蓝牙技术新标准 Bluetooth 2.1+EDR标准解读
蓝牙耳机技术及配对方法详解
蓝牙耳机技术及配对方法详解蓝牙耳机就是将蓝牙技术应用在免提耳机上，让使用者可以免除恼人电线的牵绊，自在地以各种方式轻松通话。
自从蓝牙耳机问世以来，一直是行动商务族提升效率的好工具。
蓝牙耳机就是将蓝牙技术应用在免提耳机上，让使用者可以免除恼人电线的牵绊，自在地以各种方式轻松通话。
自从蓝牙耳机问世以来，一直是行动商务族提升效率的好工具。
现在的蓝牙耳机经常会看到Bluetooth1.1、1.2、2.0+EDR、2.1+EDR等数字参数，这些数字代表不同规格标准。
1.1 和1.2是较早的版本，2.0的于2006年推出，目前最新版本是2.1+EDR版本。
而2008年将推会出蓝牙UWB超宽带版本，蓝牙版本不同，关乎接收信号的品质，新版本更强调能克服杂讯干扰，而且蓝牙所有最新版本都设计为向下兼容以往所有版本，2.0版本的设备和1.1版本也能自由连接。
版本2.0是1.2的改良提升版，传输率约在1.8Mpbs--2.1Mpbs，可以有（双工）的工作方式。
即一面作语音通讯，同时亦可以传输档案/高质素图片等。
目前应用最为广泛的是Bluetooth 2.0+EDR标准，该标准在2004年已经推出，支持Bluetooth 2.0+EDR标准的产品也于2006年大量出现。
虽然Bluetooth 2.0+EDR标准在技术上作了大量的改进，但从1.X标准延续下来的配置流程复杂和设备功耗较大的问题依然存在。
为了改善蓝牙技术目前存在的问题，蓝牙SIG组织（Special Interest Group）推出了Bluetooth 2.1+EDR版本的蓝牙技术。
蓝牙2.1版加入了Sniff Subrating的功能，透过设定在2个装置之间互相确认讯号的发送间隔来达到节省功耗的目的。
很多用户购买蓝牙耳机后最头疼的就是蓝牙耳机的配对问题，下面小编为大家带来蓝牙的配对方法。
将手机的蓝牙功能打开，这时在屏幕上会出现一个蓝牙的图标。
开启完成后，手机会提示您是否搜索蓝牙装置，选择“是”。
bluetooth标准
bluetooth标准Bluetooth是一种无线通信技术，它的标准规范由Bluetooth技术联盟（Bluetooth Special Interest Group，简称SIG）制定和管理。
Bluetooth标准涵盖了各种蓝牙设备之间的通信协议、安全性、功耗、传输速率等方面的要求，以确保不同品牌的蓝牙设备能够互相兼容并正常通信。
目前最常见的Bluetooth标准版本包括：1. Bluetooth 1.x：第一个正式发布的Bluetooth标准，提供较低的数据传输速率和较短的通信距离。
2. Bluetooth 2.x：采用了增强数据传输速率和错误纠正功能，支持更高质量的音频传输。
3. Bluetooth 3.x：引入了高速模式和支持大容量数据传输的能力，适用于多媒体传输和文件共享。
4. Bluetooth 4.x：引入了低功耗技术，支持物联网设备的无线连接。
5. Bluetooth 5.x：引入了更高速的数据传输速率和更远的通信距离，提供了更好的性能和覆盖范围。
除了传统的蓝牙标准，Bluetooth SIG还在不同领域推出了一些专用的Bluetooth标准，比如：1. Bluetooth Basic Rate/Enhanced Data Rate（BR/EDR）：传统的蓝牙标准，用于音频设备、数据传输等应用。
2. Bluetooth Low Energy（LE）：用于低功耗设备，比如智能手环、传感器、追踪器等。
3. Bluetooth Core Specification for Mesh Networking：用于构建大规模蓝牙网状网络的标准。
总之，Bluetooth标准是为了确保不同厂商的蓝牙设备可以互相兼容并正确地进行无线通信而制定的规范。
随着技术的不断发展，Bluetooth标准也在不断更新和完善，以满足不同应用场景和需求的要求。
蓝牙EDR射频测试(一)
蓝牙EDR射频测试（一）蓝牙传输设备工作在2.4GHz ISM（工业、科学、医学）频段，本规范确立了蓝牙传输设备的专用工作频段范围。
据此而论，蓝牙系统必须符合下述两个必要条件：●工作在蓝牙系统中的各无线电设备之间，必须具有兼容性;●应确定系统容量; 蓝牙传输设备应遵循完整操作规范的操作条件，无线电收、发设备的参数必须按射频测试标准的所述方法测试。
目前世界上主要采用的是BLUETOOTH SPECIFICATION Version 2.1 + EDR 这个标准，当然相关测试标准也是随着蓝牙技术的发展而不断被修改和完善的。
蓝牙EDR 是蓝牙增强速率的英文缩写，其特色是大大提高了蓝牙技术的数据传输速率，达到了2.1Mbps ，是目前蓝牙技术的三倍。
因此除了可获得更稳定的音频流传送的更低的耗电量之外，还可充分利用带宽优势同时连接多个蓝牙设备。
目前越来越多的蓝牙设备已经开始支持蓝牙EDR 技术。
其中EDR 测试分：发射机测试（TRM）；接收机测试（TRV）。
EDR 发射机测试项包括EDR 接收机测试项包括EDR Relative Transmit PowerEDR SensitivityEDR Carrier Frequency Stability and Modulation AccuracyEDR BER Floor PerformanceEDR Differential Phase EncodingEDR C/I PerformanceEDR In-band Spurious EmissionsEDR Maximum Input Level 下面是一项蓝牙测试项的介绍: EDR Relative Transmit Power 测试意图：这项测试以确保在不同的平均发射功率在调频[ GFSK ]和相位调制[ DPSK]的部分，数据是在可接受的范围内。
测试方法：1）将被测物（EUT）通过一个50Ω的连接器或者一个50Ω的外接天线连接到测试系统上。
蓝牙技术介绍
蓝牙规范的层次结构
蓝牙核心规范介绍版本发展
核心规范是蓝牙协议家族的基础，自蓝牙技术联盟（Bluetooth SIG ，Special Interest Group）在1999年颁布蓝牙核心规范1.0版本以 来，到目前为止蓝牙SIG一共发布了七个重要版本。每一个版本都促 使蓝牙技术朝着更快、更安全、更省电的方向发展。
下个日光节约时间更改服务 1.0 电话警报状态配置文件 电话警报状态服务 近距传感配置文件 跑步速度和步调配置文件 跑步速度和步调服务 参考时间更新服务 扫描参数配置文件 扫描参数服务 时间配置文件 射频功率服务
传统配置文件
传统配置文件（可限定） 3DS 3D同步配置文件 A2DP 高级音频分发配置文件 AVRCP 音频／视频远程控制配置文件 BIP 基本成像配置文件 BPP 基本打印配置文件 DI e设备ID配置文件 DUN 拨号网络配置文件 FTP 文件传输配置文件 GAVDP 通用音频／视频分发配置文件 GOEP 通用对象交换配置文件 GNSS 全球导航卫星系统配置文件 HCRP 硬拷贝电缆置换配置文件 HDP 健康设备配置文件 HFP 免提配置文件 HSP 耳机配置文件 HID 人机界面设备配置文件 MAP 信息访问配置文件 OPP 物件推拉配置文件 PAN 个人局域网配置文件 PBAP 电话簿访问配置文件 SAP SIM访问配置文件 SDAP 服务发现应用配置文件 SPP 串行端口配置文件 SYNCH 同步配置文件 VDP 视频分发配置文件 已采纳版本 1.0 1.0 / 1.2 / 1.3 1.0 / 1.3 / 1.4 / 1.5 1.0 / 1.1 / 1.2 1.0 / 1.2 1.2 / 1.3 1.1 / 1.2 1.1/ 1.2 / 1.3 1.0 / 1.2 / 1.3 1.1 / 2.0 / 2.1 1.0 1.0 / 1.2 1.0 / 1.1 1.5 / 1.6 1.1 / 1.2 1.0 / 1.1 1.0 1.1 / 1.2 1.0 1.0 / 1.1 1.0 / 1.1 1.1 1.1 / 1.2 1.1 / 1.2 1.0 / 1.1
