The language featurs of Reader’s Digest
语言学第一章
语言学第一章Chapter 1 Invitation to linguistics1.1 Why study language?1. Language is very essential to human beings.2. In language there are many things we should know.3. For further understanding, we need to study language scientifically.1.2 What is language?Language is a means of verbal communication. It is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication.1.3 Design features of languageThe features that define our human languages can be called design features which can distinguish human language from any animal system of communication.1.3.1 ArbitrarinessArbitrariness refers to the fact that the forms of linguistic signs bear no natural relationship to their meanings.1.3.2 DualityDuality refers to the property of having two levels of structures, such that units of the primary level are composed of elements of the secondary level and each of the two levels has its own principles of organization.1.3.3 CreativityCreativity means that language is resourceful because of its duality and its recursiveness.Recursiveness refers to the rule which can be applied repeatedly without any definite limit. The recursive nature of language provides a theoretical basis for the possibility of creating endless sentences.1.3.4 DisplacementDisplacement means that human languages enable their users to symbolize objects, events and concepts which are not present (in time and space) at the moment of conversation.1.4 Origin of language1. The bow-wow theoryIn primitive times people imitated the sounds of the animal calls in the wild environment they lived and speech developed from that.2. The pooh-pooh theoryIn the hard life of our primitive ancestors, they utter instinctive sounds of pains, anger and joy which gradually developed into language.3. The “yo-he-ho” theoryAs primitive people worked together, they produced some rhythmic grunts which gradually developed into chants and then into language.1.5 Functions of languageJacobson——language has six functions:1. Referential指称功能: to convey message and information;2. Poetic: to indulge in language for its own sake;3. Emotive: to express attitudes, feelings and emotions;4. Conative意动功能: to persuade and influence others through commands and entreaties;5. Phatic寒暄功能: to establish communion with others;6. Metalingual元语功能: to clear up intentions, words and meanings.Halliday ——that language has three metafunctions:1. Ideational function: to convey new information, to communicate a content that is unknown to thehearer;2. Interpersonal function: embodying all use of language to express social and personal relationships;3. Textual function: referring to the fact that language has mechanisms to make any stretch of spokenand written discourse into a coherent and unified text and make a living passage different from a random list of sentences.Hu Zhuanglin——language has at least seven functions:1.5.1 InformativeThe informative function means language is the instrument of thought and people often use it to communicate new information.1.5.2 Interpersonal functionThe interpersonal function means people can use language to establish and maintain their status in a society.1.5.3 Performative施为功能The performative function of language is primarily to change the social status of persons, as in marriage ceremonies, the sentencing of criminals, the blessing of children, the naming of a ship at a launching ceremony, and the cursing of enemies.1.5.4 Emotive functionThe emotive function is one of the most powerful uses of language because it is so crucial in changing the emotional status of an audience for or against someone or something.1.5.5 Phatic communionThe phatic communion means people always use some small, seemingly meaningless expressions such as Good morning, God bless you, Nice day,etc., to maintain a comfortable relationship between people without any factual content.1.5.6 Recreational functionThe recreational function means people use language for the sheer joy of using it, suc h as a baby’s babbling or a chanter’s chanting.1.5.7 Metalingual functionThe metalingual function means people can use language to talk about itself. E.g. I can use the word “book” to talk about a book, and I can also use the expression “the word book” t o talk about the sign “b-o-o-k” itself.1.6 What is linguistics?Linguistics is the scientific study of language. It studies not just one language of any one community, but the language of all human beings.1.7 Main branches of linguistics1.7.1 PhoneticsPhonetics is the study of speech sounds, it includes three main areas: articulatory phonetics, acoustic phonetics, and auditory phonetics.1.7.2 PhonologyPhonology studies the rules governing the structure, distribution, and sequencing of speech sounds and the shape of syllables.1.7.3 MorphologyMorphology studies the minimal units of meaning –morphemes and word-formation processes.1.7.4 SyntaxSyntax refers to the rules