3D打印技术及其应用毕业论文外文文献翻译及原文
(推荐)3D打印外文文献翻译最新译文
文献出处: Paul G. 3D printing technology and its application [J]. Anatomical sciences education, 2015, 10(3): 430-450.原文3D printing technology and its applicationPaul GAbstract3D printing technology in the industrial product design, especially the application of digital product model manufacturing is becoming a trend and hot topic. Desktop level gradually mature and application of 3D printing devices began to promote the rise of the Global 3D printing market, Global industrial Analysis company (Global Industry Analysis Inc) research report predicts Global 3D printing market in 2018 will be $2.99 billion.Keywords: 3D printing; Application; Trend1 3D printing and 3D printers3D printing and 3D printing are two entirely different concepts.3D printing is separated into different angles the picture of the red, blue two images, then the two images according to the regulation of parallax distance overprint together, using special glasses to create the 3D visual effect, or after special treatment, the picture printed directly on the special grating plate, thus rendering 3D visual effect of printing technology. And 3D printing refers to the 3D ink-jet printing technology, stacked with hierarchical processing forms, print increase step by step a material to generate a 3D entity, meet with 3D models, such as laser forming technology of manufacturing the same real 3D object digital manufacturing technology.3D printers, depending on the technology used by its working principle can be divided into two categories:1.1 3D printer based on 3D printing technologyBased on 3D printing technology of 3D printer, by stored barrels outa certain amount of raw material powder, powder on processing platform is roller pushed into a thin layer, then the print head in need of forming regional jet is a kind of special glue.At this time, met the adhesive will rapidly solidified powder binder, and does not meet the adhesive powder remain loose state. After each spray layer, the processing platform will automatically fall a bit, according to the result of computer chip cycle, until the real finished. After just remove the outer layer of the loose powder can obtain required for manufacturing three-dimensional physical.1.2 3D printers based on fused deposition manufacturing technologyBased on fused deposition manufacturing technology of the working principle of 3D printer is first in the control software of 3D printers into physical data generated by CAD and treated generated to support the movement of materials and thermal spray path. Then hot nozzle will be controlled by computer according to the physical section contour information in printed planar motion on the plane, at the same time by thermoplastic filamentous material for wire agency sent to the hot shower, and after the nozzle to add heat and melt into a liquid extrusion, and spraying in the corresponding work platform. Spray thermoplastic material on the platform after rapid cooling form the outline of a thickness of 0.1 mm wafer, forming a 3D printing section. The process cycle, load, decrease of bench height then layers of cladding forming stacked 3D printing section, ultimately achieve the desired three-dimensional object.2 The application of 3D printing needsThe 3D printing technology support for a variety of materials, can be widely used in jewelry, footwear, industrial design, construction, automotive, aerospace, dental, medical, and even food, etc. Different areas., according to the requirements of application targets used by material with resin, nylon, gypsum, ABS, polycarbonate (PC) or food ingredients, etc.3D printers of rapid prototyping technology has a distinct advantage in the market, the huge potential in the production application, hot applications outlined below.2.1 Industrial applications"Air cycling" is located in Bristol, UK the European aeronautic defense and Space Company using 3D printers, application of 3D printing technology to create the world's first print bike. The bike to use as strong as steel and aluminum alloy material of nylon, the weight is 65% lighter than metal materials. More interestingly, "air bike", chain wheels and bearings are printed at a time, without the original manufacture parts first, and then the parts together of assembly process, after printing, bicycles will be able to move freely. Bicycle manufacturing process like printing discontinuous in graphic print as simple lines, 3D printer can print out the object space is not connected to each other.2.2 Medical applicationsIn medicine, the use of 3D printing will two-photon polymer and biological functional materials combination modified into the capillaries, not only has good flexibility and compatibility of human body, also can be used to replace the necrosis of blood vessels, combined with artificial organs, partly replacing experimental animals in drug development. Biotechnology in Germany in October 2011 show, Biotechnical Fair), using 3D printers print artificial blood capillary to attract the attention of the participants, these artificial capillary has been applied in clinical medicine.2.3 application of daily life"3D food printer" is developed by Cornell University in New York, the United States food manufacturing equipment. The "3D food printer" usedsimilar routine computer printers, the working principle of ingredients and ingredients in the container (cartridge) in advance only need to enter the required recipe, by supporting the CAD software can keep the food "print out". For many chefs, the new kitchen cooking means that they can create new dishes make food more individuality, higher food value. Using the "3D food printer" making food, from raw materials to finished products can significantly reduce the link, so as to avoid the pollution in the links of food processing, transportation, packing and so on and preservation, etc. Because of the cooking materials and ingredients must be placed in the printer, so food raw materials must be liquid or other can "print" state.2.4 IT applicationsRecently, a group of researchers in Disney's use of 3D printing in the same effect with the organic glass high pervious to light plastic, at low cost to print out the LCD screen with a variety of sensors, realize the new breakthrough in the IT applications. Using 3D printing light pipe can produce high-tech international chess; the chess pieces can detect and display the current location. Although the monochrome screen compared with in the daily life, rich and colorful display some insignificant, but it has a 3D printing the advantages of low cost, simple manufacturing process. In addition to the display screen, the use of 3D printing will also be able to print out a variety of sensors. These sensors can be through the stimulation such as infrared light to detect touch, vibration, and the results output.3D printing will create more for life and wisdom city of IT applications.3 The development trend of 3D printing technology3D printing technology continues to develop, greatly reduce the cost of the already from research and development of niche space into the mainstream market, the momentum of development is unstoppable, has becomea widespread concern and civil market rapidly emerging new areas.3D printing production model, the application of gifts, souvenirs and arts and crafts, greatly attracted social attention and investment, development speed, the market began to quantity and qualitative leap. It is predicted that in 2020, 3D printing products will account for 50% of the total production. In the next 10 years on the computer to complete the product design blueprint, gently press the "print" key, 3D printers can bit by bit with the designed model. Now