蓝牙不同版本的特点汇总
不同版本蓝牙的特点&区别概述：1. v1.X版本的蓝牙技术带有实验性质，较少被生产厂商采用。
2. v2.0+EDR和v1.X比主要升级体现在传输速度，实际速度可以达到2Mbps。
2.0+EDR在保证立体声传输的基础上加大了数据流的带宽传输，可以用于较高品质的音乐播放。
但该版本由于配对困难，采用的设备仍然较少，该标准将在14年11月作废。
3. v2.1+EDR和v2.0+EDR的主要升级体现在快速配对技术SSP的采用，即用户无需再输入配对的PIN码。
Bluetooth 2.1是目前设备数量最多的版本。
4.v3.0+HS根据802.11适配层协议应用了Wi-Fi技术，即在蓝牙配对后，在需要的时候调用802.11 wifi 用于实现高速数据。
理论上最高速度可达到24Mbps，是蓝牙2.0的八倍。
“+HS”(High Speed)是选配技术，并非所有的Bluetooth 3.0均支持24Mbps的传输速度。
5. v4.0是v3.0+HS的补充，在“经典规范”(可以看作v2.1的升级)和“高速规范”（+HS）两个标准之上，增加了“低功耗规范（Bluetooth Low Energy）”。
在硬件的实现上，蓝牙4.0可以集成在现有经典蓝牙技术(2.1+EDR/3.0+HS)芯片上增加低功耗部分（双模式，成本相对更低），也可以在高度集成的设备中增加一个独立的连接层（Link Layer），实现超低功耗的蓝牙传输（单模式）。
虽然v4.0在2010年就推出了，但除iPhone4S,Galaxy S3, Note2支持蓝牙4.0外，Android 4.2原生系统缺乏对4.0的支持，因此4.0的BLE连接尚未大范围普及。
预计低功耗蓝牙4.0会随着Android 4.3的升级得到更普遍的运用。
6. v4.1以“internet of things”为目标对v4.0进行的软件升级，在连接性的提升体现在如下方面（硬件层面上v4.0的设备无需做任何改动即可使用v4.1）。
蓝牙无线耳机主流方案
蓝牙无线耳机主流方案蓝牙无线耳机是近年来市场需求迅速增长的产品。
随着智能手机和便携音乐设备的普及，传统有线耳机逐渐被取代。
而蓝牙无线耳机则成为了主流的选择之一、目前市面上有几种主流的蓝牙无线耳机方案，包括基于蓝牙经典技术的耳机和基于蓝牙低功耗（BLE）技术的耳机。
一、基于蓝牙经典技术的耳机方案：1.蓝牙2.1EDR方案：这是最早的蓝牙耳机方案之一、它支持较高的音频传输质量和带宽，适用于需要更高音质的用户。
蓝牙2.1EDR方案对于音频传输的延迟较低，适合于需要进行实时通信的场景。
2.蓝牙3.0+HS方案：这是一种增强型的蓝牙2.1EDR方案。
它在速率和功耗方面都进行了改进，支持更高的数据传输速率和更低的功耗。
它能够提供更高质量的音频传输，并适用于需要较快传输速度和较低功耗的场景。
3. 蓝牙4.0方案：这是一种低功耗的蓝牙方案，也被称为BLE （Bluetooth Low Energy）。
它专为低功耗应用而设计，并提供长期的电池寿命。
蓝牙4.0方案对于音频传输的质量较低，适合于需要较低功耗的音频应用，例如健身追踪器。
二、基于蓝牙低功耗（BLE）技术的耳机方案：1.单耳耳机方案：这种方案仅有一个耳机，适用于需要单耳听音的用户。
它通常较小巧轻便，适合于运动和日常使用。
2.双耳耳机方案：这种方案有两个耳机，适用于需要立体声音效的用户。
它们通常采用主从耳机的方式，一个耳机作为主耳机，负责与音源连接并控制。
另一个耳机作为从耳机，与主耳机进行通信，以实现立体声音效。
3.主动降噪方案：这种方案通过内置的降噪芯片，可以有效地降低周围环境噪音对音频质量的干扰。
它在旅途中和嘈杂的环境中提供更好的音频体验。
蓝牙2.1+EDRRF测试规范与方法（兼容2.0和1.2）
蓝⽛2.1+EDRRF测试规范与⽅法（兼容2.0和1.2）Core System PackageRadio FrequencyTest Suite Structure (TSS) andTest Purposes (TP)System Specification 1.2/2.0/2.0 + EDR/ 2.1/2.1 + EDRThis document defines the TSS and TP for qualification testing of the Bluetooth? Wireless Technology Radio layer. Issued27 December 2006RevisionRF.TS/2.1.E.0BLUETOOTH TEST SPECIFICATION Ver. 1.2/2.0/2.0 + EDR/2.1/2.1 + EDR page 2 of 72 Radio Frequency CONTENTS1Scope (5)2Normative References (7)3Definitions and Abbreviations (9)3.1Definitions (9)3.2Abbreviations (9)4Test Suite Structure (11)4.1Overview (11)4.2Test suite structure (TSS) (11)4.3Test groups (12)4.3.1Protocol groups (12)4.3.2Main test group (12)4.3.2.1Capability (CA) tests (12)4.3.2.2Valid Behavior (BV) tests (12)4.3.2.3Invalid Behavior (BI) tests (13)4.3.3Conformance (13)4.4Provisional RF Testing (13)5Test Purposes (TP) (15)5.1Introduction (15)5.1.1TP definition conventions (15)5.1.2TP naming conventions (15)5.1.3TRM/CA/01/C (Output Power) (15)5.1.4TRM/CA/02/C (Power Density) (18)5.1.5TRM/CA/03/C (Power Control) (20)5.1.6TRM/CA/04/C (TX Output Spectrum –Frequency range) (22)5.1.7TRM/CA/05/C (TX Output Spectrum –20 dB Bandwidth) (25)5.1.8TRM/CA/06/C (TX Output Spectrum –Adjacent channel power) (27)5.1.9TRM/CA/07/C (Modulation Characteristics) (29)5.1.10TRM/CA/08/C (Initial Carrier Frequency