奥巴马就职演讲文体分析

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就职演说的文体分析

就职演说的文体分析

就职演说的文体分析第一篇:就职演说的文体分析A General Stylistic Analysis of the Inaugural Address of Gorge Bush, the 41st President of the United States of America, on January 20, 1989------UNITY, DIVERSITY AND GENEROSITYAbstract:(omitted)Key words:(omitted)黄中军I.IntroductionFrom the Stylistics point of view, the inaugural address of the president elect falls into the category of Public speech, which is more formal than everyday conversation, extemporaneous speech and advertisement but less formal than legal English and English for science and technology(EST).From the communication point of view it falls between spoken and written English.Therefore the inaugural address of the president has the characteristics of both spoken and written English.It uses a lot of big words and abstract nouns and is usually polite in tone, formal in style and complicated in sentence structure.In addition, the addresser often employs a wide variety of rhetorical devices so as to add a striking effect to it.II.Linguistic analysisA.Lexical style markersLike most inaugural addresses of the president elect, the address delivered by Mr.Gorge Bush also employs a lot of big words.For instance, among the 1378 words(in the selected parts)there are 256 words containing more than 6 letters, occupying 22 percent of the1total.But in every day conversation, extemporaneous speechandadvertisement the percentage is usually lower than 20 percent.Another characteristic is the employment of many abstract nouns,which can make the speech sound more formal and profound, makethe addresser sound more serious and erudite and make the audiencehave more confidence in the speaker.In the speech of Gorge Bush itis not hard to find so many such words.Here I just want to list someof them as an example: unity, diversity, generosity, expression,continuity, democracy, difference, continuance, freedom, action,prosperity, satisfaction, liberty, justice, engagement, peace, dissension, harmony, divisiveness, limitation, bipartisanship, opposition, attitude,intolerance, scourge, hopefulness.B.Syntactical style markersThe inaugural address of the president elect usually uses a lot more compound or complex sentences than everyday conversation, extemporaneous speech and advertisement.This is also true of Mr.Bush’s address, in which most of the sentences are relatively long and complicated for the purpose of leaving the audience an immediate impression of formalness, seriousness and reliability.In the speech there are altogether 91 sentences, but 42 of them are compound or complex, taking up almost half of the total.In addition, most sentences in the speech contain more than 10 words and the longest sentence consists of 48 words!(the 2nd sentence in the 16th paragraph)But as we know, in everyday conversation most sentences contain no more than 10 words.As it is expected, the declarative sentence is the maintype in the address but some other sentence types are also employed.ForExample, Mr.Bush uses several imperative sentences in his speech such as, “ Let us negotiate soon—and hard.But in the end, let us produce.” The use of imperative sentences here actually serves as a call to the audience and aims to arouse their enthusiasm.C.Grammatical style markers.As we know, the commonly used tense in the presidential inaugural address is the simple present, while the future tense, the present perfect tense and the simple past tense serve as the supplementary devices.This is because such addresses usually focus on the present and future time.Mr.Bush’s address is no exception.Among the 91 sentences in the speech there are over 60 simple present, 9 present perfect and 6 future tense.As for the voices, there are only 7 sentences in the passive and all the others are in the active.D.Rhetorical devicesThe rhetorical device is a striking characteristic of public speech, which can add vividness and aesthetic appreciation to it.Although there are a wide variety of rhetorical devices in English, the most important syntactical rhetorical device in public speech is perhaps parallelism, which can perfectly convey the strong feelings of the speaker, leave a deep impression to the audience, and make the language more rhythmic and vivid.In the speech of Mr.Bush, parallelism is used in many paragraphs.Example: parallelismGreat nations of the world are moving toward democracy---through the door to freedom.Men and women of the world move toward free markets---through the door to prosperity.The people of the world agitate for free expression and free thought---through the door to moral and intellectualsatisfactions that only liberty allows.We know what works: Freedom works.We know what’s right:Freedom is right.We know how to secure a more just and prosperous life for man on earth: th rough free markets, …We don’t have to talk into the night about which form ofgovernment is better.We don’t have to wrest justice from the kings---we only have to summon it from within ourselves.Some other rhetorical devices such as antithesis, repetition,alliteration, simile, metaphor, climax, oxymoron are also used in the address for various purposes---to emphasize, to contrast, to convince, to add vividness, to express strong feelings, to create a sense of rhythm or to add the beauty of the language.Examples: We need compromise;we’ve had dissension.We need harmony;we’ve had a chorus of discordant voices.(antithesis) Our problems are large, but our heart is larger.Our challenges aregreat, but our will is greater.(antithesis)And if our flaws are endless, G od’s love is trulyboundless.(antithesis)A new breeze is blowing.(repetition.repeated three times)(alliteration).(simile)calling.(simile)…(simile)I don’t seek “on men’s souls.”(metaphor)For the first time in this century---for the first time in perhaps allHistory…(climax)You are part of this day, you are part of the life of our great nation.(climax)To my friends---and yes, I do mean friends---in the(oxymoron)For.(contrast)III.Conclusion.We have analyzed the inaugural address of Mr.Gorge Bush from the linguistic perspectives.Here Mr.Bush uses all types of linguistic devices to make his speech more vivid, persuasive and convincing.Personally I think and I believe it is a very successful speech.BibliographiesDong, Qingming, General Stylistics for Graduate Students.Beijing:Capital Normal University, 2000.Pan, lin, Dong, qiming, A General Stylistic Analysis of the MagazineAdvertisement---Colgate Total, Beijing: Capital Normal University,2000.王建华,1995,《美国总统就职演说名篇》。

