejust an average group of students with IQs within the normal range. Theteacher had been deceived about their potential.3. 这项研究揭示了关于教学和孩子的诸多问题的诸多答案，但它留下的未予回答的问题更多。
它十分清晰表明的一点是，当孩子相信老师的期望是真诚的时候，他通常是不会辜负这种期望的。
This study uncovered many answers to many questions about teaching and children, but it left even more questions unanswered. One point it did makewith unusual clarity is that a child will usually live up to a teacher's expectations when the child believes those expectations are honest.4. 一个未予回答的问题是：老师以什么方式让学生们知道自己是特殊学生的，是能够取得优异成绩的呢？她没有对他们明说，但显然在她的态度中有某种东西使学生们确信他们是有非凡天赋的。
21世纪大学英语(读写教程)第四册课文全翻译
如何变得有天赋朱利叶斯·法斯特芭芭拉·法斯特在一项对教育方法的研究中，一位教师被告知她的新班中全是有非凡天赋的孩子。“你应该从他们那儿获得高于平均水平的成绩，”有人这样通知她，而到了期末她所得到的正是这个——超出平均水平的成绩。这件事的引人注目之处在于事实上这个班的学生并非异乎寻常。他们只是一群中等水平的、智商处于正常范围之内的学生。这位老师被告知的并不是他们真实的潜力。这项研究揭示了许多关于教学和孩子问题的许多答案，但它留下的未回答的问题更多。但它的确非常清晰地表明了一点，即当一个孩子相信老师的期望是真诚的时候，他通常是不会辜负这种期望的。一个没有回答的问题是：那位老师是以什么方式向学生们表明他们是特殊的，能取得优异成绩的呢？她没有用许多话告诉他们这一点，但显然在她的态度中有某种东西使学生们确信他们是有非凡天赋的。进一步的研究表明，老师态度中那种特别的“东西”，一部分是她给全班布置的作业，一部分是她布置作业的方式。但最强有力的“东西”还是老师本人和她对全班学生及其能力的态度。当她说“你们是聪明的孩子”时，她的声音中有更多的信心和关注。一直有一种鼓励性的语气在告诉他们他们会取得进步，很大的进步。孩子们收到了这些信号，并对它们作出了积极的反应。某个学生的成绩达不到老师的期望是常有的事。当这种情况发生时，那个学生面对的不是失望、愤怒或恼怒。相反，老师认为这是一次例外，一件偶然的事情，倒霉的一天，一次暂时的失误——而学生相信了她，并消除了疑虑。下一次，他更加努力了，决心做到老师知道他能做到的事。很难精确地确定老师传达的信息：“我期待着最好的成绩，”中到底是哪一部分告诉了孩子。它的一部分包括显示信心的平和语调，言语上的耐心，及没有讽刺、贬低和恼怒等消极因素。期待着最好成绩的老师满怀信心地提问，因为她知道她得到的答案将是正确的，而孩子也感受到了那种信心。这一信息大多是通过声音传递的，但也有相当惊人的一部分表现在态度、接触和面部表情上。跟这个对“天才”儿童所做的实验相类似的实验也在“天才”老鼠的身上做了。一位科学家得到的是一群普通的老鼠，但却被告知它们是一个特殊的品种，曾接受过在创记录的时间里穿越迷宫的训练。在与这些老鼠一起工作时，这位科学家发现它们确实比其他老鼠学得快，穿越迷宫也的确更迅速。但是老鼠对我们的语言一无所知。那位科学家是怎样得以将他的期望传达给它们的呢？对实验中所有变量的检查表明，这些异常好的结果应归功于他对待老鼠的方式，他对它们讲话的方式和语调，他声音中的信心、安抚和确定无疑。老鼠理解了所有的信息，并照着做了。从更广泛的角度看这两个实验，那位老师和那位科学家都运用了一个对所有社会各个阶层的人都通用的原则——贴标签原则。我们所有的期待都带有偏见，我们对于不同的人有着完全不同的期望，甚至对各个民族也是如此。我们依据民族特点来判断人。我们认为美国人贪婪，想赚大钱，我们在心里给他们贴上了这样的标签。我们给德国人贴的标签是整洁而有条理，英国人是冷漠、不友好和矝持寡言，意大利人是易动感情，日本人彬彬有礼——等等等等。我们在一个非常宽阔的、远非同质的群体上贴了一张非常狭小的标签。我们在种族层面上也是这样。黑人有音乐感，印第安人坚忍，东方人神秘莫测。我们甚至给性别贴上标签——男人积极进取、女人消极被动。在家庭层面上，标签有时是由邻居们贴上的。“琼斯一家都是废物……总是依靠救济。”有时标签也许是由那家人自己贴的。“我们史密斯一家宁愿挨饿也不会请求政府帮助！”史密斯家的男孩因带着这个令人敬畏的独立标签长大，很容易与自己的标签名实相符，正如琼斯家的女孩很容易与她的标签名实相符一样：“他们都认为我们是废物？那我就表现得像废物！”这种标签也许不太全面，甚至带有性别歧视。某个家庭也许会自豪地说，“我们家的男人一直都是专业人员。”当这个家庭里的一个儿子比尔发现木工活是他最喜爱的工作时，他便面对着同家庭的冲突——以及同自己的冲突。他内心的力量也许能使他按照自己的意愿坚持到底，成为一个木匠，但另一方面他也知道他没有符合家庭的标签，因此他怀着一种负罪感度过一生。他甚至可能给自己创造标签。“我是一个失败者，真的。”即使比尔在自己这一行里是个成功者，经过一段时间以后拥有了自己的企业，比他当律师的兄弟鲍勃赚的钱还多，那也没用。比尔仍然不是一个专业人员，因此他内心的标签上仍然写着失败。在家庭内部贴标签很早便开始了。在宝宝听得懂口头语言之前，他便能对肢体语言和间接交流作出反应了。他在懂得词语之前，已经从父母的声音中感受到爱，他也感受到嫌弃、冷淡、恐惧或敌意，他也对这些情绪作出了反应。如果他得到的是爱和温柔，他也以爱和温柔作出反应。以后，当他理解言语时，他便接受他的标签。