Frank Norris and Theodore Dreiser
美国文学名词解释
1. Transcendentalism—it is a philosophic and literary movement that flourish in New England, as a reaction against rationalism and Calvinism. It stressed intuitive understanding of god without the help of the church, and advocated independence of the mind. 超验主义，它是一个蓬勃发展的新英格兰的哲学和文学运动，反对理性主义和加尔文主义的反应。
它强调直观地了解上帝没有教会的帮助下，主张心灵的独立性。
2. Romanticism had appeared in England in the last years of the eighteenth century. It spread to conti nental Europe and then came to America early in the nineteenth century. It came into being as a re action against the prevailing neoclassical spirit and rationalism during the Age of Reason. 浪漫主义曾经出现在英国，在过去几年的十八世纪。
它蔓延到欧洲大陆，然后来到美国在十九世纪初。
它应运而生作为理性的时代中针对当时新古典主义精神和理性的反应。
3. Puritanism—it is the religious belief of the Puritans, who had intended to purify and simplify the religious ritual of the Church of England. 清教主义，它是清教徒，谁曾打算净化和简化英国教会的宗教礼仪的宗教信仰。
Part 4 Jack London (2) 杰克伦敦
"I would rather be ashes than dust! I would rather that my spark should burn out in a brilliant blaze than it should be stifled by dry rot. I would rather be a superb meteor, every atom of me in magnificent glow, than a sleepy and permanent planet. The proper function of man is to live, not to exist. I shall not waste my days in trying to prolong them. I shall use my time"
The Coming of American Naturalism: Industrialism produced financial giants, but at the same time created an industrial proletariat entirely at the mercy of external forces beyond their control. Slums appeared in great numbers where conditions became steadily worse. 美国文学自然主义的到来 工业的发展带来来了财富上的成功，与此同时，任由外在 的，人们无法控制的力量的摆布，工人无产阶级也出现了。 城市里出现了大量的贫民窟。
自然主义是19世纪末新的，更严厉的自然主义。它驳斥了道 德法则的安慰作用，尝试着去实现一种客观和直白，把社会 底层角色任由他们的环境和出身摆布的命运呈现出来。
《嘉莉妹妹》介绍
Style and genre
At the urging of his journalist friend Arthur Henry, Dreiser began writing his manuscript in 1899. He frequently gave up on it but Henry urged him to continue. From the outset, his title was Sister Carrie, though he changed it to The Flesh and the Spirit while writing it; he restored the original name once complete. Dreiser had difficulty finding a publisher for Sister Carrie. Doubleday & McClure Company accepted the manuscript for publication but it was withdrawn after the publisher's wife declared it too sordid. Dreiser insisted on publication and 1,008 copies were printed on November 8, 1900. The book was not advertised and only 456 copies sold.[6] However, Frank Norris, who was working as a reader at Doubleday, sent a few copies to literary reviewers.
自然主义 德莱赛 嘉莉妹妹 欲望三部曲
⒊Literary background:⑴In the nineties,French
naturalism,with its new techniques and new ways of writing ,appealed to the imagination of the younger generation like Crane,Norris ,and Theodore Dreiser.
American Naturalism 美国自然主义
Background
⒈Social background:⑴Modern
America----industrialism----financial giants and industrial proletariat(无产阶级）---skyscrapers and slums（贫民窟）
Page 3
⑵The
westward expansion---frontier near the Pacific coast ----railroad ----drive farmers to bankruptcy
Page 4
⒉Ideological background:a cold, indifferent
Humanistic values
A desire to assert one‟s human identity, to define oneself against the social and natural forces one confronts.
Page 9
Representative writers
The Titan (1914) 《巨人》
The Stoic (1947) 《斯多噶》 The "Genius" (1915) 《天才》
自考英美文学选读必考重点第三讲美国文学
The period ranging from 1865 to l914 has been referred to as
the Age of Realism in the 1iterary history of the United States, which is actually a movement or tendency that dominated the spirit of American literature, especially American fiction, from the 1850s onwards. Realism was a reaction against Romanticism or a move away from the bias towards romance and self-creating fictions, and it paved the way to Modernism. Instead of thinking about the irrational, the imaginative, realists touched upon social and political realities and pressures in the post-Civil war society. Three dominant figures are William Dean Howells, Mark Twain, and Henry James.