some foundry enterprises began to develop selective laser sintering, 3D printer and its application to complex casting time reduced from 3 months to 10 days. Engine manufacturers through 3D printing, large six-cylinder diesel engine cylinder head of sand core development cycles, reduced to 1 week from the past 5 months. The biggest advantage of 3D printing is to expand the designers’imagination space. As long as you can on the computer design into 3D graphics, whether is different styles of dress, elegant handicraft, or personalized car, as long as can solve the problem of material, can achieve 3D printing.With 3D printing technology breakthroughs, constantly improved increasingly, the new material of 3D printing in improving speed, size, its technology is constantly optimized, expanding application fields, especially in the field of graphic art potential, producer of the concept of 3D model can better communicate ideas or solutions, a picture can be more than a few hundred or even thousands of words of description. Professionals believe that personalized or customized 3D printing can be envisioned a real-time 3D model in the eyes, can quickly improve product, growth will be more than imagine, will shape the future of social applications.3D printing technology to eliminate traditional production line, shorten the production cycle, greatly reduce production waste, raw materials consumption will be reduced to a fraction of the original.3D printing is not only cost savings, improve production precision, also willmake up for the inadequacy of traditional manufacturing, and will rise rapidly in the civilian market, thus opening a new era of manufacturing, bring new opportunities and hope for the printing industry.译文3D打印技术及其应用Paul G摘要3D打印技术在工业产品设计，特别是数字产品模型制造领域的应用正在成为一种潮流和热门话题。
3D打印英文文献+翻译
Journal of the European Ceramic Society 31 (2011) 2543–2550Inkjet printing ceramics: From drops to solidB. DerbySchool of Materials, University of Manchester, Oxford Road,Manchester M13 9PL, UKAvailable online 16 February 2011AbstractInkjet printing is a powerful microfabrication tool that has been applied to the manufacture of ceramic components. To successfully fabricate ceramic objects a number of conditions must be satisfied concerning fluid properties and drop placement accuracy. It has been proposed that fluids are printable within the bounds 1 < Z < 10 (where Z is the inverse of the Ohnesorge number) and these limits are shown to be consistent with ceramic suspensions delivered by piezoelectric drop-on-demand inkjet printers. The physical processes that occur during drop impact and spreading are reviewed and these are shown to define the minimum feature size attainable for a given printed drop diameter. Finally the defects that can occur during the drying of printed drops are reviewed (coffee staining) and mechanisms and methodologies to reduce this phenomenon are discussed.Keywords: Inkjet printing; Shaping; Drying; Suspensions1. IntroductionInkjet printing has major commercial applications in graph-ics output and other conventional printing operations. However, there has been developing interest in using inkjet printing to manufacture components with applications for: displays,1 plas-tic electronics,2 rapid prototyping,3 tissue engineering,4 and ceramic component manufacture.5 A significant and fundamen-tal difference between these new applications and the more widespread application of printing text or images is the behaiour of the printed ink droplets on the printed substrate. Most images are constructed by the deposition of discrete droplets and, in order to optimise resolution and contrast, these droplets are iso-lated and do not contact each other. In contrast, many of the new applications for inkjet printing envisage the manufacture of continuous 1-, 2-, or 3-dimensional structures (1-, 2-, or 3-D). Such structures require a continuous distribution of material and this necessitates contact and adhesion between individual drops after printing.Inkjet printing constructs objects by the precision placement of picolitre volumes of liquid and thus the initial interac-tion between printed material and a substrate is a liquid/solid interaction. Ultimately, the printed deposit undergoes a solid-ification process that can occur through solvent evaporation,temperature induced solidification/gelation or chemicalreac-tion.Considerations of the relative timescales of drop spreading and solidification indicate that there will be a significant period of time afterprinting when a liquid is present on a surface6 and thus the morphological stability of coallescing liquid films must be examined, as must the effects of the solidification process.There has been a considerable number of publications on the use of inkjet printing in the manufacture of ceramics.7–17 These prior studies have used all inkjet drop generation technologies (continuous, thermal drop-on-demand and piezoelectric drop-on-demand) to successfully produce ceramic objects using both solvent evaporation and phase-change solidification. Industrial inkjet printing technology now uses piezoelectric drop-on-demand (DOD) generation technology and this is the chosen method for most applications in printing functional materials. The physical operation of these different printing technologiesand the reasons for the choice of piezoelectric DOD printing have been discussed in detail elsewhere6,18; hence here we willconfine our considerations to this technology. We will also only consider the printing of ceramic inks that solidify through sol-vent evaporation. Despite earlier work demonstrating that it is possible to successfully print cm scale objects using a wax based phase change ceramic ink,11–13 ceramic inks contain relatively low volume fractions of solid and thus there is considerable shrinkage and potential for distortion during dewaxing and sintering.14In order to fabricate ceramic objects using inkjet printing, it is necessary to satisfy a number of requirements. First there isa need to produce stable ceramic suspensions with defined fluid properties such that they can be passed through a droplet gener-ator and formregular drops. Second, these suspensions need to be delivered onto a substrate or onto a previously printed layer of solidified ceramic ink, with drops in sufficient proximity to each other to allow them to interact and form desired 2-D features. Next, the printed ceramic ink must undergo phase transition to a solid deposit. Finally, to produce 3-D structures the deposi-tion and drying/solidification processes need to be repeated on a layer of pre-deposited and dried material. Here we will consider each of these requirements and their optimization for the direct printing of ceramics.2. Ceramic inksManufacturers of DOD inkjet printing equipment normally state a range of viscosity and surface tension within which inks may be successfully printed. However, this information is nor-mally provided for the benefit of formulating graphics inks and may not be directly applicable to the development of ceramic inks. This is because inks containing a significant volume frac-tion of ceramic particles in suspension have much higher density values than typical graphics inks, which typically have densities in the range 800–1000 kg m−3 and the behaviour of a fluid during printing depends strongly on its inertial behaviour.The fluid rheological requirements for a printable ink are determined by the physics and fluid mechanics of the drop gen-eration process.6,18 The behaviour of fluids during inkjet printing can be represented by the Reynolds, Weber and Ohnesorge num-bers (Re, We, Oh):Re = vρa , (1a)ηWe = v2ρa(1b),γ√ηOh = We = (1c),Re (γρa)1/2where ρ, η and γ are the density, dynamic viscosity and surface tension of the fluid respectively, v is the velocity and a is a characteristiclength.Fromm identified the Ohnesorge number, Oh, as the appro-priate grouping of physical constants to characterise drop generation in an inkjet printer.19 Oh is independent of fluid velocity and is commonly used in analyses describing the behaviour of li quid drops. However, in Fromm’s publication, he defined the parameter Z = 1/Oh and from a simple model of fluid flow in a drop generator of simplified geometry, he pro-posed that Z > 2 for stable drop generation.19 Reis extended this through numerical simulation and proposed the following range, 10 > Z > 1, for stable drop formation.20 If Z < 1, viscous dissipa-tion prevents drop ejection from the printer and if Z > 10, droplets are accompanied by unwanted satellite drops. Jang et al. studied the DOD printability of a number of fluid mixtures of ethanol, water and ethylene glycol. Through this they explored a range of values of Oh and determined that the range of printability wasFig. 