governing the way words are combined to form sentences in a language, or simply, the study of the formation of sentences.1.7.5 SemanticsSemantics examines how meaning is encoded in a language.1.7.6 PragmaticsPragmatics is the study of meaning in context.1.8 MacrolinguisticsMacrolinguistics is the study of language in all aspects, distinct from microlinguistics, which dealtsolely with the formal aspect of language system.1.8.1 Psycholinguistics心理语言学Psycholinguistics investigates the interrelation of language and mind, in processing and producing utterances (and in language acquisition for example).1.8.2 Sociolinguistics社会语言学Sociolinguistics is the study of the characteristics of language varieties1, the characteristics of their functions2, and the characteristics of their speakers3. (123相互作用构成一个speech community 语言社团)1.8.3 Anthropological linguistics人类语言学Anthropological linguistics studies the history and structure of formerly unwritten language, the emergence of language and the divergence of languages.1.8.4 Computational linguistics计算语言学Computational linguistics is an interdisciplinary field which centers around the use of computers to process or produce human language.1.9 Important distinctions in linguistics1.9.1 Descriptive描写vs. Prescriptive规定A linguistic study is descriptive if it describes and analyses the facts observed.It is prescriptive if it tries to lay down rules for the “correct” use of language.1.9.2 Synchronic共时vs. Diachronic历时The description of a language at some point in time is a synchronic study.The description of a language as it changes through the time is a diachronic study.The distinction between synchronic and dischronic studies is only theoretically clear.原因：①Languages are in a constant state of changing.②The language of any speech community is never uniform.③When a language changes, one set o f features are not suddenly replaced by another set of features.1.9.3 Langue 语言& parole言语Saussure distinguished the linguistic competence of the speaker and the actual phenomena or data of linguistics as langue and parole.Langue refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community.Parole refers to the actualized language, or realization of langue.区别：①Langue is abstract but parole is specific to the situation in which it occurs.②Langue is not actually spoken by anyone; parole is alwaysa naturally occurring event.③Langue is relatively stable and systematic; parole is subject to personal and situational constraints.1.9.4 Competence and performanceAccording to Chomsky, a language user’s underlying knowledge about the system of rules is called the linguistic competence, and the actual use of language in concretesituations is called performance.Competence is the ideal language user`s knowledge of the rules of his language.Performance is the actual realization of this knowledge in utterances.。
2020年海南省海口市第七中学高二英语下学期期末试题含解析
2020年海南省海口市第七中学高二英语下学期期末试题含解析一、选择题1. With all the family members ____on vacation without him, the boy felt extremely lonely and afraid.A to have goneB goingC had goneD gone参考答案：B2. These old pictures __________ the unforgettable days _______ we spent on the farm.A. reminded him; whichB. reminded him that; whenC. reminded him of; thatD. reminded him of; when参考答案：C略3. In my opinion, it is the coach rather than the players that ______.A．is to blame B．is to be blamed C．are to blame D．are to be blamed参考答案：A4. I really don’t want to talk about _____ exam we took just now. I’m not in _____ mood for it.A. the; theB. the; aC. an; aD. an; the参考答案：A5. The Huangguoshu Waterfalls is an________ beautiful sight.A. B. ly C. absolution D. absolutions参考答案：B6. _________ that Tom got inside the room to see what was going on.A. So strangely did he feelB. So strangely he feltC. So strange did he feelD. So strange he felt 参考答案：C试题分析：句意：汤姆感觉是如此的奇怪，以至于他进入房间看看发生了什么事情。
reader's digest
In 2001, 32 states attorneys general reached agreements with the company and other sweepstakes operators to settle allegations that they tricked the elderly into buying products because they were a "guaranteed winner" of a lottery. The settlement required the companies to expand the type size of notices in the packaging that no purchase is necessary to play the sweepstakes, and to:
2
Business organization and ownership
The magazine‘s parent company, The Reader’s Digest Association, Inc. (RDA), became a publicly traded corporation in 1990. As of 2010 RDA has reported a net loss（净亏损） each year since 2005. In March 2007, Ripplewood Holdings LLC led a consortium of private equity investors who bought the company through a leveraged buy-out for US$2.8 billion, financed primarily by the issuance of US$2.2 billion of debt. Ripplewood invested $275 million of its own money, and had partners including Rothschild Bank of Zürich and GoldenTree Asset Management of New York. The private equity deal tripled the association's interest payments, to $148 million a year.
