中国科技大学考博英语历年真题-题型-参考书-分数线-资料-育明考博

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2024中科院考博英语

2024中科院考博英语英文回答：The 2024 CAS Doctoral Admissions English Exam is a highly competitive examination that evaluates students' academic abilities in English. To succeed in the exam, applicants should possess strong reading, writing, and analytical skills in the English language. The exam typically consists of five sections:Reading Comprehension: This section tests the ability to understand and interpret written English texts. Candidates may be asked to read passages and answer questions about the main idea, supporting details, and the author's purpose.Vocabulary and Usage: This section assesses the depth and accuracy of vocabulary and usage. Candidates may be asked to complete sentences with the correct word, identify the correct form of a word, or select the best definitionfor a particular word.Grammar: This section covers the essential grammar concepts and rules of English. Candidates may be asked to identify grammatical errors, rewrite sentences with the correct grammar, or answer questions about specific grammatical structures.Writing: This section requires candidates to write an essay or letter that demonstrates their writing skills. Candidates may be asked to argue a point of view, respond to a prompt, or summarize a given text.Oral Interview: This section involves a face-to-face or online interview conducted in English. Candidates may be asked to discuss their research interests, academic background, and other relevant topics.To prepare for the exam, applicants should familiarize themselves with the exam format and content, practice reading and writing in English, and seek guidance from experienced English teachers or tutors. With consistenteffort and preparation, candidates can increase their chances of success in the 2024 CAS Doctoral Admissions English Exam.中文回答：2024 年中科院考博英语考试是一项竞争激烈的考试，旨在评估学生在英语方面的学术能力。