1. Fromm’s parameter Z (Z = 1/Oh) influences the printability of fluids. Dashed lines identify the limits for printability proposed by Reis et al.20 Experi-mental points are plotted for a number of ceramic suspensions/inks: grey symbols indicate successful inkjet printing, blacksymbols indicate that no drops were formed, and white symbols indicate the presence of satellite drops along with the main printed drop.4 < Z < 14,21 which is very similar to that determined by Reis’s numerical simulation.There is now a substantial body of literature describing the inkjet printing of a number of ceramic suspensions and other fluids for non-graphics applications; unfortunately not all publications report sufficient information on the rheologi-cal properties of the ceramic suspensions to test this proposed criterion for printability in all cases. Fig. 1 presents such data that either reported the value of Oh (or Z) or reported sufficient data that it is easily calculated. The vertical dashed lines on the figure at Oh = 1 and Oh = 10 represent the limits for stable inkjet printing calculated by Reis.20 The experimental data is presented from eight fluid systems with a grey symbol indicat-ing the successful printing of individual drops, a black symbol indicates that fluids with these properties could not be printed, and finally a white symbol shows the cases where a fluid drop was successfully ejected but accompanied by one or more satel-lite drops. It is useful to separate these data into two sets: fluid systems 1–6 were delivered using piezoelectric DOD printers, while fluid systems 7 and 8 were delivered using a thermal DOD printer. The data obtained from experiments using piezoelectric DOD printing shows reasonably good agreement with Reis’s model, however that obtained in the one study using a thermal DOD printer shows very poor agreement,17 at least with the upper bound for the prediction of the onset of satellite drop for-mation. Özkol considered that one reason for the discrepancy between Reis’s prediction and their results could be the differ-ence in actuation between piezoelectric and thermal DOD inkjet droplet generators.17The hypothesis that changes in actuation explain the dif-ferent behaviourobserved between thermal and piezoelectric DOD inkjet printing is supported by an experimental study of drop and satellite formation in a piezoelectric DOD printer by Dong et al.22 They found that the drop formation mechanism and the conditions under which a given fluid formed satellites is also controlled by the shape and amplitude of the drivingpulse applied to the piezoelectric actuator. The driving pulsein DOD printing is also known to control both the size of the ejected drop and its velocity.12,22,23 Reis demonstrated that forthe formation of drops using highly loaded ceramic suspensions, acoustic phenomena are important and that there are maxima in inkjet performance that correlate with acoustic resonances in the printhead.23 These are particularly important consider-ations given that typical industrial DOD printheads operate in the kHz regime. Other studies of inkjet printing for applications in graphics also emphasise the importance of acoustic phenom-ena and the need for these to damp before the drop generator is refilled prior to delivering subsequent drops.18 Indeed the shape and form of the actuating waveform is considered an important aspect of the design of piezoelectric DOD printing systems.However, from Fig. 1, we can see that for the studies that used piezoelectric DOD printers, Reis’s criterion for a printable fluid20 seems to show reasonable agreement with data and it is also in broad agreement with the only explicit study of inkjet printability of fluids by Jang et al.21 Thus despite a possible oversimplification of the conditions that lead to the formation of satellite drops, we suggest the condition 10 > Z > 1 (where Z = 1/Oh) can be used as a guide to the development of fluids for ink jetprinting.The suitability of a fluid for inkjet printing can be roughly assessed by its Ohnesorge number. However there are other lim-its of fluid behaviour that impose additional limits to practical drop generation. In order to generate a small radius drop, the sur-face tension and associated Laplace pressure must be overcome before a drop can be ejected from a printer. Duineveld proposed that this can be described by a minimum value of the Weber number, We > 4, below which there is insufficient fluid flow to overcome surface tension.24 A final bound to printability is given by the onset of splashing that occurs if a drop hits the substrate with velocity above a critical threshold. From the work of Stowe and Hadfield,25 this occurs when We1/2Re1/4 > 50. These limit-ing bounds define a region of the parameter space of We and Re, within which DOD inkjet printing is possible.5,6 Fig. 2 showsFig. 2. Inkjet printing is practical for a limited range of fluids and printing con-ditions. This is illustrated here in a parameter space defined by axes of Reynolds and Weber numbers. Based on a diagram originally published in Ref. 5.this parameter space and the region suitable for DOD inkjet printing. Drop velocity increases diagonally, as indicated and has lower and upper bounds that are defined by the appropriate limits of drop ejection and splashing, orthogonal to velocity is the Ohnesorge number, which defines the limits of the fluid prop-erties, thus Fig. 2 can be considered representing a guide to the limits of both fluid characteristics and drop dynamics consistent with the practical use of piezoelectric DOD inkjet printing.3. Drop impact, spreading and coalescenceAs discussed earlier, an important aspect of inkjet printing in manufacturing technology is the process by which adjacent drops interact to form a solid. In all cases the liquid drop will interact with a solid substrate. Following deposition there will be a period when the drop’s shape is controlled by fluid pro-cesses prior to solidification. Thus an important consideration is the appropriate time constants that apply to the mechanisms of surface spreading and solidification. Here we are confining our discussion to solidification through evaporation. Given that droplet solidification time scales are normally in the regime of around 1 s and droplet deposition rates are >1 kHz, we need to consider the interaction between many liquid droplets on the surface of the substrate. It is possible to use interlacing and sequential printing passes to deposit isolated drops, allow them to solidify and then fill in the gaps to produce a printed plane. However, thismethodology produces an irregular deposit with poor surface