广东省汕头市潮阳实验学校2021-2022学年高三上学期摸底考试英语试题 - 副本
汕头市潮阳实验学校2021～2022学年度第一学期高三摸底考试试题英语(测试时间：120分钟满分：130分)第一部分阅读理解（共两节,满分50分）第一节（共15小题，每小题2.5分,满分37.5分）阅读下列短文，从每题所给的A、B、C和D四个选项中，选出最佳选项，并在答题卡上将该选项涂黑。
AGet up to20%off the cover pricePlus,get digital access with your paid print subscription●Up-to-date news that touches your lifeFrom money-saving tips and quick reports on the latest in healthcare,to inspiring articles on world events,you'll discover hundreds of ideas for living a richer,more satisfying life.●Read it anytime,anywhereGet a l-year-print subscription of Reader’s Digest magazine now and you’ll also get free digital issues instantly.With digital access,you can read the latest issue of Reader’s Digest anytime, anywhere!Plus,you can quickly access your past issues online,too.●Continuous renewal serviceYour subscription will automatically renew at the end of each term until you cancel.Yo will receive a clearly marked renewal notice before your subscription is renewed and your account is charged.You can also authorize us to charge your credit card at the discounted rate on the renewal service unless you cancel.You may cancel at any time by visiting Customer Care and receive a refund on all unmailed issues.●Other informationThe cover price of Reader’s Digest is$4per issue and it is currently published10times annually.Please check the confirmation page and your mailbox to download detailed instructions.1.Reading Reader’s Digest,you will find some articles about____________.A.tips for earning moneytest healthcare reportsC.response to world eventsD.rich people’s life ideas2.What is the annual fee for subscription if readers book now?A.$48.B.$40.C.$38.4.D.$32.3.What are you sure to get if you subscribe to Reader’s Digest?A.Refund for lost issues.B.Renewal free of charge.C.Authorized renewal service.D.All the past digital issues.BTrucker Gerlock traveled hundreds of thousands of miles with his dog,Holly,who came with him on every route--including his last one．While driving near Dallas,Texas,on the job,the 59-year-old Marylander crashed into a concrete column.Gerlock was killed instantly.Looking in the back of the truck,though,rescue drivers found one survivor.Rescue workers cut the Chesapeake Bay retriever(切萨皮克海湾寻回犬)--practically untouched--out of the back of the truck,where she’d been sleeping.“It’s amazing that anything survived,”Sandy Nordhoff,friend of Gerlock,told The Kent County News．Unsure what happened to Holly,Gerlock’s friends from his town of Rock Hall,Maryland,made numerous calls and emails to agencies in order to find out where the dog was.Eventually,they found out she had been staying in Dallas Animal Services shelter and a foster family had taken her in for Thanksgiving.The Rock Hall locals hatched a plan to get her home.Joe Creighton and Sandy’s husband,Russell Nordhoff,both lifelong friends of Gerlock, volunteered to make the2,800-mile trip from Rock Hall to Dallas and back,which took two days each way.The friends borrowed Gerlock’s pickup truck for the road,so Holly would feel more comfortable on the journey home,according to The Kent County News.Back in Rock Hall,some of Gerlock’s friends adopted Holly.Ever since,the dog has been a town icon(偶像),making an appearance in almost every town parade.“The outpouring of love shown towards Gerlock and Holly was heartwarming,”Rock Hall resident Jamie Elburn tells Reader’s Digest.“It shows how the companionship of‘man’s best friend’and simple kindness can overcome even the most difficult situation!”4.What does the underlined part in Paragraph2indicate?A.The trip was extremely tiring.B.The result was quite satisfying.C.The survivor was very smart.D.The accident was too serious.5.What happened to Holly after she was saved?A.She was nowhere to be found.B.She was put in an animal shelter.C.She was sent back home immediately.D.She was adopted by a foster family.6.What can we infer about the work on getting Holly back home?A.It was painstaking.B.It was full of danger.C.It turned out to be interesting.D.It required much experience.7.How did Jamie Elburn feel about the whole story?A.Sympathetic.B.Grateful.C.Shocked.D.Touched.CAnimal-rights activists often complain that cute beasts get more sympathy than equally deserving ugly ones.If so,one would think a lovely creature like the mink(貂)would be easy to protect.Yet in the Netherlands,mink is the only animal that