It started with the publication of ________ and ended with _______. It is also called _________.
美国文学《嘉莉妹妹》解读
摘要美国作家西奥多德莱塞被认为美国自然主义的杰出代表，本文以其第一部小说《嘉莉妹妹》为例分析德莱塞自然主义的一些特征。
论文从德莱塞创作《嘉莉妹妹》的历史文化背景出发，研究德莱塞在《嘉莉妹妹》中表现出来的自然主义思想。
论文涉及该小说的主要三大背景：一是达尔文主义和宿命论；二是美国然主义；三是19世纪末在美国兴起的消费主义。
同时分析自然主义的三大特点：欲望,本能和环境,最后得出结论：《嘉莉妹妹》一文中主人公嘉莉妹妹的最终命运与德莱塞本人的命运息息相关，赫思渥德的最终堕落也是德莱塞惧怕失败的结果。
而德莱塞却把嘉莉妹妹和赫思特渥德最终得不到幸福归因于“人心”。
关键词：自然主义达尔文主义欲望人性环境AbstractTheodore Dreiser is regarded as an outstanding representative of American naturalism. In this thesis, Dreiser’s first novel Sister Carrie is taken as an example to analyze the featur es of Dreiser’s naturalism. The thesis referred to three great historical and cultural background of the novel which are Darwinism，Determinism. American Naturalism and Consumerism. Meanwhile the thesis analyzes three features of naturalism. At last, we can draw the conclusion that the leading character of the novel-Carrie’s destiny has a great connection with Dreiser himself and the decline of Hurstwood is a result of Dreiser’s fear of failure, but Dreiser attributes Carrie and Hurstwood’s unhappiness to th eir insatiable desire for life or they are doomed to be unhappy etc, and from which we can see Dreiser’s naturalism easily.Key Words：Naturalism Darwinism Consumerism desire environmentCONTENTS1 Introduction2 The historical and cultural background for Sister Carrie2.1 Darwinism and Determinism2.2 American naturalism2.3 Industrial Revolution3 The typical characteristics of naturalism in Sister Carrie 3.1 The desire, instinct and the influence of environments 3.2. The influence of the environment3.3 Dreiser’s exploration4 Conclusions1 IntroductionTheodor Dreiser (1871-1945), an American author, outstanding representative of naturalism, whose novels depict real-life subjects in a harsh light. Many of his works referred to the description of naturalism and weakened his critical spirit. His first novel Sister Carrie published in 1990 revealed the financial disparity and the moral decline of American society and thus regarded as forbidden book. But now the book becomes one of the best-sellers of American literature because of the naturalistic features in it. Then Dreiser is regarded as a pioneer of American naturalism and as a naturalist Dreiser expresses the characteristics of naturalism in most of his works. The themes of Darwinism and Determinism are the common features of Dreiser’s story which also characterize Sister Carrie.Dreiser chose to reflect life truthful in his works when other novels deal only with the beautiful aspects of life,. It is not an exaggeration to say that Dreiser's Sister Carrie clears the way for the development of American fiction.From follow analysis of three aspects and conclusion, we can find out the naturalism of Dreiser in Sister Carrie2 The historical and cultural background for Sister CarrieTheodore Dreiser's Sister Carrie reflects the profound transformations in American life in the late nineteenth century.2.1 Darwinism and DeterminismIn 1859, Darwin’s The Origin of Specie appeared. It soon changed man’s recognition. Before Darwin, human was separated from the animals because of its moral. However, at this time evolutionist considered human as a part of natural things and a member of the animal kingdom. American naturalis ts accepted “bestiality” and “human beast” as an explanation of desire.They attempted to achieve extreme objectivity and frankness presentingcharacters of low social and economic classes who are determined by their environment and heredity. They dismissed the validity of comforting moral truth. Darwinism is the most important theory, which greatly affects Sister Carrie.Freud’s theory gives theoretic basis to Dreiser’s description of man’s desire. Freud considers man’s natural instinct as determination. To him man is a part of nature since man is a member of animals. Human mentality and action will forever be determined by instinct. Desire is just a genetic