roughness for each printed layer,9 with a conse-quent risk of defects from poor penetration of the liquid. If printing occurs with appropriate drop spacing to allow over-lap before solidification, the interaction between adjacent liquid drops and the consequent influence of surface tension will tend to produce smooth surfaces and eliminate possible defects between solidified drops.When a liquid drop impacts a planar substrate it will deform and spread to cover the substrate, ultimately achieving an equi-librium sessile drop configuration. Yarin has recently reviewed the impact of drops over a size and velocity range that intersects those relevant to DOD printing.26 The typical range of drop size (radius from 5 to 50 mm) and velocity (1 < v < 10 m s−1) issuch that the initial deformation of the drop will be controlled by dynamicimpact and viscous dissipation processes.6,18,26 How-ever, this initial stage of drop deformation is expected to have finished after a few ms and subsequent spreading to equilibrium will be driven by capillary forces.27 A schematic representa-tion of the timescales associated with drop deformation after impact is presented in Fig. 3. The dynamic processes of drop impact occur over a time scale of ms.26 First the drop deforms on impact with its kinetic energy converted into new surface area as the drop deforms, some energy is absorbed through viscous dissipation. If the impact conditions are such that splashing does not occur (as is normal with the conditions of inkjet printing), the drop may recoil after expansion and oscillate briefly dissipating energy. Meanwhile the process of capillary spreading will occur, this has a time scale of ms for drop dimensions consistent with inkjet printing and the final equilibrium drop shape is normally controlled by this process.2546 Fig. 3. Schematic illustration of the time scales appropriate to the processes of drop deformation and spreading on a substrate after impact. Axes of diameter and time are to arbitrary non-linear scales. Reproduced with permission from Ref. 6.Once equilibrium has been reached, the drop can be modelled as a spherical cap because the Bond number is sufficiently low that we may ignore the influence of gravity. In which case the equilibrium contact diameter of the drop, deqm, can be calculated withdeqm = βd0,(2a)where β = 2tan θeqm 3 + tan2 θeqm−1/3(2b),2 2where d0 is the diameter of the drop in flight and θeqm is the equilibrium contact angle. For an isolated drop of pure solvent, we would expect the drop diameter to decrease and the contact line to retract at a constant receding contact angle during evap-oration. However, for the case of particles in suspension, the behaviour of a liquid drop is different. Solvent evaporation does not occur uniformly from the sessile drop. At low contact angles, the fluid close to the contact line is adjacent to a large dry surface and this enhances the transport of the solvent vapour promoting faster evaporation. This leads to a ring of particles coming out of suspension and the presence of this dried deposit pins the contact line and prevents it retracting. This contact line pinning results in the receding contact angle decreasing as solvent is removed. It can also result in a flow of particles to the contact line, leading to suspension segregation and a ring deposit; this is a phenomenon known as the coffee stain effect.28 We will return to the coffee stain phenomenon later in this article. One effect of contact line pinning during drying is that the footprint or equi-librium diameter of the spread drop of ceramic ink will define the diameter of the dried deposit on the surface after solvent evaporation.In order to print two-dimensional patterns it is necessary to allow adjacent droplets to interact and coalesce. It is advanta-geous for these drops to interact while in a liquid state because surface tension forces will result in a smooth deposit surface. If we consider the interaction of adjacent liquid drops in the absence of contact line pinning, two drops on merging would tend to form a large spherical cap to minimise surface area. However, if contact lines are pinned, fluid flow is limited anda train of interacting drops will form a linear feature. This was formalised by Davis who demonstrated that a liquid bead was stable against breakingup into isolated spherical caps if the receding contact angle was free to change but the contact line was pinned29; this was confirmed experimentally by Schiaffino and Sonin.30 Given this assumption of line stability it is possible to compute the width, w, of a stable liquid bead formed by theFig. 4. Schematic illustration of the coalescence of individual drops to form a track or liquid bead with a uniform cross section of a circular sector. Based on an illustration originally published in Ref. 31.Fig. 5, taken from the publication of Soltman and Subramanian,33 shows the behaviour of inkjet printed tracks as the drop spacing reduces. In Fig. 5(a), p > deqm, resulting inisolated and separated drops; while in Fig. 5(c), p < pmax and aparallel sided track is formed. Fig. 5(b) shows the intermediatestate where the pinned contact line results in an irregular contactline bounding the track. It should be noted that Fig. 5(d) showsthat, as the drop spacing reduces further, another limiting valueof drop spacing is encountered. When the drop spacing reducesbelow some minimum value, the track width no longer increasesuniformly but now a series of bulges appear along the previouslyparallel sided track. This bulge instability was first investigatedin detail by Duineveld, who modelled its features as the result of adynamic instability that occurs because of competing flow pathsfor a newly arrived drop.34 When a newly arrived drop begins tospread across the substrate and intersects the pre-existing liquidbead, fluid flow can either drive the spreading or else flow downthe bead. Duineveld demonstrated that at low drop centre spac-ing and when the drops arrived at relatively long time intervals,flow down the liquid bead was preferred. Conversely at largerdroplet spacing and rapid drop arrival rates, spreading flow was favoured. Bulging occurs because flow down the liquid beadleads to an increase in the local contact angle removing oneof the constraints that induces stability, proposed by Davis.29Thus this bulging instability is dynamic and the threshold for itsonset is a function of both drop spacing and the rate of arrivalof drops, which is the velocity at which the printhead traversesthe substrate, UT, divided by the drop spacing.Stringer adapted Duineveld’s model to obtain an analyticalexpression for the onset of the bulging instability,32 which canFig. 