Tolerance) (31)5.1.11TRM/CA/09/C (Carrier Frequency Drift) (33)5.1.12TRM/CA/10/C (EDR Relative Transmit Power) (35)5.1.13TRM/CA/11/C (EDR Carrier Frequency Stability and Mod-ulation Accuracy) (37)5.1.14TRM/CA/12/C (EDR Differential Phase Encoding) (40)5.1.15TRM/CA/13/C (EDR In-band Spurious Emissions) (41)227 December 2006BLUETOOTH TEST SPECIFICATION Ver. 1.2/2.0/2.0 + EDR/2.1/2.1 + EDR page 3 of 72 Radio Frequency 5.1.16RCV/CA/01/C (Sensitivity – single slot packets) (44)5.1.17RCV/CA/02/C (Sensitivity - multi-slot packets) (46)5.1.18RCV/CA/03/C (C/I performance) (48)5.1.19RCV/CA/04/C (Blocking performance) (50)5.1.20RCV/CA/05/C (Intermodulation Performance) (52)5.1.21RCV/CA/06/C (Maximum Input Level) (53)5.1.22RCV/CA/07/C (EDR Sensitivity) (54)5.1.23RCV/CA/08/C (EDR BER Floor Performance) (56)5.1.24TP/RCV/CA/09/C (EDR C/I Performance) (57)5.1.25RCV/CA/10/C (EDR Maximum Input Level) (59)6Annex (61)6.1Reference Signal Definition (61)6.1.1 2 Mbps Reference Signal (EDR) (62)6.1.2 3 Mbps Reference Signal (EDR) (63)6.2Provisional RF Testing (EDR) (63)6.3Frequencies for testing (63)6.3.1Operating frequency bands (63)6.3.2Frequencies for testing, loopback, hopping off (63)6.3.3Frequencies for testing, TX-Test, hopping off (64)6.4Normal test conditions (65)6.4.1Normal temperature and humidity (65)6.4.2Nominal Power source (65)6.4.2.1Mains Voltage (65)6.4.2.2Lead-acid battery power sourcesused on vehicles (66)6.4.2.3Other power sources (66)6.5Extreme test conditions (66)6.5.1Extreme temperatures (66)6.5.2Extreme power source voltages (66)6.5.2.1Main voltage (66)6.5.2.2Lead-acid battery power sourceused on vehicles (66)6.5.2.3Power sources using othertypes of batteries (67)6.5.2.4Other power sources (67)6.6Bit error rate (BER) measurements (67)6.7Definition of the position of Bit p0 (69)6.8Definition of the reference sensitivity level (69)6.9Antenna gain (69)6.10Measurement Uncertainty (69)6.10.1Conducted measurements: (69)27 December 20063BLUETOOTH TEST SPECIFICATION Ver. 1.2/2.0/2.0 + EDR/2.1/2.1 + EDR page 4 of 72 Radio Frequency6.10.2Relative RF power (70)6.10.3Radiated measurements (70)6.10.4Absolute radio frequency (70)6.10.5Relative drift radio frequency (70)6.10.6Peak frequency deviation (70)6.11Test Case Mapping (70)427 December 2006BLUETOOTH TEST SPECIFICATION Ver. 1.2/2.0/2.0 + EDR/2.1/2.1 + EDR page 5 of 72 Radio Frequency1 SCOPEThis Bluetooth document contains the Test Suite Structure (TSS) and Test Pur-poses (TP) to test the Bluetooth RF layer including Enhanced Data Rate.The objective of this Test Specification is to provide a basis for conformance tests for Bluetooth devices giving a high probability of air interface inter-opera-bility between different manufacturer's Bluetooth devices.The following revisions are applicable to this document.Revision Date DescriptionD5r32003-11-05Original ReleaseD10R002004-03-03Re-partitioned to match Main Specification Volume/Part parti-tioning.D10r012004-03-15Editorial changes1.2.12004-03-25Editorial changes. Changed document numbering and revisionnumber to conform with legacy system.1.2.22004-07-01Changed page numbering to begin part with page 1 and madeeditorial changes to accommodate Vol. 1, Part A.1.2.32004-08-24Incorporated