(完整版)中科院06-16博士英语十年真题

中国科学院博士研究生入学考试英语试卷构成试卷一：小计110分钟65分Ⅰ　词汇15分钟10分Ⅰ　完形填空15分钟15分Ⅰ　阅读80分钟40分试卷二：小计70分钟35分Ⅰ　英译汉30分钟15分Ⅰ　写作40分钟20分2006年3月PAPER ONEPART I VOCABULARY (15 minutes, 10 points, 0.5 point each)1. The problem is that most local authorities lack the to deal sensibly in this market.A. anticipationB. perceptionC. prospectD. expertise2. Awards provide a(n) for young people to improve their skills.A. incentiveB. initiativeC. fugitiveD. captive3. The profit motive is inherently with principles of fairness and equity.A. in lineB. in tradeC. at timesD. at odds4. Oil is derived from the of microscopic sea creatures, and is even older, according to most geologists.A. layoutsB. remindersC. remainsD. leftovers5. Successful students sometimes become so with grades that they never enjoy their school years.A. passionateB. involvedC. immersedD. obsessed6. Apparently there were between police reports taken from the same witnesses at different times.A. distortionsB. discrepanciesC. disordersD. distractions7. It had been a terrible afternoon for Jane, at about six o’clock in her father’s sudden col unconsciousness.A. convergingB. culminatingC. finalizingD. releasing8. The 12-year-old civil war had 1.5 million lives.A. declaredB. proclaimedC. claimedD. asserted9. The tribe has agreed to contribute 2 percent of net to charitable activities in the county.A. expensesB. revenuesC. budgetsD. payments10. This will make schools more directly and effectively to parents, and more responsive to their criticisms and wishes.A. accountableB. submittedC. subjectedD. available11. Make up your mind that whatever the short-term temptations may be, you will never from the highest standards of honor.A. deviateB. escapeC. deriveD. refrain12. They teach the vocabulary of the English used in computer science, which is also listed in the glossary.A. in sumB. in totalC. in generalD. in full13. This brings a feeling of emptiness that can never be filled and leaves us with a for more.A. scarcityB. commandC. hungerD. request14. Job fairs are usually very lively and informal, and you can roam , surveying what is on offer and gathering literature on jobs you might not have considered in the everyday run of things.A. at peaceB. at leisureC. at restD. at speed15. The closest to English and Welsh grammar schools are called grammar secondary schools; they can, however, accept some fee-paying pupils.A. equalityB. equationC. equivalentD. equity16. At first the university refused to purchase the telescope, but this decision was_____ revised.A. consecutivelyB. consequentlyC. successivelyD. subsequently17. He us as consistently fair and accurate about the issues we are concerned about.A. confusesB. regardsC. strikesD. knocks18. The water was so clear that it the trees on the river bank.A. shadowedB. shadedC. representedD. reflected19. Some 121 countries may be designated“developing”, and of this 121, seventeen countries___ than four-fifths of energy consumption.A. amount toB. account forC. add upD. take away20. The researchers found the age at which young people first fall to bullies seems to determine how much it affects them.A. sacrificeB. shortC. witnessD. victimPART Ⅰ CLOZE TEST (15 minutes, 15 points)Given the choice between spending an evening with friends and taking extra time for his schoolwork, Andy Klise admits he would probably 21 for the latter. It’s not that he doesn’t like to have fun; it desire to excel 22 drives his decision-making process.A 2001 graduate of Wooster High School and now a senior biology major at The College of Wooster, Klise acknowledges that he may someday have 23 thoughts about his decision to limit the time he has spent 24 ,25 out as well as they have, Ibut for now, he is comfortable with the choices he has made. “If things had notwould have had some regrets,” says Klise, who was a Phi Beta Kappa inductee as a junior.extra time studying has been well worth the 26 . I realized early on that to be successful, I had to make certain27 .”28 the origin of his intense motivation, Klise notes that it has been part of his makeup for as long as he3029 ,” he says. “This internal drive has caused me to give my all can remember. “I’ve always been goalpretty much everything I do.”Klise 31 Wooster’s nationally recognized Independent Study (I.S.) program with preparing him for hishoping that my I.S.next 32 in life: a research position with the National Institute of Health (NIH).“I amexperience will help me 33 a research position with NIH,” says Klise. “The yearlong program giv a chance to work with some of the nation’s 34 scientists while making the 35 from undergraduate t o graduate studies or a career in the medical field.”21. A. intend B. prefer C. opt D. search22.A. academically B. professionally C. socially D. technically23.A. different B. certain C. second D. other24.A. entertaining B. socializing C. enjoying D. sporting25.A. developed B. appeared C. occurred D. worked26.A. investment B. reward C. payment D. compensation27.A. devotions B. concessions C. sacrifices D. attempts28. A. Besides B. As for C. Out of D. Despite29.A. directed B. oriented C. conducted D. guided30.A. about B. with C. at D. in31.A. credits B. registers C. selects D. observes32. A. run B. step C. pace D. leap33.A. hold B. occupy C. anchor D. land34.A. leading B. advanced C. nominated D. marvelous35. A. achievement B. transition C. position D. vocationPART Ⅲ READING COMPREHENSIONSection A (60 minutes, 30 points)Passage OneShe’s cute, no question. Symmetrical features, flawless skin, looks to be 22 years oldmarket bar, a woman lucky enough to have this face would turn enough heads to stir a breeze. But when Victor Johnston points and clicks, the face on his computer screen changes into a state of superheated, crystallized beau “You can see it. It’s just so extraordinary,” says Johnston, a professor of biopsychology at New University who sounds a little in love with his creation.The transformation from pretty woman to knee-weakening babe is all the more amazing because the changeswrought by Johnston’s software are, objectively speaking, quite subtle. He created the original face by digitally averaging 16 randomly selected female Caucasian faces. The changing program then exaggerated the ways in which female faces differ from male faces, creating, in human-beauty-science field, a“hyp grew a bit larger, the nose narrowed slightly and the lips plumped. These are shifts of just a few millimeters, but experiments in this country and Scotland are suggesting that both males and females find“averaged faces more beautiful.Johnston hatched this little movie as part of his ongoing study into why human beings find some people attractive and others homely. He may not have any rock-solid answers yet, but he is far from alone in attemptingto apply scientific inquiry to so ambiguous a subject. Around the world, researchers are marching into territory formerly staked out by poets and painters to uncover the underpinnings of human attractiveness.The research results so far are surprising—and humbling. Numerous studies indicate that human not be simply in the eye of the beholder or an arbitrary cultural artifact. It may be ancient and universal, wrought through ages of evolution that rewarded reproductive winners and killed off losers. If beauty is not truth, it mayskin may fascinate moviegoers because, at s ome deep level, itbe health and fertility: Halle Berry’s flawlesspersuades us that she is parasite-free.Human attractiveness research is a relatively young and certainly contentious field—th females, for example, is still hotly debated—but those on its front lines agree on one point: We wonidea that beauty is until we understand its source. As psychologist Nancy Etcoff puts it:“The“looks-ism”　unimportant or a cultural construct is the real beauty myth. We have to understand beauty, or we will always be enslaved by it.”36.The woman described in the very beginning of the text is .A. in fact in her late twentiesB. Johnston’s ideal girlfriendC. a stunning beautyD. is a professional prostitute37. Victor Johnston synthesized a new face by combining the features of 16 .A. beautiful European womenB. different women around the worldC. casually chosen white womenD. ordinary western women38. Through a few tiny changes made by Johnston, the synthesized face became even more .A. masculineB. averageC. feminineD. neutral39.Victor Johnston has produced such an attractive face in order to .A. give his computer a beautiful screenB. study the myth of human attractivenessC. prove the human capacity to create beautiesD. understand why Caucasian faces are special40. Paragraph 4 suggests that human beauty may be .A. culturally differentB. a disease-free idolC. individual-dependentD. a world agreed value41.It’s a consensus among the researchers that humans are still unconscious of .A. why they look attractiveB. when attractiveness is importantC. how powerful beauty isD. what constitutes beautyPassage TwoIt’s becoming something of a joke along the Maine-Canada border. So many busloads of retired people crisscross the line looking for affordable drugs that the roadside stands should advertise,Lipitor. Coumalin.” Except, of course, that such a market in prescription drugs would be illegal.These senior long-distance shopping sprees fall in a legal gray zone. But as long as people cross the border with prescriptions from a physician and have them filled for no more than a three-month supply for personal use, customs and other federal officials leave them alone. The trip might be tiring, but people can save an average of 60 percent on the cost of their prescription drugs. For some, that’s the difference between tak doing without. “The last bus trip I was on six months ago had 25 seniors,” says Chellie Ping state senator and now president of Common Cause.“Those 25 people saved $19,000 on their supplies o Pingree sponsored Maine RX, which authorizes a discounted price on drugs for Maine residents who lackinsurance coverage. The law was challenged by drug companies but recently upheld by the U.S.Supreme Court.It hasn’t yet taken effect.Figuring out ways to spend less on prescription drugs has become a multifaceted national movement of consumers, largely senior citizens. The prescription drug bill in America is $160 billion annually, and people over 65 fill five times as many prescriptions as working Americans on average.“But they do it on he are half as good and on incomes that are half as large,” says Richard Evans, senior analyst at Sa an investment research firm. What’s more, seniors account for 20 percent of the voting public.little wonder that the May 19 Supreme Court ruling got the attention of drug manufacturers and It’spoliticians across the country. The often-over-looked state of 1.3 million tucked in the northeast comer of the country became David to the phar-maceutical industry’s Goliath. The face-off began three years ago legislators like Pingree began questioning why Maine’s elderly population had to take all those bus t42.The elderly Americans cross the Maine-Canada border in order to get drugs that are .A. sold wholesaleB. over the counterC. less expensiveD. tax-free43.We can learn from the second paragraph that .A. people can buy as many drugs for personal useB. the cross-border drug shopping has been out of the federal controlC. Chellie Pingree used to be one of the cross-border shoppers for drugsD. the cross-border shopping is the only way for some Americans to get drugs44. Maine Rx mentioned in Paragraph Two is a .A. billB. drug companyC. customs officeD. seniors society45. Most cross-border shoppers are retired people, rather than working Americans, because the former .A.have more leisure timeB.fill more prescriptionsC.mostly enjoy long tripsD.are fond of street shopping46. Politicians were interested in the May 19 Supreme Court ruling because .A. they couldn’t improve the well-being of the elderlyB. they couldn’t afford to ignore the elderly’s votesC. they saw the elderly as the greatest contributorsD. they saw the elderly as deserving a special care47. David and Goliath are names used to describe a situation in which_____.A. the two groups are evenly matched in strengthB. a more powerful group is fighting a less powerful groupC. a less powerful group is fighting a more powerful groupD. both of the two groups are losersPassage ThreeIt’s navel gazing time again, that stretch of the year when many of us turn our attention inward and think about how we can improve the way we live our lives. But as we embark on this annual ritual of introspection, we would do well to ask ourselves a simple question: Does it really do any good?The poet Theodore Roethke had some insight into the matter:“Self-contemplation is a curse tha old confusion worse.” As a psychologist, I think Roethke had a point, one that’s supported controlled psychological studies.In a study I conducted with Dolores Kraft, a clinical psychologist, and Dana Dunn, a social psychologist, people in one group were asked to list the reasons their relationship with a romantic partner was going the way it was, and then rate how satisfied they were with the relationship. People in another group were asked to rate their satisfaction without any analysis; they just gave their gut reactions.It might seem that the people who thought about the specifics would be best at figuring out how they really felt, and that their satisfaction ratings would thus do the best job of predicting the outcome of their relationships.In fact, we found the reverse. It was the people in the“gut feeling”group whose ratings they were still dating their partner several months later. As for the navel gazers, their satisfaction ratings did not predict the outcome of their relationships at all. Rather, too much analysis can confuse people about how they really feel.Self-reflection is especially problematic when we are feeling down. Research by Susan Nolen Hoeksema, a clinical psychologist at Yale University, shows that when people are depressed, ruminating on their problems makes things worse.For years it was believed that emergency workers like police officers and firefighters should undergo a debriefing process to focus on and relive their experiences; the idea was that this would make them feel better and prevent mental health problems down the road. But did it do any good? In an extensive review of the research, a team led by Richard McNally, a clinical psychologist at Harvard, concluded that debriefing procedures havelittle benefit and might even hurt by interrupting the normal healing process. People often distract themselvesfrom thinking about painful events right after they occur, and this may be better than mentally reliving the events.48.According to the author, why do people tend to look inward at the end of a year?A. They want to know if they get prepared for the future.B. They consider it beneficial to their future lives.C. They pay too much attention to their self-improvement.D. They overemphasize their progress in the past year.49.The author agrees with