炎症不同种类(英文)different inflammation types

Histological types

1 Alterative inflammation

(1) Alterative changes are the most obvious, exudative and proliferative changes are slighter.

(2) Commonly seen in parenchyma organs

(3) Causes: Virus, toxin, chemical poison, etc.

(4) e.g: fulminant hepatitis, type B epidemic encephalitis, poliomyelitis, caseous pneumonia, etc.

2 Exudative inflammation

Excess of a particular component of the inflammatory exudates imparts distinctive features.

(1) Serous inflammation

①Watery, low protein content, derived from blood or serosal lining cells.

②Commonly seen in:

Mucous membrane, serosa, lung, loose connective tissue, skin.

③Examples: Blister formation following burning, the pleural effusion associated with tuberculosis, common cold, etc.

(2) Fibrinous inflammation

①Much fibrin due to coagulation of large fibrinogen outpouring.

②Causes: Shigella

Streptococcus peneumoniae

Corynebacterium diphtheriae

Hg poison

Uremia

③Commonly seen in

a. Serosa

b. Mucous membrane: Pseudo-membrane

c. Lung

④Examples: Rheumatic, pericarditis, dysentery, diphtheriae, lobular peneumonir, etc.

(3) Suppurative inflammation

①Definition: Much exudate with lots of neutrophils and liquefied nerotic tissue (pus) occurs. Pus composed of: dead and dying neutrophils, liquefied tissue, pyogenic organisms.

②Causes: staphylolcocci, pneumococci, gonococci, gram-negative rods, and some nonhemolytic streptococci.

③Types:

a. Abscess: a localised collection of pus in an organ or tissue.

Abscess could formation:

Ulcer: localized defect in an epithelial surface due to necrosis.

Sinus: an abnormal tract leading from a cavity to the surface.

Fistula: a tract open at both ends, through which abnormal communicaton between two surface is established.

b. Phlegmonous inflammation

Definition: wide-spread purulent inflammation in loose tissue, and appendix

Causes: hemolytic streptococci

c. Surface purulent inflammation and Empyema

Surface purulent inflammation: purulent inflammation of mucosal or serosa surface. Empyema: a collection of pus in a hollow viscus, e. g. in the gall-bladder or appendix.

(4) Haemorrhagic inflammation:

Inflammation associated with conspicuous haemorrhage as a result of vascular damage, e. g. meningococcaemia.

(5) Catarrhal inflammation:

Inflammation of mucosal surfaces with hypersecretion of mucus, e.g. common cold

3 Proliferative inflammation

(1) General proliferative inflammation

Proliferative constitutions:

Fibroblasts, endothelium, macrophage, and sometimes coated-epithelium, adenocytes, parenchymal cells, etc. commonly seen in chronic inflammation

(2) Special types

①Inflammatory granuloma (granulomatous inflammation)

Definition: Nodular area of histocytes (macrophages)

Proliferation that has been transformed into epithelioid cells, surrounded by a collar of lymphocytes, occasionally fibroblasts and plasma cells.

(3)Types:

①Infective granuloma:tuberculosis, syphilis, sarcoidosis, cat-scratch fever, leprosy, brucellosis, some of the mycotic infections, etc.

Example: granuloma of tuberculosis focal aggregation of monocyter that have undergone alteration to epithelioid cells. Or Caseous necrosis is in the center. The enclosing wall contains several large mutinucleate giant cells, the Langhans type, with peripheral orientation of the nuclel, and many lymphcytes and fibroblasts.

②Foreign body’s granuloma

Features: foreign bodies

Foreign dody giant cell: seen in association with particulate insoluble material. Nuclei scattered throughout cytoplasm. No caseous necrosis

③Inflammatory polyp

④Inflammatory pseudo-tumor