英国社会与文化Text C
英国社会与文化
作为英语专业的学生，千万不要 让这些英国黑暗料理阻碍了你探索 大英帝国的脚步，下面我给大家推 荐一些可以在英国吃到的正常料理， 来抚平你内心的伤痛。
英式早餐Full British Breakfast
赶时间的人可不适合吃全 套的英式早餐，因为它吃 起来很费时。英式早餐一 共包含开胃小吃（新鲜果 汁、梅子或柚子）、谷物、 主菜、英式奶茶、土司和 果酱五道菜。其中，主菜 一般由煎炸食物组成，例 如煎培根和煎鸡蛋(Bacon and eggs)。现在，许多 餐馆都全天候提供英式早 餐，出于营养均衡的目的， 他们会将西红柿、蘑菇、 卷心菜煎土豆和罐头豆子 作为主菜的一部分。
在1858至1863年，Fish & Chips是英国最受欢 迎的外卖食品，炸鳕鱼 片和炸薯条，配上酸甜 可口的番茄酱和滑腻的 蛋黄酱，十分可口。全 境有1.1万多家炸鱼薯条 店，这道快餐每年大约 能卖出2.55亿份。这一 传统美食是将鱼(一般是 鳕鱼和 黑线鳕)两面裹 粉后煎炸，再配上比美 式薯条更加粗厚的英式 薯条。进餐时的传统配 料包括盐、醋、番茄酱 或蛋黄酱沙司以及豌豆 糊。如果沿着英国海岸 旅行，炸鱼 薯条堪称经 典的海滨晚餐。
英国国菜：炸鱼薯条 Fish & Chips
星期日大餐(Sunday Roast)
传统的英国人通常在周 日的中午享用Sunday Roast，烤肉大餐，或称 星期日烤肉，是传统的 英式大餐，只在星期日 供应。如果适逢圣诞节， 则更加隆重丰盛。烤肉 大餐一般包括烤肉(如羊 羔肉，牛肉，鸡肉和猪 肉)，烤土豆和各种蔬菜， 还会配以约克郡布丁和 各种风味的肉汁。
英国美食与文化
——探究中英美食文化差异
谈到英国料理 你脑中呈现的 是！什！么！
英式早餐or下午茶? British breakfast or Afternoon tea
英国社会与文化
The Geography of Britain and ChinaWhen it comes to Britain, what do you think first? For me, the first thing is that Britain is an European country. Most people will choose the geography as their first topic to introduce a country because it is an important symbol.Britain, whose full name is The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland lies in Europe but is separated from the European Continents, in another words, it is an island country. It is crossed by the Atlantic Ocean, Irish Sea, Celtic Sea and the English Channel. Lying to the north of France and the west of the Netherlands, Denmark and Norway, the south of the Republic of Ireland, the Great Britain is made up of England, Scotland, Wales, Northern Ireland and a lot of coastal islands. The total area of the country is 244,820 square kilometers and the total coastline is 11,450 kilometers. And for the longitude and latitude, it is approximately from 50°N to 58°N and 2°E to 7°W. Though Great Britain isn’t big, the terrain is varied from the flatland in the south and east to mountains of Scotland and Wales. The chief mountain ranges are the Pennines in the middle, the Cambrians in the west and the Grampians in the north. Ben Nevis is the highest mountain in the UK and is about 1343meters. Many rivers also flow past this country. The main river is the River Severn, the longest river in the UK which is westward flowing streams reach the Atlantic. Its about 354 kilometers long and drainage are is about 11,266 square kilometers. The Clyde in Scotland, the Eden and the Mersey in northwest England, and the Welsh Dee and Teifi are the only significant rivers. And the most famous river is the Thames in London which is a popular scenery in the UK. It flows through Eton, the Oxford, Windsor and so on in the upriver, and finally joins the North Sea. Through the English Channel, Britain is linked with France by the tunnel.Though, Britain is an island country, it is fertile and rich in resources. It has coal mine and iron mine, and because of this, British had so much power sources during the first industrial revolution. Thanks to its position which is around by the sea, the fishery and shipbuilding are also developed. And temperate marine climate is dominant the whole country because it is around by the sea and some ocean currentsalso pass through Britain. It often rains but not very cold and this causes the people here like talking about the weather. In addition, flatland is a big part in Britain, so, the animal husbandry is well developed. Wheat is the main cope and because of the developed animal husbandry, it also has a lot of cattle and sheep.On the top of the Great Britain is Scotland. It is mountainous, in the northern parts lies the Grampians, and most of the northern highlands are between 600 and 1000 m. There is also standing the highest mountain in Great Britain--Ben Nevis. The southern part is lower than the north for it is just about 600m. In the valley of North of the Southern Uplands, there are two main cities: Edinburgh and Glasgow. In the middle is the lowland which is made up of the Clyde River and the Tay River.From the middle to the bottom is England which is the largest part in the UK. Here is dominant by the flatland and hills and also some moorlands. In the eastern seacoast, the land is fertile to farm. The Pennines is the main mountain in England and even in the whole country. Besides, on the side of the mountain, there is much coal and iron. The Thames and River Severn flow through England. And there are also a lot of big cities such as London and Liverpool. Because of the largest area, England has a large population which is also one of the most dense area.In the southwestern part is Wales which capital city is Cardiff. It is mostly mountainous. The northern part of Wales is largely hills and moorland. The Mt.Snowdon(1085m) rises in the northeast. The Cambridge Rang dominates the region. The limestone country in the northeast, the great coalfield area with its characteristic deep valleys in the south and the peninsula of Pembroke in the southwest can be recognized. Different from the prosperous England, Wales is more like a countryside for it has many natural views including three national parks.Northern Ireland is made up of six countries and the capital city is Belfast. It is low basin in the middle and around by mountains and uplands. Like Wales, Northern Ireland reserves a lot of natural scenery, and because of having so many green prairies, mountains and rivers, people would like to call it “Green Kingdom”. Here also has the biggest lake in Great Britain, Lough Neagh which is a glacial lake. The main river is River Bann. The southern part and western part is connected with Republic of Ireland.Different from Great Britain, China is a large country which is a part of Eurasia. Lying in the east of Asia and the west of the Pacific Ocean, it is connected with the continent but also faces the sea on three sides. The position of longitude and latitude is around 4°N to 53°N and 73°E to 135°W. Our country is the third largest country in the world and the national territory area is about 9,600,000 square kilometers. The terrain is low in the east and high in the west which is like stairs. But mountains and plateaus dominate the whole country. Because China is a vast country and has many