Theodore Roethke on that_____.A. people need self-reflection when they feel blueB. people are reluctant to confide in romantic partnersC. people may be more depressed by recalling the painful pastD. people would become sober when clearing up the confusions50.The findings of the study on the satisfaction ratings in romantic relationship reveal that_____.A. meditation can keep the relationship at its peakB. retrospection helps people feel satisfied with the partnerC. specific analysis can foretell the future of the relationshipD. thinking about details makes one uncertain about the relationship51.The phrase“the navel gazers”in Paragraph 5 refers to people who_____.A. boast of their own successB. hesitate in romantic relationshipsC. worry about their futureD. focus on their past52. Which of the following is the best way to help firefighters relieve their trauma?A. Leave them alone to adjust their emotions.B. Provide them with consultation about their jobs.C. Help them figure out what has happened.D. Discuss with them how to do it better next time.53.According to the passage, _____can help people get over a painful experience.A. pouring out their feelings about itB. distracting their attention from itC. discussing it with specialistsD. recalling the specificsPassage FourPublic speaking fills most people with dread. Humiliation is the greatest fear; self-exposure and failing to appeal to the audience come a close second. Women hate it most, since girls are pressurized from an early age to be concerned with appearances of all kinds.Most people have plenty of insecurities, and this seems like a situation that will bring them out. If parents, teachers or peers mocked your foibles as a child, you fear a repeat. If you were under pressure to be perfect, you are terrified of failing in the most public of ways.While extroverts will feel less fear before the ordeal, it does not mean they will necessarily do it better. Some very shy people manage to shine. In fact, personality is not the best predictor of who does it well. Regardless of what you are like in real life, the key seems to be to act yourself.Actual acting, as in performing the scripted lines of a character other than yourself, does not do the job. While politicians may limit damage by having carefully rehearsed, written screeds to speak from, there is alwaysa hidden awareness among the audience that the words might not be true.Although, as Earl Spencer proved at his sister Princess Diana’s funeral, it is possible both to word and to act naturally, a script rarely works and it is used as a crutch by most people. But, being yourself doesn’t work either. If you spoke as if you were in your own kitchen, it would be too authentic, too unaware of the need to communicate with an audience.I remember going to see British psychiatrist RD Laing speak in public. He behaved like a seriously odd person, talking off the top of his head. Although he was talking about madness and he wrote on mental illness, he seemed to be exhibiting rather than explaining it.The best psychological place from which to speak is an unselfconscious self-consciousness, providing theas psychologists call it, is very satisfying. illusion of being natural. Studies suggest that this state of“flow”,Whether in normal life or making speeches, the key is to remind yourself that, contrary to what your teachers or parents may have implied, your best is good enough. In the zone, a strange place of authentic falsehood and shallow depth, play is possible.54.For most people the biggest fear for public speaking is_____.A. looking foolishB. failing in wordsC. not attracting attentionD. appearing pressurized55.According to the passage shy people_____A. have greater difficulty than extrovert onesB. are not good at actingC. may well do a good job in a speechD. are better speakers in the public eye56.A successful speech maker is usually one who_____.A. can act naturallyB. makes careful preparationsC. rehearses adequatelyD. can get across easily57.The example of the British psychiatrist in Paragraph 6 shows a failure in_____.A. showing modesty in publicB. talking about one’s own tradeC. presenting the topic logicallyD. communicating with the audience58.“Shallow depth” in the last paragraph implies_____.A. being yourself in the performanceB. trying to look seriousC. pretending to be well-preparedD. being seemingly knowledgeable59.From the passage, we get the impression that public speaking is something_____.A. hard to do wellB. scary but manageableC. tough but rewardingD. worthwhile to challengePassage FiveAfrican American women’s search for societal acceptance often encompasses struggle between natural a socially constructed ideas of beauty. As an essential component in traditional African societies, cosmetic modification is ritualized to emphasize natural features of blackness. Defined by social occasion such as childhood development to maturity, indicators of marital status or the group to which you belong, beautificationof the hair and body play an essential role. In our racially conscious society, presenting a physical image and being accepted is a complex negotiation between two different worlds.Hair is an outward expression of culture and heritage. It also represents a sense of personal style. In the search for the African American identity, blacks have undergone many different changes in hairstyle. Hairstyles are cultural classifiers of what African Americans consider beautiful. Hairstyles are a representation of the African American soul, all of their confidence and dignity show in how they present themselves on Sundays and on adaily basis.“Duringthe sixties, white American youth used their hair to make a variety of political and philosophical statements,”young blacks joined thereafter.“The natural hairstyle not only was eas but also gave African Americans a closer tie to their heritage. Natural style serves as a visible imprimatur of blackness; a tribute to group unity; a statement of self-love and personal significance.”standards of beauty, black Americans halted the processes of using chemical straighteners or hot irons.A woman talks about her struggle.“I remember battling with the idea of going natural for several year never had the courage because every time I pictured myself with my natural hair, I never saw beauty. Now myhair is natural, thick and healthy.”African American women are finding confidence within themselves t their hair naturally and feel beautiful about it. Many contemporary African Americans are avoiding high maintenance and feeling confident in their natural beauty.It was a different story in the past. African Americans were pressed. Shame was the motivation behind blacks losing their roots and ethnic identity. By being brainwashed into believing black people arepeople are“superior”African Americans have mutilated and adjusted their bodies to try to lookstandards.Hair is as different as the people it belongs to. People are finally recognizing that beauty is what helps to create our individual identities. Ultimately, individual confidence shapes and strengthens the culture of theAfrican American community.60.The first paragraph tells us that African Americans_____.A. have been trying hard to be socially acceptedB. have been changing their value about beautyC. have maintained their identity of traditional AfricansD. have modified their hairstyles to fit into the society61. What kind of problem do African Americans face in society?A. They would look ugly if they don’t change their hairstyles.B. Their natural image may not be accepted by white Americans.C. They would never find a suitable hairstyle in the hair salons.D. Their cultural heritage may risk being abandoned by themselves.62.The word“imprimatur”in Paragraph 2 most probably means_____.A. dislikeB. betrayalC. approvalD. suspicion63. African Americans stopped using chemical straighteners or hot irons because_____.A. they reversed the attitude the white people had towards themB. they started to see beauty in their thick curly hairC. they feel good and comfortable in being differentD. they accepted the white standards of beauty64.Why did some African Americans accept the white standards of beauty?A. Because they tried to keep socially fashionable.B. Because they did not have their own standards of beauty.C. Because they were not well educated as white Americans.D. Because they wanted to become part of the mainstream.65.To African Americans, hair is a significant indicator of_____.A. their cultural identityB. their aesthetic tasteC. their social recognitionD. their challenge against the societySection B (20 minutes, 10 points)Passage OneFrancois Jacob wrote that“an age or culture is characterized less by the extent of its knowledge than b66 .nature of the questions it puts forward.”　Admittedly, the most brilliant cultures are developed during the days of knowledge acquirement. 67 . Many convincing examples can be given when looking back to the cultural development of these countries. The most influential Chinese culture flourished during Tang Dynasty, which was established a thousand years ago. This influence can be traced by the word“Tang Street”, another name for Chinatown. And it was du time that the Chinese acquired more knowledge than they had before.68 However, when compared with the knowledge people have acquired and are acquiring today, the knowledge of the ancient Tangs and Arabs is unquestionably limited. But in all history books, the cultures of the Tang Dynasty and the ancient Arab are introduced in detail, while the cultures of the Peopleand the Arab League are seldom mentioned.69 . For instance, the ancient Greeks and Romans’knowledge about nature was definitely insu but they are still recognized as the founders of the most magnificent ages and cultures in human history because the questions put forward and thought about by them were profound and meaningful. In the works of the Greeks and Romans represented by The Iliad, The Odyssey and The Aeneid, the questions concerning life and death, love and hatred, benevolence and malevolence and individual and society are raised. People can always draw inspirations from Achilles’s different attitudes towards death in the Iliad and the Odyssey and Aeneas from love and glory. 70 .The importance of an era or civilization can never be diminished because of its lack of knowledge. The essence of an age or culture should be the exploration in the spiritual world and the thoughtful questions posed.A. The Arabian culture thrived when the Arabians learnt the application of arithmetic and created Arabic numbers.B. These remain the questions people face, contemplate and discuss till today.C. In general, cultures are developed during the time of knowledge acquirement.D. This statement reveals that the nature of an epoch or civilization is decided by the things that are thought about, rather than the things that are already known.E. This is probably a universal truth for all countries and nations that boast impressive histories.F. Compared with knowledge, the questions put forward are more significant in an age or culture.Passage TwoOver the past two decades, the lives of American women have undergone unparalleled change. The VirginiaSlims Opinion Poll has chronicled that change in national surveys conducted six times since 1970. 71 .One of the most striking findings of the 1990 Virginia Slims Opinion Poll is the degree of consensusthan conflict—in women’s and men’s attitudes about the changing roles of women. In many respects, thesexes agree. Men express strong and consistent support for women’s improved status in society.72 And they agree that the most tangible way in which they could help women balance jobs and family is to take on more household work.But men are also a major cause of resentment and stress for American women. 73 Now, a generation of sweeping change later, women’s expectations have outpaced the change in men’s behavior. Tok74 .dishes or the children no longer inspires women’s gratitude.Increasingly, the kitchen table has become that bargaining table. 75 Next to money, “how much mymate helps around the house”is the single biggest cause of resentment among women who are married or li as if married, with 52 percent citing this as a problem. Improvement in this area is one of the top things womencite when they consider what would make their lives better.A. There is evidence in the poll that waiting for men to live up to the ideal of equal responsibility is a major irritant for most women today.B. Together, these surveys provide a comprehensive picture of women’s changing status, and of the future.C. In 1970, most women were concerned about getting men to share household chores.D. They, like women, believe that sex discrimination remains an important problem in the workplace.E. Over the past three generations, expectationns of men as rulers and protectors of the household havechanged.F. Instead, as women contribute more to the family income, they expect in return a more equal division ofthe household responsibilities.PAPER TWOPART IV TRANSLATION(30 minutes, 15 points)As we enter the 21st century, the gap between the world’s rich and poor is widening, both with countries. 1)The vast majority of the world’s population is receiving an ever-decreasing share of its c wealth, while the share claimed by a few rich nations and individuals is steadily growing. In 2001 Forbesmagazine counted 538 billionaires with a total net worth of 1.7 trillion dollars, while the United Nations identified2.8 billion people surviving on less than two dollars a day. Overall, the richest 20 percent of the worldcontrol 86 percent of global income, while the poorest 20 percent control barely one percent.The impacts of this widening rich-poor gap are varied and worrisome. 2) They include environmental nations and individuals can afford to over-consume resources, while poorer nations and destruction—richerindividuals are forced to over-exploit the environment just to survive. They include migrationto move in search of adequate resources. And they include conflict—wealthier nations and individkeep what they have, while those suffering a lack of resources fight to obtain them. 3) Because poorer groups typically lack the assets and technology to conduct large-scale conventional war to obtain their goals, they often resort to low-intensity conflict and terrorism. The causes of this global disparity are diverse and complex, but include colonial era trading patterns that favor industrialized nations; the globalization of economies and economic structures, in which poor nations struggle to compete; a growing“digital divide”of access to information technology; inadequate governance and protection of law; and lack of access to education healthcare, and social safety nets, especially for women and girls.4) Individuals and nations need not remain in poverty indefinitely, however. With an awareness o f theinterdependence o f our modern world and a concerted political will, it is possible to reverse this trend that。