5. Four morphologies possible when individual drops are printed ontoa be expressed in terms of a dimensionless traverse velocity, UT ,falling below a function of the advancing contact angle, θadv andsurface at regularly spaced intervals: (a) drops are spaced p > deqm : no interactiona dimensionless drop spacing, g(p*, θ). Thus the condition for aoccurs, (b) pmax < p < deqm: a continuous track is formed but contact line pinningstable line is given byresults in an irregular edge, (c) p < pmax: parallel sided track is formed, (d) whendrop spacing is below a threshold determined by both contact angle and printing UT > g(p , θadv),(5a)speed, a bulge instability develops. Reproduced with permission of the AmericanChemical Society from Ref. 33. UT ηwith UT = (5b).overlap of a train of drops of diameter d0 and spacing p (Fig. 4), γwith31: The function g(p * , θ) is related to the inverse of the dropw = spacing and the contact angle and is given explicitly as Eq.2πd03(3) (16c) in Ref. 33. Fig. 6 shows Stringer’s formulation of Duin-3p((θeqm/ sin2 θeqm)−(cos θeqm/ sin θeqm)). eveld’s instability model, superimposed upon which are the datafrom three different fluids on a range of substrates including:Clearly if p > deqm n o continuous track or liquid bead isAg nanoparticle ink,33 polymer solution (PEDOT/PSS),34 andformed. Stringer developed this expression further to show that a ZrO2 ceramic suspension.35 With the exception of one setbecause the receding contact line is pinned, Eq. (3) is only valid of experiments from Duineveld’s initial study, the experimen-if w > deqm.32 If the drop spacing is such that w < deqm, thetal data shows excellent agreement with Stringer’s predictions.individu al drops have to recede to form a parallel sided track butThe data that does not fit the model comes from a fluid/substratebecause the contact line is pinned (the condition for stability ofsystem with a very low advancing contact angle and there isa liquid bead), the resulting liquid track has non-parallel sidesevidence that Duineveld’s model may not be applicable in such(Fig. 5(b)). Thus the maximum spacing of drops, pmax, to pro-cases; this is discussed in more detail elsewhere.32,34,36 How-duce a parallel sided liquid bead can be obtained by inserting ever, when the advancing contact angle is very low the minimumw = pmax into Eq. (3) and solving to givefeature dimension (as defined by Eq. (3)) will be very largepmax = 2πd0. (4) and such fluid substrate combinations are unlikely for practicalmanufacturing applications.3β 2 ((θeqm/ sin2 θeqm) − (cos θeqm/ sin θeqm))It is possible to combine the expressions for the two limit-ing bounds for droplet spacing by determining an appropriate value for g(p*, θa) at the value of p* that describes the max-imum allowable droplet spacing for parallel track formation,在网上欧洲陶瓷学会杂志》31(2011)2543 - 2550陶瓷喷墨打印:从下降到固体b .德比曼彻斯特大学材料学院,牛津大学,英国曼彻斯特M13 9 pl,网上2011年2月16日文摘喷墨印刷是一种强大的精密加工工具,已被应用于制造陶瓷组件。
关于3d打印的英文作文
关于3d打印的英文作文The Revolution of 3D Printing: Shaping the Future of Manufacturing.3D printing, often referred to as additive manufacturing, has revolutionized the way we create objects, challenging traditional manufacturing methods. This remarkable technology has the potential to reshape various industries, from healthcare to aerospace, and even impact our daily lives.The concept of 3D printing is relatively simple yet incredibly powerful. It involves the layer-by-layer deposition of material to build objects from digital models. This process allows for unprecedented customization and design freedom, as complex shapes and structures can be printed with ease. Materials used in 3D printing range from plastics and metals to biocompatible substances, each offering unique properties and applications.One of the most significant benefits of 3D printing is its ability to reduce waste. Traditional manufacturing often involves the cutting or machining of large blocks of material, resulting in significant amounts of scrap. In contrast, 3D printing only uses the material necessary to create the desired object, minimizing waste and optimizing resource utilization.In the healthcare industry, 3D printing has the potential to revolutionize patient care. Biocompatible materials can be used to print implants and prostheses that fit the patient's anatomy precisely. This personalization not only improves comfort and functionality but also reduces the risk of complications. Furthermore, 3D printing allows for the creation of complex tissue structures and organs for research and potential transplantation, offering new hope for patients awaiting transplants.In the aerospace industry, 3D printing is enabling the creation of lighter and stronger parts. By printing components with intricate internal structures, manufacturers can achieve superior mechanical propertieswhile reducing material usage. This not only improves the efficiency of aircraft and spacecraft but also reducestheir environmental impact.In addition to its industrial applications, 3D printing is also making its way into our homes. Consumer-grade 3D printers are becoming increasingly affordable, allowing individuals to create a wide range of objects from toys and jewelry to custom-fitted household items. This democratization of manufacturing is leading to a new era of creativity and innovation, where individuals can design and create the objects they need or desire.However, the rise of 3D printing also presents challenges and ethical considerations. One such challengeis intellectual property. With the ability to easily replicate objects, the issue of copyright and patent infringement becomes a pressing concern. Additionally, the use of 3D printing for illegal activities such as the production of weapons or counterfeit goods raises concerns about its misuse.Despite these challenges, the future of 3D printing looks bright. As technology continues to advance, we can expect even more materials and applications to emerge. The potential for 3D printing to revolutionize manufacturing and transform our world is immense, and we are just at the beginning of this exciting journey.In conclusion, 3D printing is a transformative technology that has the potential to reshape various industries and impact our daily lives. Its ability to reduce waste, personalize products, and democratize manufacturing offers unprecedented opportunities for innovation and creativity. However, we must also address the ethical and legal challenges that arise from this technology's use. As we continue to explore the boundaries of 3D printing, we must remember to do so responsibly, ensuring that its benefits are maximized while minimizing its potential downsides.。
3D打印外文文献翻译译文
文献出处:Paul G. 3D printing technology and its application[J]. Anatomical sciences education, 2015, 10(3): 430-450.原文3D printing technology and its applicationPaul GAbstract3D printing technology in the industrial product design, especially the application of digital product model manufacturing is being a trend and hot topic.Desktop level gradually mature and application of 3D printing devices began to promote the rise of the Global 3D printing market, Global industrial Analysis pany (Global Industry Analysis Inc) research report predicts Global 3D printing market in 2018 will be $2.99 billion. Keywords: 3D printing;Application; Trend13D printing and 3D printers3D printing and 3D printing are two entirely different concepts.3D printing is separated into different angles the picture of the red, blue two images, then the two images according to the regulation of parallax distance overprint together, using special glasses to create the 3D visual effect, or after special treatment, the picture printed directly on the special grating plate, thus rendering 3D visual effect of printing technology.And 3D printing refers to the 3D ink-jet printing technology, stacked with hierarchical processing forms, print increase step by step a material to generate a 3D entity, meet with 3D models, such as laser forming technology of manufacturing the same real 3D object digital manufacturing technology.3D printers, depending on thetechnology used by its working principle can be divided into two categories:1.1 3D printer based on 3D printing technologyBased on 3D printing technology of 3D printer, by stored barrels out a certain amount of raw material powder, powder on processing platform is roller pushed into a thin layer, then the print head in need of forming regional jet is a kind of special glue.At this time, met the adhesive will rapidly solidified powder binder, and does not meet the adhesive powder remain loose state.After each spray layer, the processing platform will automatically fall a bit, according to the result of puter chip cycle, until the real