kinds of terrains, the climate is also varied. And the main climate is monsoon climate because of facing seas and backing continents. We are bordered with 14 countries such as North Korea in the east, Burma in the south, Afghanistan in the west and Mongolia in the north. We are also around by the Bohai Sea, the Yellow Sea, the East China Sea and the South China Sea. China has five freshwater lakes and five salt water lakes. The biggest freshwater lake is Po yang Lake and the biggest salt water lake is Qinghai Lake which is also the biggest lake in China.There are four plains: Northeast Plain, North China Plain, Yangtze Plain and Wei he Plain and the biggest one is Northeast Plain. Theses places are suitable to farming. There are also four plateaus : Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, Inner Mongolia Plateau, Loess Plateau and Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau. And Qinghai-Tibet Plateau is not only the biggest plateau in China, it is also the highest plateau in the world which is about 4000 meters and called “the roof of the world”. Inner Mongolia Plateau is an important animal husbandry area. Loess Plateau is the biggest loess deposit area in the world and has many different mines. China has many mountains such as Greater Khingan mountains, Qingling Mountains and the Himalayas, and the highest is Qomolangma. There are seven big rivers: Yangtze River, Yellow River, Huaihe River, Haihe River, the Pearl River, the Songhua River and Liao River. Yangtze River is the longest river in China and the Asia, besides, it is also the third longest in the world and Yellow River is the fifth.Due to the vast territory, our resources are rich enough. First, the large land causes many different mines, for example, coal mine and iron mine, and we also have some rare mine such as rare earth mine. Forests also spread around the country. Forhaving many rivers, so water resources are very abundant. Second, facing seas, fishery is always the main work for coastal areas, meanwhile, it gives an advantage in seafaring. The population of China is the largest in the world, so, though we have so many resources, when they are put to each person, these resources become very few.Britain has four main parts and we also have four parts: northern area, southern area, northwestern area and Qinghai-Tibet area. These four parts are really different in geography. Northern area is dominated by plains which soil is very fertile to farm and the weather is different in four seasons. And most people live here not only for its geography but also for its has some important cities such as Beijing and Tianjin. Southern area is famous for an abundant place because there are many plains and rivers. It is very open and rich so that many big cities are here, for instance, Shanghai, Guangzhou and Chongqing. Northwestern area is a barren part in our country, for it lacks rains and the soil is not fertile. But it has some resources such as the coal. And there also lies the famous old city, Xi’an which is the capital of many dynasties. Qinghai-Tibet area is the highest area in China, and the plants here are different from the former areas, for example, Qingke. And few people live here for its high altitude causing the bad weather and less resources. But there is rich in solar power and geothermal energy. And the famous city is Lhasa which is a pilgrimage city.This is a brief introduction in geography, and through it, we can see how different between Britain and China. And I believe that the geography may influence the country and people. So British is conservative and Chinese is also conservative but more modest.。
英国社会与文化
美国人的身份定义与美国梦Relationship: 每一个美国梦都是与美国culture相关，也在美国文学中体现出来。
如果要讨论美国人的定义，不如说是每一个美国梦定义的每一代美国人。
American national identity and American dreamAmerican literature records the dreams during different periods of American whose history is about two hundred years or more. The American literature may be said to be the history of American dreams. The various literary characters that writers created represent various dreams and make up various colors of the American culture.Some of them were dreams of pioneers created by romanticism writers; some were the dreams about democracy just as what Walt Whiteman had described. Some were dreams of the strong such as Ernest Hemingway and Jack London .But those dreams still contained many horrible dreams which happened on negro writers，Jewish writers……I. Dream of pioneersThe American continents were peopled as the result of two long-continuing immigration movements. The pioneer andcreation became the main work for that immigration when they faced the wild land. And the spirit of pioneers was lately regarded as the primary feature during the plantation economy. The early literature works presented those pioneers’ exploring activities on the new land. From which we know that they were optimistic and passionate. For example, Cooper’s novel The Pioneers, which described the hardship during pioneering. Most of literature works have showed the positive effects derived from the dream of pioneers. If we have read Whitman’s poems, we may found he spoke highly of working, especially ordinary workers. And pioneers’spirit has been taken into American culture, which has been an important part of American culture. Although the society is developing, the dream of pioneers never disappeared. We can find them in so many literature characters. Wukka cather’s O pioneer! depicts life on the sweeping plains of Midwestern Nebraska. My Antonia is her another novel which described a woman had got her own land and found happiness after failing to search a job and being hurt because of affective factors. The spirit of pioneers is represented on her.II. Dream of freedom and democracyThe new immigration on the continent wished to live freely, and here was a paradise for them because no one could takecharge of their fates. However British colonial rule is one of the biggest obstacles which prevented them from pursuing for freedom and democracy. With the successful ending of American independence war, people intensively realized that they needed freedom and would