吉米是家里的乖孩子，而一向难弄的莎莉则得到了惹是生非者的标签。每个孩子除了名字外还得到一个标签。她是聪明的。他爱出风头。诺曼老是迟到。贝蒂不招人爱。芭芭拉很冷漠。杰克很野。纳塔莉很甜，等等等等。这些标签也许反映了事实。纳塔莉也许很甜，但往往是标签把现实强加于孩子身上。如果纳塔莉经常听到别人说她很甜，她便开始表现得很甜。你往往会使自己与你的标签名实相符。同样，参加教学实验的学生们被加上了聪明的标签，于是他们便设法变得聪明，超常地发挥了他们的许多当面或在电视上听我讲话的人，或者那些读到我讲话的人都以为我的学历远远不止八年级。这一印象完全归功于我在监狱中的学习。这是在查尔斯顿监狱真正开始的，当时宾比第一次让我对他渊博的知识感到了羡慕。无论参与什么交谈，宾比总是起着主导作用，而我也曾经试图效仿他。但我找到的每本书中，几乎每句句子都有一个以上甚至几乎全部的单词我压根儿不认识。当我跳过那些词时，我最终当然不知道书中所云。所以我来到诺福克监狱时，仍然只有看看书的意愿。要不是我后来获得了动力，我本来很快就会连这些愿望也丢弃的。我明白我最好是能弄到一本字典——为的是学习，学一些单词。幸好我还想到应该努力提高一下自己的书写水平。我的书写很糟糕，甚至于不能将字写在一条直线上。这两个想法促使我要求诺福克监狱学校给我一本字典以及一些便笺簿和铅笔。头两天我还拿不定主意，只是随便翻了翻字典。我从来没有意识到会有这么多单词！我不知道哪些词是我需要学习的。最后，为了开始某种行动，我便开始了抄写。我把印在第一页上的所有东西甚至标点符号，慢慢地、费力地、歪歪斜斜地抄到了我的便笺簿里。我记得那花了我一天的时间。然后，我便把写在便笺簿上的每个词大声读给自己听。我一遍又一遍地把自己写的东西大声读给自己听。第二天早上醒来时我还想着那些词——我无比自豪地意识到，我不仅一下子写了那么多，还写了许多我从来不知道存在于这个世界上的词。而且，我稍微动一下脑筋还能记得其中许多词的意思。我复习了那些被我忘记了意思的单词。有趣的是，就在此刻，词典第一页上的“土豚”一词竟跳入了我的脑海之中。字典上有它的一幅插图，一种长尾、长耳、会挖洞的非洲哺乳动物，以白蚁为食，像食蚁动物捕食蚂蚁那样伸出舌头来捕食白蚁。我完全被迷住了，于是又继续干下去——我抄写了字典的下一页。当我学习它时我获得了同样的体验。随着以后的每一页，我还了解了人物、地方和历史事件。实际上字典就像一部小型百科全书。最后，字典的A部分抄满了一整本便笺簿——于是我便继续抄写B部分。我就这样开始抄写了整本字典。如此多的实践帮我提高了书写速度，所以以后我抄得快多了。包括我写在便笺簿上的词和写的信，我猜我在后来的囚禁日子里足足写下了一百万词。我认为随着词汇量的增加，我肯定能第一次拿起一本书来读并开始理解书中讲的内容了。任何一个博览群书的人都能想象得出那个被打开的新世界。让我告诉你一些事；从那以后直到我离开那所监狱，在我的每一段空闲时间里，我不是在图书馆里看书，就是在我的床上看书。你哪怕用楔子也休想把我跟书分开。我学习穆罕默德先生的教导，我跟别人通信，我会客，我读书，日子就这样一个月一个月地过去了，我甚至没有想到自己是在坐牢。事实上，在那之前，我在生活中从来没有那样真正自由过……正如你能想象的，尤其在一个特别强调改造的监狱里，如果一个犯人表现出对书籍异乎寻常的强烈兴趣，他就会受到赞许。犯人中有相当多的博览群书者，尤其是受广欢迎的辩论家。一些人被公认为活的百科全书。他们几乎成了名人。当这个新世界，这个能够阅读并理解的新世界向我敞开时，我贪婪地阅读文学作品，数量之多超过了任何一所大学对任何一个学生的要求。我在自己的房间里比在图书馆里读得更多。一个以读书多而出名的犯人能超出规定借出更多的书。我更喜欢在与外界完全隔绝的自己的房间里读书。当我发展到开始读非常严肃的读物时，每天晚上10点左右，我会因为“熄灯”而愤怒不已。它似乎总是在我正读到引人入胜之处时来跟我捣乱。幸好在我的门外面有一盏走廊灯把光线照到我的房间里。一旦我的眼睛适应之后，这点光线就足以让我读书。所以“熄灯”后，我就坐在地板上，借着那点光继续读书。夜间看守每隔一小时就走过每个房间。每次听到越来越近的脚步声，我就跳到床上假装睡觉。看守一走过去，我就从床上回到地板上那块亮的地方，再读上58分钟——直到看守再次走过来。这样一直持续到每天凌晨三四点钟。每天晚上睡三四个小时对我来说就足够了。在流落街头的那些日子里我经常睡得更少。我经常思考阅读为我打开的那些新的远景。我当时在狱中就知道，阅读已永远改变了我的人生历程。正如我现在所认识到的，阅读能力唤醒了在我内心潜伏已久的对于思想活跃的渴望。我当然不是在追求任何学位，那只是大学授予学生一种地位象征的方式。我通过自学所受到的教育使我每读一本新书就更意识到正在折磨着美国黑色人种的聋、哑和盲。不久前，一位英国作家从伦敦打来电话问了我几个问题。其中一个问题是，“你的母校是哪儿？”我告诉他，“是书。”在任何一个空闲的十五分钟里，你都会发现我在学习一些我觉得可能有助于黑人的东西……每次乘飞机，我都带一本想读的书——至今已读了很多书。如果我现在不是每天出来同白人斗争，我会将余生用于阅读，仅仅是为了满足我的好奇心——因为你几乎说不出什么东西是我不感到好奇的。 我想任何人都没有像我那样从坐牢中获得了那么多。事实上，如果我的生活是另一个样子，如果我上了大学，我就不能像在监狱里那样能更集中地进行学习。我想上大学最大的麻烦之一就是有太多让人分心的事。除了监狱还有什么地方能让我有时候每天集中学习15个小时来克服我的愚昧无知呢？
21世纪大学英语读写教程第四册标准答案及课文翻译