分析奥巴马就职演说的文体特征

分析奥巴马就职演说的文体特征

分析奥巴马就职演说的文体特征第一篇:分析奥巴马就职演说的文体特征奥巴马的就职演说在世界范围内受到了世人的关注。

本文试着从语法层面、词汇层面和语义层面三个层次来揭示奥巴马就职演说的文体特征。

使用文体分析的方法来分析就职演说,可以帮助听众更好地在理论层面上理解这篇演说。

就职演说;文体分析;文体特征引言利用文体学来分析文本的特征,不仅使读者明白文本的意义而且便于我们挖掘文本的美学价值。

文体学创立之初,研究者们多用文体学来分析文学作品,如小说,诗歌和戏剧等。

文体学分为广义文体学和狭义文体学,前者研究包括文学文体在内的各种文体,后者也称文学文体学,主要研究文学文体。

本文分析奥巴马就职演说的文体特征,属于广义文体学的范围。

演讲者会努力在有限的时间内获取听众的支持,这是公共演说的主要目地。

徐有志认为在公共演说中,说服听众既是最重要的也是最困难的。

为了让人们领会公共演说的魅力,本文将从三方面来分析奥巴马就职演说的文体特征。

语法层面在非正式的演讲中,演讲者多采用短句来增强演讲者的说服力。

在奥巴马这种正式的就职演说中有多种长短不一的句子,最长的句子长达49 个单词,如果演讲者中间停顿适当的话,长句也并不难理解。

而最短的是“Yes we can!”而它却得到了现场听众最强有力的回应,这个短句已成为当前最为流行的短句之一。

在演讲中适当交替使用长短句,可以激发听众的感情,并引起说话者同听话者的共鸣。

此外,奥巴马还选用了不同类型的句子,如陈述句祈使句和反问句等。

奥巴马的“This is our chance to answer that call.This is our moment.This is our time.”便运用了这种强有力的陈述句。