fight for it forever. So freedom and democracy became American symbol in many poets’ hearts. Walt Whitman, a man advocated egotism and tried to write poetry in a new vision of American. In 1855, he published a ground-breaking book called leaves of grass . Starling as this poetry was, it won Whitman admires across American and in Europe. The-flowing structure of this poetry with its long irregular lines appeared in literature just like a fresh blood flow into an old body. Whitman ventured beyond traditional forms to meet his need for more space to express the American spirit. Another important change was that individual impulses were appropriate and accepted. Nathaniel Hawthorne published a novel in 1850 called the scarlet letter. Personal desire was admitted when we read the novel and we can believe the idea was what the author wanted to express.Uncle Tom’s cabin made a voice for the slaves. They fought for freedom and equality. They requested to abolish slavery. And they succeed at last. Those had reflected the spirit of democracy and humanright. As all we know, Mark Twain, one of the greatest writers in the history of American literature, had showed his dream of freedom in his novel the adventures of sawyer and the adventures of huckleberry. No matter sawyer and huckleberry, both of them set foot on the road to adventure with their dreams of freedom.III. Dream of the strongIn my opinion, American is a people which have extremely worshiped the strong for a long time. They just believe a principle, that is the fittest survives. So everyone wants to be a strong man. Actually, here the means of strong include ability, strength, power, rich, and status etc.Dream of the strong can be viewed as a continuity or a development of dream of pioneers. In Go with the wind, the actress was a strong woman. Hemingway’s main characters were usually tough, silent men, good at sports or war. Such as Jordon in for whom the bell tolls,Santiago in the old man and the sea. The leading roles in Jack London’s the call of the wild and love life strived as much as possible, and finally they succeed from a weak one to a strong one.IV. Dream of wealthAmerican, with the newest technologies whose economy is developed greatly after the World War I is an ideal place for many people. And this is one of the most important factors for the appearing of various desires, including money, alcohol, drugs, pleasure and sexuality. In F. Scott Fitzgerald’s the Great Gatsby, Gatsby was always dreaming of villa, car and woman. From Jack London’s Martin Eden,Eden was a chaser for American dreams. He wrote as much as possible in order to get a life just like the middle classes have. But he realized his dream was broken when he succeed. He found that the back of rich life was depravation. Those Youngman during this period was called jazz generation.If we want to know how American national identity reflected in American literature, we just should find out what dream American have experienced. In my view, every dream represents a generation. So one dream is an identity of American.。
英国社会和文化unit2text1
清 清 ， 这 雨 要下到 何时？
母 亲 4 点 多就 起床准 备包粽 子的材 料。洗 米、搓 绿豆皮 、煮粽 叶、切肥肉、冬菇、 蛋 黄、拿 出早已 洗净的 棕藤， 一切准 备就绪 ，母亲 就坐在 小凳子 上，包 起了粽 子。 在 母 亲 的 手 中，包 一条粽 子，犹 如穿针 引线般 熟练。 拿起一 片叶子 ，弯成 漏斗的 形 状 ， 抓 一 把糯米 ，均匀 散放在 叶子底 部，再 铺一层 绿豆， 挑选肥 美的半 肥瘦猪 肉 ， 往 中 间 一放， 按两下 ，把切 好的四 分之一 蛋黄放 置中间 ，两头 镶嵌冬 菇，上 面 依 次 重 复 开头的 步骤， 又依粽 叶的边 缘绕多 几层粽 叶，轻 轻拍一 下粽身 ，好让 米 厚实些 ，再将 粽叶往 左向下 相折。 拿起绳 子紧紧 绕上两 三圈， 打结， 就完成 了。
• Para.2 however 没什么卵用~~~
Constitution gives much limit In any case she has no means of enforcing her will no real power
英国社会与文化
英国社会与文化 An Introduction to British Society & Culture主编常俊跃 李莉莉 赵永青国家哲学社会科学项目“英语专业基础阶段内容依托式教学改革研究”项目组 编ContentsUnit 1 The English Character (1)Text A The English Character (I) (1)Text B The English Character (II) (7)Text C The English Spirit of Control (11)Unit 2 The Constitutional Monarchy (14)Text A The Constitutional Monarchy (15)Text B The Role of the Monarchy Today (23)Text C The Queen’ s Official Birthday (25)Text D Diana, the People’s Princess (27)Unit 3 The British Parliament (33)Text A The British Government Today (34)Text B Political Parties in the U.K (39)Text C Margaret Thatcher (41)Unit 4 Food and Drinks in the U.K (45)Text A Food and Drinks in the U.K (46)Text B British Meals (51)Text C Pub Etiquette (53)Text D Leisure Time for Britons (56)Unit 5 The British Ways & Manners (60)Text A Politeness in Britain (61)Text B What’s Typically British (66)Text C Social Customs in Britain (68)Text D Name Roots (71)Unit 6 Education System in the U.K (74)Text A Going to School: British Style (75)Text B Schools in the U.K (79)Text C Boarding School (81)Unit 7 The British Welfare System (85)Text A Welfare System in the U.K (86)Text B The Welfare State (90)Text C The National Health Service (92)Unit 8 The British Media (94)Text A The British Press (95)Text B The Broadcast Media (100)Text C Local Newspapers in Britain (102)Text B Jury System in the Dock (113)Text C The Police in Britain (115)Unit 10 Family Life in the U.K (118)Text A Family Life in the U.K (119)Text B Changing Values & Norms of the U.K. Family (124)Text D Marriage Customs (127)Unit 11 The British Sports & Games (129)Text A The British Sports (130)Text B Cricket—A Very English Game (136)Text C The Highland Games (137)Text D Traditional Games in Scotland (139)Unit 12 Theatre & Music in the U.K (142)Text A Theatre & Music in the U.K (143)Text B Pantomimes (150)Text C Cats, the Classic Musical (151)Text D The Beatles (152)Unit 13 The British Holidays& Festivals (156)Text A Holidays and Festivals in the U.K (157)Text B Holiday Life in England (164)Text C Valentine Customs (166)Unit 14 The British Literature (I) (168)Text A Overview of British Literature (I) (169)Text B William Shakespeare (176)Text C To be, or not to be (177)Text D Of Studies (179)Unit 15 The British Literature (II) (182)Text A Overview of British Literature (II) (183)Text B Pride and Prejudice (191)Text C Christmas Dinner (193)Text D Agatha Christie––Queen of Crime (196)Appendix: Key to the Exercises (200)重点参考的书目和网站 (214)Unit 1The English CharacterSuccess is the ability to go from one failure toanother with no loss of enthusiasm.