Unit 1Text AComprehension of text1. He defines greatness as the lasting contribution which a person makes or has made to human civilization.2. The example of Churchill shows the importance of persistence and dedication in achieving greatness.3. Firstborns and only children tend to make good leaders in times of crisis, but middle- born children are better peacetime leaders.4. A 20th century politician should be an effective public speaker and a social person.5. Intelligence seems to be less important than other factors, such as the ability to communicate effectively.6. The ability to overcome traditional ways of thinking is also crucial.7. They simply don’t devote the amount of time required.8. The study showed that enjoying one’s work is the best form of motivation. Vocabulary1 chat 2.acknowledge 3.motivated 4.charcteristic5 despite 6.influential 7.cited 8.obstacle9 intrinsic 10.criteria 11.obsession 12.innate13 contribution(s) 14.contemporary 15.submitted 16.morale1 left behind 2.rise 3.made history 4.were endowed with5put up with 6.going nowhere 7.ifocuses on 8.be built on9put in e up with 11.take charge 12.set...apartWord buildingefficiency emergency fluency frequencyproficiency tendency urgency sufficiency1 fluency2.proficiency 3.emergency 4.Efficiency 5 tendency 6.frequency Structure1. For some students, it's not that they don't put in enough time —it's that they don’t have good study habits.2. Children perform differently at school. It's not that they have different IQs — it's that they are brought up in different environments.3. The company is not very productive. It's not that its staff aren't talented — it's that their energy hasn't been channeled effectively.4. I’m really sorry. It's not that I don't want to go to the cinema with you— it's that I have to finish my paper tonight.5. You have a stomachache. It's not that the food was bad — it's probably that you have too much stress from your work.1. President Wilson didn't try to bring the US back to economic and political isolation. Instead, he believed in international cooperation through an association of nations.puters don't teach students in groups. Instead, they can help them learn effectively according to their different needs.3. We shouldn't focus on minor points. Instead, we should try to solve the problem of the greatest urgency at present.4. Hedoesn’t get anybody else to help him. Instead, he likes to attend to everything himself.5. Teaching success shouldn't be measured by the scores the students receive on tests. Instead, it should be measured by whether the students have internalized the ability and desire to learn.Close1-5 BCBAD6-10 DCABA11-15 DABCATransition西蒙顿说，如果事业上取得巨大成就者具有什么共性的话，那就是一种持续不断地追求成功的动力。
21世纪大学英语读写教程第四册课文翻译