finished.After just remove the outer layer of the loose powder can obtain required for manufacturing three-dimensional physical.1.2 3D printers based on fused deposition manufacturing technologyBased on fused deposition manufacturing technology of the working principle of 3D printer is first in the control software of 3D printers into physical data generated by CAD and treated generated to support the movement of materials and thermal spray path.Then hot nozzle will be controlled by puter according to the physical section contour information in printed planar motion on the plane, at the same time by thermoplastic filamentous material for wire agency sent to the hot shower, and after the nozzle to add heat and melt into a liquid extrusion, and spraying in the corresponding work platform.Spray thermoplastic material on the platform after rapid cooling form the outline of a thickness of 0.1 mm wafer, forming a 3D printing section.The process cycle, load, decrease of bench height then layers of cladding forming stacked 3D printing section, ultimately achieve the desired three-dimensional object.2 The application of 3D printing needsThe 3D printing technology support for a variety of materials, can be widely used in jewelry, footwear, industrial design, construction, automotive, aerospace, dental, medical, and even food, etc. Different areas., according to the requirements of application targets used by material with resin, nylon, gypsum, ABS, polycarbonate (PC) or food ingredients, etc.3D printers of rapid prototyping technology has a distinct advantage in the market, the huge potential in the production application, hot applications outlined below.2.1 Industrial applications"Air cycling" is located in Bristol, UK the European aeronautic defense and Space pany using 3D printers, application of 3D printing technology to create the world's first print bike.The bike to use as strong as steel and aluminum alloy material of nylon, the weight is 65% lighter than metal materials.More interestingly, "air bike", chain wheels and bearings are printed at a time, without the original manufacture parts first, and then the parts together of assembly process, after printing, bicycles will be able to move freely.Bicycle manufacturing process like printing discontinuous in graphic print as simple lines, 3D printer can print out the object space is not connected to each other. 2.2 Medical applicationsIn medicine, the use of 3D printing will two-photon polymer and biological functional materials bination modified into the capillaries, not only has good flexibility and patibility of human body, also can be used to replace the necrosis of blood vessels, bined with artificial organs, partly replacing experimental animals in drugdevelopment.Biotechnology in Germany in October 2011 show, Biotechnical Fair), using 3D printers print artificial blood capillary to attract the attention of the participants, these artificial capillary has been applied in clinical medicine.2.3 application of daily life"3D food printer" is developed by Cornell University in New York, the United States food manufacturing equipment.The "3D food printer" used similar routine puter printers, the working principle of ingredients and ingredients in the container (cartridge) in advance only need to enter the required recipe, by supporting the CAD software can keep the food "print out".For many chefs, the new kitchen cooking means that they can create new dishes make food more individuality, higher food ing the "3D food printer" making food, from raw materials to finished products can significantly reduce the link, so as to avoid the pollution in the links of food processing, transportation, packing and so on and preservation, etc.Because of the cooking materials and ingredients must be placed in the printer, so food raw materials must be liquid or other can "print" state.2.4 IT applicationsRecently, a group of researchers in Disney's use of 3D printing in the same effect with the organic glass high pervious to light plastic, at low cost to print out the LCD screen with a variety of sensors, realize the new breakthrough in the IT ing 3D printing light pipe can produce high-tech international chess; the chess pieces can detect and display the current location.Although the monochrome screen pared with in the daily life, rich and colorful display some insignificant, but it hasa 3D printing the advantages of low cost, simple manufacturing process.In addition to the display screen, the use of 3D printing will also be able to print out a variety of sensors.These sensors can be through the stimulation such as infrared light to detect touch, vibration, and the results output.3D printing will create more for life and wisdom city of IT applications.3 The development trend of 3D printing technology3D printing technology continues to develop, greatly reduce the cost of the already from research and development of niche space into the mainstream market, the momentum of development is unstoppable, has bee a widespread concern and civil market rapidly emerging new areas.3D printing production model, the application of gifts, souvenirs and arts and crafts, greatly attracted social attention and investment, development speed, the market began to quantity and qualitative leap.It is predicted that in 2020, 3D printing products will account for 50% of the total production.In the next 10 years on the puter to plete the product design blueprint, gently press the "print" key, 3D printers can bit by bit with the designed model.Now some foundry enterprises began to develop selective laser sintering, 3D printer and its application to plex casting time reduced from 3 months to 10 days.Engine manufacturers through 3D printing, large six-cylinder diesel engine cylinder head of sand core development cycles, reduced to 1 week from the past 5 months.The biggest advantage of 3D printing is to expand the designers’ imagination space.As long as you can on the puter design into 3D graphics, whether is different styles of dress, elegant handicraft, or personalized car, as long as can solve the problem of material, can achieve 3D printing.With 3D printing technology breakthroughs, constantly improved increasingly, the new material of 3D printing in improving speed, size, its technology is constantly optimized, expanding application fields, especially in the field of graphic art potential, producer of the concept of 3D model can better municate ideas or solutions, a picture can be more than a few hundred or even thousands of words of description. Professionals believe that personalized or customized 3D printing can be envisioned a real-time 3D model in the eyes, can quickly improve product, growth will be more than imagine, will shape the future of social applications.3D printing technology to eliminate traditional production line, shorten the production cycle, greatly reduce production waste, raw materials consumption will be reduced to a fraction of the original.3D printing is not only cost savings, improve production precision, also will make up for the inadequacy of traditional manufacturing, and will rise rapidly in the civilian market, thus opening a new era of manufacturing, bring new opportunities and hope for the printing industry.译文3D打印技术及其应用Paul G摘要3D打印技术在工业产品设计，特别是数字产品模型制造领域的应用正在成为一种潮流和热门话题。
关于3d打印技术的英语作文