——Winston ChurchillUnit Goalsz To understand character and personality of English people e To understand character and personality of English peopl z To get acquainted with some basic cultural concepts concerning English characterTo get acquainted with some basic cultural concepts concerning English character z To learn some useful words and expressions on English character To learn some useful words and expressions on English characterBefore You ReadWork with your partner and share ideas with each other.1) What are the first three things that come into your mind when you hear the words “Britain” or “Britons”?E.g. When I think of “the English” I think of…____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________2) What do you think of the Britons?What are the three descriptivewords you associate the most withthe British people?E.g. _____, _____, _____Start to ReadText A The English Character (I)1. To other Europeans, the best known quality of the British, and inhe never tells you anything about himself, and you may work with him for years without even knowing where he lives, how many children he has, and what his interests are. English people tend to be like that.2. If they are making a journey by bus they will do their best to findan empty seat; if by train, anempty compartment. If theyhave to share the compartmentwith a stranger, they may travelmany miles without starting aconversation. If a conversationdoes start, personal questions like“How old are you?” or even“What is your name?” are noteasily asked.3. This reluctance to communicate with others is an unfortunate quality in some ways since it tends to give the impression of coldness, and it is true that the English (except perhaps in the North) are not noted for their generosity and hospitality. On the other hand, they are perfectly human behind their barrier of reserve, and may be quite pleased when a friendly stranger or foreigner succeeds for a time in breaking the barrier down. We may also mention at this point that the people of the North and West, especially the Welsh, are much less reserved than those of the South and East.4. Closely related to English reserve is English modesty. Within their hearts, the English are perhaps no less conceited than anybody else, but in their relations with others they value at least a show of modesty. Self-praise is felt to be impolite. If a person is, let us say, very good at tennis and someone asks him if he is a good player, he will seldom reply “Yes,” because people will think him conceited. He will probably give an answer like, “I’m not bad,” or “I think I’m very good,” or “Well, I’m very keen on tennis.” Even if he had managed to reach the finals in last year’s local championships, he would say it in such a way as to suggest that it was only due to a piece of good luck.faults, one’s own failure, even atone’s own ideals. The criticism ,“He has no sense of humor” isvery commonly heard in Britain,where humor is highly prized. Asense of humor is an attitude tolife rather than the mere abilityto laugh at jokes. This attitude isnever cruel or disrespectful ormalicious . The English do not laugh at a cripple or a madman, or a tragedy or an honorable failure.6. Since reserve, a show of modesty and a sense of humor are part of his own nature, the typical Englishman tends to expect them in others. He secretly looks down on more excitable nations, and likes to think of himself as more reliable than they. He doesn’t trust big promises and open shows of feelings, especially if they are expressed in flowery language. He doesn’t trust self-praise of any kind. This applies not only to what other people may tell him about themselves orally, but to the letters they may write to him. To those who are fond of flowery expressions, the Englishman may appear uncomfortably cold.7. Finally, sportsmanship . Like a sense of humor, this is an Englishin ideal which not all Englishmen live upto. It must be realized that sport in thismodern form is almost entirely aBritish invention. Boxing, rugby,football, hockey, tennis and cricketwere all first organized and given rulesin Britain. Rules are the essence ofsport, and sportsmanship is the abilityto practice a sport according to its rules,while also showing generosity to one’sdefeat. The high pressure of modern international sport makes these ideals difficult to keep, but they are atleast highly valued in Britain and are certainly achieved there more commonly than among more excitable peoples. Moreover, sportsmanship as an ideal is applied to life in general this is proved by opponent and good temperwell-aimed, strong criticism and “below the belt” is used to describe an unfair one. One of the most elementary rules of life is “never hit a man when he’s down”—in other words, never take advantage of a person’s misfortune. English schoolboys often show this sense of sportsmanship to a surprisingly high degree in their relations with each other.After You ReadKnowledge Focuspartner and share ideas with each other.1. Work with your W h a t w o u l d a n E n g l i s h m a n o r w o m a n u s u a l l y d o i n t h e f o l l o w i n g s i t u a t i o n s ?lishman makes a journey to somewhere by train… man’s skills inomething quite funny happening in public and annis match…rite T if the statement is true and F if it is false.emotional, and____ 2) t noted for their generosity and____ 3) are much less reserved than people of the____ 4) is an attitude to life rather than the mere____ 5) lder” and “below the belt” areAn Eng An acquaintance asks an English lady’s age…Someone pays compliments to an English tennis…There’s s Englishman happens to see it…An Englishman has just lost a ten2. W ____ 1) A reserved person is one who is quite tends gets excited easily.The British people are no hospitality.The Welsh,South and East.A sense of humor ability to laugh at jokes.