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通讯类行业术语

通讯类行业术语

通讯类行业术语(表记录的)插入修改添加删除 InsertModify, updateAddDelete (拨号后)拨号音不断 Non-stop Dial Tone(程序,进程)调度 Dispatch(程序安装的)序列号 Serial Number SN(单板)不在位 Not-in-position(单板等)插入/拔出 Plug/Unplug(发货)附件,辅助设备 Accessories(话务员)为分机用户代拨外线 Dial Out For An Extension(话务员帮)接通(电话) Put Through(计算机上)主板,母板 Mother-Board(界面)刷新 Refresh(开局)调测现场 Commissioning Site(判定)门限 Threshold(软件)补钉 Patch(试运行前的)开通调测 Commissioning PG(相)邻(信)道干扰 Adjacent-channel interference(移动电话)交接,越区切换 Handover(用户线)主配线架 Main Distribution Frame MDF(中继的)监听、插入及强拆 Monitor, Intrusion and Forced Release1800MHz频段的数字蜂窝系统 Digital Cellular System at 1800MHzDCS18002B1Q线路码 Two Binary-To-One Quaternary Line Code 2B1Q2M数字分支板 2Mb/s Digital Branching Board DB2M3 型不对称数字用户线 ADSL-33阶高密度双极性码 High Density Bipolar of Order 3 HDB350W粗缆10Mb/s基带以太网 10Base 550W细缆10Mb/s基带以太网 10Base 2500伏兆欧表(测绝缘电阻用 500V Meg-ohmmeter (used to measure the insulation resistance)5合1拼板 5 In 1 Boarda. (窗口)缩放b. 放大c. 缩小d.最大化e.最小化 ZoomZoom inZoom outMaximizeMinimizea.板,祼板b.板卡,单板 BoardCarda.本地网b.本地通讯网c.局域网 Local NetworkLocal Communication NetworkLocal Area Network LNLCNLANa.本局(交换局)b.本局(交换、传输等通用) Home exchangeHome office a.处理(呼叫,通信)b.处理(问题、意外)c.对待ProcessingHandlingTreatmenta.单选框b.复选框c.组合框 Button boxCheck boxCombo boxa.对话处理b.会话处理 Dialogue HandlingSession processing DHAa.对接b.互通 InterconnectionInterworkinga.高清晰度电视b.高分辩率电视 High Definition TelevisionHigh Resolution Television HDTVa.挂起b.恢复(被挂起的) SuspendResume RESa.火线b.零线 Live LineZero Linea.局(交换)b.局(交换、传输等通用) ExchangeOfficea.可选的b.必选的c.必须的,必须遵循的,强制性的OptionalCompulsoryMandatorya.拉手条(单板)b.空面板(单板) Handle BarBlank Panela.配件b.部件c.组件d.附件e.备件FittingsPartsComponentsAccessoriesSpare Partsa.配置b.分配c.指配(几个词在不同产品可能用法不一样)ConfigurationAllocation, DistributionProvisioning, Assignmenta.起始b.终止 StartEnd POIa.试运行b.割接 Trial RunCut-overa.双绞线b.非屏蔽双绞线c.屏蔽双绞线d.同轴电缆e.同轴细缆f.同轴粗缆Twisted PairUnshielded Twisted PairShielded Twisted PairCoaxial cable Thicknet (cable) UTPSTPa.文件服务器b.应用程序服务器c.列表服务器 File ServerApplication ServerList Server FNSa.优先(用户)b.普通c.立即 Prior OrdinaryImmediatea.增殖业务b.新业务 Value Added Service (VAS)New ServiceA/B线 A Wire/B Wire AB04A/B线中继 A Wire/B Wire Trunk ABTA/D,D/A混合转换器 A/D And D/A Combined ConverterADSL-高速因特网接入 ADSL-High-Speed Internet AccessASIC及专用电路芯片 ASIC And Special ChipsATM 适配层 ATM Adaptation Layer AALA通道 A channelBCCH(频率)分配 BCCH Allocation BABNC T型接头 BNC T ConnectorBNC同轴插拔头 BNC ConnectorBNC同轴插拔头(阳) BNC Male ConnectorBNC同轴插拔头(阴) BNC Female ConnectorBNC终接器 BNC TerminatorBSS操作维护应用部分 BSS Operation and Maintenance Application Part BSSOMAPBTS的站址管理 BTS Address Management BTSMBTS管理 Base Transceiver Station Management BTSMB通道顺序号 B channel sequence number BSNB型机机柜 C&C08 B CabinetCAMEL应用部分 CAMEL Application Part CAPCATV相关配件 CATV Related FittingsD-Link 说明书 D-link SpecificationsD-Link 网络驱动软盘 D-link Network Drive Floppy DiskD通道链路接入协议 Link Access Protocol for D channel LAPDD通路上链路接入规程 Link Access Procedure of D-Channel LAPDE/M 信令方式 Ear and Mouth Signaling E&ME/M中继 E&M Trunk EMTE[线]和M[线]信令系统 E and M Signaling SystemE3子复用设备 E3 sub-Multiplexer E3MEMI磁珠 EMI BeadsEMI滤波器 EMI FilterFC型连接器 Full Contact ConnectorF突发脉冲 F burstG:产生幀码 A:幀校准 Z:零串抑制 P:极性转换A:告警 C:时钟恢复 H:幀同步 O:局信令 G: Generation of Frame Code; A: Alignment of Frame; Z: Zero-StringSuppression; P: Polarity Conversion; A: Alarm; C: Clock Recovery; H: Hunt During Reframe; O: Office Signaling GAZPACHOGPRS隧道协议 GPRS Tunneling Protocol GTPGPRS无线资源业务接入点 GPRS Radio Resources service access point GRRGPRS移动管理和会话管理 GPRS Mobility Management and Session Management GMM/SMGPRS移动性管理 GPRS Mobility Management GMMGPRS移动性管理服务接入点逻辑链路控制 LLC to GPRS Mobility Management service access point LLGMMGPRS支持节点 GPRS Support Node GSNGPS Global Positioning SystemGSM AM 主控板 AM Process Board GAMPGSM16路E1中继接口板 16 E1 Interface Board GE16GSM产品家族 Full product family for GSM networksGSM的Q3协议 GSM Q3 protocol Q3GSM公众陆地移动网 GSM Public Land Mobile Network GSM PLMN GSM回波抵消板,提供EC-POOL方式的回波抵消功能 Echo Canceler Pool GECPGSM移动台 GSM Mobile Station GSM MSH4数字宽带通道 H4 digital broadband channel H4HLR数据库 HLR Database HDBIC起拔器 IC ExtractorIMEI的黑表 Black list (of IMEI)IMEI的灰名单 Grey list (of IMEI)Internet消息接入协议 Internet Message Access Protocol IMAPIN交换管理 IN Switching Management IN-SMIP 电话 IP PhoneIP 多路广播技术 IP Multicasting TechnologyIP广播业务 Internet protocol multicast IP-MIP旁路 IP BypassISDN A通道 ISDN A channelISDN 的基群速率接口 ISDN Primary Rate Interface, 2048 Kb/s(30B+D)PRAISDN用户部分 ISDN User Part ISUPISDN用户部分(七号信令) ISDN User Part (SS7) ISUPISDN用户小交换机 ISDN PBX ISPBXITU电信标准化组 ITU Telecommunication Standardization Sector ITU-T MAC业务接入点 MAC Service Access Point MSAPMAC业务数据单元 MAC Service Data Unit MSDUMFC收号错 MFC Number-Receiving ErrorModem 驱动软盘 Modem Drive Floppy DiskMSC处理模块 MSC Processing Module MPMMTP路由确认测试 MTP Route Verification Test MRVTN0.7信令ISDN用户部分 Integrated Services User Part ISUPNo.7共路信令 Common Channel Signaling No.7 CCS7No.7信令ISDN用户部分 Integrated Services User Part ISUPN-PDU使用的协议控制信息压缩算法标识 Identifier of the protocol control information compression algorithm used for the N-PDU PCOMPN级 Level-N L-NOEM产品专用物料 Special Materials for OEM ProductsPCB布线 PCB LayoutPCB耗尽 PCB Used-UpPCU-BSC间信令链路 Pcu-Bsc Signaling Link PbSLPDH物理接口 PDH Physical Interface PPIPPM parts per million PPMPTO选择类别 PTO Option Class Item POCPVC胶带 PVC TapePVC线槽安装组件 PVC Trough Installation ComponentsQ接口适配器 Q Interface Adapter QARJ45 连接头压线钳 RJ45 Connector Clamping ToolRJ45 连接头制作工具 RJ45 connector clamping toolRJ45插头 RJ45 ConnectorSBS网管系统 SBS Management Network SBSMNSBS系列SDH光传输系统出厂检验报告 Delivery inspection report on SDH optical Transmission system of SBS seriesSCCP编路控制 SCCP Routing Control SCRCSCCP管理 SCCP Management SCMGSCCP路由验证测试 SCCP Routing Verification Test SRVTSC型连接器 Square Couple ConnectorSDH管理网络 SDH Management Network SMNSDH设备时钟 SDH equipment clock SECSMA同轴中继自环电缆 SMA Coaxial Trunk Self-loop CableSMT胶 SMT GlueTU指针丢失 TU loss of pointerT型头 T ConnectorVLR数据库 VlR Database VDBVT组 VT groupWindows开放系统结构 Windows Open System Architecture WOSA Xmodem协议 Xmodem ProtocolX窗口 X Windowμ-A律转换μ-A Law ConversionA阿尔卡特(法) Alcatel (France)阿伦方差 Allan Variance AVAR爱尔兰(话务) Erlang ERL爱立信 Ericsson安保自动化系统 Security Automation System SAS安全超文本传输协议 Secure Hypertext Transport Protocol SHTTP安全地 Safety Ground安全帽 Safety Helmet安全筛选 Security Screening SEC安全套层 Secure Sockets Layer SSL安装板、安装条、安装架 Installation Board/Bar/Bracket安装成套件 Suite of Installation Parts安装成套件(工具包) Installation Kit安装件 Installation Parts安装支架 Installing support按次付费 Pay-Per-View按键(话机) Push-Button (Phone)按键电话适配器 Key Telephone Adapters KTA按键开关 Button Switch按键脉冲话机 Pulse Phone Set按目标选择路由 Destination Call Routing DCR按钮 Push- Button PB按时间选择路由 Time Dependent Routing TDR按用户的规定选路 User-Defined Routing UDR按月付费 Monthly PaymentB八-二进制编码 Octal-Binary Coded八位位组字节,八位字节 Octet拔钉锤 Claw Hammer拔号间隔超时,数位间超时 Interdigit Timeout拜访MSC Visit (visited) MSC VMSC拜访PLMN Visited PLMN VPLMN拜访位置寄存器 Visitor Location Register VLR拜访用户位置存储器 Visitor Location Register VLR班长 Chief Operator板名条 Board Name Plate板位 Board Position版本 Version VER版权 Copyright办公活动 Office Activity办公自动化系统 Office Automation System OAS半菱形天线 Half Rhombic Antenna半双工 Half-Duplex半双工传输 Half-Duplex Transmission半速 Half rate HR半速率 Half Rate TCH/H半速率(话务)信道 Half-rate Traffic Channel半永久连接 Semi-Permanent Connection半自动核对 Semi-Automatic Checking帮助程序 Help Application包级过滤 Packet Level Filtering包装材料 Packing Material包装拆器,分组装拆器,数据包装拆器 Packet Assembler/Dis-assembler PAD 保安单元 Security Unit保护 Protection保护单元 protection unit保护倒换计数 Protection Switching Count PSC保护(接)地 Protection Ground/grounding保护模式 Protection Mode保护器件及配件 Protective Parts And Fittings保护时间 Guard time保护协议信令 Protection Protocol Signaling保留/备用路由 Reserved Route保留/备用频道 Reserved Channel保留的,尚未使用的 Reserved RES保险带 Safety Belt保险管,保险丝 Fuse保险管座 Fuse Base保修单 Warranty Bill报表格式 Report Format报文传送及存储单元 Message-Transmission and Storage Unit报文交换 Message Switching报文结尾 End of Message EOM北美的PCM二次群系统 T-2北美的PCM一次群系统 T-1北美与日本电视制式 National Television System Committee NTSC贝尔通信实验室 Bellcore备份 Backup备份不间断电源 Standby UPS备份原则 Redundancy concept备链路 Standby Link备用比特 Spare bit X备用方式 Standby Mode背板,母板 Backplane (减少用Motherboard) BKP背景色 Background Color背面 Rear Face背面布线 Back Wiring倍频器 Frequency Doubler倍增 Pair Gain被测系统 Implementation Under Test ITU被叫 Called (不用Callee)被叫/主叫方地址 Called/Calling Party Address被叫地址不全 Called Address Incomplete被叫付费,反向计费 Reverse Charging REV被叫挂机 Called Onhook被叫号码显示(补充业务) Connected Line identification Presentation COLP被叫号码限制(补充业务) Connected Line identification Restriction COLR 被叫会晤层用户 Called SS-User被叫集中付费 Freephone FPH被叫线路识别表示 Connected Line Identification Presentation COLP被叫线路识别限制 Connected Line Identification Restriction COLR被叫应答 Called Party Answer被叫用户号码 Called Number被叫原籍网 Called Home Network被切换到的MSC The MSC to which the MS is handed over in a basic Handover MSC-B被切换到的第三方MSC(后续切换) The MSC to which the MS is handed over in a subsequent Handover MSC-B’本地/长途合用交换机, 市话/长话合用交换机 Combined Local/Toll Exchange 本地PLMN Local PLMN LPLMN本地打印机 Local Printer本地多点分配业务 Local Multipoint Distribution Service LMDS本地分配网络 Local Distribution Network LDN本地管理终端 Local Management Terminal LMT本地回路 Local Loop本地交换机 Local exchange(LE)本地交换局,市话局 Local Exchange本地接入和传输区域 Local Access and Transport Area LATA本地接入转换区 Local Access Transform Area LATA本地节点时钟 Local Node Clock LNC本地网络 Local Network LN本地维护终端 Local Maintenance Terminal LMT本地线对增容 Local Pair Gain LPG本地移动台识别码 Local Mobile Station Identity LMSI本地移动用户识别号 Local Mobile Subscriber Identity LMSI本地自动消息记帐 Local Automatic Message Accounting LAMA本端 Home Terminal本建筑物以外的,机房以外的, Off-Premises本局呼叫 Home Exchange Call本群 Home Group本网 Home Network 本站 Home Station泵激光器 pump laser比较器 Comparing Unit, Comparer COMP比特(二进制信息单位) Bit比特,(二进制)位 Binary Digit bit比特插入 Bit Insertion比特传输速率,位传输速率 Bit Transmission Rate比特定时,位定时 Bit Timing比特分配信号 Bit Allocation Signal BAS比特间插奇偶校验 Bit Interleaved Parity BIP比特交错传输 Interleaved Bit Transmission比特流,位流 Bit Stream比特率容差 Bit Rate Error Tolerance比特误码率,误码率 Bit Error Rate BER笔记本电脑 Notebook PC闭合用户群 Closed User Group CUG闭塞 Block闭塞解除信号 Unblocking Signal UBL闭塞证实信号 Blocking-Acknowledgement Signal BLA闭锁码(闭合用户群补充业务) Interlock Code (CUG SS) IC闭锁全部去话 Barring of All Outgoing Calls BAOC避雷器,避雷针 Lightning Arrester边界关口 Border Gateway BG边收边发 Receiving While Sending边缘交换网单元 Skirt Network Unit GSNU编程器 Programming Device编号计划,编号方案 Numbering Plan编辑框 Edit Box编码 Encoding编码开关 Code Switch编码器/译码器 Coder/Decoder C/D扁平电缆 Flat Cable扁三相插座 Flat Three-phrase Socket便携机, 便携式计算机 Portable Computer变频器 General Inverter GI变频设备 Frequency Conversion Equipment变速率码 Variable Rate Code VRCBLP变压器 Transformer标称值 Nominal Value标签 Label标识符 Identifier标题开始 Start of Heading SOH标题校验序列 Header Check Sequence HCS标志 Flag F标志、说明、装饰 Sign, Description, Decoration标准ETSI机柜 Standard ETSI Rack标准PC话务台 Standard PC Console标准插座 Standard Socket标准件 Standard component标准清晰度电视 Standard Definition TV SDTV标准通用标记语言 Standard Generalized Markup Language SGML 标准总线 Standard Bus表面声波 Surface Acoustic Wave SAW表面贴电感器 SMT Inductors表面贴装(生产) Surface mounting technology SMT表示层 Presentation Layer表头 Gauge Outfit别名 Alias并/串变换 Parallel/Serial Conversion P/S并柜 Combined cabinet并联 Connect In Parallel并席 Parallel Position病毒特征 Virus Characteristic拨号程序(上网) Dial-up Program拨号脉冲 Dial Pulse DP拨号脉冲方式 Pulse Dialing Mode拨号音 Dial Tone DT拨号早释 Dialing Release Early拨码开关/扳键开关/拨动开关/乒乓开关 Toggle switch波长转换 wavelength conversion波导 waveguide波分复用 Wavelength-Division Multiplex WDM波分复用光发射模块 WDM fiber optic transmitter module波分复用器 Wavelength Division Multiplexer波分器件 wave-division component波峰焊 Wave-Soldering波峰焊机 Crest Welder波特 Baud波纹管, 皮老虎 Bellows剥线钳 Cable Peeler, Wire Stripper播放 Broadcast,Play薄膜开关 Thin Film Switch补充业务 supplementary service捕获范围 Capture Range捕获时间 Capture Time不等长编码 Variable Length Coding不对称数字用户线 Asymmetrical Digital Subscriber Line ADSL不对称线路 Asymmetric Line不干胶标签纸 Sticky Label Paper不活动性测试 Inactivity Test IT不可及前转补充业务 Call Forwarding on mobile subscriber Not Reachable CFNRc不可用秒 unavailable seconds UAS不可用时间 unavailable time UAT不连续发送(机制) Discontinuous Transmission(mechanism) DTX不连续接收 Discontinuous Reception DRX不同PLMN间GPRS支持节点间的接口 Interface between GPRS SupportNodes (GSNs) in different PLMNs Gp interface不占用空中通道的呼叫启动 Off Air Call Set Up OACSO布拉格光纤反射器 Bragg Fiber Reflector BFR布线设计 Layout Design步长 StepC裁纸刀 Paper Knife采购导线 Purchased Wire参铒 erbium-doped参铒光纤放大器 Erbium Doped Fiber Amplifiers EDFAs参考点 Reference Point参考源 Reference source残余误码率 Residual Bit Error Ratio RBER操作失败 operation failure操作台 Operation desk操作维护应用部分 Operation and Maintenance Application Part OMAP操作维护中心---交换部分 Operation and Maintenance Center-Switch part OMC-S操作与维护链路 Operations and Maintenance Link OML槽位 Slot Position侧板套件 Side Board Kit侧门 Side Door测量报告 Measurement Report测试板 Test Board, Test