instinct in his opinion.2.2 American naturalismSister Carrie was written and published also at the rise of American naturalism, which means a particular genre of fiction that developed in the late 19th century America, and associated principally with writers such as Jack London , Stephen Crane, Frank Norris and Theodore Dreiser.At the end of nineteenth century came a generation of writers whose ideas of the working of the universe and whose perception of the society's disorder led them to naturalism. A new and harsher realism, naturalism was introduced to the United States, literary naturalists spoke out against the ideas that literature should present what Howells called for the “smiling aspects of life". Instead, they attempted to achieve extreme objectivity and frankness presenting characters of low social and economic classes who were dominated by their environment or heredity in depicting the extremes of life. American naturalists emphasized that world was amoral that men and women had no free will, that their lives were controlled by heredity and the environment, that religious "truths" were illusory, and that the destiny of humanity was misery in life and oblivion in death.2.3 Industrial RevolutionIndustrial Revolution brought American people a value crisis. The 19th century was the time of industrialization. Serial changes made people feel they were conquering the world and obtaining their treasures. The surprising development made people feel too close to wealth and happiness. Then,appeared small amounts ofindustrial giants and large number of poor people,American value materialistic to the core. Living in such a society with such a value system, the human individual is obsessed with a never end, yet meaningless search for satisfaction of his desire.3 The typical characteristics of naturalism in Sister CarrieIn Sister Carrie I find out that some of its themes differ from those of other naturalistic works.3.1 The desire, instinct and the influence of environmentsFreud’s theory g ives theoretic basis to Dreiser’s description of man’s desire. Freud considers man’s natural instinct as determination. To him man is a part of nature since man is a member of animals. Human mentality and action will forever be determined by instinct. Desire is just a genetic instinct in his opinion.This thesis covers Dreiser’s meaningful ideas--desire. Man’s behavior is dominated by instincts (desires, needs and fear) and environments (cities and consumerism) and chances. In the process of evolution, man is not able to control instincts completely. Desire is considered hereditary and instinctive. In this novel most of the central characters are hurried by a desire of personal affirmation, a desire they can neither articulate nor suppress. And Carrie Meeber is the representative. She suffered from a need that her lives assume the dignity of dramatic form, and they suffer terribly, because they do not really understand it.Her view to money is “Money, something everybody else has and I must get.”(Theodore Dreiser, 1979, P77) Drouet then becomes her first ladder. When Drouet give her money for the first time, she hesitates. She knows clearly that no deep, sinister soul with ulterior motives could have given her fifteen cents under friendship, since “nature has taught the beasts of the beats of the field to fly when some unheralded dangers threatens”(Theodore Dreiser, 1979, P79) Here in her superego, she has a feeble instinct of self-production. However, deep in her mind, there is a strong desire for better clothes, jewelry, dinning in halls and plays in the theaters. Then preconscious becomes weak. Id gets upper hand. At last, id implies the superego and Carrie chooses to live with Drouet.When she knows that Drouet’s love is unsteady, the appearance of Hurstwoodstimulates her new hope and desire. It is the new hope and desire that compels her actions. “his kind of unfulfilled dreams would beckon and lead her until