关于3d打印技术的英语作文3D Printing: The Future of ManufacturingThe advent of 3D printing technology has revolutionized the way we approach manufacturing, design, and even our daily lives. This innovative process, also known as additive manufacturing, involves the creation of three-dimensional objects from a digital file by laying down successive layers of material. It has the potential to transform industries from healthcare to construction, and everything in between.One of the most significant advantages of 3D printing is its ability to produce complex designs that would bedifficult or impossible to create through traditional manufacturing methods. This opens up a world of possibilities for custom-made products tailored to individual needs, whether it's a unique piece of jewelry or a specialized tool for a specific job.In the medical field, 3D printing has already made a substantial impact. It is now possible to print prosthetics that are not only more affordable than traditional ones but also more comfortable and personalized to the patient. Moreover, researchers are pioneering the use of 3D printing to create human tissue and even organs, which could potentially save countless lives.The environmental benefits of 3D printing are alsonoteworthy. Since the process uses only the exact amount of material needed for each part, it significantly reduces waste compared to traditional manufacturing techniques. This precision also means less energy consumption, as fewer resources are used in the production process.However, the technology is not without its challenges. The cost of 3D printers and the materials needed for printing can still be prohibitive for some applications. Additionally, there are concerns about intellectual property rights and the potential for 3D printing to enable the production of counterfeit goods.Despite these issues, the potential of 3D printing is immense. As the technology continues to advance and become more accessible, it is likely to play an increasingly important role in a wide range of fields. From enabling space exploration through the printing of spare parts to revolutionizing the way we create and consume products, 3D printing is a technology that truly has the power to change the world.。
介绍3d打印技术作文英文
介绍3d打印技术作文英文英文：3D printing, also known as additive manufacturing, is a revolutionary technology that has been gaining popularityin recent years. It allows for the creation of three-dimensional objects by layering materials such as plastic, metal, or ceramics. The process begins with a digital model of the object, which is then sliced into thin horizontal layers. The 3D printer then builds the object layer by layer, following the instructions from the digital model.There are several types of 3D printing technologies, including stereolithography (SLA), selective lasersintering (SLS), and fused deposition modeling (FDM). Each of these technologies has its own unique advantages and applications. For example, SLA is often used for creating highly detailed and intricate objects, while FDM is more commonly used for rapid prototyping and creating functional parts.One of the most exciting aspects of 3D printing is its versatility. It can be used to create a wide range of objects, from simple toys and household items to complex medical implants and aerospace components. For example, in the medical field, 3D printing has been used to create customized prosthetics and implants that perfectly fit the patient's anatomy. This level of customization and precision was previously impossible with traditional manufacturing methods.Another benefit of 3D printing is its ability to reduce waste and energy consumption. Traditional manufacturing processes often result in a significant amount of material waste, whereas 3D printing only uses the exact amount of material needed to create the object. Additionally, 3D printing can be more energy-efficient, especially when using sustainable and biodegradable materials.In addition to its practical applications, 3D printing has also sparked creativity and innovation in various industries. Artists and designers are using 3D printing tobring their ideas to life, creating unique sculptures, jewelry, and fashion pieces. Engineers and architects are using 3D printing to quickly prototype and test their designs, leading to faster and more efficient product development.Overall, 3D printing has the potential to revolutionize the way we design, manufacture, and consume goods. Its ability to create customized, complex, and sustainable objects makes it a powerful tool for the future.中文：3D打印技术，也被称为增材制造，是一项近年来备受关注的革命性技术。
3D打印外文文献翻译最新译文
3D打印外文文献翻译最新译文3D XXX years。
especially in the field of industrial product design。
The manufacturing of digital product models through 3D printing has e a trend and a hot topic。
With the gradual maturity of -level 3D printing devices。
the rise of the global 3D printing market has been promoted。
According to a research report by Global Industry Analysis Inc。
the global 3D printing market XXX n by 2018.2 The ns of 3D printingThe ns of 3D XXX。
In the medical field。
3D printing has been used to create prosthetics。
implants。
XXX industry。
3D printing has been used to create XXX industry。
3D printing has been used to create unique and XXX possibilities of 3D printing seem endless。
and it is expected to XXX industries.3 The future of 3D printingThe future of 3D printing is promising。
with the potential to transform the way we XXX 3D XXX advance。
3D打印外文文献翻译译文
3D打印外文文献翻译译文
3D printing foreign literature translation in Chinese:
3D打印的外文文献翻译
3D打印是一种快速制造技术，可以通过逐层堆叠材料来创建三维物体。
这种技术已经被广泛应用于许多领域，如汽车制造、医疗保健和航空航天。
3D打印的流程包括设计、建模、切片和制造。
设计人员使用计算机辅助设计软件创建物体的虚拟模型。
然后，这个模型会被切片软件转换成多个薄层的图像。
最后，3D打印机会根据这些图像逐层堆叠材料来制造物体。
通过3D打印技术，制造复杂形状和结构的物体变得更加容易。
与传统制造方法相比，3D打印可以减少材料浪费和生产时间。
此外，3D打印还能够根据用户的个性化需求制造定制化的产品。
例如，在医疗领域，医生可以使用3D打印技术制造适合特定患者的假体和人工器官。
然而，3D打印也面临一些挑战和限制。
首先，3D打印仍然是一个相对昂贵的技术。
购买和维护3D打印设备需要大量的投资。
此外，目前可用的3D打印材料种类有限，制造出来的产品可能不具备足够的强度和耐用性。
另外，3D打印技术还面临知识产权和道德方面的问题。
例如，一些人可能滥用这项技术来制造非法产品，如武器。
此外，3D打印技术还可能导致版权侵犯和知识产权争议。
总而言之，3D打印是一项有潜力的技术，可以在许多领域带来革命性的变化。
然而，要充分发挥其优势，还需要克服一些技术和伦理方面的挑战。
- 1、下载文档前请自行甄别文档内容的完整性，平台不提供额外的编辑、内容补充、找答案等附加服务。
- 2、"仅部分预览"的文档,不可在线预览部分如存在完整性等问题,可反馈申请退款(可完整预览的文档不适用该条件!)。
- 3、如文档侵犯您的权益，请联系客服反馈,我们会尽快为您处理(人工客服工作时间：9:00-18:30)。
毕业设计（论文）外文文献翻译文献、资料题目：3D打印技术及其应用文献、资料来源：文献、资料发表（出版）日期：院（部）：专业：班级：姓名：学号：指导教师：翻译日期： 2017.02.14文献出处: Paul G. 3D printing technology and its application [J]. Anatomical sciences education, 2015, 10(3): 430-450.原文3D printing technology and its applicationPaul GAbstract3D printing technology in the industrial product design, especially the application of digital product model manufacturing is becoming a trend and hot topic. Desktop level gradually mature and application of 3D printing devices began to promote the rise of the Global 3D printing market, Global industrial Analysis company (Global Industry Analysis Inc) research report predicts Global 3D printing market in 2018 will be $2.99 billion.Keywords: 3D printing; Application; Trend1 3D printing and 3D printers3D printing and 3D printing are two entirely different concepts.3D printing is separated into different angles the picture of the red, blue two images, then the two images according to the regulation of parallax distance overprint together, using special glasses to create the 3D visual effect, or after special treatment, the picture printed directly on the special grating plate, thus rendering 3D visual effect of printing technology. And 3D printing refers to the 3D ink-jet printing technology, stacked with hierarchical processing forms, print increase step by step a material to generate a 3D entity, meet with 3D models, such as laser forming technology of manufacturing the same real 3D object digital manufacturing technology.3D printers, depending on the technology used by its working principle can be divided into two categories:1.1 3D printer based on 3D printing technologyBased on 3D printing technology of 3D printer, by stored barrels out a certain amount of raw material powder, powder on processing platform is roller pushed into a thin layer, then the print head