中科院考博英语复习资料

中科院考博英语复习资料近年来，随着国家科技实力的不断提升，中国科学家在国际学术界的地位也逐渐上升。

因此，越来越多的人选择考取中国科学院的博士学位，以期能够在未来的学术和科研事业中占据更加优势的地位。

然而，考取博士学位并非易事，需要一定的扎实功底和英语能力。

为了帮助我们考研的同学们能够更好地备考英语，下面将提供一些中科院考博英语复习资料。

一、阅读资料阅读资料是考生备考中最为重要的一个环节。

阅读资料既能够拓宽我们的知识面，又能够提高我们的阅读速度和阅读理解能力，从而帮助我们更好地备考英语。

对于中科院考博的阅读材料，我们可以选择阅读一些相关的学术论文、研究报告等。

这些材料既可以从中科院的官网上下载，也可以在相关学术网站上找到。

在阅读过程中，我们可以逐渐适应学术语言和风格，提高读懂并分析学术文章的能力。

此外，英语报刊也是很好的阅读资料。

通过阅读英语报纸，我们可以了解和掌握国际形势和时事动态，提高我们的综合能力。

二、听力资料听力资料同样是备考过程中不可或缺的一部分。

中科院考博的英语听力部分主要考察考生的听力理解和听力记忆能力，因此，我们可以通过寻找一些高质量的英语听力资料来进行强化练习。

首先，我们可以在网上下载一些英语听力的练习材料，也可以通过在网上订阅相应的英语听力课程来提升听力能力。

此外，可以尝试去看一些和自己专业相关的英语专题讲座和演讲会，这样可以更好的理解和记忆这些相关的内容。

三、写作资料在考取博士学位的过程中，论文写作是博士生必须掌握的一项技能。

因此，备考中的写作能力的提升非常重要。

我们可以选择一些相关的英语写作参考书和样本来提高我们的写作能力。

在备考前可以先查阅一些博士学位论文的写作指南，以及一些英语写作帮助手册和经典英文母语论文样本，这样可以更好的了解和把握论文写作的基本技巧和要点。

四、口语资料口语部分是考博的英语考试中相对较难的一个环节，需要我们在平时生活中不断练习英语口语，才能够在考试中更加自然和流利地表达自己的想法和观点。

中国科学院考博英语-4_真题无答案

中国科学院考博英语-4(总分89.5, 做题时间90分钟)Part Ⅰ Vocabulary1.The profession fell into ______, with some physicists sticking to existing theories, while others came up with the big-bang theory.SSS_SINGLE_SELA harmonyB turmoilC distortionD accord2.The researchers found the age at which young people first fall ______ to bullies seems to determine how much it affects them.SSS_SINGLE_SELA sacrificeB shortC witnessD victim3.The motorist had to ______ to avoid knocking the old woman down in the middle of the road.SSS_SINGLE_SELA swerveB twistC departD swing4.**puter can be programmed to ______ a whole variety of tasks.SSS_SINGLE_SELA assignB tackleC realizeD solve5.After negotiation for some time, all the members of the association promised to ______ to the strict code of practice.SSS_SINGLE_SELA ascribeB confirmC adhereD confide6.Apparently there were ______ between police reports taken from the same witnesses at different times.SSS_SINGLE_SELA distortionsB discrepanciesC disordersD distractions7.**puter can be programmed to ______ a whole variety of tasks.SSS_SINGLE_SELA assignB tackleC realizeD solve8.There are few, if any, countries in the world in which sports ______ national life to the degree that they do in the US.SSS_SINGLE_SELA permeateB overwhelmC submergeD immerse9.The Association of University Teachers claims that taxpayers"money, ______ for basic research, is being used to prop up industrial and other applied research projects.SSS_SINGLE_SELA designedB engagedC orientedD intended10.Human facial expressions differ from those of animals in the degree to which they can be ______ controlled and modified.SSS_SINGLE_SELA deliberatelyB consequentlyC originallyD absolutely11.The head of the Museum was ______ and let us actually examine the ancient manuscripts.SSS_SINGLE_SELA promisingB agreeingC pleasingD obliging12.If you don"t want to talk to him, I"ll speak to him ______.SSS_SINGLE_SELA on your accountB on your behalfC for your partD in your interest13.It happened in a flash, although ______ everything seemed to occur in slow motion, as though I were watching from another planet.SSS_SINGLE_SELA in returnB in practiceC in realityD in retrospect14.The prime minister"s proposal for new taxes created sucha(n)______that his government fell.SSS_SINGLE_SELA sensationB upheavalC withdrawalD outbreak15.Hosting the 2008 Olympics provided China with an opportunity to______ its unprecedented progress.SSS_SINGLE_SELA demonstrateB deduceC distinguishD disperse16.While this arrangement was a major improvement over its ______, it still had drawbacks.SSS_SINGLE_SELA premiumB prevalenceC premiseD predecessor17.His expenditure on holidays and luxuries is rather high in ______ to his income.SSS_SINGLE_SELA comparisonB proportionC associationD calculation18.History will always ______ any intended route and take an unforeseen one instead.SSS_SINGLE_SELA lead toB deviate fromC pass throughD result from19.The water was so clear that it ______ the trees on the river bank.SSS_SINGLE_SELA shadowedB shadedC representedD reflected20.A knowledge of history ______ us to deal with the vast range of problems confronting the contemporary world.SSS_SINGLE_SELA equipsB providesC offersD satisfiesPart Ⅱ Reading ComprehensionSection APassage 1States are considering major changes in prepaid college tuition programs - raising prices, restricting participation of canceling them - as they grapple with financial woes. Nationwide, families will likely have to pay more to participate, or accept that they might not cover tuition when children go to college.Colorado has closed its prepaid plan to new investors and told existing ones that it may not cover future tuition increases. Wisconsin stopped selling its plan Dec. 20. Maryland and Illinois are among states hiking prices by 20% or more.Prepaid plans let parents lock in tuition by paying for it now, protecting them against rising costs. But the hear market has hurt investment returns, leaving the plans unable to keep up with big increases in tuition. So far, Colorado is the only state that hastold participants their investments may not cover tuition, and no plan has missed a payment.Other states have said they will fulfill obligations, even if it requires a legislative bailout. Still, the financial problems have forced thousands to grapple with uncertainty - something prepaid plans were designed to avoid. More than 1 million families have an estimated $ 8 billion invested in the plans, says ＜ Saving for College. com ＞.Some states, including Colorado, may replace the prepaid plan with a guaranteed investment contract, a CD-like investment that"s backed by an **pany. Investors get a minimum rate of return, but no guarantee that it will cover tuition.Wisconsin"s EdVest program is encouraging investment in a stable value fund, which is similar to a guaranteed investment contract, in its investment plan. Wisconsin"s prepaid plan never guaranteed to cover tuition inflation. It also never got a lot of investors, possibly because it lacked that guarantee.In Florida, a task force is considering limiting the state"s prepaidprogram to low-income families. Ohio officials are also looking at limiting participation, but it"s a measure they hope to avoid. "Program administrators are looking for alternatives," says Andrea Feirstein, a state-plan consultant.Maryland recently boosted its prices by up to 30%; Illinois by up to 23%. The increases have made some prepaid plans uneconomical for parents of older children. In Ohio, the price of one year"s tuition for a child over 12 months old is $ 8, 000, more than 40% above current tuition at Ohio State. SO it may not be a good deal for children starting college in three or four years because tuition may not jump that much that fast.SSS_SINGLE_SEL1.Prepaid college tuition is generally designed on the principle that ______.A it is easy to pay at the present timeB it is economical in the long runC it saves pains to pass the entrance examD it ensures the admission to the collegeSSS_SINGLE_SEL2.Many states plan to modify their prepaid college tuition programs______.A under the mounting financial pressuresB because of deficient college facilitiesC to ease overcrowding problems in collegeD to limit the participation of low-income familiesSSS_SINGLE_SEL3.The word "investors" (in boldface in Paragraph 2) most exactly refers to those who ______.A serve as the main source of finance to the stateB invest money in developing local collegesC sponsor colleges and their educational programsD join the plan and pay the tuition in advanceSSS_SINGLE_SEL4.Colorado now has told participants in the prepaid tuition plan that ______.A they would not have to make any other payment laterB they would not be guaranteed against further paymentC the plan would cover further tuition increasesD the plan would be replaced by a guaranteed investment contractSSS_SINGLE_SEL5.The expression "a CD-like investment" (in boldface in Paragraph 5) most probably refers to an investment ______.A to support civil defenseB put in **pact discC to promote show industryD like certificate depositSSS_SINGLE_SEL6.It can be inferred from the last paragraph that in Ohio ______.A prepaid plans require a participation at most 3 or 4 years before starting collegeB children may start college 3 or 4 years earlier than at a normal age if they prepay tuitionC college tuition 3 or 4 years later may not be so high as today"s price of prepaid tuitionD the younger a child to join the plan, the greater loss he/she will suffer at the age for collegePassage 2The familiar sounds of an early English summer are with us once again. Millions of children sit clown to SATs, GCSEs, AS-levels, A-levels and a host of lesser exams, and the argument over educational standards starts. Depending on whom you listen to, we should eitherbe letting up on over-examined pupils by abolishing SATs, and even GCSEs, or else making exams far more rigorous.The chorus will reach a peak when GCSE and A-level results are published in August. If pass rates rise again, commentators will say that standards are falling because exams are getting easier. If pass rates drop, they will say that standards are falling because children are getting lower marks. Parents like myself try to ignore this and base our judgements on what our children are learning. But it"s not easy given how much education has changed since we were at school. Some trends are encouraging—education has been made more relevantand enthuses many children that it would have previously bored. My sons" A-level French revision involved listening to radio debates on current affairs, whereas mine involved rereading Molière. And among their peers, a far greater proportion stayed in education for longer.On the other hand, some aspects of schooling today are incomprehensible to my generation, such as graps in general knowledge and the hand-holding that goes with ensuring that students leave with good grades. Even when we parents resist the temptation to help with GCSE or A-level coursework, a teacher with the child"s interests at heart may send a draft piece of work back several times with pointers to how it can be improved before the examiners see it.The debate about standards persists because there is no single objective answer to the question "Are standards better or worse than they were a generation ago?" Each side points to indicators that favour them, in the knowledge that there is no authoritative definition, let alone a measure that has been consistently applied over the decades. But the annual soul-searching over exams is about more than student assessment. It reveals a national insecurity about whether our education system is teaching the right things. It is also fed by an anxiety about whether, in a country with a history of upholding standards by ensuring that plenty of students fail, we can attain the more modern objective of ensuring that every child leaves school with something to show for it.SSS_SINGLE_SEL1.It can be concluded from Paragraph 1 that ______.A SATs is one of the most rigorous exams mentionedB it has been debated if children should be given examsC few parents approve of the exam systems in EnglandD each year children have to face up to some new examsSSS_SINGLE_SEL2.Parents try to judge the educational standards by ______.A whether their children have passed the examsB what knowledge their children have acquiredC what educators say about curriculum planningD whether their children"s school scores are stableSSS_SINGLE_SEL3.To the author, the rereading of Molière was ______.A drearyB routineC outmodedD arduousSSS_SINGLE_SEL4.To the author"s generation, it is beyond understanding today why______.A teachers lay great stress on helping students obtain good gradesB teachers show much concern for students" futureC parents help little with their children"s courseworkD parents focus on their children"s general knowledgeSSS_SINGLE_SEL5.According to the passage, with respect to educational standards in Britain, ______.A no authorities have ever made a commentB no one has ever tried to give them a definitionC no effective ways have been taken to apply themD no consistent yardstick has ever been usedSSS_SINGLE_SEL6.In the author"s opinion, the school education in Britain has been______.A inflexibleB irresponsibleC unsuccessfulD unforgivablePassage 3Of late, there have been several posts suggesting that America has no culture or that what culture it has is somehow inferior to that of other societies. Of course, it cannot be both. To suggest that America has, in some sense, an inferior culture is to grant that it has a culture.America most definitely has culture and the culture of America is easily the most dominant of the world. Whether it is McDonald"s in the heart of what was once the center of the Evil Empire, or Arnold Schwarzenagger storming across German theatres, or Disneyland sending the French snobs into hysteria, American culture dominates Europe as never before. And it is not just Europe. Enter any shopping center in Asia and the odds are that the music blasting over the sound systemis American pop music. Madonna look-alikes speak Mandarin Chinese. Often, American culture is derided by the so-called "intellectuals".(And by that, I do not mean the traditional definition of those who use their intellect to make a living as, in a increasingly service economy, there are few people today who would not fit into that category but, rather, people who fancy themselves as in some way gifted to impose their views upon the rest of us, to save us from ourselves.)What is it about American culture that annoys the "intellectuals" so much? It is precisely that which differentiates it from other cultures, particularly the cultures of Europe ("intellectuals" tending to be europhiles). Whereas European culture (and, indeed, most pre-industrial cultures) sprang from their traditions of aristocracy and the subservience of society to the ruling class, American culture serves the middle-class, the vulgar, if you will. Whereas European culture is concerned with what is exclusive and aloof, American culture is concerned with what is common and accessible. You don"t need classes in school in rock music appreciation or the finer aspects of eating pizza.Some have suggested that America is doomed because it has no culture. But the contrary is more likely the case. In spite of the bestefforts of the multi-cultural fascists, America has yet to fulfillits manifest destiny primarily because its culture is not only dominating and assimilating immigrants from every corner of the world, it is, indeed reaching out to every corner of the world and creating a **munity, a community centered on the individual, every individual not just those gifted with expensive tastes.SSS_SINGLE_SEL1.From the beginning of the passage we can infer that the author______.A believes that America has culture despite its inferiority to othersB agrees that America has no culture, let alone an inferior cultureC objects to both of the views about American cultureD tries to show objectively the two views about American cultureSSS_SINGLE_SEL2.According to the passage, Disneyland in France ______.A has overridden the country"s cartoon industryB has driven all its fans there madC has encountered strong oppositionD has enjoyed a nationwide acclaimSSS_SINGLE_SEL3.It is implied in Paragraph 2 that ______.A Chinese girls are crazy about MadonnaB McDonald"s is regarded as evil in RussiaC German films become more of Schwarzenagger"s styleD American pop music is confined to shops and stores in AsiaSSS_SINGLE_SEL4.In the author"s eyes "intellectuals" are those who ______.A are gifted and thus categorized as suchB claim themselves to be superior to othersC are in small **pared with the restD advance their careers to save humanitySSS_SINGLE_SEL5.The last sentence "You don"t need ""eating pizza" of Paragraph 4 implies ______.A rock music, eating pizza or the like is quite popular in the school curriculumB anything that concerns American pop culture is prohibited in schoolC schoolchildren are all equal in enjoying rock music and eating pizzaD American culture is never taught to but intuitively assimilated by peopleSSS_SINGLE_SEL6.Which of the following would the author most probably agree to as to describing American culture?A It is full of vitalityB It is non-intellectualC It enhances vulgarityD It scorns wealthSection BPassage 4Advertising is paid, **munication that is designed to communicate in a creative manner, through the use of mass or information-directed media, the nature of products, services, and ideas. It is a form of**munication that offers information about products, ideas, and services that serves the objectives determined by the advertiser. 1 Thus, the ultimate objective of advertising is to sell things persuasively and creatively. Advertising is used by commercial firms trying to sell products and services; by politicians and political interest groups to sell ideas or persuade voters; by not-for-profit organizations to raise funds, solicit volunteers, or influence the actions of viewers; and by governments seeking to encourage or discourage particular activities, such a wearing seatbelts, participating in the census, or ceasing to smoke. 2The visual and **mercial messages that are a part of advertising are intended to attract attention and produce some response by the viewer. Advertising is pervasive and virtually impossible to escape. Newspapers and magazines often have more advertisements than copy; radio and television provide entertainment but are also laden with advertisements; advertisements pop up on Internet sites; and the mail brings a variety of advertisements. 3 In shopping malls, there are prominent logos on designer clothes, moviegoers regularly view advertisements for local restaurants, hair salons, and so on, andlive sporting and cultural events often include signage, logos, products, and related information about the event sponsors. 4 Although the primary objective of advertising is to persuade, it may achieve this objective in many different ways. An important function of advertising is the identification function , that is, to identify a product and differentiate it from others; this creates an awareness of the product and provides a basis for consumers to choose the advertised product over other products. 5 The third function of advertising is to induce consumers to try new products and to suggest reuse of the product as well as new uses; this is the persuasion function.A. Another function of advertising is to communicate information about the product, its attributes, and its location of sale, this is the information function.B. The forms that advertising takes and the media in which advertisements appear are as varied as the advertisers themselves and the messages that they wish to deliver.C. An especially important issue in the creation of advertising is related to understanding how much information consumers want about a given product.D. Advertising may influence consumers in many different ways, but the primary goal of advertising is to increase the probability that consumers exposed to an advertisement will behave or believe as the advertiser wishes.E. Advertising also exists on billboards along the freeway, in subwayand train stations, on benches at bus stops, and on the frames around car license plates.F. The pervasiveness of advertising and its creative elements are designed to cause viewers to take note.SSS_FILL1.SSS_FILL2.SSS_FILL3.SSS_FILL4.SSS_FILL5.Passage 5No single element has tantalized and tormented the human imagination more than the shimmering metal known by the chemical symbol Au. For thousands of years the desire to possess gold has driven people to extremes, fueling wars and conquests, girding empires and currencies, leveling mountains and forests. 1 Yet its chief virtues—its unusual density and malleability along with its imperishable shine—have made it one of the world"s most **modities, a transcendent symbol of beauty, wealth, and immortality. From pharaohs (who insisted on being buried in what they called the "flesh of the golds") to the forty-niners (whose mad rush for the mother lode built the American West) to the financiers (who, following Sir Isaac Newton"s advice, made it the bedrock of the global economy); 2Humankind"s feverish attachment to gold shouldn"t have survived the modern world. Few cultures still believe that gold can give eternal life, and every country in the world—the United States was last, in 1971—has done away with the gold standard. 3 The price of gold, which stood at $ 271 an ounce on September 10, 2001, hit $1,023in March 2008, and it may surpass that threshold again. Aside from extravagance, gold is still continuing to play its role as a safehaven in perilous times. 4 In 2007 demand outstripped mine production by 59 percent. "Gold has always had this kind of magic," says Peter L. Bernstein, author of The Power of Gold. "But it"s never been clear if we have gold or gold has us. "While investors flock to new gold-backed funds, jewelry still accounts for two-thirds of the demand, generating a record $53.5 billion in worldwide sales in 2007. 5 However, such concerns don"t ruffle the biggest consumer nations, namely India, where a gold obsession is woven into the culture, and China, which leaped past the U.S. in 2007 to become the world"s second largest buyer of gold jewelry.A. But gold"s luster (光泽) not only endures; fueled by global uncertainty, it grows stronger.B. Gold is not vital to human existence; it has, in fact, relatively few practical uses.C. In the U. S. an activist-driven "No Dirty Gold" campaign has persuaded many top jewelry retailers to stop selling gold from mines that cause severe social or environmental damage.D. Nearly every society through the ages has invested gold with an almost mythological power.E. For all of its allure, gold"s human and environmental toll has never been so steep. Part of the challenge, as well as the fascination, is that there is so little of it.F. Gold"s recent surge, sparked in part by the terrorist attack on9/11, has been amplified by the slide of the U. S. dollar and jitters over a looming global recession.SSS_FILL1.SSS_FILL2.SSS_FILL3.SSS_FILL4.SSS_FILL5.Part Ⅲ ClozeThere are so many new books about dying that there are now special shelves set aside for them in bookshops, along with the health-diet and home-repair paperbacks. Some of them are so 21 with detailed information and step-by-step instructions for performing the function, that you"d think this was a new sort of 22 which all of us are now required to learn. The strongest impression the casual reader gets is that proper dying has become an extraordinary, 23 an exotic experience, something only the specially trained can do.24 , you could be led to believe that we are the only 25 capable of being aware of death, and that when the rest of nature is experiencing the life cycle and dying, one generation after 26 , it is a different kind of process, done automatically and trivially, or more "natural", as we say.An elm in our backyard 27 the blight (枯萎病) this summer and dropped stone dead, leafless, almost overnight. One weekend 28 was a normal-looking elm, maybe a little bare in spots but 29 alarming, and the next weekend it was gone, passed over, departed, taken. Taken is right, for the tree surgeon came by yesterday with his 30 of young helpers and their cherry picker, and took it down branch by branch and carted it off in the back of a red truck, everyone 31 .The dying 32 a field mouse, at the jaws of an amiable household cat, is a spectacle I have beheld many times. It 33 to make me wince. However, early in life I gave up throwing sticks 34 the cat to make him drop the mouse, 35 the dropped mouse regularly went ahead and died anyway.SSS_SINGLE_SEL1.A containedB embracedC packedD litteredSSS_SINGLE_SEL2.A abilityB skillC qualityD technologySSS_SINGLE_SEL3.A andB evenC yetD butSSS_SINGLE_SEL 4.A FurthermoreB HoweverC Even soD Since thenSSS_SINGLE_SEL 5.A racesB creaturesC peopleD humanSSS_SINGLE_SEL 6.A the otherB anotherC the nextD the followingSSS_SINGLE_SEL 7.A caughtB heldC tookD pickedSSS_SINGLE_SEL 8.A thatB whichC itD thisSSS_SINGLE_SEL 9.A somethingB anythingC nothingD everythingSSS_SINGLE_SEL 10.A crewB membersC corpsD fellowsSSS_SINGLE_SEL 11.A singsB sangC sungD singingSSS_SINGLE_SEL 12.A toB inC forD ofSSS_SINGLE_SEL 13.A wasB was usedC usedD was aboutSSS_SINGLE_SEL 14.A intoB onC atD offSSS_SINGLE_SEL 15.A butB becauseC whileD in order thatPart Ⅳ TranslationOne of the most difficult situations that a researcher can encounter is to see or suspect that a colleague has violated the ethical standards of the **munity. It is easy to find excuses to do nothing, but someone who has witnessed misconduct has an unmistakable obligation to act. At the most immediate level, misconduct can seriously obstruct or damage one"s own research or the research of colleagues. 1) More broadly, even a single case of misconduct can malign scientists and their institutions, which in turn can result in the imposition of counterproductive regulations, and shake public confidence in the integrity of science.To be sure, raising a concern about unethical conduct is rarely an easy thing to do. In some cases, anonymity is possible--but not always. Reprisals by the accused person and by skeptical colleagues have occurred in the past and have had serious consequences. 2) Any allegation of misconduct is a very important charge that needs to be taken seriously. If mishandled, an allegation can gravely damage the person charged, the one who makes the charge, the institutions involved, and science in general.Someone who is confronting a problem involving research ethics usually has more options than are immediately apparent. In most cases the best thing to do is to discuss the situation with a trustedfriend or advisor. 3) In universities, faculty advisors, department chairs, and other senior faculty call be invaluable sources of advice in deciding whether to go forward with a complaint.An important consideration is deciding when to put a complaint in writing. Once in writing, universities are obligated to deal with a complaint in a mole formal manner than if it is made verbally. 4) Putting a complaint in writing can have serious consequences for the career of a scientist and should be undertaken only after thorough consideration.The National Science Foundation and Public Health Service require all research institutions that receive public funds to have procedures in place to deal with allegations of unethical practice. 5) These procedures take into account fairness for the accused, protection for the accuser, coordination with funding agencies, and requirements for confidentiality_ and disclosure.In addition, many universities and other research institutions have designated an ombudsman, ethics Officer, or other official who is。