death and dissolution dissolve their power and would restore her blind to nature’s heart”(Theodore Dreiser, 1979, P353) When Hurstwood can supply the life she dreams of, she stays with him, if not, she leaves.With the degradation of Hurstwood, Carrie would not endure losing her dreams. When she meets Mrs. Vance, Carrie longs for the dainty decorated, beautiful clothes and genteel manners. “What a wonderful thing it was to be rich” (Theodore Dreiser, 1979, P385) is the powerful voice of her heart. Without money, she leaves again.From the beginning to the end, Carrie is just like a machine controlled by the desires .3.2. The influence of the environmentEnvironment is a tremendous thing often leads people to a wrong direction.Drouet tells Carrie that Chicago is a wonder, and that she will find lots to see. Even her siste tells her, “You'll want to see the city.” [1]She comes there. She comes to the big web of Chicago in order to pursue a happy life. The prosperous parties, lights, dinners, theatres attract her.She choos es Route’s soon as she sees Hurstwood, she evaluates his worth his wealth, position and sexuality----by his “rich” plaid vest, mother of pearl buttons and soft black shoes “polished only to a dull shine.”When she meets Mrs. Vance, Carrie longs for the dainty decorated, beautiful clothes and genteel manners. “What a wonderful thing it was to be rich” (Theodore Dreiser, 1979, P385) is the powerful voice from the bottom of her heart. She inters another pursuition.3.3 Dreiser’s exploration------human desire and revelation of the dark side of human natureFrom the first novel Sister Carrie on, Dreiser set himself to project the American values for what he had found them to be --materialistic to the core. Living in such a society with such a value system, the human individual is obsessed with anever-ending, yet meaningless search for satisfaction of his desires. One of the desires is for money which was a motivating purpose of life in the United States in the late l9th century. For example, in Sister Carrie, there is not one character whose status is not determined economically. Sex is another human desire that Dreiser explored to considerab1e lengths in his novels to reveal the dark side of human nature. In Sister Carrie, Carrie climbs up the social ladder by means of her sexual appeal. Also in the “Trilogy of Desire,” the possession of sexual beauty symbolizes t he acquisition of some social status of great magnitude. However, Dreiser never forgot to imply that these human desires in 1ife could hardly be defined. They are there like a powerful "magnetism" governing human existence and reducing human beings to nothing. So like all naturalists he was restrained from finding a solution to the social problems that appeared in his novels and accordingly almost all his works have tragic endings.4 ConclusionsThis short thesis can not cover Dreiser's meaningful naturalism. His greatness is in his insight, his sympathy, and his tragic view of life. Dreiser exported human desire and revelation of the dark side of human nature。
美国文学代表作家及作品
The Song of Hiawatha海华沙之歌----美国人写的第一部印第安人史诗;Voices of the Night夜吟;Ballads and Other Poens民谣及其他诗;Belfry of Bruges and Other Poems布鲁茨的钟楼及其他诗;Tales of a Wayside Inn路边客栈的故事---诗集：An April Day四月的一天/A Psalm of Life人生礼物/Paul Revere’s Ride保罗·里维尔的夜奔;Evangeline伊凡吉琳;The Courtship of Miles Standish迈尔斯·斯坦迪什的求婚----叙事长诗；Poems on Slavery奴役篇---反蓄奴组诗
Walt Whitman沃尔特·惠特曼1819-1892
Leaves of Grass草叶集:Song of the Broad-Axe阔斧之歌;I hear America Singing我听见美洲在歌唱;When Lilacs Lost in the Dooryard Bloom’d小院丁香花开时;Democratic Vistas民主的前景;The Tramp and Strike Question流浪汉和罢工问题;Song of Myself自我之歌
How to Tell a Story怎样讲故事---对美国早期幽默文学的总结
Part 6. American Naturalism
Stephen Crane斯蒂芬·克莱恩1871-1900
Magic:A Girl of the Streets街头女郎梅姬（美国文学史上首次站在同情立场上描写受辱妇女的悲惨命运）；The Red Badge of Courage红色英勇o Yellow Sky新娘来到黄天镇
英美文学作家作品及名词解释、人物分析