Card测试光输出功率 measuring the optical output power测试设备 Test Equipment测试仪 Tester层2管理连接 Layer2 Management Link L2ML层2中继 Layer2 Relay L2R层3移动管理 Layer3 Mobility Management L3MM叉车 Forklift插板固定器 Retainer of plugboard插框,插箱 Plug-in Frame插入式 Plug-in插入式端子 Plug-in terminal插入箱 Plug in Box插针 Pin插座 Socket查看日志 View log查看主机数据 View data in host差错率 Error Rate差线(鸳鸯线) A Wire Contacts Earth, B Wire Contacts Battery 掺铒光纤放大器 Erbium Doped Fiber Amplifier EDFA长距 long haul长卷尺 Long Tape常规突发脉冲序列 Normal Burst NB场效应管 Field Effect Transistor超长距 ultra long haul超柔电缆 Super Soft Cable超帧 Hyperframe撤消移动用户注册 Deregister mobile subscriber沉头螺钉 Sunk Screw衬板 Lining Board成分传感器 Component Sensor成品板制成板 Finished BoardManufactured Board成套 Complete set成套,套件 Suite, Set,锉刀 File 成套包装材料 Package Material Set成套电缆 Cable set成套光缆 Suite of Fiber Cable成套设备 Suite of Equipment成套资料 Package of Documentation成型泡沫 Contoured foam承插件 Socket Component承认,应答 Acknowledge承载能力标示单元 Bearer Capacity Identity Element BC_IE承载能力信息单元 Bearer Capacity Information Element BCIE承载信道 Bearer Channel, B Channel承重能力 Bearing capacity齿形锁紧垫圈 Toothed Lock Washer冲击钻 Percussion drill冲击钻头 Percussion Drill Hammer抽象语法编码1 Abstract Syntax Notation One ASN.1出厂检验报告 Delivery Inspection Report出厂配置报告 Delivery Configuration Document出厂验收 Leave-factory check and acceptance出局/出中继闭塞 Outgoing Blocking出局禁止(补充业务) Call out barring初始化信道分配 Initial channel assignment触发检测点-请求 Trigger Detection Point-Request TDP-R触发检测点-通知 Trigger Detection Point- Notification TDP-N触发检出点 Trigger Detection Point TDP触缝 Contact Seam穿线框 Wire guide穿心电容 Feedthru Capacitor传感器 Sensor传感式手套 Sensor Glove传输扩展单元 Transmission Extension unit TEU传输扩展供电单元 Transmission Extension power Supply unit TES传输设备 Transmission Equipment传送网 transport network串口线 Serial Port Line串联 Connect in Serial, Cascade Connection创建网元 create the NE瓷介电容 Leaded Ceramic Disc Capacitor磁带 Magnetic Tape磁带机 Tape Drive磁盘阵列设备 Disk Array磁芯 Magnetic Core磁性材料 Magnetic Materials粗缆 Thicknet Cable簇控制器 Cluster controller存储介质 Storage Media存储器,内存 Memory存入 Deposit存在点 point of presence POPD搭载 Piggybacking打包带 Straps打印设置 Print Setup大力钳 Powerful Pliers大密封圈 Large Sealing Packing Ring大容量移动电话系统(日本) High-Capacity Mobile Telecommunications System大小喉箍: Hoop Iron大众呼叫 Mass Calling MAS带电操作 Hot-line Work带电导线 Live Wire带宽(业务)管理 bandwidth management带宽间隔 bandwidth granularity带区集(磁盘) Stripe Set单板 Card单板软件 Card Software单板套件 Card Suite单层屏蔽双绞线 One-layer STP单刀双掷开关 Single-pole Double Throw Switch单导体扁平电缆 Uniconductor Flat Cable单个联系客体 Single Agent Point SAO单个联系控制功能 Single Association Control Function SACF单根电缆 Cable单机柜 Single Cabinet单模 Single-mode单模光缆 Single-mode Optical Cable单模光纤 Single-mode Fiber SMF单片机 Single-chip Microcomputer单位间隔 unit interval UI单向广播 unidirectional broadcast单向通道倒换环 Unidirectional Path Switched Ring UPSR单用户单元 Single subscriber Unit SU单元 unit单元功能 Elementary Function EF弹垫, 弹簧垫圈 Spring Washer, Retaining Washer当漫游出归属PLMN国家后,锁闭入呼叫 Barring of Incoming Calls when Roaming outside home PLMN Country BIC-Roam挡板,堵板 Baffle导电体 Conductor导电橡胶 Conducting Rubber导轨 Guide Rail导航树 Navigation tree导热材料 Heat Conduction Material导通性 Continuity导线 Conducting line导线连接器 Wire Connector倒换 Switching倒换练习器 protection exerciser登录注销 LoginLogout等待恢复 wait to restore等效误码率 equibalent bit error ratio EBER低级别业务 low priority traffic低级信令转接点 Low Level Signaling Transfer Point LSTP低阶 lower order LO低阶交叉连接 lower order cross connect低阶接口 Lower Order Interface LOI低阶开销监视 Lower order Path Overhead Monitor LPOM低阶通路/通道 Lower order Path LP低阶通路/通道连接 Lower order Path Connection LPC低阶通路/通道适配 Lower order Path Adaptation LPA低阶通路/通道终结 Lower order Path Termination LPT涤纶电容器 Dacron Capacitor底板 Backplane底盘接地 Enclosure Grounding底座 Basement, Rack Base地面电路 Terrestrial circuit地面系统 Terrestrial system地阻 Grounding Resistance地阻仪 Grounding Resistance Meter递减计数器 Count-Down Counter递增计数器 Count-Up Counter第一方拆线 First-Party Release点到多点时局服务中心 Point To Multipoint Service Center PTM-SC点对多点群呼 Point to multipoint group call PTM-G点对多点信道广播 Point to multipoint multicast PTM-M电笔 Test Pencil电池 Battery电池室(房) Battery Room电磁能传感器 Electromagnetic Sensor电感器 Inductor电工材料 Electric Material电工刀(刀片) Electrical Knife电工胶带 Electrical Adhesive Tape电荷耦合器 Charge Coupled Device电化学反应 Electrochemical reaction电话耳机 Telephone Earpiece电话机 Telephone Set电话投票 Televoting VOT电话用户部分(七号信令) Telephone User Part (SS7) TUP电机类 Electric Machinery电可擦编程只读存储器 Electrically Erasable and Programmable Read-Only Memory E2PROM电缆,线缆 Cable电缆安装成套件 Complete-set of Cable Installation Parts电缆安装成套件 Suite of Cable Installation Parts电缆电视,有线电视 Cable TV电缆调制解调器 Cable Modem电缆固定卡 Cable Fixed-Caliper电缆固定卡,室内电缆卡 Cable Fixed-caliper电缆夹 Cable Clamp电缆交接柜 Cable Connector Cabinet电缆连接密封材料 Weather-Proof Connection PVC Material电缆连接器 Cable Connector电缆弯曲半径 Cable Bending Radius电缆线孔板 Cable Entry Port Card电缆线套 Cable Sheath, Cable Shield电缆箱,电缆分线盒 Cable Distribution box电烙铁 Electric Iron电力电缆 Electrical Cable电力室 Power Room电力线,动力线 Power Line电力载波 Power Line Carrier PLC电流传感器 Current Sensor电流互感器 Current Transformer电路 Circuit Cct电路板 Circuit Card电路复原信号(TUP) Circuit Reset Signal RSC电路监控消息 Circuit Monitor Message CCM电路交换/分组交换混合接口 Combined Interface for Circuit/Packet Switching电路交换的交换局 Circuit Switching Exchange电路交换公共数据网 Circuit-Switched Public Data Network CSPDN电路利用率 Circuit Usage电路群闭塞的请求 Circuit Group Blocking Request CGB电路群监视消息 Circuit Group Monitor Message GRM电路群解除闭塞消息 Circuit Group Unblocking Message CGU电路群询问 Circuit Group Query CQM电路群拥塞信号 Circuit Group Congestion Signal CGC电路容量 Circuit Capacity电路入口点 Circuit Access Point CAP电路识别码 Circuit Identification Code CIC电脑话务台 Computer console电脑空间 Cyberspace电气与电子工程师学会(美) Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers IEEE电器柜 Electric Appliance Cabinet电容器 Capacitor电容性 Capacitive Load电声器件 Electric Acoustic Devices电视会议 Videoconference, Videoconferencing电视会议业务 Video Conference Service电视机 Television电位器 Potentiometer电线 Wire电信 Telecom电信法规 Telecom Regulations电信管理网 Telecom Management Network TMN电信机构,电信设施 Telecom Facilities电信局 Telecom Bureau/Office电信年营业额,电信年收入 Telecom Revenue电信维护中心 Telecom Maintenance Center TMC电信营运者 Telecom Carrier电信支撑网 Telecommunication Supporting Network电信主管部门,电信管理局 Telecommunications Administration电信总局 Directorate-General of Telecommunications, DGT电压、电阻和电容等参量 Parameter(Voltage, Resistance and Capacitance) VRC电压表 Voltmeter电压调整器 Voltage Regulator电压告警范围 Voltage Alarm Range电压驻波比 Voltage Standing Wave Ratio VSWR电影点播 Movie On Demand MOD电涌吸收器,过压吸收器 Surge Absorber电源 Power Supply电源插框 Power Plug-in Shelf电源存储器 Electric Power Storage EPS电源断,切断电源,电源中断,掉电 Power-Off电源分配显示板 Power Distribution Display Card电源监控 Power Supply Monitoring电源接地 Power Ground电源馈线 Power Feeder电源连接器 Power Connector电源模块 Power Module电源软线 Power Cord电源系统 Power System电支路 Electric Tributary ETP电支路插槽 Electric Tributary PDH ETP1S电支路接口单元 electrical tributary interface units电支路转换器 Electric Tributary Transformer ETP1T电子白板 Electronic White Board电子表格 Electronic Form电子出版 Electronic Publishing电子交换系统 Electronic Switching System ESS电子期刊 E-Journal电子签名 Electronic Signature电子商务 E-Commerce EC电子数据互换 Electronic Data Interchange EDI电子现金 Electronic Cash电子信息互换系统 Electronic Information Exchange System EIES 电子邮件E-Mail, Electronic-Mail电子杂志 Electronic Magazine电子资金转帐 Electronic Funds Transfer EFT电阻器 Resistor垫片 Gasket吊环螺栓 Eyebolt吊扣 Suspension Clasp调测配件 Fittings for Commissioning调测整机 Debugging Integrated Equipment调度程序 Scheduler调度通信系统 Dispatch Communication System调幅 Amplitude Modulation AM调试 Debug调停功能 Mediation functions调制/解调 Modulator/Demodulator Modulate/Demodulate MODEM调制解调器 Modem掉电 Power Failure叠加网 Overlay Network RON叠加写盘 Overlap Writing顶侧板 Top-Side Door顶盖、底盖、盖板 Top Cover, Bottom Cover, And Cover Board顶门板 Top Door顶面板 Top Panel定(方)向增益 Directive gain定标频率 Beacon frequency定界和定位 Delimiter and LocalizationDelimiting and Locating定力矩扳手 Torque wrench定时 Timing定时参考信号 timing reference signal定时传输管理单元 Timing/Transmission and Management Unit TMU定时调整控制环 Time Adjustment Control Loop定时供给单元 synchronization supply unit SSU定时器 Timer定时器 Timer定时时长 Timing Length定时提前量 Timing Advance TA定时信号供给系统 Timing System定位螺钉 Positioning Screw, Set Screw定位片,衬垫 Spacer定向天线 Directional antenna定向无线电 Directional radio定向小区 Directional cell定向重试 Directed retry定制的,定做的 customized, tailored动态带宽分配 Dynamic Bandwidth Allocation DBA动态非等级路由选择 Dynamic Non-Hierarchical Routing动态服务器页面技术 Active Server Pages ASP动态配置 Dynamic Configuration动态随机存取存储器 Dynamic Random Access Memory DRAM动态信道分配 Dynamic Channel Allocation DCA动态信令跟踪 Dynamic Signaling Tracing DST动态主机配置协议 Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol DHCP动作指示符 Action Indicator AI抖动 Jitter抖动传递特性 Jitter transfer function抖动容限 Jitter toleration读取值 Read-Out Values读中继属性失败 Fail To Read Trunk Attribute独立的,自含的,已配套的,设备齐全的 Self-Contained独立局,独立交换局 Standalone Exchange独立控制信道 Standalone dedicated Control Channel SDCCH独立式 Standalone独立同步装置 Standalone Synchronous Equipment SASE独立系统 Stand-Alone System独立于业务的构件 Service Independent Building Block SIB独立专用控制信道 Stand-alone Dedicated Control Channel SDCCH 独石电容 Leaded Multilayer Ceramic Capacitor镀铬 Chromium Electroplating镀金 Gild Electroplating镀镍 Nickel Electroplating镀铜 Copper Electroplating镀锡 Tin Electroplating镀锌 Zinc Electroplating镀锌板 Galvanized Sheet镀银 Silver Electroplating端到端 End-To-End ETE端局 End Office端口 Port短距 Short range, short haul短路光纤 Short-circuiting Optical Fiber短消息服务(业务) Short Message Service SMS短消息关口MSC Short Message Service Gateway MSC SMS-GSMC短消息关口互连MSC Gateway/Interworking MSC G/IW MSC短消息互联MSC Short Message Service Interworking MSC SMS-IWMSC 短消息小区广播 Short Message Cell Broadcast SMSCB短消息业务 Short Message Service SMS短消息中心 Short Message Service Centre SM-SC短消息中心(用于短消息业务) Short Message Center (used for SMS) SMC 段 section段开销 Section Overhead SOH断环 broken ring断开 Disconnect DISC断开方式 Disconnection Mode DM断开模式 Disconnected Mode DM断开请求 Disconnect Request DR断链 Broken Link断纤 fiber cut断续比,通断比 Break-Make Ratio队列管理 Queues Management对称网络,平衡网络 Balanced Network对等计算 Peer-To-Peer Computing对地电压 Voltage To Ground对端 Opposite End对端局 Opposite Office对方局 Opposite exchange对告(对端告警) Remote Alarm对话框 Dialog Box对接 Interconnection对接传输设备 Butting Transmission System对接端,相邻端 Abutting End对接接头,邻接接头 Connector对象 Object OB对象集 Object set对准,校准,调整定位,排列成行 Alignment多波长光放大器 multi-wavelength optical repeater多层介质膜滤波器型光合波器测试 Test of Optical Multiplexer of Multi-layer Dielectric Film Filter多程序加载 Multiple Program Loading多处理机系统–保证系统的可持续发展性 Flexible multiprocessor system for reliable system evolution多串口卡 Multi-serial-port Card多带宽接入 multi-bandwidth digital access多点控制单元 Multipoint Control Unit MCU多点通信业务 Multipoint Communication Service MCS多对一 Several-For-One多功能测试电路 Multi-Function Test Circuit MTT多功能移动终端 Multi-featured mobile terminal多呼叫处理设备 Multiple Call Processing Unit多汇接局电话网 Multi-Tandem Telephone Network多径衰减 Multipath fading多路多点分配业务 Multi-Channel Multi-Point Distribution Service MMDS 多路复用转换器 Transmultiplexer TMUX多路广播 Multicast多路音频 Multiple Channel Audio多路音频数据接入板 Multi-channel Voice Data Access Card多路由保护 Diverse一Routed Protection DRP多媒体 Multimedia多媒体通信设备 Mutlimedia Telecom Equipment多模光缆 Multimode Optical Cable多模光纤 Multimode Optical Fiber多频 Multi-Frequency MF多频带 Multi-band多频互控 Multi-Frequency Compelled MFC多频互控单元 Multiple Frequency Compelling Unit多频互控信令,多频制信令 Compelled Multi-frequency Signaling多频记发器 Multi-frequency coding register多频脉冲 Multi-Frequency Pulse MFP多频网 Multiple Frequency Network MFN多频终端 Multi-band terminal多任务管理 Multi-Task Management多通道增益斜度 Multi-channel gain tilt多文档界面 Multiple Document Interface MDI多线程应用程序 Multithreaded Application多信道处理单元 Multiple Channel Processing Unit MCPU多信道音频 Multi-Channel Audio MCVF多用户号 Multiple Subscriber Number MSN多用途插座 Multi-purpose Socket多余的位用来指示N-PDU的最后段 More bit used to indicate the last segment of N-PDU M多兆比特交换数据服务 Switched Multimegabit Data Service SMDS多址协议 Multiple Access Protocol多种切换算法 Advanced Handover Algorithms (AHA) AHA多重联系控制功能 Multiple Association Control Function MACFE额定电压 Rated Voltage额定负载 Rated Load额定值 Rated Value额定值 Rating恶意呼叫识别 Malicious Call Identification MCI恶意呼叫追踪 Malicious Call Tracing MCT耳机 Earphone二/四线转换电路 Hybrid Circuit(2-Wire /4-Wire Conversion)二层建链状态 Layer 2 Link Set-up Status二叉树 Binary Tree二次拨号音 Secondary Dial Tone二次电源 Secondary power supply 二次模块电源 Secondary Power Module 二次群光收发板 Optical Transceiver Card For Secondary Group二次群光收发板(光端机) Optical Transceiver Board For Secondary Group二极管 Diode二阶交调失真 Crosstalk of second order CSO二进制,二元制备,二进制系统 Binary System二进制编码十进制数 Binary Coded Decimal BCD二纤自愈环 Two-fiber self-healing ring二相移相键控 Binary Phase Shift Keying BPSK二义性,多义性,模糊含糊 AmbiguityF发电机组 Electric Generator Set发端长话局 Originating Toll Exchange发端国际局 Originating International Exchange发端去话篩选 Originating Call Screening OCS发方 Originating Party发光而极管显示器 Liquid Emitting Diod LED发光二极管 Light Emitting Diode LED。