中国科学技术大学博士研究生入学考试英语试题附答案和详解

中国科学技术大学20XX年博士研究生入学考试英语试题附答案和详解SECTION Ⅰ LISTENING COMPREHENSION (20 points)(略)SECTION Ⅱ READING COMPREHENSION (30 points)Directions: There are 5 passages in this section. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D．You should decide on the best choice and then blacken the corresponding letter on the ANSWER SHEET.Passage OneQuestions 21 to 24 are based on the following passage.When, in the age of automation, man searches for a worker to do the tedious, unpleasant jobs that are impossible to mechanize, he may very profitably consider the ape.If we tackled the problem of breeding for brains with as much as enthusiasm as we devote to breeding dogs of surrealistic shapes, we could eventually produce assorted models of useful primates,ranging in size from the gorilla down to the baboon, each adapted to a specific kind of work. It is not putting too much strain on the imagination to assume that geneticists could produce a super-ape, able to understand some scores of words, and capable of being trained for such jobs as picking fruit, cleaning up the litter in parks, shining shoes, collecting garbage, doing household chores, and even baby-sitting (though I have known some babies I would not care to trust with a valuable ape).Apes could do many jobs, such as cleaning streets and the more repetitive types of agricultural work, without supervision, though they might need protection from those exceptional specimens of Homo sapiens who think it amusing to tease or bully anything they consider lower on the evolutionary ladder. For other tasks, such as delivering papers and laboring on the docks, our man-ape would have to work under human overseers; and, incidentally, I would love to see the finale of the twenty-first century version of on the Waterfront in which the honest but hairy hero will drum on his chest after-literally taking the wicked labor leader apart.Once a supply of nonhuman workers becomes available, a whole range of low IQ jobs could be thankfully relinquished by mankind, to its great mental and physical advantage. What is more, one of the problems which have plagued so many fictional Utopias would be avoided: Therewould be none of the degradingly subhuman Epsilons of Huxley's Brave New World to act as a permanent reproach to society, for there is a profound moral difference between breeding sub-men and super-apes, though the end products are much the same. The first would introduce a form of slavery;the second would be a biological triumph which could benefit both men and animals.21．In the author's opinion, the idea that geneticists could produce a super-ape is ______.A．irrational B．plausibleC．biologically impossible D．demonstrably true22．The type of job an ape could do without supervision would be one which is ______.A．repetitive B．mechanized C．unusual D．intricate23．A problem that has plagued some fictional Utopias is ______.A．creation of super-apes B．the necessity of breeding super-humans C．the necessity of breeding subhumans D．the degradation of beasts24．The author of this article isA．revealing his low opinion of mankindB．poking fun at geneticistsC．expressing his doubts about the possibility of breeding a super-apeD．presenting a reasonable theory in a humorous tonePassage TwoQuestions 25 to 28 are based on the following passage.As one works with color in a practical or experimental way, one is impressed by two apparently unrelated facts. Color as seen is a mobile changeable thing depending to a large extent on the relationship of the color to other colors seen simultaneously. It is not fixed in its relation to the direct stimulus which creates it. On the other hand, the properties of surfaces that give rise to color do not seem to change greatly under a wide variety of illumination colors, usually (but not always) looking much the same in artificial light as in daylight. Both of these effects seem to be due in large part to the mechanism of color adaptation mentioned earlier.When the eye is fixed on a colored area, there is an immediate readjustment of the sensitivity of the eye to color in and around the area viewed. This readjustment does not immediately affect the color seen but usually does affect the next area to which the gaze is shifted. The longer the time of viewing, the higher the intensity, and the larger the area, the greater the effect will be interms of its persistence in the succeeding viewing situation. As indicated by the work of Wright and Shouted, it appears that, at least for a first approximation, full adaptation takes place over a very brief time if the adapting source is moderately bright and the eye has been in relative darkness just previously.As the stimulus is allowed to act, however, the effect becomes more persistent in the sense that it takes the eye longer to regain its sensitivity to lower intensities. The net result is that, if the eye is so exposed and then the gaze is transferred to an area of lower intensity, the loss of sensitivity produced by the first area will still be present and appear as an “afterimage” superimposed on the second.The effect not only is present over the actual area causing the “local adaptation” but also spreads with d ecreasing strength to adjoining areas of the eye to produce “lateral adaptation”. Also, because of the persistence of the effect of the eye is shifted around from one object to another, all of which are at similar brightness or have similar colors,the adaptation will tend to become uniform over the whole eye.25．This selection is primarily concerned with ______.A．the eye's adaptation to color B．the properties of colored surfacesC．the color of colors D．the effect of changes in color intensity 26．Whether a colored object would, on two viewings separated in time, appear to the viewer as similar or different in color would depend mostly on ______.A．the color mechanism of the eye in use at the time of each viewingB．whether the object was seen in artificial or natural lightC．what kind of viewing had immediately preceded each of the viewingsD．the individual's power of lateral adaptation27．If a person's eye has been looking at an object in bright sunlight for some time, and then shifts to an object not well lit, we can expect ______.A．a time lag in the focusing ability of the eyeB．some inability to see colors of the latter-named objects until loss of sensitivity has been regainedC．the immediate loss of the “afterimage” of the fir st objectD．the adaptation in the central area of the eye but little adaptation in the lateral areas to the new intensity level28．The present selection has apparently been preceded by some explanation of ______.A．some experiments with color pigmentsB．the nature of colorC．the color properties of various surfacesD．the mechanism of the eye's adaptation to colorPassage ThreeQuestions 29 to 32 are based on the following passage.The Greek's lofty attitude toward scientific research—and the scientists' contempt of utility —was a long time dying. For a millennium after Archimedes, this separation of mechanics from geometry inhibited fundamental technological progress and in some areas repressed it altogether.But there was a still greater obstacle to change until the very end of the middle ages: the organization of society. The social system of fixed class relationships that prevailed through the Middle Ages (and in some areas much longer) itself hampered improvement.Under this system, the laboring masses, in exchange for the bare necessities of life, did all the productive work, while the privileged few—priests, nobles, and kings—concerned themselves only with ownership and maintenance of their own position.In the interest of their privileges they did achieve considerable progress in defense, in war making, in government, in trade, in the arts of leisure, and in the extraction of labor from their dependents, but they had no familiarity with the process of production.On the other hand, the laborers, who were familiar with manufacturing techniques, had no incentive to improve or increase production to the advantage of their masters. Thus, with one class possessing the requisite knowledge and experience, but lacking incentive and leisure, and the other class lacking the knowledge and experience, there was no means by which technical progress could be achieved.The whole ancient word was built upon this relationship— a relationship as sterile as it was inhuman. The availability of slaves nullified the need for more efficient machinery. In many of the commonplace fields of human endeavor, actual stagnation prevailed for thousands of years. Not all the glory that was Greece and the grandeur that was Rome could develop the windmill or contrive so simple an instrument as the wheelbarrow—products of the tenth and thirteenth centuries respectively.For about twenty-five centuries, two-thirds of the power of the horse was lost because he wasn't shod, and much of the strength of the ox was wasted because his harness wasn't modified tofit his shoulders. For more than rive thousand years, sailors were confined to rivers and coasts by a primitive steering mechanism which required remarkably little alteration (in the thirteenth century)to become a rudder.With any ingenuity at all, the ancient plough could have been put on wheels and the ploughshare shaped to bite and turn the sod instead of merely scratching it—but the ingenuity wasn't forthcoming. And the villager of the Middle Ages, like the men who first had fire, had a smoke hole in the center of the straw and reed thatched roof of his' one-room dwelling (which he shared with his animals), while the medieval charcoal burner (like his Stone Age ancestor) made himself a hut of small branches.29．Lack of technological progress in the ancient and medieval worlds was primarily due to the absence of ______.A．natural resourcesB．inventive abilityC．people's desire for the “better things of life”D．proper social organization30．During the Middle Ages, productivity of labor ______.A．was a primary concern of societyB．was hampered by class relationshipsC．began to improve over levels reached by the GreeksD．was in a period of technical progress31．We may infer that a change in class relationships after the close of the Middle Ages produced greater productivity because ______.A．freemen had incentive to produce moreB．masters had greater incentive to work their workers harderC．slaves never starved, no matter what they producedD．productivity could go in only one direction32．In supporting his contentions about the ancient world, the author relies mainly on illustrations drawn from ______.A．examples of the separation of mechanics and geometryB．case studies of lack of social communication between classesC．technologyD．his concern with the plight of the laboring classesPassage FourQuestions 33 to 36 are based on the following passage.The evolution of sex ratios has produced, in most plants and animals with separate sexes,approximately equal numbers of males and females.Why should this be so? Two main kinds of answers have been offered. One is couched in terms of advantage to population. It is argued that the sex ratio will evolve so as to maximize the number of meetings between individuals of the opposite sex. This is essentially a “group selection” argument. The other, and in my view correct, type of answer was first put forward by Fisher in 1930．This “genetic” argument starts from the assumption that genes can influence the relative numbers of male and female offspring produced by an individual carrying the genes.That sex ratio will be favored which maximizes the number of descendants an individual will have and hence the number of gene copies transmitted.Suppose that the population consisted mostly of females, then an individual who produced sons only would have more grandchildren. In contrast, if the population consisted mostly of males, it would pay to have daughters. If, however, the population consisted of equal numbers of males and females, sons and daughters would be equally valuable. Thus a one-to-one sex ratio is the only stable ratio; it is an “evolutionarily stable strategy”.Although Fisher wrote before the mathematical theory of games had been developed,his theory incorporates the essential feature of a game that the best strategy to adopt depends on what others are doing.Since Fisher's time, it has been realized that genes can sometimes influence the chromosome or gamete in which they find themselves so that the gamete will be more likely to participate in fertilization.If such a gene occurs on a sex-determining (X or Y) chromo-some,then highly aberrant sex ratios can occur. But more immediately relevant to game theory are the sex ratios in certain parasitic wasp species that have a large excess of females. In these species, fertilized eggs develop into females and unfertilized eggs into males. A female stores sperm and can determine the sex of each egg she lays by fertilizing it or leaving it unfertilized.By Fisher's argument, it should still pay a female to pro duce equal numbers of sons and daughters.Hamilton, noting that the eggs develop within their host—the larva of another insect—and that the newly emerged adult wasps mate immediately and disperse, offered a remarkably cogent analysis. Since only onefemale usually eggs in a given larva, it would pay her to produce one male only, because this one could fertilize all his sisters on emergence.Like Fisher, Hamilton looked for an evolutionarily stable strategy, but he went a step further in recognizing that he was looking strategy.33．The author suggests that the work of Fisher and Hamilton was similar in that both scientists ______.A．conducted their research at approximately the same timeB．sought to manipulate the sex ratios of some of the animals they studiedC．sought an explanation of why certain sex ratios exist and remain stableD．studied reproduction in the same animal species34．It can be inferred from the passage that the author considers Fisher's work to be ______.A．definitive and thoroughB．inaccurate but popular, compared with Hamilton's workC．accurate, but trivial compared with Hamilton's workD．admirable, but not as up-to-date as Hamilton's work35．According to the passage, successful game strategy depends on ______.A．the ability to adjust one's behavior in light of the behavior of othersB．the degree of stability one can create in one's immediate environmentC．the accuracy with which one can predict future eventsD．the success one achieves in conserving and storing one's resources36．It can be inferred from the passage that the mathematical theory of games has been ______.A．developed by scientists with an interest in geneticsB．useful in explaining some biological phenomenaC．adopted by Hamilton in his researchD．based on animal studies conducted prior to 1930Passage FiveQuestions 37 to 40 are based on the following passage.Surprisingly enough, modern historians have rarely interested themselves in the history of the American South in the period before the South began to become self-consciously and distinctively “Southern”—the decades after 1815．Consequently, the cultural history of Britain's NorthAmerican empire in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries has been written almost as if the Southern colonies had never existed. The American culture that emerged during the Colonial and Revolutionary eras has been depicted as having been simply an extension of New England Puritan culture. However, Professor Davis has recently argued that the South stood apart from the rest of American society during this early period, following its own unique pattern of cultural development. The case for Southern distinctiveness rests upon two related premises: first, that the cultural similarities among the five Southern colonies were far more impressive than the differences, and second, that what made those colonies alike also made them different from the other colonies.The first, for which Davis offers an enormous amount of evidence, can be accepted without major reservations; the second is far more problematic.What makes the second premise problematic is the use of the Puritan colonies as a basis for comparison. Quite properly, Davis decries the excessive influence ascribed by historians to the Puritans in the formation of American culture.Yet Davis inadvertently adds weight to such ascriptions by using the Puritans as the standard against which to assess the achievements and contributions of Southern colonials. Throughout, Davis focuses on the important, and undeniable, differences between the Southern and Puritan colonies in motives for and patterns of early settlement, in attitudes toward nature and Native Americans, and in the degree of receptivity to metropolitan cultural influences.However, recent scholarship has strongly suggested that those aspects of early New England culture that seem to have been most distinctly Puritan, such as the strong religious orientation and the communal impulse, were not even typical of New England as a whole, but were largely confined to the two colonies of Massachusetts and Connecticut.Thus, what in contrast to the Puritan colonies appears to Davis to be peculiarly Southern—acquisitiveness, a strong interest in politics and the law, and a tendency to cultivate metropolitan cultural models—was not only more typically English than the cultural patterns exhibited by Puritan Massachusetts and Connecticut, but also almost certainly characteristic of most other early modern British colonies from Barbados north to Rhode Island: and New Hampshire. Within the larger framework of American colonial life, then, not the Southern—but the Puritan colonies appear to have been distinctive, and even they seem to have been: rapidly assimilating to the dominant cultural patterns by the late Colonial period.37．The author is primarily concerned with ______.A．refuting a claim about the influence of Puritan culture on the early American SouthB．refuting a thesis about the distinctiveness of the culture of the early American SouthC．refuting the two premises that underlie Davis' discussion of the culture of the American D．challenging the hypothesis that early American culture was homogeneous in nature38．According to the author, the depiction of American culture during the Colonial and Revolutionary eras as an extension of New England Puritan culture reflects the ______.A．fact that historians have overestimated the importance of the Puritans in the development of American cultureB．fact that early American culture was deeply influenced by the strong religious orient-colonistsC．extent to which Massachusetts and Connecticut served as cultural models for the other American coloniesD．extent to which colonial America resisted assimilating cultural patterns that were typically English39．The passage suggests that by the late Colonial period the tendency to cultivate metropolitan cultural models was a cultural pattern that was ______.A．dying out as Puritan influence began to growB．self-consciously and distinctively SouthernC．more characteristic of the Southern colonies than of EnglandD．spreading to Massachusetts and Connecticut40．Which of the following statements could most logically follow the last sentence of the passage?A．Thus, without the cultural diversity represented by the American South, the culture of colonial America would certainly have been homogeneous in nature.B．Thus, the contribution of Southern colonials to American culture was certainly overshadowed by that of the Puritans.C．Thus, convergence, not divergence, seems to have characterized the cultural development of the American colonies in the eighteenth century.D．Thus, the culture of America during the Colonial period was far more sensitive to outsideinfluence than historians are accustomed to acknowledge.SECTION Ⅲ VOCABULARY (10 points)Directions: In this section, there are twenty sentences with one word or phrase underlined each.Choose one of the four choices marked A, B, C and D that best keeps the meaning of the sentence if it is substituted for the underlined word or phrase. Then blacken the corresponding letter on the ANSWER SHEET.41．From 1965 to 1978 American consumer prices increased at an average annual rate of 5.7percent. This ominous shift was followed by consumer price gains of 13.3 percent in 1979．A．promising B．overwhelming C．threatening D．astonishing42．In 1982, Hitachi was indicted for stealing confidential documents from IBM. As part of a court settlement, the company paid IBM hundreds of millions of dollars.A．condemned for B．accused of C．disciplined for D．disapproved of 43．The preserved food should retain palatable appearance, flavor, and texture, as well as its original nutritional value.A．tasty B．stylish C．delicate D．notable44．The Austrian manufacturing industry consists of a few large organizations, many of which operate under government auspices.A．supervision B．orientation C．regulation D．sponsorship45．European conservatives, until the end of the 19th century, rejected democratic principles and institutions. Instead they opted for monarchies or for authoritarian government.A．chose B．constructed C．conceived D．conserved46．During the 19th century, Jews in most European countries achieved some equality of status with non-Jews. Nonetheless, at times Jews were harassed by anti-Semitic groups.A．opposed B．exploited C．despised D．annoyed47．A corps of so-called barefoot doctors are trained in hygiene, preventive medicine, acupuncture, and routine treatment of common diseases.A．nutrition B．sanitation C．nursery D．welfare48．Brazilian music is thoroughly imbued with African themes, and illustrious composers have long found inspiration in the black musical heritage.A．imaginative B．sensitive C．distinguished D．persistent49．The Social Security Act did not include health insurance because the commission considered that its inclusion would jeopardize the passage of the act.A．evade B．endanger C．exclude D．enhance50．Ideally, anatomical investigation consists of a combination of descriptive and experimental approaches. Present-day anatomy involves scrutiny of the structure of organisms at many levels of observation.A．analysis B．recognition C．evaluation D．examination51．Not until the advent of histochemistry could the anatomist see through the microscope which cells carry specific enzymes or gauge how active these enzymes are in different cells under various conditions.A．discern B．grasp C．measure D．estimate52．The prevailing wind is the wind direction most often observed during a given time period. Wind speed is the rate at which the air moves past a stationary object.A．motionless B．massive C．flexible D．noticeable53．Britain occupied Java during the Napoleonic Wars. Both the British and later the Dutch tried to centralize and reform Java's administration. The Dutch wavered between opening the area to individual enterprise and reverting to a monopoly system.A．resolved B．reckoned C．hesitated D．discriminated54．Although diverse, African music has certain distinctive traits, one of which is the use of repetition as an organizing principle.A．benefits B．features C．notions D．options55．The advertising industry has resorted to self-regulation in a serious effort to curtail not only bad taste but also misrepresentation and deception in copy and illustrations.A．avert B．deny C．exclude D．reduce56．The chief functions of direct-mail advertising are to familiarize prospective buyers with a product, its name, its maker, and its merits and with the product's local distributors.A．potential B．responsive C．inquisitive D．perceptive57．Australia began to assume its modern configuration by the Eocene Epoch, some 50 million years ago, when Antarctica broke away and drifted southward.A．status B．sphere C．shape D．situation58．Education in Russia and the other new countries faces especially daunting obstacles because the struggling economies of these nations often provide insufficient funds for education.A．stunning B．discouraging C．concerning D．prevailing59．Admiral Cervera knew he was being ordered to certain destruction but felt compelled to obey.He chose the morning of July 3 for a gallant escape attempt.A．daring B．futile C．critical D．fruitful60．The Second Hague Disarmament Conference of 1907 was marked more by discord than discourse, a sign of the deteriorating world situation.A．facilitating B．upgrading C．justifying D．worseningSECTION Ⅳ ERROR IDENTIFICATION ( 10 points)Directions:In each of the following sentences there are four parts underlined and marked A, B, C and D．Identify which of the four parts is incorrectly used and then blacken the corresponding letter on the ANSWER SHEET with a line through the center.61．There is nothing in science staling that it is good to attempt to save human lives. Saving Human lives seems to be a generally held value in most cultures of the world, but it is notin some sense scientifically derived.A B C D62．Theories have features that are indicative of their truth, and the task of justification is to identify these features and using them to guide choices as to which theories to believe.A B C D63．The motivation of rapists is now acknowledged to be a more complex matter than being formerly believed; it has come to be widely accepted that rape is not necessarily the result of sexual desire.A B C D64．The view which elements ofa culture are to be understood and judged in terms of their relationship to the culture as a whole led to the conclusion that the cultures themselves could not be evaluated or graded as higher and lower, superior or inferior.A B C D65．In the United States at the time of World War Ⅱ, when soldiers were screened formilitary service the army defined a minimal level of literacy as that was normally achieved in the fifth grade.A B C D66．Another factor in the display of art objects concerns their continued preservation. Because of the sensitivity of some of the materials used in their creation, it is necessary to control within narrowlimits the temperature, humidity, and lighting which they are exposed.A B C D67．To be measured in terms of its members, teaching is the world's biggest profession. Though the roles and functions of teachers very from country to country, the variations are generally greater within a country than they are between countries.A B C D68．Recent reform efforts have been focused on encouraging lifelong or recurrent education to meet changing individual and social needs. Thus, not only the number of students has increased, butthe scope of education has also expanded.A B C D69．The market for manufactured goods is which economists call “imperfect”, because each company has its own style; and all of the arts of advertisement and salesmanship are devoted to makingit even more imperfect by attracting buyers to particular brand names.A B C D70．Further education is officially described as the post-secondary stage of education, comprised all vocational and convocational provision made for young people who have left school, or for adults.A B C DSECTION ⅤWORD FORMATION (5 points)Directions: Form a wordfrom the word given at the end of each sentence. Write the word you have formed in the proper space on ANSWER SHEET Ⅱ.71．In Yugoslavia, the late 1960s and early 1970s were marked by improved relations with。