英美文学作家作品及名词解释、人物分析Literary works and their authorsAmerican LiteratureColonial Period1.William BradfordOf Plymouth Plantation2.John WinthropA Model of Christian Charity3.Anne BradstreetThe Tenth Muse Lately sprung up in America“Upon the Burning of Our House”“To My Dear and Loving Husband”“The Flesh and the Spirit”4.Edward Taylor“Upon a Spider Catching a Fly”Huswifery5.Roger WilliamsThe Bloody Tenet of Persecution for the Cause of Conscience 6.John Woolman“Some Considerations on the Keeping of Negroes”“A Plea for the Poor”7.Thomas PaineCommon SenseAmerican CrisisThe Age of ReasonThe Rights of Man8.Philip Freneau“The Rising Glory of America”“The Wild Honey Suckle”9.Captain John SmithA Map of VirginiaDescription of New England10.Charles Brocken BrownWielandThe Transformation: An American TaleEdgar HuntlyOrmondArthur MervynAmerican Revolution1.Jonathan EdwardsThe Freedom of the WillThe Great Doctrine of Original Sin DefendedSinners in the Hands of an Angry GodThe Nature of True VirtueImages or Shadows of Divine Things2.Benjamin FranklinPoor Richard’s Almanac(2009年)The Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin (2007年)3.Hector St. John CrevecoeurLetters from an American FarmerAmerican Romanticism1.Washington IrvingA History of New YorkThe Sketch Book of Geoffrey Crayon: Rip Van WinkleThe Legend of Sleepy Hollow The History of the Life and Voyages of Christopher ColumbusA Chronicle of the Conquest of GranadaThe AlhambraLife of GoldsmithLife of Washington2.James Fenimore CooperThe SpyLeatherstocking Tales: DeerslayerPathfinderThe Last of Mohicans (2003年)The PrairieThe PioneersNew England Transcendentalism3.Ralph Waldo EmersonNatureThe American Scholar(America’s Declaration of Intellectual Independence) Self-reliant (2009年)4.Henry David ThoreauWaldenCivil DisobedienceA Week on the Concord and Merrimack River (2008年)5.Nathaniel HawthorneThe Scarlet LetterTwice-told TalesMosses From an old ManseThe Blithedale RomanceYoung Good Man BrownThe Minister’s Black VeilThe House of Seven GablesThe Marble FaunDr. Rappaccini’s Daughter6.Herman MelvilleTypeeOmooMardiRedburnWhite JacketMoby DickPierreThe Confidence ManBilly Budd7.Edgar Allen PoeSonnet- to scienceIsrafelTo HelenThe City in the SeaThe Raven (2009年)The Fall of the House of UsherBlack CatThe Masque of the Red DeathThe Cask of Ammtillado FoeLigeieThe Purloined LetterThe Gold BudThe Murders in the Rue MorqueTales of the Grotesque and Arabesque 8.Harriet Beecher StoweUncle T om’s Cabin9.Henry Wadsworth LongfellowA Psalm of Life (2007年)Voices of the NightHiawathaEvangelineThe Courtship of Miles Standish10.Walt WhitmanLeaves of GrassSong of Myself (2003年出现诗句)I Hear America SingingOut of Cradle Endlessly RockingWhen Lilacs Last in the Dooryard Bloom’d 11.Emily DickinsonAt last to pray is leftBecause I could not stop for deathI heard a fly buss—when I diedWild nights—wild nightsI die for beauty ———————————————————————————————————————————Realism1.William Dean HowellsThe Rise of Silas LaphanCriticism and FictionThe Minister’s ChargeA Modern InstanceA Word of ChangeAnnie KilburnA Hazard of New Fortunes2.Henry JamesDaisy MillerThe Portrait of a LadyThe AmericanThe Ambassadors (2004年)The Golden BowlThe Wings of the DoveThe Turn of the ScrewWhat Maisie KnewLocal Colourism3.Mark TwainThe Celebrated Jumping Frog of Calaveras County The Gilded AgeThe Adventures of Tom SawyerThe Adventures of Huckleberry FinnLife on the MississippiThe Man That Corrupted HadleyburgHead WilsonThe Mysterious StrangerA Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur’s Court The Prince and the PauperAmerican Naturalism1.Stephen CraneMaggie: A Girl of the StreetsThe Black RidersThe Red Badge of Courage“The Open Boat”“The Blue Hotel”“An Experiment in Misery”2.Frank NorrisMcTeagueThe OctopusThe Pit3.Theodore DreiserSister CarrieAn American TragedyThe GeniusJennie GerhardtThe FinancierThe TitanThe StoicThe Bulwark4.Jack LondonThe Call of the WildWhite FangThe Sea WolfMartin Eden5.O’HenryThe Gift of MagiThe Cop and the Anthem6.Upton SinclairThe