“Straight from the shou sporting terms borrowed from rugby.Language Focusnings of the bold-faced words in this text and 1. Discuss the mea work with a partner to fill in the blanks with a proper word ormunicate with others, he usuallye guests are treated _______.as honeyis likely to. Fill in the blanks with the following expressions you have be noted for look down on be keen on2) If a person is reluctant to com __________ to start a conversation.3) The hostess is very hospitable , and th 4) Whenever anyone mentions the word “conceit ”, the image of Mr.Darcy comes into mind, he was thought to be_________.5) You’d better ____________those people who are sweet to your face and as malicious as hell behind your back.6) If you seek help from a friend known for generosity , he __________.2learned in this text.due to for a time live up totake advantage of apply to) This rule cannot be ________ any case.to speak English.ilty, but before longlong. I ________ outdooress is entirely ________ his hard work.nts.. Fill in the blanks with the proper forms of words in the1) (reserve) person is one who does not talk very much tosh (except perhaps in the North) are not 12) Students must ________ every opportunity 3) Conceited people always ________ others.4) _________ the police thought she might be gu they eliminated her from their list of suspects.5) This resort ________ its hot springs.6) It’s boring to stay at home all day sports.7) His succ 8) I hope I can ________ the expectations of my pare3brackets.A _____ strangers, does not show much emotion, and seldom gets excited.2) This _____ (reluctant) to communicate with others is an unfortunate quality in some ways since it tends to give the impression of coldness.3) It is true that the Englivery _____ hoolboys often show this sense of sportsmanship to a6)The _____ (criticize), “He has no sense of humor” is commonly heard in Britain, where humor is highly prized. 7)The typical Englishman secretly looks down on more (excite) nations, and likes to think of himself as more _____ (rely) than they. 8) English sc _____ (surprise) high degree in their relations with each other.Comprehensive WorkBritish sayings and try to use them to make 1) time saves nine.an’s poison.not make it drink.em.th.. Pair-work: work with your partner and share ideas with each re the English character with the American character. What 1. Study the following dialogues.A stitch in 2) One man’s meat is another m 3) You can lead a horse to water, but you can 4) The grass is always greener on the other side.5) Don’t cross your bridges before you come to th 6) The best advice is found on the pillow.7) Birds of a feather flock together.8) Don’t look a gift horse in the mou2other.Compa are the similarities and differences?Read Moregolden ”, “Empty vessels make the most noise ” andeirtuations isnot exclusively a sporting one. It describes the sort ofay appear fearless and calm on the surface, deepmanner.2) “Silence is “You are not put on to this earth to enjoy yourself ”. From the sayings above we can get the clue that the English parents want their children to be __________________________________.3) If there is one trait that absolutely singles out the English it is th shared dislike for anyone or anything that “________”.4) To the English the proper way to behave in almost all si to display a languid _____ to almost everything. Even in affairs of the heart, it is considered unseemly to show one’s feelings except ________.5) The term is behaviour both on and off the playing field that characterises everything the English really respect. The term refers to “________”.6) Whilst they m down the English suffer from agonising self-doubt, feeling that in many areas of human activity they just cannot cut the mustard. The underlined expression means __________.7) The English have a strong sense of history and they tend to fillul and inventive, but rarelyText B The English Character (II)S t i f f U p p e rL i p their homes with ______.8) The English are endlessly resourcef ________ their inventions.teristic English pose involveskeep The charac ing the head held high, the upper lip stiffand the best foot forward. In this position,conversation is difficult and intimacy of any kindalmost impossible. This in itself is a clue to theEnglish character.ting rather like the thre nd behaviour against all c od is also Eng in this certainty to the gen vessels make the most noise” and, most telling, “You are not put on to this earth to enjoy yourself”.Small wonder that they end up, as adults, ac e wise monkeys and emotionally in traction.But still the English defend their character a omers. Perhaps that is because Puritanism with its punishing work ethic assures them that their reward for all that restraint will come at a sort of school prize-giving ceremony in the world to come.If it is the latter, they are forgetting that since G lish—a firmly-held belief—any hedonism in the next world will probably be accompanied by mugs of bromide.Nevertheless, the English continue to bask eral astonishment of the rest of mankind.is one trait that absolutely singles out the English it is their shar an excess of emo English the proper way to behave in almost all situations is to d If there ed dislike for anyone or anything that “goes too far”.Going too far, as the English see it, covers displaying tion, getting drunk, discussing money in public or cracking off-colour jokes and then laughing at them noisily. Beyond the pale altogether is the man or woman who regales one with his or her titles or qualifications. The only acceptable place to air these is on an envelope.To the isplay a languid indifference to almost everything, though one may be seething underneath. Even in affairs of the heart, it is considered unseemly to show one’s feelings except behind closed doors.h man or woman refers to you as “a good sport”, you wil sively a sporting one. It describes the sort of beh If an Englis l know that you have really arrived. For to them it is a qualification normally never awarded to a foreigner and by no means within the grasp of all the English.The term is not exclu aviour both on and off the playing field that characterises everything the English really respect. In all physical trials, the goodIt goes without saying that the good sport will also be a good loser. The English are fiercely com S e l re will be no arguing with umpires or outward signs of disappointment. On