in need of forming regional jet is a kind of special glue. At this time, met the adhesive will rapidly solidified powder binder, and does not meet the adhesive powder remain loose state. After each spray layer, the processingplatform will automatically fall a bit, according to the result of computer chip cycle, until the real finished. After just remove the outer layer of the loose powder can obtain required for manufacturing three-dimensional physical.1.2 3D printers based on fused deposition manufacturing technologyBased on fused deposition manufacturing technology of the working principle of 3D printer is first in the control software of 3D printers into physical data generated by CAD and treated generated to support the movement of materials and thermal spray path. Then hot nozzle will be controlled by computer according to the physical section contour information in printed planar motion on the plane, at the same time by thermoplastic filamentous material for wire agency sent to the hot shower, and after the nozzle to add heat and melt into a liquid extrusion, and spraying in the corresponding work platform. Spray thermoplastic material on the platform after rapid cooling form the outline of a thickness of 0.1 mm wafer, forming a 3D printing section. The process cycle, load, decrease of bench height then layers of cladding forming stacked 3D printing section, ultimately achieve the desired three-dimensional object.2 The application of 3D printing needsThe 3D printing technology support for a variety of materials, can be widely used in jewelry, footwear, industrial design, construction, automotive, aerospace, dental, medical, and even food, etc. Different areas., according to the requirements of application targets used by material with resin, nylon, gypsum, ABS, polycarbonate (PC) or food ingredients, etc.3D printers of rapid prototyping technology has a distinct advantage in the market, the huge potential in the production application, hot applications outlined below.2.1 Industrial applications"Air cycling" is located in Bristol, UK the European aeronautic defense and Space Company using 3D printers, application of 3D printing technology to create the world's first print bike. The bike to use as strong as steel and aluminum alloy material of nylon, the weight is 65% lighter than metal materials. More interestingly, "air bike", chain wheels and bearings are printed at a time, without the original manufacture partsfirst, and then the parts together of assembly process, after printing, bicycles will be able to move freely. Bicycle manufacturing process like printing discontinuous in graphic print as simple lines, 3D printer can print out the object space is not connected to each other.2.2 Medical applicationsIn medicine, the use of 3D printing will two-photon polymer and biological functional materials combination modified into the capillaries, not only has good flexibility and compatibility of human body, also can be used to replace the necrosis of blood vessels, combined with artificial organs, partly replacing experimental animals in drug development. Biotechnology in Germany in October 2011 show, Biotechnical Fair), using 3D printers print artificial blood capillary to attract the attention of the participants, these artificial capillary has been applied in clinical medicine.2.3 application of daily life"3D food printer" is developed by Cornell University in New York, the United States food manufacturing equipment. The "3D food printer" used similar routine computer printers, the working principle of ingredients and ingredients in the container (cartridge) in advance only need to enter the required recipe, by supporting the CAD software can keep the food "print out". For many chefs, the new kitchen cooking means that they can create new dishes make food more individuality, higher food value. Using the "3D food printer" making food, from raw materials to finished products can significantly reduce the link, so as to avoid the pollution in the links of food processing, transportation, packing and so on and preservation, etc. Because of the cooking materials and ingredients must be placed in the printer, so food raw materials must be liquid or other can "print" state.2.4 IT applicationsRecently, a group of researchers in Disney's use of 3D printing in the same effect with the organic glass high pervious to light plastic, at low cost to print out the LCD screen with a variety of sensors, realize the new breakthrough in the IT applications. Using 3D printing light pipe can produce high-tech international chess; the chesspieces can detect and display the current location. Although the monochrome screen compared with in the daily life, rich and colorful display some insignificant, but it has a 3D printing the advantages of low cost, simple manufacturing process. In addition to the display screen, the use of 3D printing will also be able to print out a variety of sensors. These sensors can be through the stimulation such as infrared light to detect touch, vibration, and the results output.3D printing will create more for life and wisdom city of IT applications.3 The development trend of 3D printing technology3D printing technology continues to develop, greatly reduce the cost of the already from research and development of niche space into the mainstream market, the momentum of development is unstoppable, has become a widespread concern and civil market rapidly emerging new areas.3D printing production model, the application of gifts, souvenirs and arts and crafts, greatly attracted social attention and investment, development speed, the market began to quantity and qualitative leap. It is predicted that in 2020, 3D printing products will account for 50% of the total production. In the next 10 years on the computer to complete the product design blueprint, gently press the "print" key, 3D printers can bit by bit with the designed model. Now some foundry enterprises began to develop selective laser sintering, 3D printer and its application to complex casting time reduced from 3 months to 10 days. Engine manufacturers through 3D printing, large six-cylinder diesel engine cylinder head of sand core development cycles, reduced to 1 week from the past 5 months. The biggest advantage of 3D printing is to expand the designers’imagination space. As long as you can on the computer design into 3D graphics, whether is different styles of dress, elegant handicraft, or personalized car, as long as can solve the problem of material, can achieve 3D printing.With 3D printing technology breakthroughs, constantly improved increasingly, the new material of 3D printing in improving speed, size, its technology is constantly optimized, expanding application fields, especially in the field of graphic art potential, producer of the concept of 3D model can better communicate ideas or solutions, a picture can be more than a few hundred or even thousands of words of description.Professionals believe that personalized or customized 3D printing can be envisioned a real-time 3D model in the eyes, can quickly improve product, growth will be more than imagine, will shape the future of social applications.3D printing technology to eliminate traditional production line, shorten the production cycle, greatly reduce production waste, raw materials consumption will be reduced to a fraction of the original.3D printing is not only cost savings, improve production precision, also will make up for the inadequacy of traditional manufacturing, and will rise rapidly in the civilian market, thus opening a new era of manufacturing, bring new opportunities and hope for the printing industry.译文3D打印技术及其应用Paul G摘要3D打印技术在工业产品设计，特别是数字产品模型制造领域的应用正在成为一种潮流和热门话题。