中国科学技术大学考博英语题型分析

2015中国科学技术大学考博英语历年真题一、招考介绍从整体上看，由于博士生招生形势的不断发展各院校博士生入学考试的难度越来越大，对考生的外语水平要求也越来越高，特别是听、说能力。

攻读博士学位的学生，一方面应该具备坚实的专业理论基础和扎实的科研能力，另一方面还应该具备较高水平的外语能力。

二、中国科学技术大学考博英语题型Part1:听力15分30分钟15题Part2：词汇和结构15分25分钟section A20个单选，每题0.5分section B挑错10题每题0.5分Part3：完形填空15分钟、15小题、15分Part4：阅读理解30分一个小时6篇30个小题Part5：翻译25分钟10分汉译英1个句子Part6：写作15分35分钟三、考博英语必备参考书育明考博教研部主编,河北大学出版社出版的《考博英语真题解析》和《考博词汇》是考博人必备的两本书。

在当当网，亚马逊和全国各大书店均有销售，也可以联系我们直接购买。

四、联系导师在初步定好考博学校之后，就要和所报考院校中意的老师取得联系，询问是否有招生名额，能否报考，这是我们考博成功的关键第一步。

大多数考生会在九月中下旬与导师取得联系。

因为太早，学校里面直博名额什么的还没有确定，报考的导师也不清楚是否有名额；太晚的话，怕别的学生比你早联系就不好了。

一般情况下，导师对一个学生很中意的话，后来联系的学生，导师一般也不会答应其报考了。

在此说点题外话，联系导师的过程中，如果读研期间的导师有关系，可以尽量利用。

如果没有，也没关系，凭着自己的本事也是可以和考博导师很好的沟通的，这就要看自己了。

通常跟导师初次联系，都是发邮件。

导师回复邮件的情况一般有几种：（1）、欢迎报考。

这种答复最笼统，说明不了问题。

我们可以接着努力和老师多沟通，看看具体的进展，避免出现初试之后却没有名额的情况。

（2）、名额有限，可以报考，但有竞争。

很多人说这样的回复不满意，认为希望很小一般会被刷。

中科院考博英语2023年4月

【中科院考博英语2023年4月】1. 文章概述中科院考博英语作为考生考取中科院硕士和博士学位的必修科目之一，是一项重要的考试内容。

2023年4月份的考博英语考试将围绕着学术英语能力进行测验，考察考生在阅读、写作、听力和口语等方面的综合能力。

本文将从阅读、写作、听力和口语四个方面对2023年4月份中科院考博英语进行详细分析。

2. 阅读部分2.1 阅读材料2023年4月份中科院考博英语阅读部分的材料将涉及科技、环境、社会等多个领域的专业文献，考生需要在规定的时间内对这些文献进行阅读和理解。

2.2 阅读能力要求考生需要具备仔细阅读和快速理解文献的能力，对文中的关键信息和观点进行判断和分析。

考生还需要具备批判性思维，对文中的观点和论证进行评价和推理。

3. 写作部分3.1 写作题型2023年4月份中科院考博英语写作部分将涵盖议论文和科技报告两种题型。

考生需要根据提供的题目和材料进行逻辑思考，构建清晰的逻辑结构，并用准确、丰富的词汇和句型表达自己的观点。

3.2 写作能力要求考生需要具备清晰的逻辑思维能力和表达能力，写作需要具有较高的规范性和学术性。

考生需要具备科技文献的写作水平，能够准确描述实验方法和结果，提出科学性的观点和建议。

4. 听力部分4.1 听力材料2023年4月份中科院考博英语听力部分将涉及科技、医学、环境等多个领域的专业讲座和学术讨论，考生需要在规定时间内理解和评述这些内容。