如今，研究者们有证据证明，对工作的内在热情是出类拔萃的一个关键。现任哈佛大学工商管理教授特蕾莎?阿玛贝尔1985年在布兰代斯大学主持的一项研究中，要求一批专业作家----其中没有一位是有名气的----各写一首短诗。当时每位作家被随机分别编到三个小组中：一个小组要求记住是为金钱而写；另一个小组要求想着只为消遣而写；第三个小组则没有给任何指示。
因此，商人一般当不了好领袖。他们往往是实用主义者，他们认为一旦你说明了某件事情有道理，人们就会去做。但是历史表明这种想法是错误的。当时世变得艰难时，人们不想被得知出了什么问题，不想听人训斥，不想了解许多他们不懂的复杂数据和计划（比如卡特的能源政策）。他们想要受到感动、得到鼓舞、有人激励、有人安慰、感到振奋---总而言之，想有人来领导！
首先，他必须使我们的愿望变得崇高，让我们相信我们正在参与创造伟大的历史，并赋予我们一种荣誉感。温斯顿?丘吉尔通过纯粹的修辞艺术，把英国的失败和1940年的敦刻尔克大撤退变成了大胜利。富兰克林?D?罗斯福的话把美国舰队在珍珠港的沉没变成了动员全国的战斗口号，而不是不光彩的国耻。领袖必须激发我们的热情，而不是唤起我们的理性。
一位中国哲人曾经说过，领袖必须具备优秀舞蹈家的风度，这话很有道理。领袖应该知道如何显得轻松自信。他的步态应该坚定果断。他应该像林肯、罗斯福、杜鲁门、艾克和肯尼迪那样会纵情欢笑，而不是个像尼克松或卡特那样笑得龇牙咧嘴、令人恶心算是心情不错。罗纳德?里根受过的演技训练在他跟卡特的辩论中显示出了良好的效果。他以潇洒自如的举止和显而易见的和蔼可亲成功地给人一种印像，即他事实上是总统而卡特是挑战者。
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21世纪大学英语读写教程复习资料Unit41.在一项对教育方法的研究中，一位教师被告知她的新班中全是有非凡天赋的孩子。
“你应该使他们的成绩高于平均水平，”有人这样对她说，而到了期末果真如此----成绩超出了平均水平。
In a study of educational techniques, a teacher was told that her new class were all gifted children. "You should get above-average results from them," she was advised, and by the end of the term she was getting just that, better than average work.2.这件事的引人注目之处在于事实上这个班的学生并不超常。
他们只是一群水平中等，智商一般的学生。
对这位老师所说的这些孩子的潜力是假的。
The remarkable thing about it all was that in reality the class was not unusual. They were just an average group of students with IQs within the normal range. The teacher had been deceived about their potential.3.这项研究揭示了关于教学和孩子的诸多问题的诸多答案，但它留下的未予回答的问题更多。
它十分清晰表明的一点是，当孩子相信老师的期望是真诚的时候，他通常是不会辜负这种期望的。
This study uncovered many answers to many questions about teaching and children, but it left even more questions unanswered. One point it did make with unusual clarity is that a child will usually live up to a teacher's expectations when the child believes those expectations are honest.4.一个未予回答的问题是：老师以什么方式让学生们知道自己是特殊学生的，是能够取得优异成绩的呢？她没有对他们明说，但显然在她的态度中有某种东西使学生们确信他们是有非凡天赋的。
An unanswered question was: In what way did the teacher communicate to the students that they were special and could do superior work? She didn't tell them that in so many words, but obviously something about her attitude convinced the students that they were gifted.5.进一步的研究表明，老师态度中那种特别的“东西”，一部分在于她给全班布置什么样的作业，一部分在于她布置作业的方式。
但最强有力的“东西”还是老师本人和她对全班学生及其能力的态度。
Further studies showed that the special "something" in the teacher's attitude was, in part, the type of work she gave the class, and in part how she presented it. But the strongest "something" was the teacher herself and her attitude toward the class and toward their ability.6.当她说“你们是聪明的孩子”时，她的声音中带有更多的信心和兴趣。
始终有一种鼓励的语气在告诉他们他们会取得进步，会取得很大的进步。
孩子们收到了这些信号，并对它们作出积极的反应。