奥巴马还多次使用了以“Let us”引导的祈使句,祈使句的有效使用可在短时间内把听众的情绪调动起来,让他们去支持演讲者的政策。

相比之下,疑问句在演讲中出现的频率较小,但如果演讲者能够正确的使用,便会得到很好的效果。

奥巴马就职演说的评析_0

奥巴马就职演说的评析_0

奥巴马就职演说的评析篇一:奥巴马就职演说译文三个版本评析翻译学习:奥巴马就职演说译文三个版本评析 (1)中英对照:奥巴马就职演说全文 (4)奥巴马就职演说译文第二版本 (13)奥巴马就职演说译文第三版本 (15)翻译学习:奥巴马就职演说译文三个版本评析20XX年01月24日10:38沪江英语网我要评论(0)字号:T|T转播到腾讯微博奥巴马就职演说译文第一版本(中英双语)>>>奥巴马就职演说译文第二版本>>>奥巴马就职演说译文第三版本>>>可以说,三个版本的译文各有特色,第一版本全文翻译了奥巴马的演说辞,字斟句酌地翻译了原文的每一个词句。

第二版本和第三版本的译文都采取了摘译的方式,但二者亦有所不同。

第二版本采取了摘编的方式,对奥巴马演讲的内容进行分门别类,分为美国建国精神、经济、医疗、气候、国防、民生等方面,选译了其中最重要的一些内容。

而第三版本的译文则采取了新闻报道的方式,通过视角转换使译者介入到译文之中,文中使用了―奥巴马称‖等叙事引导词。

因为第一版本的译文是全译,所以可以全面反映奥巴马演讲的内容和风貌。

该译文总体上能够把握美国总统演讲的特点,采用了非常朴素的语言,以尽量贴近原义的方式译出了原文的意思。

例如:1.Thepatriotsof1776didnotfighttoreplacethetyrannyofakingwiththeprivile gesofafewortheruleofamob.1776年,美国的爱国先驱们不是只为了推翻国王的暴政而战,也不是为赢得少数人的特权,建立暴民的统治。

该版本的译文也注意到了演说辞中的系统隐喻journey在全文所起的统领作用,对诸多其他隐喻也能够译出其隐含的意思,在排比的处理上注意到了用词的变化,在用典的处理上,使用了解释性翻译手段,帮助读者了解文化背景。

例如:2.we,thepeople,declaretodaythatthemostevidentoftruths–thatallofusarecreatedequal–isthestarthatguidesusstill;justasitguidedour forebearsthroughSenecaFalls,andSelma,andStonewall;justasitguidedalltho semenandwomen,sungandunsung,wholeftfootprintsalongthisgreatmall,toh earapreachersaythatwecannotwalkalone;tohearaKingproclaimthatourindividualfreedomisinextricablyboundtothefreedomofeverysoulonEarth.我们,人民,今天昭示的最明白的事实是——我们所有人都是生而平等的,这是依然引领我们的恒星。

奥巴马胜选演说文体分析,2014.5

奥巴马胜选演说文体分析,2014.5

• (3) Rhythmic effect • (Obama often seeks to exploit the rhythm of language by the choice and arrangement of words. Obama’s arrangement of stressed and unstressed syllables gives the speech an almost musical quality. )
• e.g. democracy, sacrifice, enormity, mortgage, humanity, determination, challenge
• This is our chance to answer that call. This is our moment. • This is our time - to put our people back to work and open doors of opportunity for our kids; to restore prosperity and promote the cause of peace; to reclaim the American Dream and reaffirm that fundamental truth - that out of many, we are one; that while we breathe, we hope, and where we are met with cynicism, and doubt, and those who tell us that we can't, we will respond with that timeless creed that sums up the spirit of a people: • Yes, we can.