the contrary, a remark such as “The best man won!” tossed airily to all and sundry, and never through clenched teeth, is obligatory even in the face of crushing defeat.This does not really fool anyone, for the petitive especially in matters sporting. They would rather be crossed in love than beaten on the tennis courts, but to let it be seen would be going too far.f -D o u b tapparent colossal self-confidence and moral certainty of the conquered and foreigners to be e helter-skelter slide from Empire to Commonwealth and S e n It is the English that is paradoxically one of their greatest stumbling blocks. For both qualities are, to a certain extent, only illusions. Whilst they may appear fearless and calm on the surface, deep down the English suffer from agonising self-doubt, feeling that in many areas of human activity they just cannot cut the mustard.All the time there were countries to be governed, the English could sublimate all their clamouring uncertainty. The scent of success served as incense at the altar of their self-assurance.But with th ever downwards, their doubts, like itches, have begun to plague them and it is considered bad form to scratch in public.t i m e n tglish have a strong sense of history. Because their past was so led with old thingsnot The En infinitely more glamorous than their present, they cling to it tenaciously. Mix this love of bygone ages with an unrivalled sentimentality and you have a heady mixture which can be sensed inevery aspect of the English life.Antique shops clutter upevery town and village. Englishhomes are fil only because please the eyebut because there is a feeling thatShi andfather/grandmother, it’s good eno niness is vulgar and the patina of age lends respectability. Thus they cling on to old furniture, old carpets, old chipped china, old kitchen gadgets and garden implements long after common sense dictates that they should be replaced.“If it was good enough for my gr ugh for me!”. The English cry goes up and each new invasion from the future is greeted with the indignant question: “What was wrong with the old one?”. And as far as the English are concerned, there is no answer to that.InventivenessThe English are endlessly resourceful and inventive, but rarely pro one unobserved by gh, he will come up with something with real pro 2. Read the following passage and finish the following exercises.sunny in English comedy shows,to tea drinking in England: The water musttrol is shown infit from their inventions. The inventor in his garden shed turning out gadgets and widgets tends to be almost exclusively male, lacking the more practical female genes in any great numbers.Often perceiving needs in daily life which have g the rest of his compatriots, he will beaver away 24 hours a day creating such indispensable items as the perfect egg boiler or the self-creasing trouser.Occasionally, thou mise like the hovercraft which will then be ignored by his countrymen and taken up by foreigners.1) The English national character is dualistic: One aspect i conservative, the other _____.2) Most Americans find nothing f since English humor is _____ oriented while American humor is more _____ oriented.3) There is a whole ritual be _____ rapidly, the teapot _____, the tea _____, then _____ at least 5 minutes in a teapot covered by a tea cosy.4) In the following passage, the English spirit of con the following aspects: English pubs, ______, pace of living and ______.The English national character is dualistic: One aspect is conservative, the other extroverted. The English people, like people of elsewhere, love to entertain themselves in some pleasure; however, their pleasure always know temperance.The pub is a fine example of the conservative aspect of English character. The pub, unlike the bar in the U.S., is a focal point for the “locals.” One goes to the pub for the same reasons one used to go to church: for fellowship and spiritual enlightenment. There is nothing flashy or plastic about most pubs. Many look like one’s living room, full of plush, soft chairs, couches, a fireplace, and bright lights. The pubs keep respectable hours, too—open from 10 A.M. to 2 P.M. and 5 P.M. to 10 P.M.; Friday and Saturday nights they stay open until 11 P.M. There are no all-night or 3 A.M. public bars. When the pubs close everyone goes home. The pub represents pleasure with control and in good taste.This control is also exemplified in English humor. Most Americans find nothing funny in English comedy shows, since English humor is word oriented while American humor is more action oriented.The same control that is found in English pubs and humor is also found in the English pace of living. Where else does one stand in line quietly for the bus or the taxi?barbarians drink tea by placinga tea bag in a cup of hot water.There is a whole ritual to teadrinking in England: The watermust be boiling rapidly, theteapot warm, the tea loose, thensteeped at least 5 minutes in ateapot covered by a tea cosy.Then and only then does onepour the tea into a cup and drink it. Not only old ladies in lace with Pekingese on their laps drink tea, but a whole nation of workers, entrepreneurs, and aristocrats have tea for breakfast, lunch, and, of course, all activity stops in the afternoon for thecustomary tea break.NotesWinston Churchill (1874–1965) was a Britishpolitician known chiefly for his leadership of theUnited Kingdom during World War II. He served asPrime Minister of the United Kingdom from 1940 to from 1951 to 1955. A noted 1945 and again statesman and orator, Churchill was also an officer in the British Army, a historian, a Nobel Prize-winning writer, and an artist.For FunBooks to ReadJules Verne, Around the World in Eighty Days —Phileas Fogg bets half his fortune against other members of the Reform Club he can travel around the world in 80 days or less.Peter Mandler, The English National Character —a historian of modern Britain challenges long-held familiar stereotypes and proposes an entirely new perspective on what it means to think of oneself as being English.Movies to SeeMr. Bean—Life is a difficultchallenge for Mr. Bean, whohas trouble completing even thesimplest of tasks. Thankfully, his perseverance is usually rewarded, and he finds an ingenious way around the problem.。