4.2 听力能力要求考生需要具备较高的听力理解能力，能够抓住讲座和讨论中的核心观点和信息，理解并带有一定反应能力。

5. 口语部分5.1 口语题型2023年4月份中科院考博英语口语部分将采用独白和对话两种形式，考生需要在规定时间内对所听到的内容进行回答和评述。

5.2 口语能力要求考生需要具备流利的口语表达能力和准确的语音语调，对所听到的内容进行准确理解并做出适当的回答。

6. 总结与建议6.1 考生备考建议考生在备考中应注重积累科技、医学、环境等多个领域的英语词汇和表达方式，提高听力理解和口语回答的能力。

中科院考博英语真题200203

中国科学院2002年3月博士研究生入学考试试题PAPT Ⅱ STRUCTURE & VOCABULARY (25 minutes, 15 points)Section A (0.5 point each)Directions: Choose the word or words below each sentence that best complete the statement, and mark the corresponding letter of your choice with a single bar across the square brackets on your Machine scoring Answer Sheet.16. Knowing that the cruel criminal has done a lot of unlawful things, I feel sure that I have no__________ but to report him to the local police.A. timeB. chanceC. authorityD. alternative17. Behind his large smiles and large cigars, his eyes often seemed to _______regret.A. teem withB. brim withC. come withD. look with18. There is only one difference between an old man and a young one: the young one has aglorious future before him and the old one has a __________future behind him.A. splendidB. conspicuousC. uproariousD. imminent19. That tragedy distressed me so much that I used to keep indoors and go out only __________necessity.A. within reach ofB. for fear ofC. by means ofD. in case of20. A young man sees a sunset and, unable to understand or express the emotion that it__________in him, concludes that it must be the gateway to a world that lies beyond.A. reflectsB. retainsC. rousesD. radiates21. __________the heat to a simmer and continue to cook for another 8-10 minutes or until mostof the water has evaporated.A. Turn offB. Turn overC. Turn downD. Turn up22. Banks shall be unable to__________, or claim relief against the first 15% of any loan orbankrupted debt left with them.A. write offB. put asideC. shrink fromD. come over23. I am to inform you, that you may, if you wish, attend the inquiry, and at the inspectorsdiscretion state your case __________or through an entrusted representative.A. in personB. in depthC. in secretD. in excess24. In his view, though Hong Kong has no direct cultural identity, local art is thriving by “being__________,”being open to all kinds of art.A. gratifyingB. predominatingC. excellingD. accommodating25. In some countries preschool education in nursery schools or kindergartens _________the lstgrade.A. leadsB. precedesC. forwardsD. advances26. Desert plants __________two categories according to the way they deal with the problem ofsurviving drought.A. break downB. fall intoC. differ inD. refer to27. In the airport, I could hear nothing except the roar of aircraft engines which _____all othersounds.A. dwarfedB. diminishedC. drownedD. devastated28. Criticism without suggesting areas of improvement is not __________and should be avoidedif possible.A. constructiveB. productiveC. descriptiveD. relative29. The Committee pronounced four members expelled for failure to provide information in the__________of investigations.A. caseB. chaseC. causeD. course30. Since neither side was ready to _____what was necessary for peace, hostility was resumed in1980.A. precedeB. recedeC. concedeD. intercede31. Such an __________act of hostility can only lead to war.A. overtB. episodicC. ampleD. ultimate32. __________both in working life and everyday living to different sets of values, andexpectations places a severe strain on the individual.A. RecreationB. TransactionC. DisclosureD. Exposure33. It would then be replaced by an interim government, which would __________be replaced bya permanent government after four months.A. in stepB. in turnC. in practiceD. in haste34. Haven't I told you I don't want you keeping _______with those awful riding-about bicycleboys?A. companyB. acquaintanceC. friendsD. place35. Consumers deprived of the information and advice they needed were quite simply________every cheat in the marketplace.A. at the mercy ofB. in lieu ofC. by courtesy ofD. for the price ofPART Ⅲ CLOZE TEST (15 minutes, 15 points)Directions: There are 15 questions in this part of the test. Read the passage through. Then, go back and choose one suitable word or phrase marked A, B, C or D for each blank in the passage. Mark the corresponding letter of the word or phrase you have chosen with a single bar across the square brackets on your Machine-scoring Answer Sheet.At least since the Industrial Revolution, gender roles have been in a state of transition. As a result, cultural scripts about marriage have undergone change. One of the more obvious__46__has occurred in the roles that women__47__. Women have moved into the world of work and have become adept at meeting expectations in that arena,__48__maintaining their family roles of nurturing and creating a (n)__49__that is a haven for all family members.__50__many women experience strain from trying to “do it all,” they often enjoy t he increased__51__that can result from playing multiple roles. As women's roles have changed, changing expectations about men's roles have become more__52__. Many men are relinquishing their major responsibility__53__the family provider. Probably the most significant change in men's roles, however, is in the emotional__54__of family life. Men are increasingly__55__to meet the emotional needs of their families,__56__their wives.In fact, expectations about the emotional domain of marriage have become more significant for marriage in general. Research on__57__marriage has changed over recent decades points to the increasing importance of the emotional side of the relationships and the importance of sharing in the “emotion work”__58__to nourish marriages and other famil y relationships. Men and women want to experience marriages that are interdependent,__59__both partners nurture each other, attend and respond to each other, and encourage and promote each other. We are thus seeingmarriages in which men's and women's roles are becoming increasingly more__60__.46. A. incidents B. changes C. results D. effects47. A. take B. do C. play D. show48. A. by B. while C. hence D. thus49. A. home B. garden C. arena D. paradise50. A. When B. Even though C. Since D. Nevertheless51. A. rewards B. profits C. privileges D. incomes52. A. general B. acceptable C. popular D. apparent53. A. as B. of C. from D. for54. A. section B. constituent C. domain D. point55. A. encouraged B. expected C. advised D. predicted56. A. not to mention B. as will as C. including D. especially57. A. how B. what C. why D. if58. A. but B. only C. enough D. necessary59. A. unless B. although C. where D. because60. A. pleasant B. important C. similar D. manageablePART ⅣREADING COMPREHENSION (60 minutes, 30 points)Directions: Below each of the following passages you will find some questions or incomplete statements. Each question or statement is followed by four choices marked A, B, C and D. Read each passage carefully, and then select the choice that best answers the question square brackets on your Machine scoring Answer Sheet.Passage 1The man who invented Coca-cola was not a native Atlantan, but on the day of his funeral every drugstore in town testimonially shut up shop. He was John Styth Pemberton, born in 1883 in Knoxville, Georgia, eighty miles away. Sometimes known as Doctor, Pemberton was a pharmacist who,during the Civil War, led a cavalry troop under General Joe Wheeler. He settled in Atlanta in 1869, and soon began brewing such patent medicines as Triplex liver Pills and Globe of Flower Cough Syrup. In 1885, he registered a trademark for something called French Wine Coca—Ideal Nerve and Tonic Stimulant; a few months later he formed the Pemberton Chemical Company and recruited the services of a bookkeeper named Frank M. Robinson, who not only had a good head for figures but, attached to it, so exceptional a nose that he could audit the composition of a botch of syrup merely by sniffling it. In 1886—year in which, as contemporary Coca-Cola officials like to point out, Conan Doyle unveiled Sherlock Holmes and France unveiled the Statue of Liberty—Pemberton unveiled a syrup that he called Coca-Cola. It was a modification of his French Wine Coca. He had taken out the wine and added a pinch of caffeine, and, when the end product tasted awful, had thrown in some extract of cola nut and a few other oils, blending the mixture in a three-legged iron pot in his back yard and swishing it around with an oar. He distributed it to soda fountains in used beer bottles, and Robinson, with his flowing bookkeeper's script, presently devised a label, on which “Coca-Cola” was written in the fashion that is still employed. Pemberton looked upon his mixture less as a refreshment than as a headache cure, especially for people whose headache could be traced to over-indulgence.On a morning late in 1886, one such victim of the night before dragged himself into an Atlanta drugstore and asked for a dollop of Coca-Cola. Druggists customarily stirred a teaspoonful of syrup into a glass of water, but in this instance the man on duty was too lazy to walk to thefresh-water tap, a couple of feet off. Instead, he mixed the syrup with some soda water, which was closer at hand. The suffering customer perked up almost at once, and word quickly spread that the best Coca-Cola was a fizzy one.61. What does the passage tell us about John Styth Pemberton?A. He was highly respected by Atlantans.B. He ran a drug store that also sells wine.C. He had been a doctor until the Civil War.D. He made a lot of money with his pharmacy.62. Which of the following was unique to Frank M. Robinson, working with the Pemberton'sCompany?A. Skills to make French wine.B. He ran a drug store that also sells wine.C. He had been a doctor until the Civil War.D. Ability to work with numbers.63. Why was the year 1886 so special to Pemberton?A. He took to doing a job like Sherlock Holmes's.B. He brought a quite profitable product into being.C. He observed the founding ceremony of Statue of Liberty.D. He was awarded by Coca-Cola for his contribution.64. One modification made of French Wine Coca formula was__________.A. used beer bottles were chosen as containersB. the amount of caffeine in it was increasedC. it was blended with oils instead of waterD. Cola nut extract was added to taste65. According to the passage, Coca-Cola was in the first place prepared especially for__________.A. the young as a soft drinkB. a replacement of French Wine CocaC. the relief of a hangoverD. a cure for the common headache66. The last paragraph mainly tells__________.A. the complaint against the lazy shop-assistantB. a real test of Coca-Cola as a headache cureC. the mediocre service of the drugstoreD. a happy accident that gave birth to Coca-ColaPassage 2Between 1883 and 1837, the publishers of a “penny press” proved that a low-priced paper, edited to interest ordinary people, could win what amounted to a mass circulation for the times and thereby attract an advertising volume that would make it independent. These were papers for the common citizen and were not tied to the interests of the business community, like the mercantile press, or dependent for financial support upon political party allegiance. It did not necessarily follow that all the penny papers would be superior in their handling of the news and opinion functions. But the door was open for some to make important journalistic advances.The first offerings of a penny paper tended to be highly sensational; human interest storiesovershadowed important news, and crime and sex stories were written in full detail. But as the penny paper attracted readers from various social and economic brackets, its sensationalism was modified. The ordinary reader came to want a better product, too. A popularized style of writing and presentation of news remained, but the penny paper became a respectable publication that offered significant information and editorial leadership. Once the first of the successful penny papers had shown the way, later ventures could enter the competition at the higher level of journalistic responsibility the pioneering papers had reached.This was the pattern of American newspapers in the years following the founding of the New York sun in 1833. The Sun, published by Benjamin Day, entered the lists against 11 other dailies. It was tiny in comparison; but it was bright and readable, and it preferred human interest features to important but dull political speech reports. It had a police reporter writing squibs of crime news in the style already proved successful by some other papers. And, most important, it sold for a penny, whereas its competitors sold for six cents. By 1837 the Sun was printing 30,000 copies a day, which was more than the total of all 11 New York daily newspapers combined when the Sun first appeared. In those same four years James Gordon Bennett brought out his New York Herald (1835), and a trio of New York printers who were imitating Day's success founded the Philadelphia Public Ledger (1836) and the Baltimore Sun (1837). The four penny sheets all became famed newspapers.67. What does the first p aragraph say about the “penny press?”A. It was known for its in-depth news reporting.B. It had an involvement with some political parties.C. It depended on the business community for survival.D. It aimed at pleasing the general public.68. In its early days, a penny paper often__________.A. paid much attention to political partiesB. provided stories that hit the pubic tasteC. offered penetrating editorials on various issuesD. covered important news with inaccuracy69. As the readership was growing more diverse, the penny paper__________.A. improved its contentB. changed its writing styleC. developed a more sensational styleD. became a tool for political parties70. The underlined word “ventures” in Paragraph 2 can best be replaced by__________.A. editorsB. reportersC. newspapersD. companies71. What is true about the Philadelphia Public Ledger and the Baltimore Sun?A. They turned out to be failures.B. They were later purchased by James Gordon Bennett.C. They were also founded by Benjamin Day.D. They became well-known newspapers in the U.S.72. This passage is probably taken from a book on__________.A. the work ethics of the American mediaB. the technique in news reportingC. the history of sensationalism in American mediaD. the impact of mass media on American societyPassage 3Forget what Virginia Woolf said about what a writer needs—a room of one‟s own. The writer she has in mind wasn't at work on a novel in cyberspace, one with multiple hypertexts, animated graphics and downloads of trancey, charming music. For that you also need graphic interfaces, RealPlayer and maybe even a computer laboratory at Brown University. That was where Mark Amerika—his legally adopted name; don't ask him about his birth name—composed much of his novel Grammatron isn't just a story. It's an online narrative(grammatron. com) that uses the capabilities of cyberspace to tie the conventional story line into complicated knots. IN the four years it took to produce—it was completed in 1997—each new advance in computer software became another potential story device. “I became sort of dependent on the industry,” jokes Amerika, who is also the author of two novels printed on paper. “That's unusual for a writer, because if you just write on paper the …technology‟is pretty stable.”Nothing about Grammatron is stable. At its center, if there is one, is Abe Golam, the inventor of Nanoscript, a quasi-mystical computer code that some unmystical corporations are itching to acquire. For much of the story, Abe wanders through Prague-23, a virtual“city” in cyberspace where visitors indulge in fantasy encounters and virtual sex, which can get fairly graphic. The reader wanders too, because most of Grammatron's 1,000-plus text screens contain several passages in hypertext. To reach the next screen just double-click. But each of those hypertexts is a trapdoor that can plunge you down a different pathway of the story. Choose one and you drop into a corporate-strategy memo. Choose another and there's a XXX-rated sexual rant. The story you read is in some sense the story you make.Amerika teaches digital art at the University of Colorado, where his students develop works that straddle the lines between art, film and literature. “I tell them not to get ca ught up in mere plot,” he says. Some avant-garde writers-Julio Cortazar, Italo Calvino-have also experimented with novels that wander out of their author's control. “But what makes the Net so exciting,” says Amerika, “is that you can add sound, randomly ge nerated links, 3-D modeling, animation.” That room of one's own is turning into a fun house.73. The passage is mainly to tell__________.A. differences between conventional and modern novelsB. how Mark Amerika composed his novel GrammatronC. common features of all modern electronic novelsD. why mark Amerika took on a new way of writing74. Why does the author ask the reader to forget what Virginia Woolf said about the necessities ofa writer?A. Modern writers can share rooms to do the writing.B. It is not necessarily that a writer writes inside a room.C. Modern writers will get nowhere without a word processor.D. It is no longer sufficient for the writing in cyberspace.75. As an on-line narrative, Grammatron is anything but stable because it__________.A. provides potentials for the story developmentB. is one of the novels at grammatron. comC. can be downloaded free of chargeD. boasts of the best among cyber stories76. By saying that he became sort of dependent on the industry, Mark Amerika meant that ______.A. he could not help but set his Grammatron and others in Industrial RevolutionB. conventional writers had been increasingly challenged by high technologyC. much of his Grammatron had proved to be cybernetic dependentD. he couldn't care less new advance in computer software77. As the passage shows, Grammatron makes it possible for readers to__________.A. adapt the story for a video versionB. “walk in” the story and interact with itC. develop the plots within the author's controlD. steal the show and become the main character78. Amerika told his students not to__________.A. immerse themselves only in creating the plotB. be captivated by the plot alone while readingC. be lagged far behind in the plot developmentD. let their plot get lost in the on-going storyPassage 4In 1993, a mall security camera captured a shaky image of two 10-year-old boys leading much smaller boy out of a Liverpool, England, shopping center. The boys lured James Bulger, 2,away from his mother, who was shopping, and led him on a long walk across town. The excursion ended at a railroad track. There, inexplicably, the older boys tortured the toddler, kicking him, smearing paint on his face and pummeling him to death with bricks before leaving him on the track to be dismembered by a train. The boys, Jon Venables and Robert Thompson, then went off to watch cartoon.Today the boys are 18-year-old men, and after spending eight years in juvenile facilities, they have been deemed fit for release-probably this spring. The dilemma now confronting the English justice system is how to reintegrate the notorious duo into a society that remains horrified by their crimes and skeptical about their rehabilitation. Last week Judge Elizabeth Butler-Sloss decided the young men were in so much danger that they needed an unprecedented shield to protect them upon release. For the rest of their lives, Venables and Thompson will have a right to anonymity. All English madia outlets are banned from publishing any information about their whereabouts or the new identities the government will help them establish. Photos of the two or even details about their current looks art also prohibited.In the U. S., which is harder on juvenile criminals than England, such a ruling seems inconceivable. “We're clearly the most punitive in the industrialized world,” says Laurence Steinberg, a Temple University professor who studies juvenile justice. Over the past decade, the trend in the U. S. has been to allow publication of ever more information about underage offenders. U. S. courts also give more weight to press freedom than English courts, which, for example, ban all video cameras.But even for Britain, the order is extraordinary. The victim's family is enraged, as are the ever-eager British tabloids. “What right have they got to be given special protection as adults?” asks Bulger's mother Denise Fergus. Newspaper editorials have insisted that citizens have a right to know if Venables or Thompson move in next door. Says conservative Member of Parliament Humfrey Malins：“It almost leaves you with the feeling that the nastier the crime, the greater the chance for a passpor to a completely new life.”79. What occurred as told at the beginning of the passage?A. 2 ten-year-olds killed James by accident in play.B. James Bulger was killed by his two brothers.C. Two mischievous boys forged a train accident.D. A little kid was murdered by two older boys.80. According to the passage, Jon Venables and Robert Thompson__________.A. have been treated as juvenile delinquentsB. have been held in protective custody for their murder gameC. were caught while watching cartoons eight years agoD. have already served out their 10 years in prison81. The British justice system is afraid that the two young men would__________.A. hardly get accustomed to a horrifying general publicB. be doomed to become social outcasts after releaseC. still remain dangerous and destructive if set freeD. be inclined to commit a recurring crime82. According to the British courts, after their return to society, the two adults will be__________.A. banned from any kind of press interviewB. kept under constant surveillance by policeC. shielded from being identified as killersD. ordered to report to police their whereabouts83. From the passage we can infer that a US counterpart of Vanables or Thompson would__________.A. have no freedom to go wherever he wantsB. serve a life imprisoment for the crimeC. be forbidden to join many of his relativesD. no doubt receive massive publicity in the U. S.84. As regards the mentioned justice ruling, the last paragraph mainly tells that__________.A. it is controversial as it goes without precedentB. the British media are sure to do the contraryC. Bulger's family would enter all appeal against itD. conservatives obviously conflict with LiberalsPassage 5Can the Internet help patients jump the line at the doctor's office? The Silicon Valley Employers Forum, a sophisticated group of technology companies, is launching a pilot program to test online “virtual visits” between doctors at three big local medical groups about and 6,000 employees and their families. The six employers taking part in the Silicon Valley initiative, including heavy hitters such as Oracle and Cisco Systems, hope that online visits will mean employees won't have to skip work to tend to minor ailments or to follow up on chronic conditions. “Which our long commutes and traffic, driving 40 miles to your doctor in your hometown can be a big chunk of time,” says Cindy Conway, benefits director at Cadence Design Systems, one of the participating companies.Doctors aren't clamoring to chat with patients online for free; they spend enough unpaid time on the phone. Only 1 in 5 has ever E-mailed a patient, and just 9 percent are interested in doing so,according to the research firm Cyber Dialogue. “We are not stupid,” says Stirling Somers, executive director of the Silicon Valley employers group. “Doctors getting paid is a critical p iece in getting this to work.” In the pilot program, physicians will get $ 20 per online consultation, obout what they get for a simple office visit.Doctors also fear they'll be swamped by rambling E-mails that tell everything but what's needed to make a diagnosis. So the new program will use technology supplied by Healinx, an Alameda, Calif—based start-up. Healinx's “Smart Symptom Wizard” questions patients and turns answers into a succinct message. The company has online dialogues for 60 common conditions. The doctor can then diagnose the problem and outline a treatment plan, which could include E-mailing a prescription or a face-to-face visit.Can E-mail replace the doctor's office? Many conditions, such as persistent cough, require stethoscope to discover what's wrong-and to avoid a malpractice suit. Even Larry Bonham, head of one of the doctor's groups in the pilot, believes the virtual doctor's visits offer a “very narrow” sliver of service between phone calls to an advice nurse and a visit to the clinic.The pilot program, set to end in nine months, also hopes to determine whether online visits will boost worker productivity enough to offset the cost of the service. So far, the Internet's record in the health field has been underwhelming. The experi ment is “a huge roll of the dice for Healinx”, notes Michael Barrett, an analyst at Internet consulting firm Forester Research. If the “Web visits” succeed, expect some HMOs (Health Maintenance Organizations) to pay for online visits. If doctors, employers, and patients aren't satisfied, figure on one more E-health start-up to stand down.85. The Silicon Valley employers promote the E-health program for the purpose of__________.A. rewarding their employeesB. gratifying the local hospitalsC. boosting worker productivityD. testing a sophisticated technology86. What can be learned about the on-line doctors' visits?A. They are a quite promising business.B. They are funded by the local government.C. They are welcomed by all the patients.D. They are very much under experimentation.87. Of the following people, who are not involved in the program?A. Cisco System employees.B. Advice nurses in the clinic.C. Doctors at three local hospitals.D. Oracle at three local hospitals.88. According to Paragraph 2, doctors are__________.A. reluctant to serve online for nothingB. not interested in Web consultationC. too tired to talk to the patients onlineD. content with $ 20 paid per Web visit89. “Smart Symptom Wizard” is capable of__________.A. making diagnosesB. producing prescriptionsC. profiling patients's illnessD. offering a treatment plan90. It can be inferred from the passage that the future of online visits will mostly depend onwhether__________.A. the employers would remain confident in themB. they could effectively replace office visitsC. HMOs would cover the cost of the serviceD. new technologies would be available to improve the E-health projectPAPER TWOPART ⅤTRANSLATION (25 minutes, 10 points)Directions: Put the following passage into English. Write your English version in the proper space on your Answer Sheet Ⅱ.伟大艺术的美学鉴赏和伟大的科学观念的理解都需要智慧。