超文本传输协议标准

超文本传输协议标准

超文本传输协议标准
超文本传输协议(HTTP)是一种用于传输超文本文档(例如HTML)的应用层协议。

它是万维网的数据通信的基础。

HTTP遵循经
典的客户端-服务器模型,客户端通过URL向服务器发送请求,然后
服务器返回响应。

HTTP通常基于传输控制协议(TCP)。

HTTP的标准由互联网工程任务组(IETF)的HTTP工作组负责
制定和维护。

最初由蒂姆·伯纳斯-李和他的团队开发,HTTP的第
一个版本(HTTP/0.9)仅支持GET方法,用于从服务器获取HTML文档。

随后的版本(HTTP/1.0和HTTP/1.1)增加了其他方法(如POST、PUT、DELETE等)以及其他功能,如状态代码、标头字段等。

HTTP的标准化和演变是一个持续的过程。

最新的版本是HTTP/2,它旨在提高性能和减少延迟。

HTTP/3也正在开发中,它将使用基于
用户数据报协议(UDP)的传输层协议来取代TCP,以进一步提高性能。

除了标准的HTTP协议外,还有一些衍生协议和扩展,如HTTPS (HTTP over SSL/TLS)用于加密通信,SPDY用于加速页面加载,WebSocket用于全双工通信等。

总的来说,HTTP作为万维网的基础协议,扮演着连接客户端和服务器之间的重要角色,它的标准化和不断演进对于互联网的发展至关重要。

浓相超浓相稀相输送的理解

浓相超浓相稀相输送的理解

浓相输送浓相输送特点1.浓相输送技术与普通气力输送相比较,具有以下优点:由于采用静压输送,压缩空气用量比普通气力输送少,输送等量的氧化铝时动力消耗少2/3以上。

2.固气混合比高达60:1普通气力输送的固气比均在30:1以下,管径可相应缩小以输送压力低,排出废气少,过滤面积减少,过滤器相应减小。

3.输送速度低,仅2~3m/s,对管道磨损小,可使用普通钢管,且运行噪音小。

4.设备简单,维修工程量很小.5.输送高度达30~40m,输送距离可达450m。

主管直径可达150~200mm.最大能力为30t/h。

6.物料在输送中破损小,并且在管子弯道处也不结垢,输送管道在转弯处也无需特种保护。

7.易于实现全自动控制,操作人员少。

8.卸料灵活,设备布置方便.浓相输送原理浓相输送装置是输送氧化铝,氟化盐等粉状物料的先进装置。

该装置具有结构简单,运行可靠,节省能耗,节省经营费用等特点,国外已广泛应用于电解铝厂的氧化铝和氟化盐输送及烟气净化系统。

当气流中颗粒浓度在0。

05m3/ m以下,固气混合系统的空隙率ε>0。

95时,称为稀相输送;当气流中颗粒浓度在0.2以上,固气混合系统的空隙率ε<0。

8时,称为浓相输送。

稀相输送的主要设备是喷射泵,压缩空气直接作用于物料的单个颗粒上,使物料呈沸腾状态.稀相输送的固气比低,压缩空气耗量大,而且物料流速快,致使管道磨损严重,物料破损率高。

浓相输送技术是套管式气力压送式输送,与稀相输送比较,固气比高,气流速度小,输送压力低,因而相对减少了压缩空气用量,降低了能耗和物料破损率。

流态化输送一般称之为浓相输送,气流速度小于15m/s。

,固气比大于20,此时无聊在管道中已不再均匀分布,而呈密集状态,但管道并未被物料堵塞,因而仍然是依靠空气的动能来输送。

浓相输送管一般由内管和外管两根管子配合组成,特质的内管焊接在外管上壁。

两根管子一根送入固体颗粒状物料,一根送入压缩空气。

不同规格的浓度管用法兰相接,浓相输送管线阻力发生变化的地方采用特质的分流器联结,减少氧化铝输送过程的阻力和磨损.采用内管是浓相输送是关键,内管的开口距离和输送过程中的气流速度队输送过程影响极大。

新疆神火招标之二期净化招标文件-技术要求

新疆神火招标之二期净化招标文件-技术要求

电解烟气净化及循环水系统、氧化铝超浓相输送系统、氧化铝储槽及输送系统招标技术要求总则本招标技术要求的使用范围,仅限于新疆神火煤电有限公司煤电铝循环利用项目的订货,包括本体及其附属设备的功能设计、结构、性能、安装和试验等方面的技术要求。

本招标技术要求提出的仅是最低限度的技术要求,并未对一切技术细节做出规定,也未充分引述有关标准和规范的条件。

供方应保证提供符合本技术要求和相关工业标准的优质产品、参照工艺设计图制定出先进、可靠的技术方案供需方选择。

本要求涉及的制造要求及相关的技术标准,仅属于需方对供方提出的最低要求,供方应对本要求所涉及的产品安全及质量全面负责。

一、总的技术要求卖方的工作内容包括电解烟气净化及循环水系统、氧化铝超浓相输送系统、氧化铝储槽及输送系统仪表和PLC控制系统设备的设计成套、软件设计开发、试验(包括工厂试验、出厂试验)、提供相关图纸资料、包装、设备运输、现场开箱检查、现场指导及系统调试、参加联调试运行、系统验收以及对运行操作和维护人员的培训。

卖方应保证设备、文件和技术服务按技术要求的时间及内容进行。

1.控制要求:应满足,但不限于下列要求:1.1控制方式实现手动/自动转换控制;就地/远程转换控制;软件实现要考虑主体设备的备用问题。

1.2 工艺主要检测内容和控制要求工艺描述:电解槽产生的有害烟气,经密闭排烟罩集气后进入电解槽上部的排烟支管汇集到电解厂房两侧的排烟总管,然后进入袋式除尘器前部的反应器,在此与定量加入的新鲜氧化铝和循环氧化铝充分均匀混合后完成吸附反应,反应后的氧化铝进入袋式除尘器进行气固分离。

为保证吸咐效率,由布袋除尘器收集下来的载氟氧化铝一部分返回反应器中循环使用,另一部分送到电解生产系统使用。

经除尘器分离后干净气体由引风机送入烟囱排入大气。

电解烟气净化整套系统的控制,主要包括以下部分:(1)除尘器三种清灰方式(手动清灰、压差清灰、定时清灰)控制;(2)所有罗茨风机、高压离心风机出口压力检测;(3)除尘器新鲜、返回氧化铝断流检测;(4)新鲜和载氟氧化铝贮仓连续料位检测,动态显示并报警;(5)主排烟风机进风口负压、温度、电机温度检测;(6)除尘器出口管道粉尘在线监测并报警;(7)摄像实时监视;(8)除尘器进口总管压力和温度检测;(9)除尘器进出口电动阀、主排烟风机出口电动阀开闭角度检测及控制;(10)每台除尘器进出口管道压差检测;(11)所有风机控制室启动和停车;(12)所有风机附电机的电流值检测;(13)压缩空气进气点压力监测与报警;(14)新鲜氧化铝流量检测;(15)除尘器气包压力检测;(16)主排烟风机测震检测;每套电解烟气净化系统主要的工艺参数检测和控制要求有:◆1#∽3#主排烟风机进口温度控制室显示;◆除尘器烟道进口总管温度控制室显示;◆1#∽3#主排烟风机电机定子、电机轴承、风机轴承温度控制室显示,高限报警;◆1#∽3#主排烟风机进口压力控制室显示;◆1#∽3#主排烟风机循环冷却水断流报警;◆1#∽3#主排烟风机循环冷却水水箱液位、连锁;◆1#∽3#主排烟风机循环冷却水温度、压力、流量;◆1#∽3#主排烟风机循环冷却水冷却塔控制;(根据设备资料)◆除尘器烟气进口总管压力控制室显示;◆气提罗茨风机出口压力控制室显示;◆流化罗茨风机出口压力控制室显示;◆高压离心风机出口压力控制室显示;◆压缩空气储罐入口压力现场显示;◆压缩空气储罐出口压力控制室显示、下限报警;◆每台除尘器顶气包压力控制室显示;◆每台除尘器进出口压差控制室显示,控制;◆新鲜氧化铝流量控制室显示瞬时流量、累计流量;◆除尘器新鲜氧化铝溜槽、返回氧化铝溜槽断流报警;◆除尘器出口粉尘浓度控制室显示,高限报警;◆1#∽3#主排烟风机风门开度控制室显示,遥控;◆每套净化系统有27个袋式除尘器,每个袋式除尘器自带20个电磁脉冲阀,PLC控制系统对净化工艺流程进行监视与控制,除尘器采用三种吹扫方式:定时、差压、手动。

超文本传输协议工作原理

超文本传输协议工作原理

超文本传输协议工作原理超文本传输协议是互联网上应用最为广泛的一种网络协议,那么你对超文本传输协议了解多少呢?以下是由我整理关于什么是超文本传输协议的内容,希望大家喜欢!超文本传输协议的技术架构是一个客户端和服务器端请求和应答的标准(TCP)。