奥巴马就职演讲分析英文

奥巴马就职演讲分析英文

奥巴马就职演讲分析英文篇一:奥巴马就职演说的语言艺术分析一、演说与修辞时下英语界一般将英语文体(或称语体)分为口头体和书面体两大类。

但实践证明,这样的划分失之粗率。

其弊病在于名实难符:口头体并不仅限于口语形式,而书面体也不仅限于书面形式。

譬如,正式场合的演讲、报告,以及官方的谈话所用的文体就不能划入口语体,而应属于书面体。

演说活动自古以来就是人类社会的一项重要活动。

演讲者通过宣传某种思想,让听众理解和接受自己的观点和主张,进而号召听众采取一致的行动。

演讲者要达到预想的演讲效果必须研究演说词的语言表达艺术。

演说词的修辞手法是演讲者最主要的语言技巧。

修辞是从表达方式,表达效果的角度去研究语音、词汇、语法的运用。

美国总统的就职演说是一种在特定场合下的演说。

现场听众可达百万之众,并且向国内外进行现场直播。

美国民众及世界各国总是对新总统有着无限期待,总统的就职演说可谓是新政府向民众交出的第一份答卷。

总统要在就职演说中抒发自己的治国理想,分析国家面临的困难和挑战,宣布自己的施政纲领以及如何实现民众的希望。

各大媒体的调查表明,大多数美国民众对奥巴马的就职演说感到满意和非常满意。

本文拟从语音、词汇和句法三个方面的修辞手段的使用情况对奥巴马的就职演说进行文体分析,探讨这篇演说词的语言艺术。

二、奥巴马演说词的修辞手段1.音韵修辞格(1)头韵(alliteration)是语音修辞手段之一。

它是指两个以上紧邻单词首音(通常是辅音)相同。

头韵的修辞作用是增强语言的节奏感,使语言产生音乐般的美感。

头韵多用于诗歌和散文中,但人们也经常在演讲中运用头韵来增加语言的美感,加深听众的印象。

同样尾韵(EndRhyme)也有类似的修辞作用。

奥巴马就职演说中运用头韵的句子有:1)witholdfriendsandformerfoes,wewillworktirelesslytolessenthe nuclearthreat?(对于老朋友和老对手,我们将不遗余力地继续削弱核威胁?)2)weareshapedbyeverylanguageandculture,drawnfromeveryendofthisearth.(我们民族的成长受到许多语言和文化的影响,我们吸取了这个地球上任何一个角落的有益成分.)运用尾韵的句子有:1)Homeshavebeenlost;jobsshed;businessshuttered.(我们的人民正失去家园,失去工作,企业要倒闭。

奥巴马就职演说的评析

奥巴马就职演说的评析

奥巴马就职演说的评析篇一:关于奥巴马就职演说词语言特色的分析obamainauguralspeechlanguagefeatures关于奥巴马就职演说词语言特色的分析_句子结构时间:20XX-06-1808:52:51来源:句子结构作者:秩名论文导读::这也正是政治演说通常带有明显的宗教色彩的原因。

关于奥巴马就职演说词语言特色的分析。

论文关键词:就职演说修辞手段,宗教色彩,句子结构总统大多在美国历史上占有特殊地位,其演说亦各具特色。

二百多年来,从乔治.华盛顿到巴洛克.奥巴马,总统们通过就职演说表达其美好希望和英雄梦想,展示其雄才大略和施政纲领。

因此,很多的就职演说词不仅仅是总统个人忠诚与热情、风度与智慧的生动写照,更是美国民族社会与历史、经济与文化的壮丽画卷,值得鉴赏和学习。

作为美国的第四十四任总统句子结构,巴洛克.奥巴马就任之际正逢全国性的经济危机,其就职演说不可避免的也会起到表达这位新晋总统的政治思想和增加公众对于政府的信心的作用。

本文将从修辞手段的运用,句子类型以及宗教特色等多方面就这篇就职演说词的语言特色进行分析。

一.修辞特色总统就职演说的主要目的是通过宣传本届政府的主要政策以唤起民众的热情,使民众认可新政府并加以支持。

各类修辞手段的运用将会使得演说更加生动和具有说服力,以达到上述目的。

1.排比的运用排比(Parallelism)是由三个或三个以上结构相同或相似、内容相关、证据一致的短语或句子排列在一起,用来加强语势强调内容,加重感情的修辞方式。