JungleModernism1. F. Scott FitzgeraldThe Great GatsbyTender is the NightThe Beautiful and the DamnedThis Side of ParadiseThe Last TycoonAll the Sad Young MenTaps at Reveille2.Ernest HemingwayThe Sun Also Rises (2003年、2004年)A Farewell to Arms (2007年)For Whom the Bell Tolls (2008年、2009年) The Old Man and the SeaThe T orrents of SpringIn Our TimeMen without WomenWinner Take NothingImagism3.Ezra PoundCantosHugh Selwyn Mauberly4.T. S. EliotThe Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock (2003年出现诗句) The Waste Land (2005年)Hollow ManAsh WednesdayFour QuartersMurder in the CathedralThe Cocktail PartyThe Confidential Clerk5.Wallace StevensAnecdote of the Jar (2010年)Sunday MorningThe Emperor of Ice-creamThe Idea of Order at Key West6.William Carlos WilliamsPatersonThe Red WheelbarrowSpring and All7.Robert FrostStopping by Woods on a Sunday Evening Mending WallThe Road Not TakenFire and Ice8.Carl SandburgChicagoFogThe HarbourSmoke and SteelGood Morning, AmericaThe People, yes9. E. E. CummingsTulips and ChimneyThe Enormous RoomO Sweet Spontaneous10.Hart CraneThe BridgeVoyagesAt Melville’s Tomb11.Edith WhartonThe House of Mirth (2013年), The Touchstone, The Age of InnocenceSouthern Renaissance12.William FaulknerThe Sound and the Fury (2013年)As I Lay Dying (2005年、2006年)Light in August (2008年)Absalom, AbsalomGo Down, Moses (2007年)13.Sherwood AndersonWinesburg, OhioThe Triumph of the EggsDeath in the WoodsI Want to Know WhyPoor White14.Sinclair LewisMain StreetBabbittArrowsmithDodsworth15.Gertrude SteinThree LivesTender ButtonsThe Making of AmericansHow to WriteFour Saints in Three Acts16.Carson McCullers (Southern Gothic)The Heart is a Lonely HunterThe Ballad of the Sad CafeThe Member of the WeddingReflections in a Golden Eye17.Cormac McCarthy (Southern Gothic)SuttreeBlood MeridianAll the Pretty HorsesNo Country for Old ManThe RoadChild of God18.Willa CatherMy AntoniaThe Song of LarkA Lost LadyThe Professor’s HouseO Pioneers! (2002年、2010年) 19.Katherine Anne Porter Ship of FoolsLeaning Tower and Other Stories Flowering JudasThe Jilting of Granny Weatherall Pale Horse, Pale RiderThe Never Ending Wrong20.Thomas WolfeLook Homeward, AngelOf Time and RiverThe Web and the RockYou Can’t Go Home Again 21.Margaret MitchellGone with the WindThe 1930s1.John Dos PassosDistrict of ColumbiaU. S. A.The 42nd Parallel1919The Big Money2.John SteinbeckOf Mice and ManThe Grapes of WrathCup of GoldTortilla FlatIn Dubious BattleTravels with Charley3.John O’HaraAppointment in Samara4.James T. FarrellYoung LoniganThe Young Manhood of Studs Lonigan Postmodernism Postwar novel1.Saul BellowDangling ManThe VictimThe Adventures of Augie MarchSeize the DayHenderson the Rain King (2006年)Herzog (2013年)Mosby’s MemoirsMr. Sammler’s PlanetHumboldt’s GiftThe Dean’s Dece mberMore Die of HeartbreakThe Bellarosa ConnectionA TheftSomething to Remember Me ByThe Last Analysis2.Norman MailerThe Naked and the Dead (2004年)Barbary ShoreThe Deer ParkThe Armies of the NightMarilyn: A Novel BiographyThe Executioner’s SongAncient EveningTough Guys Don’t DanceHarlot’s GhostThe Gospel According to the SonAdvertisements for MyselfAn American DreamWhy Are We In Vietnam?Miami and the Siege of ChicagoExistential ErrandsGenius and Lust“The White Negro”3.J. D. SalingerThe Catcher in the Rye4.Bernard MalamudThe NaturalThe AssistantA New LifeThe FixerThe TenantsPictures of FidelmanDubin’s LivesGod’s GraceThe PeopleThe Magic BarrelIdiots FirstRembrandt’s Hat5.John UpdikeThe CentaurCouplesMarry MeGertrude & Claudius“Rabbit” pentalogy: Rabbit, Run, (2006年) Rabbit Redux, Rabbit is Rich, Rabbit at Best, Licks of Love 6.Flannery O’Connor Wise BloodA Good Man Is Hard to FindThe Violent Bear Is AwayEverything That Rises Must Converge7.William StyronLie Down in DarknessSet This House on FireThe confessions of Nat TurnerSophie’s ChoiceA Tidewater MorningThe Long MarchIn the Clap Shack8.Truman CapoteOther Voices, Other RoomsThe Grass HarpA Christmas MemoryBreakfast at Tiffany’sIn Cold