can still legally be farmed for their fur. That is about to change.On August28th the government brought forward to this year a ban on mink-farming that had been scheduled to take effect in2024.The timetable was sped up not because mink had become more adorable,but because they can contract covid-19and spread it to humans.Dutch farmers normally raised about2.5million minks a year,making the Netherlands the world’s fourth-largest producer after Denmark,China and Poland.In April,a couple of minks and the farm hands who tended them were diagnosed with covid-19.Genetic tracing showed that at least two workers had probably been infected by mink,rather than the other way around.The affected animals were destroyed and stricter hygiene rules imposed,but by summer the virus had spread to a third of the country’s farms.In June,parliament voted to shut down the industry as soon as possible, and the cabinet agreed.That was a win for the Netherlands Party for the Animals,which has four seats in the 150-memeber parliament.In2013,it helped pass the law that gave mink farmers until2024to get out of the business.Now the party and its supporters object to the generous compensation(补偿)the government has offered for bringing forward the deadline:$150million,or$1million per farmer.Some members of parliament claim that the compensation paid for destroying the infected minks was higher than the market price for their fur.Fur farmers claim that modern standards allow minks to be raised humanely,and that they are not a big reason for the spread of the virus.But minks tend to live by themselves instead of living in groups.Animal-rights advocates say they cannot be raised humanely in small cages.As for covid-I9, the worry is that mink could serve as a medium for it to attack human immunization(免疫) programs.The industry’s value is modest(farmers put it at$150million--$200million,activists at under$100million),and polls show the public overwhelmingly opposes it.“In a democratic country,that widespread belief has to translate into a political decision to ban fur farming,”says Esther Ouwehand,leader of the Party for the Animals.The farmers accept they are shutting down. The remaining argument is over money.8.According to the passage,why did animal-activists have an unexpected win for protecting minks?A.Because mink's cute appearance won people’s heart.B.Because the minks could act as a host for an infectious disease.C.Because the government carried out an act earlier than planned.D.Because the farmers stopped raising minks,considering the great reward.9.What does the writer mean by saying“the other way around”in paragraph2?A.The farm-raised minks were born with the virus.B.The farmers were infected with covid-I9by minks.C.The minks contracted covid-19from their caregiver.D.The affected minks had contact with the virus in nature.10.Esther Ouwehand and his party members supported the following statements EXCEPT ________.A.Minks can be easily bred by humans without bringing any harm to them.B.It is acceptable to shut down mink fur industry because it isn’t profitable.C.Objection to fur industry is a main reason behind this governmental decision.D.The amount of money to make up for the loss of the mink farmers was too high.11.Which of the following might be the best title of the passage?A.Cuteness WinsB.An Unexpected WinC.Winter for MinksD.Farmers v.s.ActivistsDAccording to a recent study in the Journal of Consumer Research,both the size and consumption habits of our eating companions can influence our food intake.And contrary to existing research that says you should avoid eating with heavier people who order large portions(份),it’s the beanpoles with big appetites you really need to avoid.To test the effect of social influence on eating habits,the researchers conducted two experiments.In the first,95undergraduate women were individually invited into a lab to ostensibly(表面上)participate in a study about movie viewership.Before the film began,each woman was asked to help herself to a snack.An actor hired by the researchers grabbed her food first. In her natural state,the actor weighed105pounds.But in half the cases she wore a specially designed fat suit which increased her weight to180pounds.Both the fat and thin versions of the actor took a large amount of food.The participants followed suit,taking more food than they normally