在其演说词中,奥巴马多次运用这种修辞方式,起到了吸引听众和加强效果的作用。

在文中可以找到多处例句:?onthisday,wegatherbecause…onthisday,wecometoproclaim…?Forus,theypackeduptheirfewworldlypossessions…Forus,theytoiledinsweatshops…Forus,theyfoughtanddied…?Thecapitalwasabandoned.Theenemywasadvancing.Thesnowwasstained withblood.?weremainayoungnation,butinthewordsofScripture,thetimehascometoseta sidechildishthings.Thetimehascometoreaffirmourenduringspirit;tochooseo urbetterhistory;tocarryforwardthatpreciousgift,thatnobleidea,passedonfro mgenerationtogeneration:theGod-givenpromisethatallareequal,allarefree,a ndalldeserveachancetopursuetheirfullmeasureofhappiness.奥巴马的就职演说总共有3055个单词,而排比在此文中的运用超过十次,其中包括单词?、短语?、句子?甚至是段落?&?的排比。

奥巴马总统就职演讲辞的文体风格赏析

奥巴马总统就职演讲辞的文体风格赏析

排比是一种句法修辞手段。它是把结构相同、意义并重、语气 一致的词、短语、句子、甚至段落排成串,形成一个整体。例如:“Ⅱ
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…,。。-Let's resist…,Let's remember…。 此旬言有尽而意无穷。听众感受到的是听到的言语所包含 的更多的情感和寓意。然而,短句具有强调和突出的功能,能够吸 引听众的注意力。在奥巴马总统就职演说辞,短句的恰当使用使其 演讲简明易懂,例如:“This
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奥巴马就职演讲文体学分析

奥巴马就职演讲文体学分析

奥巴马就职演讲文体学分析英语文体学论文—对美国总统奥巴马就职演说英语文体学分析Speech is an art form of verbal expression, developing as the human being and social. The American presidential candidate’s campaign speech is an important way to promote his political views to win the public support. Hundred years, from George Washington to George Bush, the presidents show their wishes and dreams through the inauguration speech. The words are usually made by a number of most famous and talented writers.The speech is filled with fancy sentences and fragment of a beauty appreciation. Obama's inauguration speech drew all attention in the world .This paper tries to analyze Obama's inauguration speech in the level of English stylistic. By the use of analysis methods of English stylistic, you can help the audience understand more of this speech.1. WordsCompare to daily conversations, the public speech expression’s choice is more precise. There are 2043 words in Obama's inauguration speech. Many emotional words are used to achieve the desired results. Speech language using is decided by its particular context, with both oral and written language characters. Therefore, it is found this inaugurationspeech is full of spoken words, mostly simple, in order to let the whole country to understand. (Eg: I stand here today humbled by the task before us.) In the English public speech, we need the attribution of abstract when talk about concepts and quality. In the meantime, the uses of abstract and complicated word are more precise and serious. In this speech paper, they usethe abstract words such as enormity, spirit, patriotism to show the political color of the Obama’s politic views.2. The sentence featuresIn informal speech, the speaker use short sentences to enhance the speaker’s power of persuasion. There are 2043 words or 107 sentences in the Obama’s speech. The average sentences length is 19.1 words per sentence, which is more than the average English sentences length 17.6 words per sentence.In this official inauguration speech, there are a variety of the lengths of sentences, with the maximum sentence up to 49 words, but if coming along with appropriate pause, a long sentence is not difficult to understand. On the contrary, the shortest sentence is “Y es, we can!”. And it gains the most powerful audience response and becomes one of the most popular slogans. Using appropriate sentence length interchangeably in the speech can arouse audience's feeling. In addition, Obama chooses different types of sentences, such as statements, imperative clauses and rhetorical questions, etc. Obama uses a strongimper ative clause “This is our chance to answer that call. This is our moment. This is our time” to show a tough will.Obama repeatedly used "let us" guiding imperative clauses. Effective usages of imperative clauses in a short time can cheer up the audience's feelings to support the speaker's policies. In contrast, a question sentence is few in his speech, but if with felicitous usages, it will bring tremendous effects. For examples,“If…, what change will they see? What progress will we have made?”He is piloting the audiences to get his inspiration while thinking of these two questions.3.Rhetorical usage(1) Parallel constructionIn the speech language, the parallel construction is a common rhetoric usage (formed by a group of similar structures of the words, phrases and sentences). The use of this structure can enhance audience's attention and impression. It can make the speech more accurate ,contagious.For example:1) It’s the answer spoken by young and old, rich and poor, Democrat and Republican, black, white, Hispanic, Asian, Native American, gay, straight, disabled and not disabled.2) …It can’t happen without you, without a new spirit of service, a new spirit of sacrifice…(2) Phonetic figures of speechA phonetic figure of speech is a kind of rhetorical usage based on pronounces of the words. In the paragraph, it appears some words with the same consonant to make the speech more convincible.For example:1) This victory alone is not the change we seek. It is only the chance for us to make that change. And that cannot happen if we go back to the way things were.2) It can’t happen without you, without a new spirit of service, a new spirit of sacrifice.(3)MetaphorMetaphor is the concept of understanding one thing in terms of another.A metaphor is a figure of speech that constructs an analogy between two things or ideas; the analogy is conveyed by the use of a metaphorical word in place of some other word.1)I would not be standing here without the unyielding support of mybest friend for the last 16 years, the rock of my family, the love of my life, the nation’s next first lady Michelle Obama.In this sentence, Obama says his wife is like the cornerstone of his family to indicate his wife’s important role in his family.2)…And to all those who have wondered if America’s beacon still burnsas bright…In this sentence, Obama uses lighthouse to indicate the future of American is bright.4. ConclusionObama's inauguration speech has fully demonstrated the usage of combination of public speaking and writing styles with a highly contagious and conviction. We students can learn a lot from reading and anglicizing this kind of classical article to make our writing and feeling of English culture better.。