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育明考博免费咨询报名电话：400-668-6978咨询QQ：493371626（李老师）2015考博QQ交流群1056198202015考博QQ英语群3354889032015考博QQ专业课群1574604162015中国科技大学考博英语分析一、招考介绍从整体上看，由于博士生招生形势的不断发展各院校博士生入学考试的难度越来越大，对考生的外语水平要求也越来越高，特别是听、说能力。

攻读博士学位的学生，一方面应该具备坚实的专业理论基础和扎实的科研能力，另一方面还应该具备较高水平的外语能力。

二、联系导师在初步定好考博学校之后，就要和所报考院校中意的老师取得联系，询问是否有招生名额，能否报考，这是我们考博成功的关键第一步。

大多数考生会在九月中下旬与导师取得联系。

因为太早，学校里面直博名额什么的还没有确定，报考的导师也不清楚是否有名额；太晚的话，怕别的学生比你早联系就不好了。

一般情况下，导师对一个学生很中意的话，后来联系的学生，导师一般也不会答应其报考了。

在此说点题外话，联系导师的过程中，如果读研期间的导师有关系，可以尽量利用。

如果没有，也没关系，凭着自己的本事也是可以和考博导师很好的沟通的，这就要看自己了。

通常跟导师初次联系，都是发邮件。

导师回复邮件的情况一般有几种：（1）、欢迎报考。

这种答复最笼统，说明不了问题。

我们可以接着努力和老师多沟通，看看具体的进展，避免出现初试之后却没有名额的情况。

（2）、名额有限，可以报考，但有竞争。

很多人说这样的回复不满意，认为希望很小一般会被刷。

其实这样还是比较好的一种回答，最起码导师没有骗你而且给你机会去证明自己，考的好就可以上。

(3）、你的研究方向和我一样......各种一大堆他的研究方向和你相关，欢迎报考什么的话。

不可否认，这是最好的情况，你可以放心的去考，一般不会出问题的。

但不排除偶然，像出现直博和本学校的硕转博名额问题，可能会给我们的报考和录取产生影响。

总之考博凭的是实力和自身的本事，关系只是占一部分，自己努力了就行，不用过分纠结于导师回复有没有啥隐含意思的。

初次联系好导师后，一定要注意跟导师保持联系。

每半个月或者一个月向导师汇报一下学习情况或者复习情况，交流一下科研方向，这很有必要。

一方面让导师觉得你很想去跟他深造，另一方面显得你虔诚好学。

三、考博英语备考规划1、整体介绍拟招收攻读博士学位研究生900名外语考试为公共英语考试，专业考试分为笔试和面试。

笔试专业课两门，实行开卷考试。

面试（包括英语听力）在笔试后进行外语考试为公共英语考试，专业考试分为笔试和面试。

笔试专业课两门，实行开卷考试。

面试（包括英语听力）在笔试后进行陈纪梁命题Part1听力15分30分钟15题Part2词汇和结构15分25分钟section A20个单选，每题0.5分section B挑错10题每题0.5分Part3完形填空15分钟、15小题、15分Part4阅读理解30分一个小时6篇30个小题Part5翻译25分钟10分汉译英1个句子Part6写作15分35分钟2、英语复习推荐用书：育明考博教研部主编的《考博英语真题解析》和《考博词汇》是考博人必备的两本书。

在当当网，亚马逊和全国各大书店均有销售，也可以联系我们直接购买。

3、复习策略、答题技巧、经验分享（1）词汇备考：考博英语词汇量在7000—8000左右。

部分院校，如社科院，对词汇量的要求会比较大，大约会达到10000以上。

虽然不推荐盲目的扩大词汇量，但是足够的单词储备还是会对应试起到比较积极的作用。

根据自身的复习时间和实际需要，可以选择考研词汇、六级词汇、托福词汇、专八词汇、或者GRE词汇进行备考，推荐育明教育考博教研室主编的《考博英语系列教程—考博10000词》进行有针对性的词汇备考。

有很多人在学习英语的过程中，只注重了学习当时的记忆效果，孰不知要想做好学习的记忆工作，是要下一番工夫的。

单纯的注重当时的记忆效果，而忽视了后期的保持和再认同样是达不到良好的效果的，于是就产生了记忆的牢固度问题。

所以我们一直在向强调反复记忆单词，但是如何反复记忆却是一个复杂的工作。

记忆规律可以具体到我们每个人，因为我们的生理特点、生活经历不同，可能导致我们有不同的记忆习惯、记忆方式、记忆特点。

如果与个人记忆特点相悖，记忆效果则会大打折扣。

因此，我们要根据每个人的不同特点，寻找到属于自己的艾宾浩斯记忆遗忘曲线。

但是普遍的记忆规律是：在5分钟后重复一遍，30分钟后再重复一遍，12小时后，1天后，2天后，4天后，7天后，15天后重复记忆，就会记得很牢。

（2）完型备考：实用答题方法A.无关词排除法：完型文章一般都有非常明确的中心主线，且整个文章很紧凑，就是紧紧围绕着中心主线展开。

因此，理论上正确的选项一定是紧扣文章的主题和中心主线的。

故而，一些看上去明显和文章主题和中心主线毫无关系的选项基本上可以排除在正确答案之外。

B.同现词对比法：完型文章由于常常有明确的中心主线，所以作者往往会使用一些重点词汇围绕着中心主线贯穿全文。

同现实际上就是一组具有相同倾向性的词语，这些词语所表现的倾向性往往与中心主线中的导向一致，或者说这些同现词语的任务就是对文章的导向进行展开支持。

因此，文章的整体导向这个已知线索可以成为解出这些同现词语的关键信息。

C.复现词对比法：复现是完型文章中词汇的另一种衔接手段，即表达相同意思的词汇在文章的不同地方出现。

复现可以是相同的词重复出现，也可以是用不同的词表达相同的意思。

复现的解题意义在于：如果判断出一个未知填空与上下文的那些已知词汇有复现关系，只要从选项中选出与那些词汇意义相同的就是正确答案。

D.关联词推断法：关联是完型文章中经常出现的一种结构，即将两个或两个以上的同类别词语，比如两个动词、两个形容词以连续排比的结构出现。

在这种情况下，两个关联词汇在句子中的语法地位一样，且常常起一样的语法作用，之间又明显具有某种逻辑关系。

关联的解题意义在于：出题人一般会将一个关联词语设置成已知信息，另一个是未知的，这样那个已知的词语便成为破解未知词语的关键线索。

F.时间关系解构法：完型文章中出现的时间信息一般都是非常有用的线索，因为只要通过分析这些时间线索就可以很快把握与这些时间线索联系在一起的信息之间的关系。

G.整体结构对照法：由于总分之间的基本关系是互相支持，互相印证的对照关系，而且总述是对分述的总结和概括，而分述是对总述的展开。

当一些未知填空出现在总述句时，解出这些填空的相关联已知线索往往可以在与其对应的分述部分找到。

（3）阅读备考：阅读中各种题目的对策在平时的积累方面，建议经常看看英文网站，看看英文杂志，比如Nature、Science就很不错，当然这只是英文泛读，用于增加英文阅读的兴趣及增加话题的广度。

另外，还需要精读一些文章学习其语言风格、语法结构、行文结构、主题思想等具体内容。

这类文章可以选择考博真题中的阅读理解，也可以选择自己比较喜欢的一些英文美文，但是建议难度要与考博试题难度相当。

A.细节事实题----回到原文，找准出处。

选项中符合一般常识，意义深刻富有哲理，属于普遍现象的往往是答案。

B.判断词汇和短语的意义题内容全面、概括性强的一般为答案；与文章主题相近的一般是答案；与被考单词在含义上肤浅相近的一般不是答案。

C.推理判断题合乎常理的选项一般是答案；选项措辞过于绝对化、找茬原文和对文中做字面解释的的一般不是答案。

D.主旨大意题答案常在首尾段，出现频率高的词可能是蕴含中心思想的关键词；局部信息概括、概括范围过宽的都为错误选项。

E.观点态度题---看清楚态度的对象以及态度的主体。

作者的态度一般会在行文中体现，要关注形容词、副词；引语和实例也会映射作者的态度。

（4）翻译备考：翻译答题要求A.英式思维拆分语法结构在考博翻译中的大部分句子都是结构复杂的长难句，所以理清句子结构层次就显得至关重要。

在翻译句子之前，先通读全句，注意一边读一边拆分句子的语法结构。

例如：例1Social science is that branch of intellectual enquiry which seeks to study humans and their endeavors in the same reasoned，orderly，systematic，and dispassioned manner that natural scientists use for the study of natural phenomena.拆分句子：1.句子的主干是：Social science is that branch of intellectual enquiry;2.定语从句：which后面是一个定语从句，其先行词是social science;3.方式状语：in the same reasoned，orderly，systematic，and dispassioned manner是方式状语。

其中的reasoned，orderly，systematic，and dispassioned是并列定语，修饰manner;4.定语从句：that natural scientists use for the study of natural phenomena是定语从句，其先行词是manner;5.拆分后句子的总结构是：Social science is that branch of intellectual enquiry(主干)which seeks to study humans and their endeavors(定语从句)in the same reasoned，orderly，systematic，and dispassioned manner(方式状语)that natural scientists use for the study of natural phenomena.(定语从句)B.直译和意译在考博英语翻译中，由于题材基本上是关于自然科学和社会科学的文章，所以我们遵循的方法是：能直译就直译，既能直译又能意译的以直译为主，不能直译的采用意译，一般情况下直译与意译相结合。

1.能直译就直译例：In dealing with a challenge on such a scale,it is no exaggeration to say,"United we stand,divided we fall".译文：在应付一个如此规模的挑战过程中，我们可以毫不夸张地说，“团结，我们就会站起来；分裂，我们就会倒下去”。

2.不宜直译就意译例：The talk about raising taxes was a red flag to many voters。