客户端是终端用户,服务器端是网站。

通过使用Web浏览器、网络爬虫或者其它的工具,客户端发起一个到服务器上指定端口(默认端口为80)的请求。

(我们称这个客户端)叫用户代理(user agent)。

应答的服务器上存储着(一些)资源,比如HTML文件和图像。

(我们称)这个应答服务器为源服务器(origin server)。

在用户代理和源服务器中间可能存在多个中间层,比如代理,网关,或者隧道(tunnels)。

尽管TCP/IP协议是互联网上最流行的应用,协议并没有规定必须使用它和(基于)它支持的层。

事实上,可以在任何其他互联网协议上,或者在其他网络上实现。

只假定(其下层协议提供)可靠的传输,任何能够提供这种保证的协议都可以被其使用。

通常,由客户端发起一个请求,建立一个到服务器指定端口(默认是80端口)的TCP连接。

服务器则在那个端口监听客户端发送过来的请求。

一旦收到请求,服务器(向客户端)发回一个状态行,比如"/1.1 200 OK",和(响应的)消息,消息的消息体可能是请求的文件、错误消息、或者其它一些信息。

使用TCP而不是UDP的原因在于(打开)一个网页必须传送很多数据,而TCP协议提供传输控制,按顺序组织数据,和错误纠正。

通过或者S协议请求的资源由统一资源标示符(Uniform Resource Identifiers)(或者,更准确一些,URLs)来标识。

超文本传输协议的功能协议(HyperText Transfer Protocol,超文本传输协议)是用于从WWW服务器传输超文本到本地浏览器的传输协议。

它可以使浏览器更加高效,使网络传输减少。

基于超混沌和AES的混合图像加密算法

基于超混沌和AES的混合图像加密算法

基于超混沌和AES的混合图像加密算法林愿;陈爱萍【摘要】提出一种新的基于混沌流密码和AES加密的混合加密算法,采用超混沌系统对图像信息进行混沌流密码加密,截取混沌系统产生的类随机数序列作为AES的初始密钥,进行AES加密.仿真结果表明,该算法比传统的AES具有更大的密钥空间,能增加穷举密钥攻击搜索分析来进行解密的难度,且明文密文对不再一一对应,大大增强了图像信息的保密性.【期刊名称】《湖南工程学院学报(自然科学版)》【年(卷),期】2016(026)002【总页数】5页(P6-9,43)【关键词】超混沌;流密码;AES;图像;混合加密【作者】林愿;陈爱萍【作者单位】湖南工程学院电气信息学院,湘潭411104;湖南工程学院电气信息学院,湘潭411104【正文语种】中文【中图分类】TP309.7随着网络技术的快速发展,信息安全显得尤为重要,针对广泛存在的图像信息,人们陆续提出了许多传统的加密算法,如 DES、AES 和RSA等,以保护图像的安全.这些传统的加密算法的主要优点在于:密钥空间设计技术成熟,容易评估其安全性.但是由于其明文密文对是一一对应的,攻击者能够根据这一点破译传统加密算法[1,2].近年来,随着混沌理论的迅速发展,混沌加密也因其在安全性、速度和复杂度等方面表现优越而得到了快速发展.然而由于存在有限精度效应,当用数字计算机实现单一混沌加密时,混沌的动力学特性将迅速退化.因而如果采用单一混沌系统加密,攻击者能从混沌轨道提取到有用信息,从而将密码破解[3].根据优势互补原则,人们尝试将常规加密和混沌加密两种加密方式结合起来以提高安全性,典型的有:基于混沌的对称密码体制;非对称密码体制;Hash函数构造算法.目前基于混沌的Hash函数构造算法研究得相对较多,但是提出的算法大多数都存在如下缺陷:密钥空间较小、适应性不够强、效率比较低、安全性比较弱等.而基于混沌的对称密码体制的研究相对比较少,典型的有晋建秀等人提出的采用Lorenz混沌系统和DES来实现混合图像加密[4].然而,AES比DES更优越,其密钥比DES强1024倍,而且加密效率也更高[5-7],本文提出了一种新的基于混沌流密码和AES 加密的混合图像加密算法,采用一个超混沌系统来实现混沌流密码加密,并截取混沌系统产生的类随机数序列作为AES的初始密钥进行AES加密,既保留了AES 作为常规加密算法的优良特性,又方便了密钥的产生和管理,充分利用两种加密系统的优点,经过混沌流密码加密和AES加密后,明文密文对不再唯一对应,从而提高了算法的安全性.本文提出的基于超混沌和AES的混合图像加密方案的原理框图如图1所示.本方案充分利用超混沌系统对初值和参数的敏感依赖性,将一个超混沌系统产生的混沌序列对图像信息进行混沌流密码加密,并选取合适的时间截取混沌序列作为AES的初始密钥,进一步对图像进行混沌AES加密.这么做的好处显而易见:增加了初始条件的参数量,从而使得穷举密钥攻击搜索分析的难度增加了,从而图像信息的保密性得以增强.方案中采用的超混沌系统用如下方程描述:其中a,b,c,d,k是控制参数,混沌动力系统研究指出,当a=36,b=3,c=28,d=-16,-0.7≤k≤0.7时系统处于超混沌,本文在Matlab7.8的环境下进行仿真.当a=36,b=3,c=28,d=-16和k=0.2时超混沌吸引子在x1-x3平面和x2-x3平面的相图如图2所示.经计算,系统存在两个正的Lyapunov指数:1.598756和0.016459,说明该系统是动力学特性比一般混沌系统更加复杂的超混沌系统.从安全性角度考虑,超混沌系统比低维混沌系统具有更加复杂的相空间,因此用它来设计加密系统能够获得比低维混沌系统更高的安全性.图像信息经混沌序列进行流密码加密后再进行AES加密,AES作为新的数据加密标准将被广泛应用于各领域中,具有强安全性、高性能、高效率等优点.但是AES 属于对称密钥密码体制,其解密密钥和加密密钥完全相同,需要通过安全的密钥信道由信息发送方将密钥传给信息接收方,这也成为AES算法的弱点.针对该问题,文献[2]采用AES和ECC(椭圆曲线公钥密码)混合加密来解决AES的密钥分配管理问题,但明文密文对一一对应的问题仍没能得以解决.本文详细研究了超混沌系统方程,利用Runge-kutta算法将超混沌系统迭代N0次,并选取合适的时间截取混沌系统产生的类随机数序列中的128位,作为AES加密算法的会话密钥Key,方便了密钥的产生和管理,加强了算法的安全性.本文提出的混合加密算法的主要步骤如下:(1) 给定4阶混沌系统的参数,并给定四个初始值x10,x20,x30和x40.(2) 利用Runge-kutta算法将超混沌系统迭代N0次,为了防止过渡效应,对给定系统,迭代系统N0可能与初始条件及系统参数有关.本文将丢弃前N0=300次迭代产生的数据,然后利用超混沌系统产生的随机序列x1i,x2i,x3i和x4i计算1/2+λ]mod256,其中c=4000,λ=255,round表示取整数.混沌流密码加密是将xj与原始图像信息p逐位异或,得到密文c,c=p⊕xj;(3) 截取xj序列的128位作为AES的初始密钥,对c进行AES加密得到密文d;(4) 将密文d经信道传输,接收端收到信号=d;(5) 接收端首先对进行解密,在解密密钥ey下解密得到解密密文;(6)经解密秘钥xj解密得到明文.在此方案中,由于前级混沌流密码加密的密钥是类随机数序列,因而其输出c是随机变化的,故不存在唯一对应的明文密文对.这样,本文提出的混合加密算法在原理上是不可击破的,其安全性能容易评估,不存在比穷举搜索更有效的攻击方法. 实验选取256*256的Lena灰度图作为原始图像,在Matlab7.8平台下进行仿真实验,仿真结果如图3所示,其中图3(a)表示原始图像;图3(b)表示加密图像;图3(c)表示解密图像;图3(d)表示密钥错误的解密图像.3.1 密钥敏感性分析我们将超混沌系统的初始值之一x10分别用正确的初始值x10=0.1和有细微不同的初始值x10=0.1+10-15对图像进行解密,以便测试该混合加密算法对密钥的敏感性,分别得到图3(c)和图3(d).可见虽然x10只有微小的差异,也导致解密的完全失败,可见该算法对密钥有极高的敏感性,其密钥空间至少为1015,本算法采用的是4阶的超混沌系统,有四个初始值x10,x20,x30和x40和一个系统参数k 作为基本密钥,算法密钥的变化空间可达到1075,远远超过AES的密钥空间2128,且AES加密时采用的初始密钥是从混沌序列中截取128位类随机数作为初始密钥,截取时间段不同密钥就不同,这进一步扩大了密钥空间,增加了穷举密钥攻击搜索分析来进行解密的难度.(1)灰度分布直方图从图4可知,加密前后图像的直方图是完全不同的,加密后的图像直方图变得非常的均匀,表明密文的像素值基本上是在[0-255]范围内等概率的取值,均匀分布于整个密文空间,说明加密算法能有效的防止统计攻击.(2)相关性分析原始图像中各个像素相关性很大,这说明相邻区域中的灰度值相差不大,冗余度很大,减小图像相邻像素的相关性是图像加密的目标之一.显然,相关性越小,说明图像加密安全性越高,加密效果越好.图5所示分别为原始图像和加密后的图像的相邻像素在各个方向的相关性.为了定量分析像素相关性,还可以通过计算整副图像的像素相关系数ρxy,计算公式如下:公式中的x和y分别代表图像中的两个相邻像素点的像素值,ρxy表示两个相邻像素点的相关系数,加密前后的图像相邻像素之间按水平、垂直和对角3个方向,根据式(5)计算所得的相关系数分别列于表1所示.由表1可见,原始图像的相邻像素高度相关,相关系数接近于1.而加密图像的相邻像素相关性很小,其中混合加密后的图像相邻像素相关性比单级AES加密相比更小、更接近于0,这说明原始图像的统计相关性已经被扩散到混合加密后的密文图像中了,验证了该算法的正确性.本文提出了一种新的基于超混沌和AES的混合图像加密算法,仿真实验结果表明,该算法密钥空间大,有极强的密钥敏感性和较好的统计特性,能显著增加穷举密钥攻击搜索分析来进行解密的难度.图像信息经过混沌流密码加密和AES加密后,明文密文对不再唯一对应,大大增强了加密算法的安全性.。