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奥巴马连任就职演讲词的文体学分析作者:陈晓庆来源:《中小企业管理与科技·中旬刊》2014年第03期摘要:本文运用文体学的理论对2013年1月奥巴马在美国国会山发表的连任就职演说进行分析。

通过对此演讲稿的词汇和句法两个方面的分析,以力求了解本文的文体特征,更好的从难词、人称代词、情态动词、句长和被动语态几个方面体现政治演讲的特点。

关键词:文体学演讲词汇语法1 概述文体学是用语言方法研究文体风格的学问。

它以语言学的方法为工具对文学语篇进行描述和解释[1]。

文体是指说话或写作的格调,它随时变化,由具体情景、对象、地点、话题等因素而定[2]。

对文体的定义有很多种,简单可靠的定义是:文体是一个语篇的语言特征。

任何实际可行的文体分析都必须选择一些语言特征,同时放弃其他语言特征。

要分析的语言特征是那些被称为文体标记(style marker)的突出文体特征。

一般来说文体特征分四类:词汇类、语法类、修辞手段、衔接和语境[3]。

根据演讲活动的性质和特点的不同,演讲从内容上分为:政治、经济、学术、道德、法律、宗教和军事演讲等。

本文主要分析政治演讲。

政治演讲,是指各阶段、政党或个人对国家内政事务和对外关系,表明立场,阐明观点、宣扬主张的一种演讲。

如竞选演讲、施政演讲、政治集会演讲等。

政治演讲的特点为:①观点鲜明;②逻辑严谨;③鼓动性强。

本文选取2013年奥巴马连任就职的演讲词作为分析对象,主要从词汇和句法两个方面进行文体分析。

以力求了解本文的文体特征,更好地理解政治演讲的特点。

2 文体学分析2.1 词汇层面按照二元论的分析方法,分析词汇主要是看词汇是否正式,词汇的难易程度,单音节与多音节的数量,抽象名词与具体名词的数量,词汇中描述动作的动词与渲染性的形容词的数量等等。

然后再计算这些词汇的出现频率。

第一个词汇特征是此文难度指数属于容易类。

由于书面语是演讲的特征之一,因此,一般来说其词汇相对较复杂,在奥巴马的演讲词中,全文的总字数是2103个,其中难词有8个,即三个音节以上的词(不含专有名词和因语态、时态和数而演变来的派生词),只占全文总词汇的0.38%,其原因是要让来自各个阶层,有着不同文化程度的听众都能听懂、理解。