There was an extra amount of confidence and interest in her voice that said, "You're bright children." There was a constant reassuring tone that told them they would do well, very well. The children picked up these signals and reacted positively to them.7.学生的成绩达不到老师的期望是常有的事。
当这种情况发生时，那个学生面对的不是失望、气愤或恼怒。
相反，老师认为这是一个例外，一次意外事件，倒霉的一天，一次暂时的失误----而学生相信了她，并消除了疑虑。
下一次，他更加努力了，决心做到老师知道他能做到的事。
When a student's work did not measure up to the teacher's expectations, as often happened, the student was not treated with disappointment, anger, or annoyance. Instead, the teacher assumed that this was an exception, an accident, a bad day, a momentary slip — and the student believed her and felt reassured. The next time around, he tried harder, determined to live up to what the teacher knew he could do.8.在老师传达的信息中到底是哪一点告诉了孩子“我期待着最好的成绩”，这很难精确说明。
其中一部分是显示信心的平和声调，是没有言语上的不耐烦，是不讽刺，不贬低，不发火，不带有诸如此类的消极因素。
期待着最好成绩的老师满怀信心地提问，因为她知道她得到的答案将是正确的，而孩子也感受到了那种信心。
The exact part of communication that tells a child, "I expect the best," is difficult to pinpoint. In part it consists of a level tone showing assurance, a lack of verbal impatience, an absence of negative qualities such as irony, put-downs, and irritation. The teacher who expects the best asks her questions with conviction, knowing the answers she gets will be right, and the child picks up that conviction.9.这大多是通过声音传递的，但也有相当一部分表现在态度、接触和脸部表情上。
Most of this is transmitted through the voice, but a surprising amount is in the attitude, in touch, and in facial expression.10.类似于在这些“很有天赋的”儿童身上所做的实验也在一些“很有天赋的”老鼠身上做了。
一位科学家拿到了一群普通的老鼠，但却被告知它们是一个特殊的品种，要接受在创记录的时间里穿越迷宫的训练。
在对这些老鼠的训练中，这位科学家发现它们确实比其它老鼠学得快，穿越迷宫也的确更迅速。
An experiment similar to the one done with "gifted" children was done with "gifted" mice. A scientist was given a group of ordinary mice, but told that they were a special breed, trained to run a maze in record time. Working with these mice, the scientist found that they did learn faster than other mice and did run the maze more quickly.11. 但是老鼠对我们的语言一无所知。
那位科学家是怎样将他的期望成功地传达给它们的呢？对实验中所有可变因素的检查表明，这种优异成绩产生于他对待老鼠的方式，他对老鼠讲话的方式和语调、他声音中的信心、安抚和坚定。
老鼠接受了所有的信息，并照着做了。
But mice know nothing of our language. How was the scientist able to communicate his expectations to them? An examination of all the variables in the test concluded that the unusually good results were due to the way he had handled the mice, the way he talked to them and the tone, the confidence, the reassurance, and the certainty in his voice. They absorbed all the messages and performed accordingly!12. 从更广泛的角度看这两个实验，老师和科学家运用了各个社会的各个阶层都通用的一个原则----特征标签原则。