IEEE P1901协议

IEEE P1901协议

IEEE P1901Draft Standard for Broadband over Power Line Networks: Medium Access Control and Physical Layer Specifications PUA and UPA contributionto IEEE 1901 call for submission on BPL access requirementsFunctional and Technical RequirementsDate: 2006-02-07Author(s):Name Company AddressPhone email 1, avenue du Général de Gaulle + 33 1 41 33 95 1492141 Clamart Cedex laurent.feltin@ed ev-cpl.frLaurent FeltinEDEV CPL TechnologieFRANCEjean-philippe_faure@fJean-PhilippeFaure 59, Chemin du vieux chêne, F38240 Meylan, France +33 (0)4 76 60 5956IlevoBrian Donnelly 789 West Pender Street, Suite 670, Vancouver, BC CanadaV6C 1H2Brian.donnelly@ UPA +1 778 371 7697Serafin Arroyo Guerrero C/ Charles R. Darwin, 2 Parque Tecnologico, 46980 Paterna (Valencia) SPAIN serafin.arroyo@d s2.esDS2 +34 9613660041, avenue du Général de Gaulle 92141 Clamart Cedex EDEV CPL Technologieeric.perrier@edev-cpl.fr Eric Perrier+33 1 41 33 95 11FRANCEAscom (Switzerland) Ltd.Belpstrasse 37 CH-3000 Berne 14 SwitzerlandManu.Sharma@a scom.ch Manu Sharma Ascom +41 31 999 11 11 rrao@ambientcor 79 Chapel Street, Newton, MA 02458 +1.617.519.5800 Ram Rao Ambient Avenida San Adrián 48Inigo Berganzaiberganza@iberd rola.es+34 915776500IBERDROLA S.A.48003 Bilbao SPAINAbstractThis document is a common contribution from the PUA and the Universal Powerline Association (UPA) to the IEEE 1901 call for submission on the functional and technical requirements for BPL networks, Medium Access Control and Physical Layers.It is focused on the requirements for public BPL Access networks.TABLE OF CONTENTS1INTRODUCTION 52OVERVIEW OF THE DIFFERENT TYPES OF BPL ACCESS NETWORKS 63FUNCTIONAL REQUIREMENTS 73.1G ENERAL LIST OF REQUIREMENTS73.2S CENARIOS FOR REQUIRED FUNCTIONAL PERFORMANCE OF DIFFERENT TYPES OFBPL ACCESS NETWORKS93.2.1BPL access networks in high density areas – Multi-MDUs 93.2.1.1Services for end users (10)3.2.1.1.1Scenario 1: (10)3.2.1.1.2Scenario 2: (11)3.2.1.2Services for utilities and communities (12)3.2.2BPL access networks in low density areas 133.2.2.1Services for end users (13)3.2.2.1.1Scenario 3 (13)3.2.2.1.2Scenario 4 (14)3.2.2.2Services for utilities and communities (15)3.2.3BPL access networks - Single MDUs 153.2.3.1.1Scenario 5 (16)3.2.3.2Services for utilities and communities (17)4TOPOLOGIES AND DEPLOYMENT POLICIES 184.1I N HIGH DENSITY AREAS - S EVERAL MDU S SHARING A BACKBONE CONNECTION184.1.1LV Topology in high density areas 184.1.1.1LV-A type topology (18)4.1.1.2LV deployment policy (19)4.1.2MV Topologies in high density areas 194.1.2.1MV parallel structure (19)4.1.2.2MV serial structure (22)4.1.2.3MV deployment policy (22)4.2I N LOW DENSITY AREAS 274.2.1LV Topologies in low density areas 274.2.1.1LV-B1 type topology (“Off-centered burg”): (27)4.2.1.2LV BPL deployment policy for LV-B1 type topology (27)4.2.1.3LV Topology LV-B2 type (“Burg”) (27)4.2.1.4LV BPL deployment policy for LV-B2 type topology (28)4.2.1.5LV Topology LV-B3 type (“Burg center”) (29)4.2.1.6LV BPL deployment policy for LV-B3 type topology (29)4.2.2MV topologies in low density areas 294.2.2.1MV serial structure: (29)4.2.2.2MV antenna structure: (30)4.2.2.3MV deployment policy (31)4.3I N SINGLE MDU S 314.3.1LV topologies in single MDUs 314.3.1.1LV-C1 type topology (buildings with one riser) (31)4.3.1.2LV BPL deployment policy for LV-C1 type topology (31)4.3.1.3LV-C2 type topology (buildings with several risers) (32)4.3.1.4LV BPL deployment policy for LV-C2 type topology (32)5PHY & MAC TECHNICAL REQUIREMENTS 33 5.1G ENERIC REQUIREMENTS 345.1.1Requirements for a seamless integration in an end-to-end telecominfrastructure 345.1.2Requirements for coverage (and robustness) 345.1.3Requirements for an efficient use of the resources 355.1.4Requirements for repetition 365.1.5Security requirements 375.1.6EMC requirements 375.2R EQUIRED P ERFORMANCE OF D IFFERENT TYPES OF BPL ACCESS NETWORKS 395.2.1BPL access networks in high density areas - Several MDUs sharing abackbone connection 395.2.1.1LV network capacity (39)5.2.1.2MV network capacity (39)5.2.2BPL access networks in low density areas 405.2.2.1LV network capacity (40)5.2.2.2MV network capacity (40)5.2.3BPL access networks - Single MDUs with their own backbone connection405.2.3.1LV network capacity (40)1 IntroductionThis document is a common contribution from the PUA and the UPA to the IEEE 1901 call for submission on the functional and technical requirements for BPL networks, Medium Access Control and Physical Layers.It is focused on the requirements for public BPL access networks.PUA provided its view of requirements for the European markets. UPA defined complementary requirements for markets worldwide.Chapter 2 presents an overview of the different types of BPL access networks worldwide.Chapter 3 lists the functional requirements that should be fulfilled.Chapter 4 recaps the topologies and BPL deployment policies which are referred to.Chapter 5 details the associated technical requirements.2 Overview of the different types of BPL access networks Three main types of BPL access networks are identified:• In high density areas with many multi-dwelling units (MDUs), BPL access networks can serve to share a common backbone connection between several MDUs fed by the same LV electricity grid. In this configuration, BPL access networks can be a valuable alternative to DSL local loop. These BPL access networks can be LV networks or combined MV and LV networks.• In low-density areas where no broadband Internet access is available due to the technical limitations of xDSL and other technologies, BPL access networks can be used to easily distribute a high-speed connection to the customers’ premise. These BPL access networks can be LV networks or combined MV and LV networks.• In single multi-dwelling units, BPL access networks can be used to share a common high-speed connection between several customers inside the MDU. In this configuration, BPL access networks can be a cost-effective alternative to other wired solutions and a reliable and efficient alternative to wireless solutions.These BPL access networks are LV networks only.It is always assumed that there is only one BPL access operator deploying its equipment in the same LV electricity grid. BPL access networks may be combined with other telecom networks3 Functional requirements3.1 General list of requirementsBPL access networks shall:• Be able to support the following applications:Services to end userso Provide high quality Internet access supporting at least the following applications:Web browsingDownloading of large files including movies or audio filesUploading of large files including multiple high resolution pictures or videos or anyother attached files in e-mails, especially for SOHO applicationso Support optional data-delivery services, including:Guaranteed low latency connections, (e.g. for gaming applications)Guaranteed bandwidth for commercial userso Support high-end VoIP services, including:Support one or more VoIP lines per subscriber (especially because of the uses arisingfrom fixed-mobile convergence)Provide a quality of VoIP communications equal to the current VoIP quality fromother access technologies (e.g. Cable, xDSL)o Support high-end audio-video streaming (depending on topology, as specified in the next sections), including:VideoconferencingVideosurveillanceIP TVVideo on Demando Support remote home control services, including:Home automationHome securityHealth care servicesServices for utilitieso Support the complete set of core utility applications including:Automatic meter reading / tariffs broadcast / remote connect/disconnect/Time of UseSub-station automation for energy applications such as load management, outagemanagement, asset managementGridwise applications (refer to U.S DoE program)Services for communitiesPoints of Information / SalesVideosurveillanceConnectivity to wireless hot spotsTraffic lightning monitoring and controlPublic lightning• Be designed to allow a fast reboot of CPEs• Be designed to support the required applications with sufficient electrical outlets coverage inside the customers’ premises• Be designed to support the required applications in the presence of other BPL networks running independently from the BPL access operator (coexistence with other BPL networks such as In Home networks)• Be designed to guarantee continuity of service:o Despite the time variations of the BPL channelo Despite the failure of a LV repeater if another LV repeater is available to serve as a backupo Provide a fast reboot of the BPL access network upon power outage or operator command • Be designed to optimize the use of the available resources (time, frequency).• Be designed to provide QoS mechanisms to meet application-based requirements for bandwidth, latency, loss and jitter• Guarantee the privacy of communications providing the same level of security as networks operated on close media including:o Guaranteeing security to and from customer’s deviceso Restricting access to infrastructure units• Allow the implementation of an open wholesale model, which means :o allow several ISPs to provide their services (of any type) on the same public BPL access networko provide a standardized interface for the CPE to guarantee its interoperability with BPL access networks provided by different vendors (since CPEs may be managed by ISPs independentlyfrom the BPL access operator)o allow several backbone operators to be connected to the same access BPL network.• Be designed to allow a seamless integration in the existing infrastructure of telecom operators and with LANs interconnected to the CPEs,• Be based on low complexity designs:o the complexity of the BPL broadband CPE shall be similar to the complexity of other broadband modems (e.g. ADSL, cable) with the same characteristics (similar processors,similar amount of RAM / ROM, similar sizes),o the complexity of the infrastructure units, especially for the LV repeaters, shall be low,• Be based on interoperable LV repeaters provided by different manufacturers in order to increase competition and give BPL operators choices• Be designed to minimize the power consumption of BPL units (both CPE and infrastructure)• Be designed to minimize the number of infrastructure units• Be easy to install in the grid, which means:o Be based on simple BPL architectures which require a low engineering efforto Be based on small and fanless LV repeaters for an easy and discrete installationo Be scalable such that the BPL network can be expanded without redesigning the entire network• Be easy to operate which means:o Provide an automatic and optimized implementation of repetition on LV access BPL networkso Allow an easy provisioning and remote configuration of the networko Allow automatic reconfiguration of the access BPL network upon reboot.o Be designed to automatically detect and resolve interferences between units within the same access BPL networkso Be designed to automatically detect and resolve interferences between units between different access BPL networkso Allow implementation of flow-specific bandwidth limitations at the traffic entrance interfaces of the BPL access networkso Allow a flexible implementation of congestion management policieso Be easily upgradeable to increase the capacity of the network in function of the number of connected customers or in function of the evolutions in the offered services.