英语国家概况 第8章 英国社会与文化
Cash Benefits5）改革reformsIn the late 1990s a working-families tax credit（税务减免）replaced income support for low-paid working households with children; the government introduced a national minimum wage;the government also introduced a children’s tax credit toprovide additional support to low-and middle-income families.5）改革：在20世纪90年代后期，提出工薪家庭税收减免政策，来取代对低收入家庭孩子的收入支持，政府还出台了国家最低工资标准。
政府还出台了一个儿童税收减免，以向中低收入家庭提供更多的支持。
在20世纪中期1）在20世纪中期，英国地方政府营造了简易住宅（包括公共房产）1980年2）1980年“购买权”法律的出现，很多租户变成了业主居住者。
21世纪开端3）21世纪开端，当地政府对房屋的占有率几乎减半。
1）教育国务大臣全面负责英格兰的教育，并对议会、教育部和科学部负责2）在苏格兰、威尔士和北爱尔兰，教育部门由部长领导，并对区议会负责。
初、中级教育是地方政府的责任。
地方教育机构雇佣教师，并提供教育经费。
少数的学校由自愿者经营，多具备宗教性质。
也有一小部分是私营的。
3）初级教育是免费的，从5岁到11岁是义务教育。
地方教育机构通过各种组织形式，为11到19岁的孩子提供中等教育，中等教育是免费的，义务教育到16岁。
1）除了公立学校，一小部分私立学校（常被称为“公学”）为1到20岁的孩子提供教育。
2）在英国，那些私立学校常被称为“公学”。
3）这些学校的教育资金来源于学费和私人募捐。
4）其中的大部分学生来自富裕家庭，并非常愿意继续到名牌大学深造。
英国社会与文化
英国社会与文化The government of the UKThe British government system politics is the most ancient of system. Its origins can be traced back to more than 1000 years ago, and the British parliament is also the world's most ancient representation parliament. Now The UK is a long history of the parliamentary system of democracy, and for government constitutional monarchy. the head of state is a king or a queen. The United Kingdom is governed, in the name of the Sovereign by His or Her Majesty's Government.The democratic political through free elections, freedom of speech and everyone is equal before the law system of public and get. Britain is the principle of democracy, the national through an election in the house of Commons in London elected senator, term not more than five years. Every member of the house of Commons on behalf of Britain's national 651 constituencies in a, or "seat", the senator is usually one of several major political party members.The Monarchy and The role of the monarchThe most ancient system of government is the monarchy (by king rules). This can be traced back to from the 5 th century Britain began to rule until 1066 was the normans conquered Saxon. King egbert in AD 829 will be unified in their England under the rule of, but now the queen Elizabeth ii is the direct descendant of him.The rights of the Kings come mainly from ancient creed "rights granted". It said the authority of the monarchy is from god and not from his people. Although sometimes different between the family have WangWeiZhi divided, have insisted that he is the legal heir of the crown, but with the sacred rights, few peoplequestioned whether the monarchy should exist. For more than 1000 years, Britain is always the hereditary rule by the king and queen. But there is only a short exception.Now the queen of the UK is Elizabeth II, her title in the United Kingdom is “Elizabeth the Second, by the Grace of God of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland and Her Other Realms and Territories, Queen, Head of the Commonwealth, Defender of the Faith.The Queen is the symbol of the whole nation. In law, She is head of the executive, an integral part of the legislature, head of the judiciary, the commander-in-chief of all the armed forces and the “supreme governor” of the Ch urch of England. She gives Royal Assent to Bills passed by parliament.But now The monarch actually has no real power. The monarch’s power are limited by law and Parliament. a nd the actual state power is in the prime minister hands, In today's monarch symbol is the role of traditional and British national unity. Obviously, the prime minister and the ruling at any time, The party is part of the accounts for only of the population, they voted for. The queen, but, because she is political, belong to everybody. According to the constitution, the scope of her other role as follows: she is legal administration person in charge, legislative, and judicial organs in charge,In 1988, according to the survey, most British people think, the queen of England's most important job is to represent Britain at home and abroad, Her second most important job is to establish a good citizen and family living standards. Although the queen, in fact, is a kind of mould manufacturing Van life.constitutionNow the rule of the British method based on the basis of theterms of the constitution. Israel and the UK is the only two without written written constitution in the world, and most countries have such constitution. Without a specific written documents to list on how to control a country basic terms, the British government is the foundation of the statute law, common law (case law) and the common law. Statute passed by congress is to point to by the law; Common law is refers to the British court ruling has formed by the law; Common law refers to the law not required, but the system of government to run very important some traditional rules and habits.ParliamentThe English language "congress" (parliament) the phrase comes from the verb "parley", meaning is to discuss or talk.The United Kingdom is a unitary, not a federal, state. Parliament consists of the Sovereign, the House of Lords and the House of Commons.The main functions of Parliament are: (1) to pass laws; (2) to provide, by voting for taxation, the means of carrying on the work of government; (3) to examine government Policy and administrations, including proposal for expenditure; and (4) to debate the major issues of the day.Strictly speaking, the parliament today by the queen of England, the house of lords and the house of Commons composition. The three agencies must agree with the through anylaws.The house of lords and the house of CommonsThe House of Lords is made up of the Lords Spiritual and the Lords Temporal. The main function of the House of Lords is to bring the wide experience of its members into the process of lawmaking. In other words, the non-elected House is to act as achamber of revision, complementing but not rivaling the elect House.The House of Common is elected by universal adult suffrage and consists of 651 Members of Parliament (MPs). It is in the House of Commons that the