Blood9.Philip RothGoodbye, Columbus, and Five Short Stories Portnoy’s C omplaint10.Joseph HellerCatch-22 (2005年)Something Happened11.Kurt V onnegutSlaughterhouse-Five (2008年)Player PianoMother NightCat’s CradleBreakfast at ChampionsSlapstickJailbirdDeadeye dickGalapagosBluebirdHocus PocusCanary in a CathouseWelcome to the Monkey House12.Ken KeseyOne Flew Over the Cuckoo’s Nest Sometimes a Great NationDemon BoxSailor Song13.John BarthLetters: A NovelSabbatical: A RomanceThe Tidewater TalesThe Last Voyage of Somebody the Sailor The Sot-Weed FactorLost in the FunhouseThe Floating OperaThe End of the RoadGiles Goat-Boy14.Donald BarthelmeCome Back, Dr. Caligarri Unspeakable PracticesUnnatural ActsCity DaysSadnessGuilty PleasuresAmateursGreat DaysOvernight to Many Distant CitiesSnow WhiteThe Dead FatherThe King15.Thomas PynchonV.The Crying of Lot 49Gravity’s RainbowVinelandMason & Dixon16.William GaddisRecognitionsCarpenter’s GothicJR17.Vladimir NabokovLolita (2004年)Dar, or the GiftPale Fire (2005年)18. A. S. ByattPossession(2013年、2010年)The Shadow of the SunThe Virgin in the GardenA Whistling WomanThe Children's BookStill LifeThe Shadow of the Sun19.Tim O’Brien (A war writer)The Things They CarriedIf I Die in a Combat Zone, Box Me Up and Ship Me Home Northern LightsGoing After CacciatoThe Nuclear AgeIn the Lake of WoodsJuly, JulyPostwar Poetry20.Elizabeth BishopQuestions of TravelGeography III“Sestina”“One Art”“Filling Station”“Over 2,000 Illustrations and a Complete Concordance”21.Richard WilburThe Beautiful Changes and Other PoemsCeremony and Other PoemsThings of This WorldAdvice to the Prophet and Other PoemsPrince Souvanna Phouma: An Exchange between Richard Wilbur and William Jay Smith ComplaintWalking to Sleep: New Poems and TranslationsSeed Leaves: Homage to R. F.22.John BerrymanThe Dream SongsThe DispossessedHomage to Mistress Bradstreet23.Randall JarrellBlood for a StrangerLittle Friend, Little FriendLossesThe Seven-League CrutchesThe Woman at the Washington Zoo The Lost WorldThe Confessional School24.Robert LowellLord Weary’s CastleLand of UnlikenessLife StudiesFor the Union DeadDay by Day25.Sylvia PlathA Winter ShipCrossing the WaterThe Bell Jar“Daddy”“Lady Lazarus”26.Anne SextonLive or DieTo Bedlam and Part Way BackAll My Pretty Ones TransformationsThe Death of NotebookThe Awful Rowing toward God The Beat Generation27.Allen GinsbergHowlEmpty MirrorReality SandwichesThe ChangePlanet NewsThe Fall of AmericaA Supermarket in California (2011年出现诗句)28.Gary SnyderAugust on Sourdough29.W. S. MerwinThe Asians DyingFor a Coming ExtinctionThe Last One30.Robert BlySilence in the Snow FieldsThe Night around the Body31.James WrightMinnesotaLying in a Hammock at William Duffy’s Farm on Pine Island The New York School32.Frank O’Hara“The Day Lady Died”33.John Ashbery“Self-Portrait in a Convex Mirror”34. A. R. AmmonsCorsons InletMountain TalkThe Black Mountain Poets35.Charles OlsonProjective VerseIn Cold Hell, in ThicketThe DistanceThe Maximus PoemsThree “beat” writers36.William BurroughsThe Naked LunchJunkieThe ExterminatorThe Wild BoysCities of the Red NightMind WarsPlace of Dead Roads37.Jack KerouacOn the RoadThe Lonesome TravellerThe Subterraneans and Maggie Cassady 38.Henry Miller Tropic of CancerBlack SpringTropic of CapricornThe Colossus of MaroussiThe Rosy CrucifixionPostwar Drama39.Eugene O’NeilThe Hairy Ape (2005年)Long Day’s Journey into NightDesire under the Elm Tree (2010年)The Iceman ComethBound East for CardiffBeyond the HorizonThe Emperor JonesAnna Christie40.Elmer RiceThe Adding Machine41.Tennessee WilliamsThe Glass MenagerieA Streetcar Named Desire42.Arthur MillerDeath of a SalesmanThe Man Who Had All Luck43.Edward AlbeeWho’s Afraid of Virginia Woolf? Multiethnic LiteratureAfrican American Literature1.Frederick DouglassMy Bondage and My Freedom2.Booker T. WashingtonUp from Slavery3.W. E. B. 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The Pit (1903) and the third one,
never written.