• Fulfill the following EMC requirements:o Be compliant with the in-force EMC regulation,o Provide an efficient and remotely programmable mechanism for notching specific frequencies if required.o Allow for remotely programmable power output levels such that varying EMC regulations can be met with the same equipmento Minimize the EMC radiations when there is no transmitted data traffic • Be based on an architecture where, optionally, electricity meters would serve as LV repeaters and would be then the core of the BPL access infrastructure.3.2 Scenarios for required functional performance of different typesof BPL access networksThe required applications, and the related expected performance, are detailed for different types of BPL access networks. For each type, the most common topology(ies) of the electricity grid(s) is(are) also specified as well as the associated BPL deployment policy(ies).3.2.1 BPL access networks in high density areas – Multi-MDUsMost often, the BPL access network is deployed only on LV electricity grids. Several MDUs share the same backbone connection through the BPL access network3.2.1.1 Services for end users3.2.1.1.1 Scenario 1:Illumination Application Service Expected performanceS i z i n g p o l i c yM a x P e n e t r a t i o n r a t e% o f o u t l e t s i n p r e m i s e s% o f p r e m i s e sR e q u i r e dInternet accessBest Effort Yes 99% 85% 25%100kb ps DS Sold for “Up to”: - 5 Mbit/s downstream - 1 Mbit/s upstream20kbps USMin bandwidth:o1Mbps downstream o 512kbps upstreamMax end-to-end latency when no congestion: <=100ms Internet accessGuaranteed latency (e.g gaming)Yes 99% 85% N/AGuaranteed latency at bandwidths of up to:- 0.1 Mbit/s downstream - 0.1 Mbit/s upstreamMax end to end latency<=15 msInternet access Guaranteed Bandwidth NoN/AVoIPYes 99% 50% 40% 0.1 Erlang Max end to end latency<=50ms (jitter included)Max error rate <= 1%audio-video streamingAudio No audio-video streaming Video No Home control Home automation Yes 99% 99% N/A Home control Home security Yes 99% 99% N/A Home controlHealth care Yes 99% 99% N/A Table 1: Scenario 1: Services for end users (high density areas)3.2.1.1.2 Scenario 2:Illumination Application Service Expected performanceS i z i n g p o l i c yM a x P e n e t r a t i o n r a t e% o f o u t l e t s i n p r e m i s e s% o f p r e m i s e sR e q u i r e dInternet accessBest Effort Yes 90% 85%Sold for “Up to”:15%200kbps DS- 20 Mbit/s downstream - 20 Mbit/s upstream 100kbps USMin bandwidth- 1 Mbit/s downstream -1 Mbit/s upstreamInternet accessYes85%Guaranteed latency at Guaranteed latency (e.g gaming)90%5%bandwidths of up to: - 0.1 Mbit/s downstream - 0.1 Mbit/s upstreamMax end to end latency<=15 msInternet access Guaranteed Bandwidth Yes2 Mbps DS Guaranteed bandwidth:90% 60% 2% 2 Mbps US from 2 Mbps to 5 Mbps VoIPYes40% 0.1 Erlang Max end to end latency<=50ms (jitter included) 90% 85%Max error rate <= 1%audio-video streamingAudio 90% 85%15% 0.5 streams percustomer1 or2 streams of Hi-Fi qualityYes audio-video streaming Video 90% 85% 5% 0.3 streams percustomer1 or2 streams of STD qualityYes Homecontrol Homeautomation Yes 99% 99% Based on internet services. Noextra performance requirements.Home control Home security Yes 99% 99% Based on internet services. Noextra performance requirements.Home control Health careYes 99%99%Service availability > 99.999 % onspecific periods of timeTable 2: Scenario 2: Services for end users (high density areas)3.2.1.2 Services for utilities and communitiesApplication ServiceIllumination Expected performanceR e q u i r e dCore utility applications automaticmeterreading/ tariffs broadcast / remote connect / disconnectYes 100% of premises Bi-directional low data rate.Core utility applications distribution automationYes 100% of MV/LVtransformer stations Bi-directional low data rate. Services for communities Points of Information/SalesYesServices for communities Videosurveil lanceYes Services for communities Connectivity to wirelesshot spotsYesTable 3: Services for utilities and communities (high density areas)3.2.2 BPL access networks in low density areasMost often, the BPL access networks are deployed both on MV and LV electricity grids.3.2.2.1 Services for end users3.2.2.1.1 Scenario 3IlluminationApplication ServiceExpected performanceS i z i n g p o l i c yM a x P e n e t r a t i o n r a t e% o f o u t l e t s i n p r e m i s e s% o f p r e m i s e sR e q u i r e dInternet accessBest Effort Yes 90% 50% 60%70 kbps DS 35kbps USSold for “Up to”: - 2 Mbit/s downstream - 1 Mbit/s upstream Min bandwidtho 512kbps downstream o 512kbps upstream Max end-to-end latency whenno congestion: <=150 msInternet accessGuaranteed latency (e.g gaming)Yes 90% 50% N/AGuaranteed latency at bandwidths of up to: - 0.1 Mbit/s downstream - 0.1 Mbit/s upstreamMax end to end latency<=30 msInternet access Guaranteed Bandwidth Yes 90% 50% N/AGuaranteed bandwidth:from 128kbps to 2 MbpsVoIPYes 90% 50% 60% 0.1 Erlang Max end to end latency<=100ms (jitter included)Max error rate <= 1%audio-video streamingAudio No audio-video streaming Video No Home control Home automation Yes 90% 99% N/A Home control Home security Yes 90% 99% N/A Home control Health care Yes 90% 99% N/ATable 4: Scenario 3: Services for end users (low density areas)3.2.2.1.2 Scenario 4Illumination Application Service Expected performanceS i z i n g p o l i c yM a x P e n e t r a t i o n r a t e% o f o u t l e t s i n p r e m i s e s% o f p r e m i s e sR e q u i r e dInternet accessBest Effort Yes 90% 60% 50%200kbps DS100kbps USSold for “Up to”:- 20 Mbit/s downstream - 20 Mbit/s upstream Min bandwidtho 1Mbps downstream o 1Mbps upstreamInternetaccessGuaranteed latency (e.g gaming)Yes 90% 60% 20%Guaranteed latency at bandwidths of up to: - 0.1 Mbit/s downstream - 0.1 Mbit/s upstreamMax end to endlatency <=15 msInternet accessGuaranteedBandwidthYes 90% 60% 2%2 MbpsDSGuaranteedbandwidth:2 MbpsUSfrom 1Mbps to 5 MbpsVoIP Yes 90% 60% 50% .1 Erlang Max end to endlatency <=100ms (jitter included)Max error rate <= 1%audio-video streaming Audio Yes 90% 60% 15% 0.5 streamspercustomer1 or2 streams of Hi-Fi quality audio-video streaming Video Yes 90% 60% 5% 0.3 streamspercustomer1 or2 streams of STD quality Home control Home automation Yes 90% 99% Based on internet services. No extra performancerequirements.Home control Home security Yes 90% 99% Based on internet services. No extra performancerequirements.Home control Health care Yes 90% 99% Service availability > 99.999 % on specific periods of timeTable 5: Scenario 4: Services for end users (low density areas)3.2.2.2 Services for utilities and communitiesApplication ServiceIllumination Expected performanceR e q u i r e dCore utility applications automaticmeterreading/ tariffs broadcast / remote connect / disconnectYes 100% ofpremisesBi-directional low data rate.Core utility applications distribution automationYes100% of MV/LV transformer stationsBi-directional low data rate. Services for communities Points of Information/SalesYesServices for communities Videosurveil lanceYes Services for communities Connectivity to wirelesshot spotsYesTable 6: Services for utilities and communities (low density areas)3.2.3 BPL access networks - Single MDUsThe BPL access network is deployed only on the LV electricity grid. Each MDUs is connected to its own backbone connection.Services for end users3.2.3.1.1 Scenario 5Illumination Application Service Expected performanceS i z i n g p o l i c yM a x P e n e t r a t i o n r a t e% o f o u t l e t s i n p r e m i s e s% o f p r e m i s e sR e q u i r e dInternet accessBest Effort Yes 99%95% 30%200kbps DS100kbps USSold for “Up to”:- 20 Mbit/s downstream - 20 Mbit/s upstream Min bandwidtho 1Mbps downstream o 1Mbps upstreamInternetaccessGuaranteed latency (e.g gaming)Yes 99% 95% 10%Guaranteed latency at bandwidths of up to: - 0.1 Mbit/s downstream - 0.1 Mbit/s upstreamMax end to endlatency <=15 msInternet accessGuaranteedBandwidthYes 99% 95% 10%2 MbpsDSGuaranteedbandwidth:2 MbpsUSfrom 1Mbps to 5 MbpsVoIP Yes 99% 95% 50% .1 Erlang Max end to endlatency <=100ms (jitter included)Max error rate <= 1%audio-video streaming Audio Yes 99% 95% 30% 0.5 streamspercustomer1 or2 streams of Hi-Fi quality audio-video streaming Video Yes 99% 95% 30% 0.3 streamspercustomer1 or2 streams of STD quality Home control Home automation Yes 99% 99% Based on internet services. No extra performancerequirements.Home control Home security Yes 99% 99% Based on internet services. No extra performancerequirements.Home control Health care Yes 99% 99% Service availability > 99.999 % on specific periods of timeTable 7: Scenario 5: Services for end users (single MDUs)3.2.3.2 Services for utilities and communitiesApplication ServiceIllumination Expected performanceR e q u i r e dCore utility applications automaticmeterreading/ tariffs broadcast / remote connect / disconnectYes 100% of premises Bi-directional low data rate.Core utility applications distribution automationYes 100% of MV/LVtransformer stations Bi-directional low data rate. Services for communities Points of Information/SalesYesServices for communities Videosurveil lanceYes Services for communities Connectivity to wirelesshot spotsYesTable 8: Services for utilities and communities (single MDUs)4 Topologies and deployment policiesNote: In the table below we distinguish the feeder as being either a linear structure or a tree structure. Linear feeders include no derivations whereas tree feeders include several derivations along their path. 4.1 In high density areas - Several MDUs sharing a backboneconnection4.1.1 LV Topology in high density areas4.1.1.1 LV-A type topologyMin 95 % Max Average Comment Type of MV/LV substation Technical Premise Type of MV network Parallel or serial structure (seeMV topology section). MVnetwork is undergroundConnection cables to the MVnetwork can include one or 3phasesNumber of MV/LV transformers 1 3 1,2Number of LV feeders per3 8 6transformerType of LV cables UndergroundFeeders’topology Most often linear (rarely treestructure)Type of customers’ connections Buildings: risers (very few meterrooms) or meter rooms2 12 6Length of the customers’connectionsLength of the LV feeders (m) 10 200 120Number of households 50 450 250Table 9: Topology LV- A type for high density areas4.1.1.2 LV deployment policyMin 95 % Max Average CommentLV HE 1 3 1,2 In the cabinet1 5 3Number of LV repeaters / LVfeederNumber of LV repeaters per3 25 13substationTable 10: Deployment policy for LV-A type (high density)4.1.2 MV Topologies in high density areas4.1.2.1 MV parallel structureSubstations are interconnected in double derivation with a service cable and a backup cableThis topology only exists in dense areas.The MV / LV substations are connected to 2 cables (see Error! Reference source not found.) :- one of them acts as “service cable” (breaker on),- the other one acts as “backup cable” (breaker off).Figure 1: Standard MV cluster in a parallel structure topologyIn most cases, the network has a linear structure. However, it often also includes star points or derivations (possibly several, cascaded) as presented in Error! Reference source not found.Figure 2: Standard MV cluster in a mixed (linear and star) parallel structure topologyIn some areas, the network’s configuration becomes more complex with more than 2 cables serving as “service” or “backup” cable for the MV / LV substations (see Error! Reference source not found.).Figure 3: Standard MV cluster in a 4-cable parallel structure (2 cables serving as “service MVfeeders” and 2 other ones serving as “backup”)Key figures are :• number of MV/LV transformers on a MV cable : 20 (it may vary from 4 to 30). Different MV cells (each of it with different MV/LV substations) can be established on one same MV cable,• distance between two LV transformers on a MV cable : 80 to 400 meters.Typical MV BPL system’s configuration for the parallel structure topology is the same as for the serial structure topology (see below) .4.1.2.2 MV serial structureSubstations are interconnected through a single cableIn most cases, the network has a linear structure. However, it may also include star points.Figure 4: Standard MV cluster in a serial structure topologyKeys figures are :• number of MV/LV transformers on a MV cable : 20 (it may vary from 4 to 30). Different MV cells (each of it with different MV/LV substations) can be established along the MV cable,• distance between two LV transformers on a MV cable : 80 to 400 meters4.1.2.3 MV deployment policyTypical MV BPL system’s configuration is (one MV modem is installed in each substation) :Mean3 to 4Number of MV/LV substationsin a MV cell4 MV cells structures can be envisaged :- First case : A typical case of MV BPL cell structure. The different colors indicate traffic coming from different LV BPL cellsFigure 5: Typical MV BPL cell structure.- Second case : Another typical case of MV BPL cell structure. The different colors indicate traffic coming fromFigure 6: Another typical case of MV BPL cell structure.- third case : A typical case of MV PLC cell structure in a “full ring topology”. The different colors indicate traffic coming from different LV BPL cellsFigure 7: MV BPL “full ring topology”- fourth case :A typical case of MV BPL cell structure in an “partial ring topology”. The traffic between a LV cell and the backbone may take different paths depending on the quality of the BPL linkFigure 8: MV BPL partial ring topologyNote : In the above 4 cases for high density urban areas the average number of households per MV/LV substation was considered to be 250. The case where one of the LV substations feeds 450 households will also be considered.4.2 In low density areas4.2.1 LV Topologies in low density areas4.2.1.1 LV-B1 type topology (“Off-centered burg”):Min 95 % Max Average Comment Type of MV/LV substation On pole transformer Type of MV network Antenna topology (Bare overheadlines)Number of LV feeders 1 2 2Type of LV cables Most are aerial (mainly twisted)Feeders’ topology Linear or tree structure.Type of customers’ connections - Individual connections (nostreet cabinet / no building)- 3 phases + neutral connectionsin most cases Length of the customers’connections5 50 15Length of the LV feeders (m) 50 700 300Number of households 1 35 154.2.1.2 LV BPL deployment policy for LV-B1 type topologyMin 95 % Max Average CommentLVHE 1 1 1Onthetransformer’spoleNumber of LV repeaters / LVfeeder 1 Linear:4Tree: 62 to 3Number of LV repeaters persubstation1 10 5 4.2.1.3 LV Topology LV-B2 type (“Burg”)。