ultimate authority.Britain is divided 651 constituencies. Each of the constituencies returns one member to the House of Commons.A general Election must be held every five years and is often held at more frequent intervals.Britain has a number of parties, but there are only two major parties. These two parties are the Conservative Party and the Labour Party.1. The Prime Minister presides over the Cabinet, is responsible for the allocation of functions among ministers and informs the Queen at regular meetings of general business of the Government. Cabinet members hold meetings under the chairmanship of the Prime Minister for a few hours each week to decide Government policy on major issues.2. Ministers are responsible collectively to Parliament for all Cabinet decisions; individual Ministers are responsible to Parliament for the work of their department.Now the British governmentFrom the above in brief, we can see that the British government now by its long history of influence. Britain is a representative democracy, it is a constitutional monarchy. Though the country's official summit is the queen, but her right most of it is traditional and symbolic. National and local government was elected by the people, according to the British constitution principle rules the country.。
英语国家社会与文化(英文)
The British society and cultureThe UK is a rich and colorful, with international and multicultural country .Its full name is the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, hereinafter referred to as the United Kingdom or Britain, known as the UK, is on the island of Great Britain by England, Scotland and wales, and Northern Ireland northeast the island of Ireland, and a series of islands of a small island.In Chinese the word "Britain", that is, by "England", the international code for the GB.Britain is located in the northwest of the continent of the British Isles, is the north sea, the English channel, Celtic sea, Irish sea and surrounded by the Atlantic ocean.In addition to Britain, including fourteen overseas territories .Established the "glorious revolution" in 1688 the British constitutional monarchy, Britain was the first to complete the industrial revolution, the national strength growing rapidly.In the 18th century to early 20th century, the rule of the British empire territories across the globe.As the most powerful country.Both after the outbreak of world war ii victory, but seriously damaged national strength, to the disintegration of the British empire in the second half of the 20th century, Britain has lost onceleadership in international affairs.Superpower status be replaced by the United States and the Soviet union.However, the UK is still a worldwide has a strong influence, important economic, cultural, military, science and technology of the world's great powers.About the British people's life custom, British people now pay more attention to the quality of life, the pursuit of spirit to enjoy.Important occasion wear very formal, usually the pursuit of simple, comfortable clothing.Diet style is simple, pay attention to nutrition.The climate is mild and humid, the British people love the sun.Like I'm doing housework at ordinary times, have a passion for sport, like to travel on holiday.In addition the British very hobby cultural activities, such as reading books, writing articles, to the concert, the theatre, etc, also like pets.。
- 1、下载文档前请自行甄别文档内容的完整性，平台不提供额外的编辑、内容补充、找答案等附加服务。
- 2、"仅部分预览"的文档,不可在线预览部分如存在完整性等问题,可反馈申请退款(可完整预览的文档不适用该条件!)。
- 3、如文档侵犯您的权益，请联系客服反馈,我们会尽快为您处理(人工客服工作时间：9:00-18:30)。
• These days, an unmarried mother may choose to have a baby without marrying the father. She wants to keep the baby rather than have it adopted.
• The unmarried mother is just one of many single-parent families. But it ma be difficult to bring up a family on her own. She may not be able to work and look after her child. There are some self-help group which she can join. A selfhelp group is one in which all the members are in a similar situation, and they help one another.
• So a family is no longer forced to stay together just to bring up the children. The children are often happier, too, particularly if they are used to their parents quarrelling endlessly. They may feel that they are better off with dependent children have only one parent.
• The result of a divorce or separation, if there are children in family, is a “broken home” . It is usual for the children to live with their mother. Their father well probably have the legal right to visit the children and have them to stay with him for part of the school holidays.
Read the passage and finish the following exercise.
• Please define a “broken home”: A family that children lack of care for their divorced parents. • According to the passage, it is better for the quarreling croup to divorce each other instead of being forced to stay together just to bring up the children. • A one-parent family may headed by a divorced father or mother, by a widow or widower, by a married woman separated from her husband, or it may be headed by an unmarried mother.
•
A self-group family is one in which all the members are in a similar situation, and they help one another. • Fill in each blank with a suitable preposition or adverb. a. The divorced parents very often marry someone else and set up a new family home. b. The children may feel they are better off with just one parent, or with a new stepparent. c. It may be difficult for the unmarried mother to bring up a family on her own. She may not be able to work and look after her child.
• About 14 percent of all families with dependent children have only one parent. A one –parent family may be headed by a divorced father or mother ,by a widow or widower, by a married woman separated from her husband. Or it may be headed by an unmarried mother.
• Over 1.5 million children are affected by divorce. There are, therefore, many broken homes in Britain today, but the parents very often marry someone else and set up a new family.
• Since the Reform Art of 1969,it has been easier to get a divorce in Britain and the divorce rate has increased. There is now one divorced for every three marriages.