3. Studies on Him and His Works
• 论弗兰克· 诺里斯自然主义文学观的形成
• 论弗兰克· 诺里斯小说中的禁欲旋
• Mammonism in Frank Norris's McTeague 弗兰克· 诺里斯《麦克提格》中的“拜金主义” • Frank Norris on Novel Theory and the Idea of American Novel
living with the homeless
running out of money
suicide
The Theme
• Dreiser: “It is not intended as a piece of literary craftsmanship, but as a picture of conditions done as simply and effectively as the English language will permit.” • The individual against universal forces and people caught up in forces beyond control
Frank Norris
1. Life 2. Works
• McTeague (1899) “the 1st full-bodied naturalistic American novel” = “a consciously naturalistic manifesto”; McTeague.
• Trilogy
(2) Jennie Gerhardt (1911) archetype: one of Dreiser’s sisters; the eldest daughter of German immigrants; the mistress of a congressman; the mistress of a wealthy son; death. (3) The Trilogy of Desire: Financier (1912), The Titan (1914) The Stoic (1947) (4) The Genius (1915) (5) American Tragedy (1925)
The Octopus (1901):
his best work;
a long and complex book based upon an actual clash in 1880 between farmers in the San Joaquin valley and the South Pacific Railroad.
3. Point of View
(1) He embraced social Darwinism— survival of the fittest. (2) Life is predatory, a “game” of the lecherous and heartless, a jungle struggle in which man, being “a waif and an interloper in Nature”, a “wisp in the wind of social forces”, is a mere pawn in the general scheme of things, with no power whatever to assert his will.
5. Studies on Him and His Works
• Female Self-actualization modification
资本主义商品化氛围下的女性自我实现之路
• 美国20世纪文坛之魂——西奥多· 德莱赛
• 《美国悲剧》——美国社会的缩影 • 西奥多· 德莱赛：偶象破坏者
The Story
Caroline Meeker
old sister
Chicago sweatshop worker
living in a small apartment lovers
Druet
Hurstwood
living in a larger apartment
living in New York a great actress
octopus
railway
Theodore Dreiser
• The 9th child of German-speaking parents • Some months at Indiana University
• A reporter of the Chicago Globe • A member of the Communist Party
Frank Norris
• Born in Chicago then moved to San Francisco • Studied art briefly in Paris • Entered the University of California • Influenced the writers of the 1920s and 1930s, such as William Faulkner and John Steinbeck
• 弗兰克· 诺里斯的小说理论及其倡导的“美国小说”
• 自然主义在《章鱼》和《麦克提格》中的体现
“The Wheelhouse of American Naturalism”
Theodore Dreiser
1. Life 2. Works
(1) Sister Carrie (1900): ① maturity of Naturalism; ② being rejected; ③ the story, ④ the theme.
(3) No one is ethically free; everything is determined by a complex of internal chemisms and by the forces of social pressure.
4. Style
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) Without good structure Deficient characterization Lack in imagination Journalistic method Techniques in painting