【网络通信】rs信号超长距离通讯解决方案

【网络通信】rs信号超长距离通讯解决方案

RS485信号超长距离通讯解决方案1:解决方案简介:RS-422、RS-485与RS-232不一样,数据信号采用差分传输方式,也称作平衡传输,它使用一对双绞线,将其中一线定义为A,另一线定义为B。

通常情况下,发送驱动器A、B之间的正电平在+2~+6V,是一个逻辑状态,负电平在-2V~6V,是另一个逻辑状态。

另有一个信号地C,在RS-485中还有一“使能”端,而在RS-422中这是可用可不用的。

“使能”端是用于控制发送驱动器与传输线的切断与连接。

当“使能”端起作用时,发送驱动器处于高阻状态,称作“第三态”,即它是有别于逻辑“1”与“0”的第三态。

由于RS-485是从RS-422基础上发展而来的,所以RS-485许多电气规定与RS-422相仿。

如都采用平衡传输方式、都需要在传输线上接终接电阻等。

RS-485可以采用二线与四线方式,二线制可实现真正的多点双向通信。

RS-485总线,在要求通信距离为几十米到上千米时,广泛采用RS-485串行总线标准。

RS-485采用平衡发送和差分接收,因此具有抑制共模干扰的能力。

加上总线收发器具有高灵敏度,能检测低至200mV 的电压,故传输信号能在千米以外得到恢复。

RS-485采用半双工工作方式,任何时候只能有一点处于发送状态,因此,发送电路须由使能信号加以控制。

RS-485用于多点互连时非常方便,可以省掉许多信号线。

应用RS-485可以联网构成分布式系统,其允许最多并联32台驱动器和32台接收器。

RS-485与RS-422的不同还在于其共模输出电压是不同的,RS-485是-7V至+12V之间,而RS-422在-7V至+7V之间;RS-485满足所有RS-422的规范,所以RS-485的驱动器可以用在RS-422网络中应用。