TSE 522 changing TP TRM/CA/06/C2.0.E.02004-10-19Incorporated changes for V2.0 + EDR2.0.E.12004-10-28Editorial correction to TP RCV/CA/10/C2004-10-29Editorial correction to TP RCV/CA/07/C2.0.E.2Draft2.0.E.22004-11-04First version for 1.2/2.0/2.0 + EDR available for qualification2.0.E.3r12005-02-17Incorporate TSE 686 for the TCMT test cases TRM/CA/10/C,TRM/CA/11/C, TRM/CA/12/C, TRM/CA/13/C, RCV/CA/07/C,RCV/CA/08/C, RCV/CA/09/C, RCV/CA/10/C.Incorporate TSE 687 for RCV/CA/08/C.Incorporate TSE 688 for TRM/CA/13/C.Incorporate TSE 689 for TRM/CA/11/C.Incorporate TSE 690 for RCV/CA/07/C.2.0.E.32005-03-21Prepare for publication.2.0.E.4r02005-08-24TSE 719: Explicitly state EUT to support power control for TRM/CA/10-C2.0.E.4r12005-09-16Changed globally Bluetooth Specifcation V1.2 [Vol.2, Part A] to[1] to refer to Normative Reference first item.2.0.E.42005-10-14Prepare for publication.2.0.E.5r02006-10-06TSE 1809: TRM/CA/11-C: change ref. to Appendix C in RF specScope27 December 20065BLUETOOTH TEST SPECIFICATION Ver. 1.2/2.0/2.0 + EDR/2.1/2.1 + EDR page 6 of 72 Radio Frequency2.1.E.0r12006-12-01Change document identfier from 2.0.E to 2.1.ETSE 1809: TRM/CA/11-C: Change reference to Appendix C inthe RF spec.Update references to include v1.2 and 2.0/2.1 core referecesRemoved “Uncertainties” section2.1.E.02006-12-27Prepare for publication.627 December 2006ScopeBLUETOOTH TEST SPECIFICATION Ver. 1.2/2.0/2.0 + EDR/2.1/2.1 + EDR page 7 of 72 Radio Frequency2 NORMATIVE REFERENCESThis Bluetooth document incorporates, by dated or undated reference, provi-sions from other publications. These normative references are cited at the appropriate places in the text and the publications are listed hereafter. For dated references, subsequent amendments to or revisions of any of these pub-lications apply to this Bluetooth document only when incorporated in it by amendment or revision. The normative references listed below represent the most current versions as of the date of publication of this document. The most current version of a listed reference should be used unless a specific version is noted in the list.[1]Specification of the Bluetooth System v1.2 Core System Package, Volume 2, Part A[2]Specification of the Bluetooth System v1.2, Core System Package, Volume 3, Part D[3]ETS 300 328: "Radio Equipment and Systems (RES); Wideband transmission sys-tems; Technical characteristics and test conditions for data transmission equipmentoperating in the 2,4 GHz ISM band and using spread spectrum modulation tech-niques"[4]FCC Part 15: CFR 47, Part 15 "Radio Frequency Device", Sections 15.205, 15.209,15.247[5]PICS Proforma for Radio (RF)[6]Specification of the Bluetooth System v2.0+ EDR/v2.1 + EDR, Core System Pack-age, Volume 2, Part ANormative References27 December 20067BLUETOOTH TEST SPECIFICATION Ver. 1.2/2.0/2.0 + EDR/2.1/2.1 + EDR page 8 of 72 Radio Frequency827 December 2006Normative ReferencesBLUETOOTH TEST SPECIFICATION Ver. 1.2/2.0/2.0 + EDR/2.1/2.1 + EDR page 9 of 72 Radio Frequency3 DEFINITIONS AND ABBREVIATIONS3.1 DEFINITIONSFor the purpose of this Bluetooth document, the definitions given in Specifica-tion of the Bluetooth System, Volume 2, Part A apply. In addition, the following