would have.However,they took,significantly more when the actor was thin.For the second test,in one case the thin actor took two pieces of candy from the snack bowls.In the other case,she took30pieces.The results were similar to the first test:the participants followed suit but took significantly more candy when the thin actor took30pieces.The tests show that the social environment is extremely influential when we’re making decisions.If this fellow participant is going to eat more,so will I.Call it the“I’ll have what she’s having”effect.However,we’ll adjust the influence.If an overweight person is having a large portion,I’ll hold back a bit because I see the results of his eating habits.But if a thin person eats a lot,I’ll follow suit.If he can eat much and keep slim,why can't I?12.What is the recent study mainly about?A.Food safety.B.Movie viewership.C.Consumer demand.D.Eating behavior.13.What does the underlined word“beanpoles”in paragraph1refer to?A.Big eaters.B.Overweight persons.C.Picky eaters.D.Tall thin persons.14.Why did the researchers hire the actor?A.To see how she would affect the participants.B.To test if the participants could recognize her.C.To find out what she would do in the two tests.D.To study why she could keep her weight down.15.On what basis do we“adjust the influence”according to the last paragraph?A.How hungry we are.B.How slim we want to be.C.How we perceive others.D.How we feel about the food.第二节（共5小题；每小题2.5分，满分12.5分〉根据短文内容，从短文后的选项中选出能填入空白处的最佳选项&选项中有两项为多余选项。
东北师范大学奥鹏英语语言学复习资料
东北师范大学奥鹏英语语言学复习资料英语语言学、单选题（共 20 道试题，共 60 分。
）得分：31. Human languages can be used to describe themselves. The language used to talk about language is called .A. special languageB. local languageC. metalanguageD. human language正确答案：C 满分：3 分得分：32. The features which are found over a segment or a sequence of two or more segments are called ________.A. distinctive featuresB. non-distinctive featuresC. suprasegmental featuresD. free variation正确答案：C 满分：3 分得分：03. The questions of “How is language acquired? How do people learn a foreign language?” are explored in __________.A. applied linguisticsB. sociolinguiticsC. psycholinguisticsD. general linguistics正确答案：C 满分：3 分得分：04. impossible （为下列单词选择相对应的构词法）A. DerivationB. ConversionC. BackformationD. Blending正确答案：A 满分：3 分得分：05. The following are all suprasegmental features except ____.A. stressB. toneC. voicingD. intonation正确答案：C 满分：3 分得分：06. This （vet ）is very famous in the town. （为括号部分的单词选择相对应的构词法）A. CoinageB. Sound ReduplicationD. Eponym正确答案：C 满分：3 分得分：07. to machinegun （为下列单词选择相对应的构词法）A. DerivationB. ConversionC. BackformationD. Blending正确答案：B 满分：3 分得分：08. In the phrases a herd of cattle, a flock of sheep, both cattle and sheep contain _____ morphemes.A. oneB. twoC. threeD. four正确答案：B 满分：3 分得分：09. ____ is defined as the study of the internal structure and the formation of words.A. MorphologyB. SyntaxC. LexiconD. Morpheme正确答案：A 满分：3 分得分：010. If segments appear in the same position but the mutual substitution does not change the meaning, they are said to be in ____.A. contrastive distributionB. free variationC. complementary distributionD. distinctive features正确答案：C 满分：3 分得分：011. The syllabic unit made up by the ____ is called a rhyme.A. onset + nucleusB. nucleus + codaC. onset + codaD. coda + onset正确答案：B 满分：3 分得分：012. A(n)________ is the minimal or the smallest distinctive linguistic unit in a language.A. phonetic symbolB. alphabetD. allophone正确答案：C 满分：3 分得分：013. The widely used symbols for phonetic transcription of speech sounds is __________.A. International Phonetic SymbolB. International Phonetic AlphabetC. Narrow TranscriptionD. Wide Transcription正确答案：B 满分：3 分得分：014. Acronyms and abbreviations are formed by putting together the ____ letters of some or all words in a phrase or title.A. InimicalB. initiativeC. suffixingD. initial正确答案：D 满分：3 分得分：015. NATO（为下列单词选择相对应的构词法）A. AcronymB. Sound ReduplicationC. CoinageD. Eponym正确答案：A 满分：3 分得分：016. The road was （enlarged ）the year before the last. （为括号部分的单词选择相对应的构词法）A. DerivationB. ConversionC. BackformationD. Blending正确答案：A 满分：3 分得分：017. peddle （为下列单词选择相对应的构词法）A. ConversionB. BackformationC. BlendingD. Compounding正确答案：B 满分：3 分得分：018. Clipping is a process that ____ a polysyllabic word by deleting one or more syllables.A. LengthensB. widensD. strengthens正确答案：C 满分：3 分得分：019. [u:] possesses the features _____________.A. [+high][+back][+round][-tense]B. [+high][-back][+round][+tense]C. [+high][+back][+round][+tense]D. [-high][+back][+round][+tense]正确答案：C 满分：3 分得分：020. The word “multinationality” has ______ morphemes.A. 2B. 3C. 4D. 5正确答案：C 满分：3 分得分：0、判断题（共 20 道试题，共 40 分。