RS-485与RS-422一样,其最大传输距离约为1219米,最大传输速率为10Mbps。

平衡双绞线的长度与传输速率成反比,在100Kbps速率以下,才可能使用规定最长的电缆长度。

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新疆神火煤电400KA高效节能铝合金项目技术协议氧化铝超浓相输送系统技术协议需方(买方):新疆神火煤电有限公司供方(卖方):沈阳城顺达工业技术有限公司供、需双方就新疆神火煤电有限公司400kA电解槽氧化铝超浓相输送系统所涉及的结构、功能、设备设计所需的技术参数、设备配置、工作环境等具体内容, 经过认真细致的讨论协商,达成本技术协议。

本技术协议作为商务合同的附件,与商务合同具有同等法律效力。

1、本技术协议适用于新疆神火煤电有限公司800kt/a铝合金项目超浓相输送系统,它提出了该设备的功能、性能、材料等方面的技术要求及相关的伴随服务;2、本技术协议并未对一切技术细节做出规定,卖方应提供符合本技术说明部分的技术条件和满足买方使用要求的优质产品;3、本技术协议并未列出适用的全部标准,如相关技术标准与卖方所执行的标准不一致时,按较高标准执行。

二、工艺描述1、工程概况新疆神火煤电有限公司 800kt/a铝合金项目超浓相输送系统的功能是将载氟氧化铝(净化系统检修时为新鲜氧化铝)送入每台电解槽槽上氧化铝料箱。

本系统设计有3套独立的超浓相输送系统,每套系统负责112台电解槽供料任务。

每套系统配有四套主输送溜槽、一套供风系统和每台电解槽的加料系统。

3套系统每天可同时或单独向电解槽上料箱供料,系统每套主输送溜槽末端下料管设有料位计指示加料状态,每套系统共有4个下料管设有料位计。

本系统还设计有4套独立的天车加料系统,每套天车加料系统包括两套子系统,一套的任务是将破碎后的电解质通过溜槽及天车加料器输送到电解多功能机组上的阳极覆盖料料箱中,另一套的任务是将氧化铝通过溜槽及天车加料器输送到电解多功能机组上的阳极覆盖料料箱中生产规模系列电流强度400kA设计年产原铝40 万吨系列安装电解槽数 336 台2、基本功能2.1 氧化铝由载氟氧化铝贮槽到电解槽上料箱的自动加料;2.2 为电解多功能机组料箱加料;2.3 满足整个超浓相输送系统功能需要的集中控制系统。

3、现场总体条件3.1 自然条件极限最高气温:45 °C极限最低气温:-49.8 C年平均气温度:7.5 C年平均相对湿度: 57% 年平均大气压:93100hPa地震烈度为:本地区地震活动水平较低,历史上未发生过 5 级以上地震,3.2 运行环境环境空气中含有氧化铝粉尘、氟化铝粉尘、炭粒粉尘、氟化氢气体、沥青烟等有害气体。

供电电源 AC380V ± 10% 50Hz± 0.5Hz (三相四线制)压缩空气> 0.6MPa电源和气源由甲方接至设备指定位置。

3.3 技术条件电解车间厂房长度1172.800m电解车间厂房跨度30.000m两栋电解厂房间距55.000m电解车间厂房地坪标高± 0.000m厂房外输送溜槽安装平台标高11.500m氧化铝贮槽内径 12.000m氧化铝贮槽地坪标高3.4 电解槽 电流强度4、工作制度全年365天,每天平均加料 2〜3次,每次运行2〜3小时主要技术要求1 、卖方所提供的产品应完全满足沈阳铝镁设计研究院设计的新疆神火煤电 有限公司 800kt/a 铝合金项目电解工艺和技术性能要求。

2、 卖方提供的产品必须是全新的,质量是卖方最佳产品,且要保证安全、 稳定、可靠、长周期运行。

3、 卖方对所提供的产品的质量、性能完全负责。

4、 同时应满足以下技术要求: 4.1 高效全封闭供料;4.2 每套主溜槽带除渣箱,共 4 台,分离对铝品位有影响杂质; 4.3 自成独立系统,独立于净化系统运行; 4.4 超浓相输送系统主溜槽始末端高差 700mm ; 4.5 余风排放达标; 4.6 整个系统不得漏风漏料;4.7与电解槽连接的部位绝缘不小于 1MQ ; 4.8 系统应能手动、全自动控制;4.9 系统配置的仓顶收料装置的选型应和沈阳铝镁设计研究院进一步联络 后确定, 应保证除尘效果, 无任何不正常情况发生, 对贮槽本体不能造成任何损 害;4.10 系统应配置除渣箱,应保证除杂效果;氧化铝贮槽最顶标高33.000m±0.000m电解槽操作平面标高 3.500m 电解槽间距6.400m电解槽中心距烟道侧厂房轴线 12.500m400kA5、每套超浓相系统的输送总能力 > 100t/h4.11 每节风动溜槽气室设两个清灰口,以便清理气室内积尘;4.12 电解槽加料系统中风动溜槽上要求自带排风,最高点高度不得高于电解槽最高点;要求每台电解槽槽上风动溜槽上对应安装1台特种控制阀,并设独立风管为槽上溜槽供风;4.13风动溜槽要求采用3mm厚钢板制作,透气板采用6mm厚五层帆布板制32作,透气率为1.2〜1.5m /m .min ;4.14平衡料柱中滤料要求采用 450〜500g/m3针刺滤气毡制作;4.15天车加料器行程要求不小于100mm保证加料时与天车进料口压严,无漏风、漏料现象出现。

5、卖方提供的零、部件、易损备品备件应有良好的互换性,材质和质量应与图纸规定相一致。

四技术参数1 、单台仓顶收料装置(S-4)1.1进风口尺寸:5000 x 2500mm1.2 处理风量 : >6000nVh1.3 过滤面积:> 300 m21.4 过滤效率:99.8%1.5 阻力:1500 〜 2000Pa1.6 清灰方式:脉冲清灰1.7 外形尺寸:5000 x 2500x 3200mm1.8 防雨要求:带防雨罩1.9 滤袋滤料类型:涤纶针刺毡1.10 设备自带控制仪。

2、仓顶收料装置( S-5)2.1 进风口尺寸:3600 x 2000mm2.2 处理风量:2000 3〜 3000 m3/h2.3 过滤面积:120 m2.4 过滤效率:99.8%2.5 阻力:1500 〜 2000Pa2.10设备自带控制仪 3、名称:输送溜槽从阳极覆盖料仓的电解质仓至天车加料器间的溜槽及设备溜槽规格B200X H486,设备有三联体、天车加料器、电磁阀、气动插板阀、 手动插板阀、沸腾装置等。

3.7从阳极覆盖料仓的氧化铝仓至天车加料器间的溜槽及设备溜槽规格B200X H486,设备有三联体、天车加料器、电磁阀、气动插板阀、 手动插板阀、沸腾装置等。

3.8输送溜槽包括:主输送溜槽(要求带视窗、快开孔等)、电解槽上输送 溜槽、平衡料柱、特种控制阀、天车加料器等。

3.9主输送溜槽布置: 始末端高差700mm4. 阀门&表面处理与涂漆6.1表面处理:在涂漆以前除尽零、部件表面氧化物及油污,达到表面处理2.6 清灰方式: 脉冲清灰2.7 外形尺寸: 3600X 2000 X 2600 伽2.8 防雨要求:带防雨罩 2.9 滤袋滤料类型: 涤纶针刺毡3.1 主溜槽单体输送能力: 40t/h 3.2 主输送溜槽规格: B200X H2863.3 电解槽上输送溜槽规格: © 165 3.4 材质: 热轧钢板 3.5 壁厚:> 3mm3.6国家标准;6.2底漆两遍;面漆一遍。

五、供货范围设备数量:壹套(与112台电解槽相配套的)氧化铝超浓相输送系统(含天车加料2套)所包含的设备,包括除渣箱溜槽、主溜槽、阀、槽上部输送溜槽、仓顶收尘装置及天车加料系统和新鲜氧化铝仓下出料口到冲板流量计前处的风动溜槽(此部分允许与设计有差异,但必须保证供料畅通)等,负责所供设备的安装和调试(不含与其配套的供风管路、支架的供货和安装)设备供货范围主要清单如下:(以图纸尺寸为准)六、技术资料及交付进度1、设备制造厂提供的技术资料包括(包括但不限于):a、提供设备安装、调试和试运的说明书以及组装、拆卸时所需的技术资料。

b、安装、运行、维护、检修所需的详细图纸和技术文件,包括设备总图、部件总图、分图和必要的零件图等。

c、设计、安装、运行、维护、检修说明书,包括结构特点、安装程序和工艺要求,调试大纲,运行操作规定和控制数据,定期校验和维护说明等。

d、供方应提供备品、配件总清单和易损零件图及发运和装箱的清单等。

e、详细的产品质量文件,包括材质、材料检验、焊接、热处理、加工质量、外形尺寸、性能检验等的证明。

f、对于其他没有列入合同的技术资料清单,确是工程所必须的文件和资料,一经发现,供方也应免费提供。

七、交货进度1、交货进度暂定为:2011年8月20日前交货,交货地点为需方施工现场。

2、安装进度:暂定为现场条件具备的情况下,20天内安装调试结束八、质量保证和承诺1、设备质量保证期为整套系统试运行 168小时移交生产后一年。

2、在质量保证期内供方对所供设备实行三包,出现质量问题,供方负责免费修理和更换,承担由此产生的经济损失;如不是供方质量原因造成的,供方负责维修,费用由需方承担。

3、如合同设备在保证期内发现属于供方责任的十分严重的缺陷(如设备性能达不到附件1要求等)则需方有权要求供方无条件进行更换。

九、技术服务和联络1、供方现场技术服务(1)、供方应负责所供设备的安装及调试工作,安装范围以所供设备为准。

(2)、供方安装调试进度应保证满足需方施工总体进度和工期的要求。

(3)、供方现场安装人员应具有下列资质:a、遵纪守法,遵守现场的各项规章和制度;b、有较强的责任心和事业心,按时到位;c、了解合同设备的设计,熟悉其结构,有较丰富的现场安装工作经验。

d、身体健康,适应现场工作条件。

(4)、供方应向需方提供其所派现场安装主要管理及技术人员的详细情况。

(5)、供方须及时更换不合格的现场安装施工人员。

(6)、供方现场安装代表应有权全权处理现场出现的一切技术和商务问题。

如现场发生质量问题,供方要在需方规定的时间内处理解决。

如供方委托需方进行处理,供方现场安装代表要出委托书并承担相应的经济责任。

(7)、供方对其现场安装人员的一切行为负全部责任。

2、培训(1)、为使合同设备能正常安装和运行,供方有责任提供相应的技术培训,培训内容应与工程进度一致。

(2)、培训时间、人数、地点等具体内容由双方商定。

(3)、供方为需方培训人员提供场地、设备、资料等培训条件,并提供食宿和交通方便。

3、设计联络有关设计联络的计划、时间、地点和内容要求由双方另行商定。

末尽事宜,届时双方另行商定需方:新疆神火煤电有限公司供方:沈阳城顺达工业技术有限公司。

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