definitions apply:Additional definitions in this Test Specification are given in Volume 1, Part A, Test Strategy and Terminology Overview. Mathematical conventions used in this document comply with the definitions given in Volume 1, Part A, Test Strategy and Terminology Overview.3.2 ABBREVIATIONSFor the purpose of this Bluetooth document, the abbreviations given in Volume 1, Part A, Test Strategy & Terminology Overview are applicable.Definitions and Abbreviations27 December 20069BLUETOOTH TEST SPECIFICATION Ver. 1.2/2.0/2.0 + EDR/2.1/2.1 + EDR page 10 of 72 Radio Frequency1027 December 2006Definitions and AbbreviationsBLUETOOTH TEST SPECIFICATION Ver. 1.2/2.0/2.0 + EDR/2.1/2.1 + EDR page 11 of 72 Radio Frequency4 TEST SUITE STRUCTURE4.1 OVERVIEWThe Bluetooth RF is layer 1 of the Bluetooth protocol stack.Figure 4.1: Bluetooth protocol stack, Basic Layers4.2 TEST SUITE STRUCTURE (TSS)Bluetooth RF Test Suite StructureTransmitterOutput PowerPower DensityPower ControlTX Output Spectrum-Frequency RangeTX Output Spectrum-20 dB BandwidthTX Output Spectrum-Adjacent Channel PowerModulation CharacteristicsInitialCarrier Frequency ToleranceCarrier Frequency DriftReceiverSensitivity – Single slot packetsSensitivity – Multi slot packetsC/I PerformanceBlocking PerformanceIntermodulation PerformanceMaximum Input LevelFigure 4.2: Test suite structure for Bluetooth RFTest Suite Structure27 December 2006111227 December 2006Test Suite StructureBLUETOOTH TEST SPECIFICATION Ver. 1.2/2.0/2.0 + EDR/2.1/2.1 + EDR page 12 of 72Radio Frequency Figure 4.3: Test suite structure for Bluetooth EDR RF4.3 TEST GROUPSThe test groups are organized in 3 levels. The first level defines the protocol groups representing the protocol services. The second level, separates the protocol services in functional modules. The last level in each branch contains the standard ISO subgroups BV and BI (not shown in Figure 4.3 on page 12).4.3.1 Protocol groupsThe protocol group identifies the kind of test for Bluetooth RF test purposes: ?TransmitterTransceiverReceiver4.3.2 Main test groupThe main test groups are the capability group, the valid behavior group and the invalid behavior group.4.3.2.1 Capability (CA) testsThis sub group provides testing of the major EUT capabilities aiming to insure that the claimed capabilities are correctly supported, according to the ICS.4.3.2.2 Valid Behavior (BV) testsThis sub group provides testing to verify that the EUT reacts in conformity with the Bluetooth standard, after receipt or exchange of a valid Protocol Data Units (PDUs). Valid PDUs means that the exchange of messages and the content of the exchanged messages are considered as valid.B l u e tooth ED R R F Te st Su i t e Structur eT ransm i tt e rE nhanced Data Rate Re l at i ve T ransm i t PowerE nhanced Data Rate Carr i erF requency Sta bili ty and Modu l at i on AccuracyE nhanced Data Rate D i fferent i a l Phase E ncod i ngE nhanced Data Rate I n -Band Spur i ous E m i ss i onR e c ei v e rE nhanced Data Rate Sens i t i v i tyE nhanced Data Rate B E R Fl oor Sens i t i v i tyE nhanced Data Rate C /I PerformanceE nhanced Data Rate Max i mum I nput L eve lBLUETOOTH TEST SPECIFICATION Ver. 1.2/2.0/2.0 + EDR/2.1/2.1 + EDR page 13 of 72 Radio Frequency4.3.2.3 Invalid Behavior (BI) testsThis sub group provides testing to verify that the EUT reacts in conformity with the Bluetooth standard, after receipt of a syntactically or semantically invalid PDU.4.3.3 ConformanceWhen conformance to this profile is claimed, all mandatory features, as well as optional and conditional capabilities for which support is indicated in the ICS, are subject to verification as part of the Bluetooth qualification program.A single successful test experiment may not constitute a pass verdict. In order to provide a foundation for interoperability it is necessary that a qualified prod-uct consistently and repeatedly pass any of the mandated tests.If a member finds an issue with the test case as described in the test specifica-tion, or has issues with the utilized test system, the member is required to notify the responsible party with an errata request such that the issue may be addressed.4.4 PROVISIONAL RF TESTINGCertain deviations from the test procedures shall be permitted for an interim period, as specified in Section 6.2, ’Provisional RF Testing (EDR)’ on page 63. Test Suite Structure27 December 200613BLUETOOTH TEST SPECIFICATION Ver. 1.2/2.0/2.0 + EDR/2.1/2.1 + EDR page 14 of 72 Radio Frequency1427 December 2006Test Suite StructureBLUETOOTH TEST SPECIFICATION Ver. 1.2/2.0/2.0 + EDR/2.1/2.1 + EDR page 15 of 72 Radio Frequency5 TEST PURPOSES (TP)5.1 INTRODUCTION5.1.1 TP definition conventionsThe TPs are defined following the particular rules of TP Definition Conventions in Test Strategy & Terminology Overview, Volume 1 Part A.5.1.2 TP naming conventionsThe identifier of the TP: TP//-- is built according to the standard defined by "TP Naming Conventions" in Test Strategy & Terminology Overview, Volume 1 Part A.Features/ functions tested for this specification are:Identifier Feature IdentifierTransmitter Tests TRMTransceiver Tests TRCReceiver Tests RCVTable 5.1: TP Naming Conventions5.1.3 TRM/CA/01/C (Output Power)Verification of the maximum peak and average RF-output power.ReferenceETS 300 328 (subclause 5.2.1),[1], [6] Section 3.Test Purposes (TP)27 December 200615BLUETOOTH TEST SPECIFICATION Ver. 1.2/2.0/2.0 + EDR/2.1/2.1 + EDR page 16 of 72 Radio FrequencyInitial Conditiona)EUT is connected to the tester via 50 ohm connector or atemporary 50 ohm connector or if there is no antenna connector,via a suitable coupling device.b)EUT in test mode loop back or TX mode.c)Hopping on.d)If EUT supports power control the tester sets the EUT's outputpower setting to maximum using LMP commands.Test Procedurea)Tester transmits longest supported DM or DH packet with fullpayload (1, 3 or 5 slot) with PRBS 9 as payload to the EUT. (See“Reference Signal Definition” on page61.)1627 December 2006Test Purposes (TP)BLUETOOTH TEST SPECIFICATION Ver. 1.2/2.0/2.0 + EDR/2.1/2.1 + EDR page 17 of 72 Radio Frequencyb)The spectrum analyzer settings shall be as follow:- Center frequency: the lowest operating frequency- Span: Zero Span- Resolution Bandwidth: 3 MHz- Video Bandwidth: 3 MHz- Detector: Peak- Mode: Maxhold- Sweeptime: depending on packet type (one complete packet)- Trigger: extern (to signalling unit.)c)The first