虽然难词不多,其语言仍能显示出正式和庄重;本文运用the gunning fog index指数公式,来计算文章语言内容的难度指数,公式为(fog index)=0.4(h+l)其中,l=句子的平均长度;h=难懂的词的百分比。

得出本演讲的难度指数=0.4(8/2103+23.8)=9.52。

由迷雾指数原理得出难度指数在10左右的语篇属于容易类。

所以,尽管本文语篇较长,但就其难度指数为9.52 另一个词汇特征是本文使用了大量的第一人称代词。

此演讲中三种人称代词都有所涉及,但第一人称代词的使用相对较多,其人称代词的使用情况如表1。

表1■在这篇演讲中,奥巴马主要运用了第一人称代词,主要是为了方便于表达自己的观点和整体的概念。

所用的169个第一人称代词中we(67个)、our(75个)、us(20个)、i(3个)、my(3个)、ourselves(1个)。

在此文中奥巴马多次运用we和our增强了对美国国民集体身份的反复强化,加深了全民的共识,同时,演讲者通过带有倾向性或暗示性的语句向听众施加某种信仰和情感来激起感情并最终促使他们产生行动,演讲中的感情示现增进了美国民众对奥巴马政府的信赖,旨在为奥巴马政府争取更多的民意支持,实现了民族感情的集体共鸣。

这种对感情的诉诸表达了作者对美国未来的憧憬之情和对美国历史的缅怀之意,号召美国同胞拥抱与生俱来的永恒权利,珍爱未知的自由未来,激起美国公众同舟共济、珍惜自由之心,让全国人民以更大的决心取得永恒的胜利。

在这篇演讲词中,奥巴马大量的使用了情态动词,如表2所示:表2■表3对出现较多的情态动词进行分析:由表3可以看出,本文多使用情态动词will、would(与will属同类)和must占情态动词总数的67.8%。

奥巴马多次使用语气较为温和、态度较为客观的will和would,主要是为了能够在表达自我政治主张的主观意志和意愿时获得听众的接受与支持。

奥巴马多次使用语气坚定的must,是为了表达对自己过去政绩的自信和对自己威信的把握,同时也表明了他在施政策略方面坚定的态度和果敢的手段。

2.2 句法层面句子长度及结构依据句子长度,句子有长句和短句两种,短句是使用词语少,形体短,结构简单的句子,其特点是表意灵活,简洁明快,节奏感强;长句则与短句相反,表意严密,内容丰富,精确细致。

英语中平均句子长度为18.6个单词,该演讲的句长如表4:由表4可以看出:第一,该演讲词句子较长,平均句长23.8个单词高出了为数18.6个单词的英语平均句。

第二,该演讲词主要使用了长句表达,即大于17.6个单词的句子比例超过了一半。

长句因其用词较多,表达的内容较为丰富,也使文体效果显得庄重。

句子类型分析按句子的功能特点,可以讲其分为陈述句、疑问句、祈使句和感叹句四种。

奥巴马的演讲中共有87个句子,陈述句有85句,比例是97.7%,几乎全部使用陈述句来表达。

他以平衡的语调陈述了事实,表达了观点,同时奥巴马使用陈述句表达了美国的政治、经济及外交方面的观点。

句子语态分析英语中句子可分为主动语态和被动语态两种,被动语态的构成为be+动词的过去分词。

被动语态用于:①不知道或者没必要提到动作的执行者时;②强调或者突出动作的承受者时;③调整句子结构时[4]。

奥巴马此篇演讲的语态使用中有15个被动态,分别为:①all men are created equal.②they are endowed by their creator.③freedom must be secured by his people.④through blood drawn by lash and drawn by sword.⑤all society’s ills can be cured through government alone is the fiction.⑥this generation of americans has been tested by crises.⑦we are made for this moment.⑧twilight years were spent in poverty.⑨we don’t believe that freedom is reserved for the lucky.⑩that all of us are created equal.■our gay are treated like anyone else under the law.■we are truly created equal.■no citizen is forced to wait for hours to exercise the right to vote.■bright young students and engineers are enlisted in our workforce.■our children are cared for and cherished.奥巴马在演讲的87个句子中巧妙的运用了15个具有独特语法功能的被动语态。