七年级上英语期末模拟测试题
contents
目录
• Listening section • Vocabulary and Grammar • Reading comprehension • Cloze test • Writing skills • Oral communication
Understanding the main idea and supporting details of the text
Identifying the author's purpose and intended audience
ABCD
Recognizing the organization and structure of the text
Recognizing language functions
Students should recognize the language functions used in the dialogue, such as making requests, giving advice, or expressing opinions
Following the speaker's thoughts: They should be able to follow the speaker's thoughts and ideas as they develop through the talk, noting any changes in topic or focus
01
Understanding the context and identifying the missing information
大学英语专业4级听力dictition
Characteristics of a Good Reader (2001)To improve your reading habits, you must understand the characteristics of a good reader. First, the good reader usually reads rapidly. Of course, he does not read every piece of material at the same rate. But whether he is reading a newspaper or a chapter in a physics text, his reading rate is relatively fast. He has learned to read for ideas rather than words one at a time. Next, the good reader can recognize and understand general ideas and specific details. Thus he is able to comprehend the material within a minimum of effort and a maximum of interest. Finally, the good reader has at his command several special skills, which he can apply to reading problems as they occur. For the college student, the most helpful of these skills include making use of the various aids to understanding that most textbooks provide and skim reading for a general survey.Disappearing Forests (2002)The world's forests are disappearing. As much as 1/3 of the total tree cover has been lost since agriculture began some 10,000 years ago. The remaining forests are hometo half of the world's species, thus becoming the chief resource for their survival. Tropical rain forests once covered 12% of the land of the planet, as well as supporting at least half of the world's species of plants and animals. These rain forests are home to millions of people. But there are other demands on them. For example, much has been cut for timber. An increasing amount of forest land has been used for industrial purposes or for agricultural development such as crop-growing. By the 1990' s less than half of the earth' s original rain forests remained, and they continued to disappear at an alarming rate every year. As a result, the world's forests are now facing gradual extinction.Salmon (2003)Every year, millions of salmon swim from the ocean into the mouths of rivers and then steadily up the rivers, passing through waters, around rocks and waterfalls, the fish finally reach their original streams or lakes. They dig out nests in the riverbed and lay their eggs. Then, exhausted by their journey, the parent salmon die. They have finished the task that nature has given them. Months, or years later, the young fish start their trip to the ocean. They live in the salt water from 2-7 years, until they, too are ready to swim back to reproduce. Their life cycle helps man provide himself with a basic food-fish. When the adult salmon gather at the river mouths for the annual trip up the rivers, they are in the best possible condition, and nearly every harbor has its salmon fishing fleet ready to catch thousands for markets.Money (2004)Money is accepted across the world as payment for goods or services. People use money to buy food, clothes and hundreds of other things. In the past, many different things were used as money. People on Pacific islands once exchanged shells for goods. The Chinese used cloth and knives. In Africa, elephant tusks or salt were used. Even today, some people in Africa are still paid in salt. Coins were first invented by the Chinese. Originally, they were round pieces of metal with a hole in the center, so that a piece of string could keep them together. This made doing business much easier, but people still found coins inconvenient to carry when they wanted to buy somethingexpensive. To solve this problem, the