time the EUT transmits a burst on the spectrum analyzercenter frequency it is triggered to make a sweep over the durationof the burst.d)The tester records the highest power value P PK in the trace.e)Tester calculates average power P AV over at least 20% to 80% ofthe duration of the burst (position of p0 defines the begin of theburst)orif the measuring system is not able to determine the p0 bit in theburst:Tester calculates average power P AV over at least 20% to 80% ofthe duration of the burst. (The duration of the burst is the timebetween the leading and trailing 3 dB points compared to theaverage power).f)Repeat b) to e) while the analyzer centre frequency is set to:the mid operating frequency; and the highest operating frequency.These frequencies are defined in Section 6.3.2, ’Frequencies fortesting, loopback, hopping off’ on page 63.NOTE: When using test equipment that can follow the hopping sequence the low, mid, and upper frequencies can be tested when hopped to.g)Repeat step a) to f) for all country specific hopping modes.h)Step a) to g) is repeated under extreme test conditions.i)The antenna gain G (in dBi,) is added to the results (in dBm)measured in part a) to i) (only for verdicts 1) and 2) in Section ?,’Expected Outcome’ on page 18.)Test ConditionThis test case must be performed at normal and extreme test conditions. Test Purposes (TP)27 December 200617BLUETOOTH TEST SPECIFICATION Ver. 1.2/2.0/2.0 + EDR/2.1/2.1 + EDR page 18 of 72 Radio FrequencyExpected OutcomeAll values as measured must fulfil the following conditions.1.P AV < 100 mW (20 dBm) EIRP2.P PK < 200 mW (23 dBm) EIRP3.If the EUT is a power class 1 equipment:P AV > 1 mW (0 dBm)4.If the EUT is a power class 2 equipment:0.25 mW (-6 dBm) < P AV < 2.5 mW ( 4 dBm)5.If the EUT is a power class 3 equipment:P AV < 1 mW (0 dBm.)NotesIn the ETS 300 328 the measurement method based on a combination with diode detector and oscilloscope is described. This measurement method is not up to date. An equivalent method for a Bluetooth device based on a spectrum analyzer can be used as described in the previous chapter.The test case should be performed using loopback mode. If so, the test sys-tem must ensure that the testcase is not failed due to not correctly recog-nized return packets or payload failure, i.e: The test system must provide a means to check the correct packet type. In addition it is recommended that the payload content is checked as well if required.However, if it is required and the test system does not provide a means to distinguish packet types, the TX mode might be used instead if supported by both, test system and IUT.5.1.4 TRM/CA/02/C (Power Density)Verification of the maximum RF-output power density.ReferenceETS 300 328 (subclause 5.2.2).1827 December 2006Test Purposes (TP)BLUETOOTH TEST SPECIFICATION Ver. 1.2/2.0/2.0 + EDR/2.1/2.1 + EDR page 19 of 72 Radio FrequencyInitial Conditiona)EUT is connected to the tester via 50 ohm connector or atemporary 50 ohm connector or if there is no antenna connector,via a suitable coupling device.b)EUT in test mode loop back or TX mode.c)Hopping on.d)If EUT supports power control the tester sets the EUT's outputpower setting to maximum using LMP