由以上被动态总结,我们可将①、②、③、⑦、⑩、■归为一类,都是美国传统中不言而明的事物理论,如上帝创造人类,故而属于被动语态的第一种情况,不用特意强调动作的执行者。

剩下的④、⑤、⑥、⑧、⑨、■、■、■、■归为一类,用来形容美国过去的遭遇、未来法案的确立方向和切实可行的计划,属于被动语态的第二种情况,强调所受遭遇的主人公和确立法案所需保护的对象,突出动作的承受者。

强调了施政方针,树立了作为连任总统的个人的决断力与执政力,是总统诉诸人格权威的有效手段。

3 总结该演讲时长为18分44秒,掌声和欢呼不断响起,是因为他的演讲内容贴合了民众的实情,并做出了切实可行的计划。

总之奥巴马的连任演说词能够做到鼓动民众之心,完成对自己决心的表决,回顾美国的历史,展望美国的未来,计划美国的当下,作为政治演说达到了与听众建立良好人际关系,具有说服力、吸引力和鼓动性的目的。

参考文献:[1]刘世生,朱瑞青.第二次印刷《文体学概论》[m].北京大学出版社.2007年6月.[2]王宗炎.英汉教学语言学词典[m].湖南教育出版社.1990.[3]成亚君.林肯葛底斯堡演讲词文体分析[j].外语教学理论与实践,2011(4).[4]徐贺艳,成亚君.比尔盖茨在清华大学的演讲文体分析[j].金华职业技术学院学报,2012年4月第12卷第2期.[5]史菲菲,周晓凤.奥巴马连任就职演说的公众交际性分析[j].长春师范学院学报,2013(5).基金项目:本文系锦州市2013年社会科学重点研究课题《基于西方修辞学辩论理论的英语议论文话语策略分析》的部分研究成果。

作者简介:陈晓庆(1991-),女,蒙古族,青海海北人,渤海大学外国语学院10级本科生,研究方向:英语文体学。

篇二:奥巴马就职演说的语言艺术分析一、演说与修辞时下英语界一般将英语文体(或称语体)分为口头体和书面体两大类。

但实践证明,这样的划分失之粗率。

其弊病在于名实难符:口头体并不仅限于口语形式,而书面体也不仅限于书面形式。

譬如,正式场合的演讲、报告,以及官方的谈话所用的文体就不能划入口语体,而应属于书面体。

演说活动自古以来就是人类社会的一项重要活动。

演讲者通过宣传某种思想,让听众理解和接受自己的观点和主张,进而号召听众采取一致的行动。

演讲者要达到预想的演讲效果必须研究演说词的语言表达艺术。

演说词的修辞手法是演讲者最主要的语言技巧。

修辞是从表达方式,表达效果的角度去研究语音、词汇、语法的运用。

美国总统的就职演说是一种在特定场合下的演说。

现场听众可达百万之众,并且向国内外进行现场直播。

美国民众及世界各国总是对新总统有着无限期待,总统的就职演说可谓是新政府向民众交出的第一份答卷。

总统要在就职演说中抒发自己的治国理想,分析国家面临的困难和挑战,宣布自己的施政纲领以及如何实现民众的希望。

各大媒体的调查表明,大多数美国民众对奥巴马的就职演说感到满意和非常满意。

本文拟从语音、词汇和句法三个方面的修辞手段的使用情况对奥巴马的就职演说进行文体分析,探讨这篇演说词的语言艺术。

二、奥巴马演说词的修辞手段1.音韵修辞格(1)头韵(alliteration)是语音修辞手段之一。

它是指两个以上紧邻单词首音(通常是辅音)相同。

头韵的修辞作用是增强语言的节奏感,使语言产生音乐般的美感。

头韵多用于诗歌和散文中,但人们也经常在演讲中运用头韵来增加语言的美感,加深听众的印象。

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