Chinese again came up with the solution. They began to use paper money for coins. now paper notes are used throughout the world.The Wrist Watch (2005)It is generally believed that wrist watches are an exception / to the normal sequence in the evolution of man's jewelry. / Reversing the usual order, they were first worn by women, / and then adopted by men. / In the old days, queens included wrist watches among their crown jewelry. / Later, they were worn by Swiss workers and farmers. / Until World War I, Americans associated the watch with fortune hunters. / Then army officers discovered that the wrist watch was most practical for active combat. / Race car drivers also loved to wear wrist watches, / and pilots found them most useful while flying. / Soon men dared to wear wrist watches without feeling self-conscious. / By 1924, some 30 percent of man's watches were worn on the wrist. / Today, the figure is 90 percent. / And they are now worn by both men and women / for practical purposes rather than for decoration.The Internet (2006)The Internet is the most significant progress in the field of communications. / Imagine a book that never ends, a library with a million floors, / or imagine a research project with thousands of scientists / working around the clock forever. / This is the magic of the Internet. / Yet the Internet has the potential for good and bad. / One can findwell-organized, information-rich websites. / At the same time, one can also find wasteful websites. / Most websites are known as different Internet applications. / These include online games, chat rooms (chatrooms) and so on. / These applications have great power, too. / Sometimes the power can be so great / that young people may easily become victims to their attraction. / So we need to recognize the seriousness of the problem. / We must work together to use its power for better ends.Advertising (2007)Advertising has already become a very specialized activity in modern times. In today’s bus iness world, supply is usually greater than demand. There is greater competition between manufacturers of the same kind of product, because they want to persuade customers to buy their particular brand. They always have to remind their customers of the name and qualities of the products by advertising. The manufacturer advertises in newspapers and on the radio; he sometimes employs salesgirls to distribute samples of his products; he sometimes advertises on the internet as well. In addition, he always has advertisements put into television programs that will accept them. Manufacturers often spend huge sums of money on advertisements. We buy a particular product because we think that’s the best. We usually think so because the advertisements say so, people of ten don’t ask themselves if the advertisements are telling the truth, when they buy advertised products from the shops.Choosing a Career （2008）When students graduate from college, many of them do not know how they want to spend their working lives and they sometimes move from job to job, until they find something that suits them and of equal importance to which they are suited. Others never find the job in which they are really happy. They remain all their lives square pegs in round holes. When we choose our careers we need to ask ourselves twoquestions. First, what do we think we would like to be? Second, what kind of people are we? The idea, for example, of being a painter or a musician may seem very attractive. But unless we have great talent and are willing to work very hard, we are certain to fail in these occupations and failure will lead to unhappiness in life. So it is important to assess our suitability for a certain career in job search.New Year’s Eve （2009）For many people in the west, New Year’s Eve is the biggest party of the year. It’s a time to get together with friends or family and welcome in the coming year. New Year’s parties can take place in different places. Some people hold a house party; others attend street parties, while some just go for a few drinks with their friends. Big cities have large and spectacular fireworks displays. There is one thing that all New Year’s Eve parties have in common, the countdown to midnight. When the clock strikes 12, people give a loud cheer and sing so ngs. It’s also popular to make a promise in the New Year. This is called a New Year’s