commands.Test Procedurea)Tester transmits longest supported DM or DH packet with fullpayload (1, 3 or 5 slot) with PRBS 9 as payload to the EUT. (See“Reference Signal Definition” on page61.)b)The spectrum analyzer settings shall be as follow:- Center frequency: 2441 MHz- Span: 240 MHz- Resolution Bandwidth: 100 kHz- Video Bandwidth: 100 kHz- Detector: Peak- Mode: Maxhold- Sweeptime: 1 sec per 100 kHz span- Trigger: freerun.If the measurement equipment is not able to store one samplefor each 100 kHz frequency range, the span may be split forseveral measurements.c)A trace is done and the peak value of the trace is found.d)The spectrum analyzer is set to Zero Span, the center frequencyis set to the frequency found in step c), and the sweep time is setto 1 minute. A single sweep shall be running.e) The power density is calculated as the peak value of the tracecaptured in step d).f)Step a) to e) is repeated under extreme test conditions.g)Repeat step a) to f) for all country specific hopping modes.h)The antenna gain G (in dBi,) is added to the results (in dBm)measured in part a) to g).Test ConditionThis test case must be performed at normal and extreme test conditions. Test Purposes (TP)27 December 200619。
蓝牙EDR射频测试(三)
蓝牙EDR射频测试（三）目前各种通讯产品更新换代的速度非常快，产品的质量和功能都是产品赖以生存的根本。
对于一个投入市场的产品来说，不仅要具有相应的功能，更重要的是产品的各项参数指标都要符合规范和标准的要求。
如何有效地保证产品的质量是设计和生产过程中一个至关重要的问题。
例如蓝牙产品，在它的设计和生产过程中，射频测试是保证蓝牙产品质量的一个重要的步骤。
为了方便测试，提高产品的更新速度，摩尔实验室为您提供了一整套的测试方案。
以下是蓝牙EDR 射频测试的一些介绍：目前蓝牙EDR 测试主要采用的是BLUETOOTH SPECIFICATION Version 2.1 + EDR 这个标准，该标准定义的测试又分发射机测试（TRM）和接收机测试（TRV），本文介绍的是发射机测试其中的一项测试。
EDR 测试项EDR Carrier Frequency Stability and Modulation Accuracy 测试意图：这项测试需要鉴定被测物发射机的载波频率的稳定与精确度。
测试方法：1．将被测物（EUT）通过一个50Ω的连接器或者一个50Ω的外接天线连接到测试系统上。
2．进入EUT 的测试模式，将测试系统调成回环模式同时关掉Whitening 功能。
3．系统进入测试环境时关掉hopping。
4．EUT 发射一个很低的信号。
5．测试的EUT 发射一个最低的信号。
6．测试的EUT 将以最大的功率输出连接到测试仪器上。
（具体的系统测试流程参照标准RF.TS.2.1.E.1 中的5.1.13 项）7．将EUT 设定中心频率开始测试，以中心频率的偏差来鉴定被测物发射机的载波频率的稳定与精确度。
测试结果：所有的测试值必须达到以下条件。
1. Carrier frequency stability: -75 kHz2. RMS DEVM: RMS DEVM3. Peak DEVM: DEVM4. 99% DEVM: DEVM 以上是对蓝牙EDR 部分发射机测试项。
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蓝牙技术新标准Bluetooth 2.1+EDR标准解读
发布时间：2007.08.04 04:49来源：赛迪网作者：赛迪网
在无线网络技术大量应用的今天，蓝牙技术已经成为短距离无线应用中最为普及的一项技术。
蓝牙技术主要应用于少量数据及音频传输，应用范围主要是通讯领域。
目前应用最为广泛的是Bluetooth 2.0+EDR标准，该标准在2004年已经推出，支持Bluetooth 2.0+EDR标准的产品也于2006年大量出现。
虽然Bluetooth 2.0+EDR标准在技术上作了大量的改进，但从1.X标准延续下来的配置流程复杂和设备功耗较大的问题依然存在。
为了改善蓝牙技术目前存在的问题，蓝牙SIG组织（Special Interest Group）推出了Bluetooth 2.1+EDR版本的蓝牙技术。
1、改善装置配对流程：由于有许多使用者在进行硬件之间的蓝牙配对时，会遭遇到许多问题，不管是单次配对，或者是永久配对，在配对的过程与必要操作过于繁杂，以往在连接过程中，需要利用个人识别码来确保连接的安全性，而改进过后的连接方式则是会自动使用数字密码来进行配对与连接，举例来说，只要在手机选项中选择连接特定装置，在确定之后，手机会自动列出目前环境中可使用的设备，并且自动进行连结。
而短距离的配对方面，也具备了在两个支持蓝牙的手机之间互相进行配对与通讯传输的NFC（Near Field CoMMunication）机制。
NFC是短距离的无线RFID技术，在针对1~2公尺的短距离联机应用上，以电磁波为基础，取代传统无线电传输。
由于NFC机制掌控了配对的起始侦测，当范围内的2台装置要进行配对传输时，只要简单的在手机屏幕上点选是否接受联机即可。
不过要应用NFC功能，系统必须要内建NFC芯片或者是具备相关硬件功能。
2、更佳的省电效果：蓝牙2.1版加入了Sniff Subrating的功能，透过设定在2个装置之间互相确认讯号的发送间隔来达到节省功耗的目的。
一般来说，当2个进行连结的蓝牙装置进入待机状态之后，蓝牙装置之间仍需要透过相互的呼叫来确定彼此是否仍在联机状态，当然，也因为这样，蓝牙芯片就必须随时保持在工作状态，即使手机的其它组件都已经进入休眠模式。
为了改善了这样这样的状况，蓝牙2.1将装置之间相互确认的讯号发送时间间隔从旧版的0.1秒延长到0.5秒左右，如此可以让蓝牙芯片的工作负载大幅降低，也可让蓝牙可以有更多的时间可以彻底休眠。
根据官方的报告，采用此技术之后，蓝牙装置在开启蓝牙联机之后的待机时间可以有效延长5倍以上。