resolution. Typical resolutions include giving up smoking and keeping fit. However the promise is often broken quite quickly and people are back into their bad habits within weeks or days.Freshmen’s Week （2010）Britain has a well-respected higher education system and some of the top universities and research institutions in the world. But to those who are new to this system, it can sometimes be confusing. October is usually the busiest month in the academic calendar. Universities have something called Freshmen’s Week for their newcomers. It's a great opportunity to make new friends, join lots of clubs and settle into university life. However, having just left the comfort of home and all your friends behind, the prospect of meeting strangers in classrooms and dormitories can be worrying. Where do you start? And who should you make friends with? Which clubs and societies should you join? Luckily, there will be thousands of others in the same boat as you. They worry about starting their university social life on the right foot. So just take it all in slowly. Don't rush into anything that you'll regret for the next three years.British holidaying habits(2011)In the late 1970s, air travel became affordable for the average family in the UK, and more people started travelling abroad for their summer holidays. After all, the British weather wasn’t very good, even in summer, so a lot of people left the country for a vacation. In the 1980s and 1990s, young people in the UK became wealthier on average. As a result, they started to go abroad in groups, to places such as Spain and Greece. Once they arrived at their destination, they met with other groups of young people and had one long party. British holidaying habits have begun to change, however. Climate change means that the UK now has a hotter climate, so people do not need to go overseas to find good weather. Also, going abroad is more expensive. As a result, more British people are choosing to spend their summer holidays in the UK.。
Features-of-Language
object.
• For example,房子：house(英语)
•
casa〔西班牙语〕
• Language is not entirely arbitrary; some words are motivated, i.e., there seems to be some logical association between sounds and meaning.
• Duality makes it possible for a person to talk about anything within their knowledge.
3.arbitrariness(任意性)
• There is no logical connection between meanings and sounds.
7.reflexivity(自反性或反 身性)
• Human language can be used to describe themselves.
• Eg:when we teach language as a subject we also have to use it.
8.Adaptability(适应性)
• 1.creativity(or productivity) • 2.duality(二重性) • 3.arbitrariness(任意性) • 4.Displacement〔移位性〕
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The language featurs of Reader’s Digest The language of Reader’s Digest is simple, natural, concise and vivid. They tend to have short paragraphs, each with a single meaning, and are easy to read. The article often starting with an interesting story rather than a summary lead of a typical news story. Many articles, at first glance, the words are very simple and the sentences are not complicated, but it needs to think about what it really means. Some of the old words using in new senses, after words re-collocation, the meanings are no longer what we originally understood and needs to be reinterpreted. The changes in the language style of Reader’s Digest deserve careful analysis and research, which reflected in the following four aspects:
1. Special words in the fields of politics and science are more common and interesting when they are used in daily expression.
2. Slang and colloquial, as kinds of formal expressions, which used on specific occasions, are more commonly used in articles.
3. Different uses of words makes the expression more novel.
4. Using of implicit language and leaping thinking.
There are, of course, plenty of people who think Reader’s Digest's language is simplistic and lacks depth, and also, Reader’s Digest's political views are conservative.
《读者文摘》语言朴实自然，简洁明了，生动形象，这些特点在篇章,用词方面均有反映。
其文章一般段落短小，且每段一个意思，容易阅读，往往以有趣的故事开头，而不是用一般新闻报道的概要式导语。
不少文章，初看起来，句子并不复杂，用词也很简易，可是理解起来却不是一目了然，而需要思考一番的。
有的是旧词新用，其中词与词搭配后，意义已不是原来我们所理解的意义了，需要重新体会。
《读者文摘》在语言风格上的变化，很值得认真分析与研究。
这种语言风格的变化，表现在以下四个方面：
一、政治与科学等领域中的特有词汇，进入日常普通用语中更加常
见，更有情趣。
二、本来是特定场合使用的俚语、口语、俗语，变成了正式用语的
现象更加普遍。
三、旧词带上新义，使表达方式更为新颖。
四、语言含蓄而思想富有跳跃性。
当然，对于《读者文摘》的语言，也有不少人认为过于简单，缺乏深度，而且，《读者文摘》的政治观点十分保守。